It's like the term ghetto. It doesn't mean black people per say, but our people can fit the description of what a ghetto person is. However, any ethnic group can be ghetto. It's a term describing more of a behavior type than it does race
You sound stupid and self-hating as fack and the fact that this cave animal loved your comment pisses me the hell off!!! Ghetto was originally a term that was attached to the jews and had nothing to do with black people!
Fascinating! In particular I thought it was interesting how you pointed out that the Israelites who left Egypt were a multitude of ethnic groups, which has given me more insight into the Exodus. Excellent video.
Even Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman in _The Bible Unearthed_ have admitted that the connection between the Habiru and Hebrew peoples cannot be dismissed.
I think it is fair to say that some Israelites were Hapiru, but by no means all. And not all Hapiru were Israealites. It's a little bit like the Japanese term "ronin" (a lordless samurai). One may be born a samurai, but one is not normally born a ronin. One became a ronin through misfortune or as a result of personal decisions. Likewise, one is not necessarily born a Hapiru, but could become a Hapiru through misfortune or personal decisions. It's a class designation, not an ethnonym.
@@ancientegyptandthebible I would like to know more about where the Amorites came from and who they are? I know that the Amorites show up a great deal in Sumer and Akkad and even come to rule cities there too. Is Amorite a reference to a particular people group or a people from a general area or a particular location? I know you talked about it in the video, just wanted to get some more information about the Amorites.
Hi Frodojack, >> Some tried to link the term "Hebrew" to Abraham's ancestor Eber. There is an etymological similarity that is tempting. However, the semantic and historical issues are a problem. The historical problem is that Eber was that progenitor of a clan, which divided (presumably circa Babel) into other clans and nations. It is unlikely, although still possible, that the name Eber as an ethnonym would be retained from an ancestor so distant-we are talking about not just six generations, but six clan divisions that extend back over 700 years from the time of Abram (if we take Gen 11 LXX as given). While we can grant that the Eber could have been a clan association at one point, the term Hebrew (and Hapiru) has an association with class at least during the Bronze Age. This suggests that we have two terms (a clan affiliation and a class distinction) with similar spellings but different meanings (semantics). Linguists sometimes call this the “etymological fallacy,” where similar (or similar sounding) words with different meanings or historical phases are conflated. So, given the balance of evidence, I’m not keen on associating Hebrew with Eber. One can’t rule it out entirely, but it’s just not very likely. >> I think Paolo Matthiae also tried to link it to Ebla. What are your thoughts? I think the Ebla stuff is still a bit of a mess thanks to Matthiae. Matthiae handed the Ebla tablets over to Giovanni Pettinato to translate. What Pettinato did with them was sloppy and irresponsible. The issue is that Pettinato tried to link Ebla to the Bible by scanning through the tablets for words that sound like Biblical names, without actually translating the text properly. Pettinato claimed to have found Yahwah, the Patriarchs, and Sodom and Gomorah in the Ebla texts-none of which was actually true. Matthiae wanted to find a biblical link that was just not at Ebla. Thus, I fear that Matthiae’s wishes overrode a sober assessment of the evidence. So, I don’t think there is any compelling evidence to establish a connection between Hebrew and Ebla.
We are used to talking about Hebrews and Israelites as one and the same people but they most certainly are not. The early Israelites were a type of Hebrew because they were marginalised semi nomadic people living on the peripheries of civilization but there were many other Hebrew groups who were not Israelites at all.
Before this video I thought hapiru was an Egyptian word loosely translating an endonym, maybe even derogatory, but based on what people called themselves. From this I gather it was used all over the levant, but would you say Dr Falk that the word itself has an Egyptian origin? Also, what is the earliest reference found for the word Hebrew?
The word Hapiru has its origins in Eastern Semitic language. As for the earlier reference to Hebrew, that remains controversial since there are etymological problems with connecting Hebrew with Hapiru.
A few key points; Isra - (Arabic) Night journey. El - (Arabic) God. There are three alleles in haplogroup k common to both Roma and the entirety of Ashkenazim. As these two groups have no religious commonality, it's logical to presume that founder populations with this trait have ancestral history at the beginning of their respective existence. Canaan was a suburb of the larger kingdom of Phoenicia, which in turn was a vassal of Egypt. Phoenician was the first, non-cuneiform language on Earth. In looking at both Phoenician and Hebrew, the names of the letters are the same with the addition of some final letters for modern Hebrew. Analysis of tree rings near Santorini puts the catastrophic eruption of Thera between 1650 and 1550 B.C.E., which coincides with the reign of the New Kingdom Egyptian Pharoah Ahmose I and the expulsion of the Hyksos. There's a lot more, but that will suffice for now.
I don’t know that the fact the term, in some contexts/cultures, was synonymous with highwaymen and robbers means it couldn’t also (or originally) have meant something about sojourners. We have the term gyped today for ripping someone off which, of course, comes from the term Gypsie. It seems almost indelible that, throughout history, settled people have viewed nomadic people with suspicion and derision.
The Hebrews came from the dynasty of Eber, according to Jewish tradition. Eber lived around 2000 BCE. It happened that Abraham was hebrew and all his descendants as well. So it still fit the Habiru are the israelites, specifically in the context of 14th century BCE Israel which is right after the exodus. The Habiru is an Ethnic group and not a class identifier. See Amarna 73 and 74 for the quote that you cannot be a Habiru but you can be like them. Do your research and don't listen to atheists
Father a amorite mother a Hittite I'm pretty sure that was symbolism for they sin. As those originally are of HAM not SHEM Genesis 15:15 And you shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried in a good old age. Genesis 15:16 But in the fourth generation they shall come here again: for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full. Genesis 48:21 And Israel said to Joseph, Behold, I die: but God shall be with you, and bring you again to the land of your fathers. Genesis 48:22 Moreover I have given to you one portion above your brothers, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow. Numbers 13:29 The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan. Amos 2:9 Yet destroyed I the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath. Amos 2:10 Also I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and led you forty years through the wilderness, to possess the land of the Amorite.
When you say they can't be the Israelites because the Israelites were in Egypt while the hapiru are galavanting across the land, is that exodus date dependant?
It's not really exodus date dependant. Let's say you hold to an early exodus date. The Amarna letters would then take place during the period of the Judges, when Israel was said to control the land and its cities. We'll ignore for the sake of argument that the Amarna letters show the cities of the Promised Land (including Hazor) ruled by people with Canaanite names. Now, we have the Hapiru are running around acting as mercenaries trying to topple cities that are supposedly under Israelite control. The Hapiru conquer Byblos--I didn't think the Israelites had expanded their conquest well into Lebanon conquering past Tyre and Sidon. The fact is that the Hapiru were in the Turkey during 1550 BC--at the same time the Asiatics at Avaris were being enslaved. So, I think identifying the Israelites with the Hapiru is a problem no matter what view of the exodus you hold.
So, sounds like the Hapiru were like the Imbangala or Ruga-Ruga of South East and East-Central Africa! A motley crew of marauders and mercenaries who grew to become very organized as formidable.
But class identifiers throughout history, as long as there has been human interactions, one group would place importance on what they feel is suitable to them. Hapirus being distinct group of people influenced others as they went on nomadic journey as well as in captivity. Interaction among people of different races and culture don’t change who someone originally is. Hapirus were distinct Africans originally. But they also had a rebellious nature, who stood up against injustice. Robin hoods you would call them. Making them both ethnic and activist at same time.
Aren’t the Hapiru from Iberia (the kingdom) in the Caucasus mountains ? I think They are identified in the annals of Tacitus “(Hibiri) as being invaders into the Levant from near the caspian sea. They also had a semetic language and this is the origin of the word Hebrew. Tacitus Book 4 pg 102
In truth Hebrew always references Abraham's family. His uncle's aunts and cousins. his brother lot was Hebrew. But not Israel. Ishmael and others are Hebrew but not Israel. To speak of Israel is specifically to be talking about the nation made up of the 12 sons of Israel. The 12 tribes. With Jews being only one! All Jews and Israelites are Hebrew. But not all Hebrew are Jewish or of Israel.. Being semitic encompass all of them not just a jew. Or Israel or Ishmael and non of it has to do with religious belief.
@@yosefgreen3130 the Torah is written for the jews! Jewish tradition. Jewish holidays all based on the experience of the jews. One tribe of ISRAEL. and only one tribe! Do not push your family tradition and culture on ISRAEL! the lost tribes are spread out across the globe. Do I need to convert to Jewish tradition to go to Israel and tell the jews to get off my land inherentance? The jews are of the KINGDOM OF JUDAH. not THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL. Civil War for 2500 years? Just leave the land inherentance giving to MY FATHERS. and passed on to me alone. Get off my land. And keep your trubel tradition to your tribe! The Torah? Or the promise GIVEN from MY GOD TO ME FOR A LAND INHERENTANCE! and stop acting like your Torah is to be followed out side your family. Ishmael is not required to live according to your Torah and neither does the rest of Israel! Call me a liar!
@@yosefgreen3130 I have never met a jew who was nor a liar. A slander. a victim. Every one is driven by business. assets, power and control all from a FEAR MENTALITY. Stop bombing your neighbors. Stop invalidating others who do not believe your people. And stop voting. And bow down to the king of Israel and the God who anointed that one! Is it you? You refuse to bow down because you don't want to submit... child of Lilith..
The Habiru mentioned in Amarna letters match 100% with the Sons of Israel, claiming territories from Canaanites as mentioned in the bible. The region that the Israelites claim included the region of Lebanon, according to the bible, read the book of Judges. You are siding the atheists narrative and trying to sound smart, but unfortunately you were either mislead or intentionally misleading.
It's like the term ghetto. It doesn't mean black people per say, but our people can fit the description of what a ghetto person is. However, any ethnic group can be ghetto. It's a term describing more of a behavior type than it does race
You sound stupid and self-hating as fack and the fact that this cave animal loved your comment pisses me the hell off!!! Ghetto was originally a term that was attached to the jews and had nothing to do with black people!
Fascinating! In particular I thought it was interesting how you pointed out that the Israelites who left Egypt were a multitude of ethnic groups, which has given me more insight into the Exodus. Excellent video.
A good example are the Danites (Tribe of Dan), who almost certainly were Sea People that allied with the Israelites.
Even Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman in _The Bible Unearthed_ have admitted that the connection between the Habiru and Hebrew peoples cannot be dismissed.
The connection cannot be dismissed but it is also not a one to one correspondence either.
This reminds me of the generic term "vikings" to describe dark age nordics.
That is a very good comparison that hadn't occurred to me. Very interesting!!! :)
Very helpful.
Do you think it's fair to say Dr. Falk that Israelites (at least some of them) were Hapiru but not all Hapiru were Israelites?
I think it is fair to say that some Israelites were Hapiru, but by no means all. And not all Hapiru were Israealites. It's a little bit like the Japanese term "ronin" (a lordless samurai). One may be born a samurai, but one is not normally born a ronin. One became a ronin through misfortune or as a result of personal decisions. Likewise, one is not necessarily born a Hapiru, but could become a Hapiru through misfortune or personal decisions. It's a class designation, not an ethnonym.
@@ancientegyptandthebible I would like to know more about where the Amorites came from and who they are? I know that the Amorites show up a great deal in Sumer and Akkad and even come to rule cities there too. Is Amorite a reference to a particular people group or a people from a general area or a particular location? I know you talked about it in the video, just wanted to get some more information about the Amorites.
Some were including David,Apiru were soldiers for hire in the Levant.They were of different tribdl or ethnic groups.
The short answer(s) is (are) "yes" and "no".
Interesting!
Thank you!!!
Question: could the term Hapiro have originated as a class, but later developed into an ethnonym for the Hebrew people?
Really interesting!
We might as well just call them “Klingons.” I have a feeling Abraham would have been very insulted if you’d called him a Habiru.
Ha ha ha, probably. :)
Some tried to link the term "Hebrew" to Abraham's ancestor Eber. I think Paolo Matthiae also tried to link it to Ebla. What are your thoughts?
Hi Frodojack,
>> Some tried to link the term "Hebrew" to Abraham's ancestor Eber.
There is an etymological similarity that is tempting. However, the semantic and historical issues are a problem. The historical problem is that Eber was that progenitor of a clan, which divided (presumably circa Babel) into other clans and nations. It is unlikely, although still possible, that the name Eber as an ethnonym would be retained from an ancestor so distant-we are talking about not just six generations, but six clan divisions that extend back over 700 years from the time of Abram (if we take Gen 11 LXX as given).
While we can grant that the Eber could have been a clan association at one point, the term Hebrew (and Hapiru) has an association with class at least during the Bronze Age. This suggests that we have two terms (a clan affiliation and a class distinction) with similar spellings but different meanings (semantics).
Linguists sometimes call this the “etymological fallacy,” where similar (or similar sounding) words with different meanings or historical phases are conflated. So, given the balance of evidence, I’m not keen on associating Hebrew with Eber. One can’t rule it out entirely, but it’s just not very likely.
>> I think Paolo Matthiae also tried to link it to Ebla. What are your thoughts?
I think the Ebla stuff is still a bit of a mess thanks to Matthiae. Matthiae handed the Ebla tablets over to Giovanni Pettinato to translate. What Pettinato did with them was sloppy and irresponsible. The issue is that Pettinato tried to link Ebla to the Bible by scanning through the tablets for words that sound like Biblical names, without actually translating the text properly. Pettinato claimed to have found Yahwah, the Patriarchs, and Sodom and Gomorah in the Ebla texts-none of which was actually true. Matthiae wanted to find a biblical link that was just not at Ebla. Thus, I fear that Matthiae’s wishes overrode a sober assessment of the evidence. So, I don’t think there is any compelling evidence to establish a connection between Hebrew and Ebla.
@@ancientegyptandthebible I love your thoughtful answers and availability Dr. Soon your channel will grow thanks to it.
@@Malakawaka Thank you. I try to make myself available for any legitimate question. 😃
We are used to talking about Hebrews and Israelites as one and the same people but they most certainly are not. The early Israelites were a type of Hebrew because they were marginalised semi nomadic people living on the peripheries of civilization but there were many other Hebrew groups who were not Israelites at all.
Am a kikiyu habiru...we say Mugo wa Habiru
Before this video I thought hapiru was an Egyptian word loosely translating an endonym, maybe even derogatory, but based on what people called themselves. From this I gather it was used all over the levant, but would you say Dr Falk that the word itself has an Egyptian origin? Also, what is the earliest reference found for the word Hebrew?
The word Hapiru has its origins in Eastern Semitic language. As for the earlier reference to Hebrew, that remains controversial since there are etymological problems with connecting Hebrew with Hapiru.
A few key points;
Isra - (Arabic) Night journey.
El - (Arabic) God.
There are three alleles in haplogroup k common to both Roma and the entirety of Ashkenazim. As these two groups have no religious commonality, it's logical to presume that founder populations with this trait have ancestral history at the beginning of their respective existence.
Canaan was a suburb of the larger kingdom of Phoenicia, which in turn was a vassal of Egypt. Phoenician was the first, non-cuneiform language on Earth. In looking at both Phoenician and Hebrew, the names of the letters are the same with the addition of some final letters for modern Hebrew.
Analysis of tree rings near Santorini puts the catastrophic eruption of Thera between 1650 and 1550 B.C.E., which coincides with the reign of the New Kingdom Egyptian Pharoah Ahmose I and the expulsion of the Hyksos.
There's a lot more, but that will suffice for now.
So they were the hillbillies.
I don’t know that the fact the term, in some contexts/cultures, was synonymous with highwaymen and robbers means it couldn’t also (or originally) have meant something about sojourners. We have the term gyped today for ripping someone off which, of course, comes from the term Gypsie. It seems almost indelible that, throughout history, settled people have viewed nomadic people with suspicion and derision.
Is your background a green screen photo of your actual book shelf instead of just your actual book shelf?
The Hebrews came from the dynasty of Eber, according to Jewish tradition. Eber lived around 2000 BCE. It happened that Abraham was hebrew and all his descendants as well. So it still fit the Habiru are the israelites, specifically in the context of 14th century BCE Israel which is right after the exodus.
The Habiru is an Ethnic group and not a class identifier. See Amarna 73 and 74 for the quote that you cannot be a Habiru but you can be like them.
Do your research and don't listen to atheists
Father a amorite mother a Hittite
I'm pretty sure that was symbolism for they sin.
As those originally are of HAM not SHEM
Genesis 15:15 And you shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried in a good old age.
Genesis 15:16 But in the fourth generation they shall come here again: for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full.
Genesis 48:21 And Israel said to Joseph, Behold, I die: but God shall be with you, and bring you again to the land of your fathers.
Genesis 48:22 Moreover I have given to you one portion above your brothers, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow.
Numbers 13:29 The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan.
Amos 2:9 Yet destroyed I the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath.
Amos 2:10 Also I brought you up from the land of Egypt, and led you forty years through the wilderness, to possess the land of the Amorite.
When you say they can't be the Israelites because the Israelites were in Egypt while the hapiru are galavanting across the land, is that exodus date dependant?
It's not really exodus date dependant. Let's say you hold to an early exodus date. The Amarna letters would then take place during the period of the Judges, when Israel was said to control the land and its cities. We'll ignore for the sake of argument that the Amarna letters show the cities of the Promised Land (including Hazor) ruled by people with Canaanite names. Now, we have the Hapiru are running around acting as mercenaries trying to topple cities that are supposedly under Israelite control. The Hapiru conquer Byblos--I didn't think the Israelites had expanded their conquest well into Lebanon conquering past Tyre and Sidon. The fact is that the Hapiru were in the Turkey during 1550 BC--at the same time the Asiatics at Avaris were being enslaved. So, I think identifying the Israelites with the Hapiru is a problem no matter what view of the exodus you hold.
@@ancientegyptandthebible Thank you for your response. I think that is a great point.
@@yosefgreen3130 So says the guy who bases his views of mythological hogwash.
@@yosefgreen3130 ןאתה
@@yosefgreen3130 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣
They weren't Hebrews, they lived in Syria, Canaan, and aram
So, sounds like the Hapiru were like the Imbangala or Ruga-Ruga of South East and East-Central Africa! A motley crew of marauders and mercenaries who grew to become very organized as formidable.
i will remove my comments in a bit
But class identifiers throughout history, as long as there has been human interactions, one group would place importance on what they feel is suitable to them. Hapirus being distinct group of people influenced others as they went on nomadic journey as well as in captivity. Interaction among people of different races and culture don’t change who someone originally is. Hapirus were distinct Africans originally. But they also had a rebellious nature, who stood up against injustice. Robin hoods you would call them. Making them both ethnic and activist at same time.
Is sons of eber hebrews?
Why other except israelites were not called so?
The Hyksos are suppressed in the Biblical account, too, which prevents confusion between the Hebrews and other Semites in Egypt.
Aren’t the Hapiru from Iberia (the kingdom) in the Caucasus mountains ? I think They are identified in the annals of Tacitus “(Hibiri) as being invaders into the Levant from near the caspian sea. They also had a semetic language and this is the origin of the word Hebrew.
Tacitus Book 4 pg 102
Thats a fact
Apiru, hapiru or hebrew all same people
🙄
In truth Hebrew always references Abraham's family. His uncle's aunts and cousins. his brother lot was Hebrew. But not Israel. Ishmael and others are Hebrew but not Israel.
To speak of Israel is specifically to be talking about the nation made up of the 12 sons of Israel. The 12 tribes. With Jews being only one!
All Jews and Israelites are Hebrew.
But not all Hebrew are Jewish or of Israel..
Being semitic encompass all of them not just a jew. Or Israel or Ishmael and non of it has to do with religious belief.
@@yosefgreen3130 the Torah is written for the jews! Jewish tradition. Jewish holidays all based on the experience of the jews. One tribe of ISRAEL. and only one tribe! Do not push your family tradition and culture on ISRAEL! the lost tribes are spread out across the globe. Do I need to convert to Jewish tradition to go to Israel and tell the jews to get off my land inherentance? The jews are of the KINGDOM OF JUDAH. not THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL. Civil War for 2500 years? Just leave the land inherentance giving to MY FATHERS. and passed on to me alone. Get off my land. And keep your trubel tradition to your tribe! The Torah? Or the promise GIVEN from MY GOD TO ME FOR A LAND INHERENTANCE! and stop acting like your Torah is to be followed out side your family. Ishmael is not required to live according to your Torah and neither does the rest of Israel! Call me a liar!
@@yosefgreen3130 liar.
@@yosefgreen3130 I have never met a jew who was nor a liar. A slander. a victim. Every one is driven by business. assets, power and control all from a FEAR MENTALITY. Stop bombing your neighbors. Stop invalidating others who do not believe your people. And stop voting. And bow down to the king of Israel and the God who anointed that one! Is it you? You refuse to bow down because you don't want to submit... child of Lilith..
The Habiru mentioned in Amarna letters match 100% with the Sons of Israel, claiming territories from Canaanites as mentioned in the bible. The region that the Israelites claim included the region of Lebanon, according to the bible, read the book of Judges. You are siding the atheists narrative and trying to sound smart, but unfortunately you were either mislead or intentionally misleading.
You are wrong. The Israelite never reached as far North as Lebanon, and certainly did not conquer the city of Biblos. You are quite mistaken indeed.