2-Minute Neuroscience: Ketamine
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- Опубликовано: 14 май 2021
- Ketamine is an anesthetic, analgesic, antidepressant, and recreationally used drug. In this video, I discuss hypotheses about how ketamine produces its effects.
TRANSCRIPT:
Ketamine was initially developed as an anesthetic, but today it is also used as an analgesic and an antidepressant. It has been used as a recreational drug since the 1970s.
After administration, ketamine is rapidly and extensively metabolized into an active metabolite called norketamine, which is thought to play an important role in ketamine’s anesthetic and analgesic effects. Ketamine and norketamine both act at a receptor for the neurotransmitter glutamate called the NMDA receptor. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and ketamine and norketamine act as antagonists at the NMDA receptor, which means that they block the receptor and inhibit activity there. Inhibition of NMDA receptors can substantially affect neurotransmission, and is thought to be critical to the anesthetic and analgesic effects of ketamine.
While most other antidepressants take several weeks to achieve a therapeutic effect, ketamine can begin to improve depressive symptoms within hours and last for up to 2 weeks after a single administration. The mechanisms underlying ketamine’s antidepressant action are not fully understood, but it’s thought that it cannot be explained by NMDA antagonism alone. One hypothesis is that another glutamate receptor known as an AMPA receptor may play a key role. AMPA receptors may be stimulated indirectly by ketamine or directly by other ketamine metabolites such as hydroxynorketamine. Stimulation of AMPA receptors may lead to the activation of multiple signaling pathways.
and downstream effects such as new synapse formation in areas of the brain like the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These synaptic connections may bolster neural circuits involved with regulating stress and mood. Ketamine also acts on a number of other receptors, however, and there is still much more to learn about ketamine’s antidepressant mechanism of action. Additionally, more evidence about the safety and effectiveness of ketamine needs to be collected for more physicians to support the use of ketamine as an antidepressant.
REFERENCES:
Nowacka A, Borczyk M. Ketamine applications beyond anesthesia - A literature review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Oct 5;860:172547. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172547. Epub 2019 Jul 23. PMID: 31348905.
Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 Jun 21;8(6):1122-1134. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074. Epub 2017 Apr 21. PMID: 28418641.
Zanos P, Gould TD. Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;23(4):801-811. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.255. Epub 2018 Mar 13. PMID: 29532791; PMCID: PMC5999402. 
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I work at the Seattle Neuropsychiatric Treatment Center as a ketamine and transcranial magnetic stimulation clinician. I’ve fairly new, but already I’ve seen the light brought back into my depressed and suicidal patients- within one month. It is so hopeful what is to come down the road (fairly soon) with neuroscience and psychiatry. I hope that we can gravitate away from the “one size fits all” depression med dx approach. Thank you for this video! ☺️
I get that ketamine seems great rn but surely something that was developed to tranquilise horses isn't going to be the optimal therapy for depression.
Couldn't scientists tweak it slightly so that it has even more positives for humans instead of using something that was made decades ago for another purpose?
@@moneymule8209 Well people usually think of it as a horse tranquilizer for whatever reason- but it was actually first synthesized and used as a human anesthetic (and still is today one of the top human anesthetics).
Sure it wasn't initially developed for depression but I don't think that matters much at all; tons of drugs/medications we commonly use were initially developed for a totally different reason. Also I'm no expert, but it would make sense to me that the way it's able to alleviate depression, is because of the disassociative affect itsself- or the mechanism in the brain that causes that.
@@moneymule8209 What the hell does it matter if it's incidentally used in veterinary medicine, if it freaking works? The dosage makes the poison, and someone who is suicidally depressed and teetering on a crisis that might end with them getting shot by the cops doesn't give a shit if it works. Depression can be a terminal illness that is so serious it causes morbidity and mortality in proxies who aren't pathologically afflicted with it. Like the 18th century German existentialist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer said: "When the terrors of life come to outweigh the terrors of death a man will put an end to his life" and "he who is without hope is also without fear" so what is the hold up in getting this shit out there to all those demoralized people who are about to devastate their friends and family? How many tragedies (and atrocities) might never happen because this stuff works so well and so fast at bringing people back from the brink of nihilistic oblivion that it's practically the Epi-pen of psychiatry? The drug is unique because it basically does the same thing to every mammal brain, and it's as safe to use on premature human babies as it is for foals and kittens. You can use it for general anesthesia without having to intubate and ventilate which makes it pretty much the only thing you can use on badly injured patients in a warzone or disaster area that might have no electrical grid.
PCP (phencyclidine) is the devil's NMDA glutamate antagonist that you're likely thinking of when people speak incredulously of horse tranquilizers curing depression. It was formerly used for veterinary reasons because they quickly discovered it made humans dangerously psychotic after surgery. Ketamine causes dissociation, but NO one in a "K-hole" gets off their ass and BANZAI charges the cops, butt naked, and shrugging off pepper spray, beanbags, batons, dogs, tasers, and bullets until they make the news. You dont feel any pain, and it causes feelings of hyperthermia that result in clothes falling off. It's so bad it's used to model schizophrenia. I wish that was just DARE propaganda but it's unfortunately TRUE! Look up the case of the rapper Big Lurch who got "dusted" and killed and ate his girlfriend.
I have been struggling with anxiety and depression for years. Taking SSRI for more than 10 years now and going the same amount of time to psychotherapy. There were some changes throughout the years but some things would not make move at all. I dunno it might not be the reason but it’s very suspicious that after taking ketamin two times I have been able to make significant progress in my life struggles thanks to reduction of anxiety.
People are talking about the lifesaving potential of ketamine but ignoring the fact that all of the suicides in the esketamine rct’s occurred in the esketamine group. No suicides occurred in the placebo control group.
Two of my adult children have had ketamine treatment and it has changed their lives. This new anti-depression therapy is nothing short of miraculous.
Hello I will be doing this treatment can you give some insight on how it was for them?
@@marshagreene6782 I did it and I thought it was terrifying as you leave the world of form and become a pixel ! Great preparation is important. It’s a dissasociative. So glutamate floods the brain. I did not care for it. I can’t say it helped ! But any synthetic pharm prod is and can be toxic.
davidlushano got psychedelic, check on
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What trauma have you allowed them to go through that both your children are so depressed?
Ketamine therapy is like being your own therapist. Ketamine allows your brain to literally put your thoughts on hold and look at your life/trauma/experiences from a different perspective, often a positive one. Neurochemistry aside, the experience of ketamine therapy and afterglow and profound realizations you can have while in it’s altered state cannot be discounted or not brought up. SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES…people generally take years to do that and in 1 hour it can happen with this therapy
OMG YES THIS IS EXACTLY WHAT IVE BEEN SAYING !
I start my first treatment in the morning and am super nervous and scared honestly....I want to be hopeful but feeling very depressed and anxious about my already bad anxiety situation and life somehow getting worse.
@@AtortAerials how are you doing now?
@@AtortAerialshey how was it??
@@glorias4462 not good for me. The set and setting and people administering it just sucked. It was a job for them it didn't feel good either having an IV needle jammed in your vein to "heal". I would suggest going into nature somewhere and having ayahuasca with trained caring people like shamans trained to help heal. This felt wrong on every level.
I have Major depressive disorder.... I was prescribed ketamine nasal spray 2 years ago and it really has changed my life. I was even able to get off of my Effexor XR. My insurance doesn't cover it since it's not approved for treating depression yet. But it only costs me $43 a month. I'm in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Total game changer!!!! Thank you for sharing this! ♥️💯
Usually, ketamine treatments are very expensive. Amazing if you are only paying that a month!
How are you getting it for 34 a month?
@@n111254789 it's not Ketamine
Had a treatment yesterday and I haven't felt this normal since I was a child (I'm 45). My chronic headache is gone, PTSD gone but most of all I see myself so differently. I'm scared my old brain is going to come back I didn't even realize how horrible my mind was on a daily basis.
Sounds dumb, but mind over matter brother. These chemicals dont make you who you are, you do. I have faith that whatever trauma youre healing from, you can continue it regardless of ur therapies. Good luck bro. Love you. ❤
It’s been three months, did the effects last? I’m going to start ketamine soon and I’m curious about it.
Davidlushano got psychedelic, check on
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how are you these days?
He’s back! Great video man
I love your videos and your book! Awesome work!
there is a book?? may i ask what its called?
@@RoebixS Your Brain, Explained: What Neuroscience Reveals About Your Brain and Its Quirks
Wow. I am so happy you commented because so had no idea he had a book! Buying NOW
Helpful vid, thank you
I get 1 110mg IM injection a month and 2-3 60mg SC injections with psychotherapy. I started with 2 100mg injections a week for 3 weeks during the induction series. It’s worked wonders for the depression and bp1. And the trips are so jarring and fascinating. But my ptsd still hasn’t improved much
Always cool. Thx!
Thanks👍
wow! thanks for informative video, but may I ask a question?
if we can block AMPARs and NMDAs, what would happen to mGluR-dependent long-term depression ?
Good question! I'm not sure of the answer, but ketamine isn't blocking AMPARs, just NMDARs.
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged hello, why you only mention ketamine? How about pther NMDA antagonist such as Menantine, Amantadine, DXM, will that help like ketamine??
Not here for ketamine’s affect on depression (interesting to know), but rather for it’s anesthetic properties. Thanks for the vid.
It’s a dissasociative drug ! Floods the brain with glutamate.
I'm here for it's party qualities
Different strokes for different folks!
Thankyou sooooo muchhhhhh ❤
I’m going to be trying it in a week. Can’t wait!
There are positive testimonies and I have tried them.
You should give it a trial
chris_mycohealz
That’s the mycologist page name
On Instagram
I'm doing this drug as a project for my class, and it is interesting on how it has been used with patients. It seems like it really does work with depression.
@@hopebeel8765fck off bot. 🌰 route is the way.
How is it possible that ketamine inhibits neurotransmission (by blocking NMDAR activity), but also enhances synaptic plasticity? I read something about ketamine mainly acting on inhibitory interneurons, thereby lifting the inhibition and increasing neurotransmission... But is it possible that ketamine has such specificity?
It's not fully understood, but what you mentioned is thought to be one way: NMDA receptors are found on GABAergic neurons, so blocking those receptors can lead to a decrease in inhibition and an increase in downstream glutamate release. Also, ketamine metabolites like hydroxynorketamine are thought to be able to directly activate AMPA receptors. Downstream of AMPA receptor activation, mechanisms like increased BDNF synthesis might be associated with new synapse formation, etc.
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged oh wow! I would have thought that ketamine, if something, would also inactivate AMPAR. Still, I am not sure if I am buying that sort of GABAergic specificity... Maybe it's a matter of NMDAR density in the synapses... Anyways, thank you very much for the reply!
And thank you so much for all your work as well, your videos are a very nice starting point every time I have to study something new 🙌🏻🙌🏻🙌🏻
There are other indications that GABAergic neurons might be especially sensitive to NMDA antagonism (see pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1835799/), but I agree it's all still very uncertain. And thanks, I'm glad my videos have been helpful! 👍
I love this channel so so much.
it didnt work for me. neither did ect. but i am glad that many others have found it effective
Awesome!!
Does agmatine work in a similar way as antidepressant?
No absolutely, it's kinda different :9
Davidlushano got psychedelic, check on
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So a single ketamine dose lasts up to 2 weeks, so with continual use, does the body require higher doses each session ?
No, NMDAR tolerance goes down slowly but 1-3 weeks is usually enough, especially at antidepressant doses
I’ve taken pretty much any and everything someone could take to alter themselves, among many different combinations/dosages. Nothing…NOTHING comes close to ketamine.
Once me and my buddies did ketamine, i was on dxm already), then smoked dmt and salvia bowls 50/50. Craziest shit ever
@@arcticcuckpuppy3136 u 🤪
Same ketamine is by far the best drug
Hi have u tried other NMDA antagonist such as menantine and amantadine
Hello my friend I would like to ask you which platform do you use ? I would like to use it i will explain in my major psychology but it will be in arabic 😜
I draw the images using a program called Sketchbook, and I create the whiteboard animation using a program called Videoscribe.
@@Neuroscientificallychallenged thank you 😭🌹 so i have a question because I would like to apply to the cognitive neuroscience program at university college London, so do you know something about the place cells , grid cells , boundary cells and head direction cells ? If you know could you do same video we always learned from you 🌹 and thank you very much
I first tried ketamine at 13 years of age I'm now 28 and I don't have any problems with my bladder or gallbladder and I'd say I'm a pretty heavy user as I've used it most weekends since I was 13
The only time I've ever become dependent on a drug was when I was addicted to heroin but I used ketamine then to ween off it
Im happy to hear you got off heroine? I’m trying my best to wing off but idk wat to do I tried meth idk wat to do 😢if I go and pay for ketamine shots or tell a doctor I’m scared they will judge me I’m just tired of living like this but scared.
@@avaa4548 I'm from the UK so Street Ketamine is really easy to get your hands on I'm no so sure about state side
If you can do anything get on suboxone that shit saved my life and ask for Esparanor version as it just melt on your tongue
This can be done via a combined administration of Agmatine Sulfate and Aniracetam
I like to study on youtube About physics Do you know a channel that have short videos on every concept or topics ???
Khan Academy is a great free resource!
ماهي مكونات الكيتامين؟
@@excellentchoice301 What is there?
There is alot of potential
I'm on ket rn shit wild
so how im gon feel im take some this week maybe a bumb or two
Look up twomad. Have fun!
please only be a joke. RIP 2M
I was given ketamine as a very young child, i remember the experience like it was yesterday, I think I changed forever lying on that bed, idk if it was for the better. I think obviously not.
I'd appreciate your comment!!
I'll recommend you to this light specialist that guides me through my first experience they ship all kinds of psychedelic products discreetly
Psyche_pharma08
IN
Instagram
it works :p
Ketamines a type of tranquilizer and I know first hand how those effect drugs effect memory. My second year of privet school a complete blur if I was going a lot of ketamine how wound my recollection of that time be effected?
I bought some psychedelic product from a drugstore online they're very reliable ship discreet
FROM
trippy_psyche1
IN
INSTAGRAM
Available at☝️🆙🆙
@@natashawalker1345 I'll reach out him thanks
In pashtoo we call it dha khapero nasha😂. And one of my personal favourite after Morphine 😉
Dang mr Krabs
Ketamine saved my life.
Hey I’ll recommend this online store i purchased ketamine for some good rates they got psychedelic products too, very reliable and ship to different locations discreetly🙌
*@Trip_hill
If only the treatment was affordable for people who need it most. Illicit sourcing isn't as effective i can imagine, and not everyone will have the means or knowledge, or even want to risk it. Maybe soon.
I'll recommend you to this light specialist that guides me through my first experience they ship all kinds of psychedelic products discreetly
Psyche_pharma08
IN
Instagram
If somebody has extreme paranoia from marijuana, would that person be likely to have a paranoid or psychotic reaction to ketamine?
I'd appreciate your comment
I bought some psychedelic product from a drugstore online they're very reliable ship discreet
trippy_psyche01¿..
ON
INSTAGRAM
I have paranoia fromm weed and nah k doesnt do the same to me. Id still be careful but ya i can be wonked tf out and still be like this is fine
Why use Ketamine for depression and anxiety, when it’s neuro excitatory and it would give a person massive anxiety?
i'm wondering the same
trippy_psyche1
They're on Instagram
.....
@@expandingpoopvortex @America Theghetto I was extremely fearful that I would have a panic attack, but it didn’t happen! Could be that my doctor adds Versed to my IV before adding the ketamine 🤷🏼♀️ The treatment does NOT make me anxious and it’s working for me. God Bless 😊
Davidlushano got psychedelic, check on
What are anesthetic and analgesic meaning
Anaesthesia = loss of sensation
Analgesia = loss of pain
@@figrollin how can one feels the latter if the former is activated tho
@@disrael2101 The two are differently mediated. Pain and sensation run in different nerve fibres. It is possible to have a numb but sore arm, for instance.
@@figrollin oh wow didn't know that.. that's why I guess also some people have amputed organ but can still feel pain (i guess it's for the same reason).. anyways it's always amaze me how much we know about our world and body it's unbelievable to me and what we've invented with that knowledge is even crazier Jaja
Ketamine therapy saved my life
I'd appreciate your comment!!
I'll recommend you to this light specialist that guides me through my first experience they ship all kinds of psychedelic products discreetly
Psyche_pharma08
IN
Instagram
Make one video on NINJA breathing
trippy_psyche1
They're on Instagram
.....
Is ketamine a psychedelic
no
RIP
twomad
yeah man, @@brybry111
now i worry about my cousin even more
Is there a way to use ketamine without it causing you to be in an altered state?
Low doses like less than 100mg
Davidlushano got psychedelic, check on
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Um maybe have a pediatric dose which is a very low dose
I'm his son!
You should be proud you're dad seems like a cool dude but make sure to stay out of dad's medicine cabinet until you're at least 18
He said ketamine 18 times
Ketamine is pretty cool, just go easy on it you do NOT want k cramps
yeah that cramp in ya liver feels nasty
NINJA EFFECT ON BRAIN
JAPANESE BREATHING
Wtfff so weird lol I just found ketamine my frits time n Adam from Physchedsubstance I think it's still called lol just did it his first time maybe this peep did to 🤔
Mmmmm neurogenic psychoactives.
The main adverse reaction of ketamine is (
A)liver toxicity
B)laryngospasm
C)mental exercise response
D)local irritation
E)inhibit cycle
Someone should help me with an answer please
Katamine is a life changer it helped me kill anxiety
I'll recommend you to this specialist who has been my guid on my first ever experience
Dude I on Instagram as
Mycotinny
Let me guess : Never, ever use ketamine with an gaba agonist as alcohol, barbiturates or valium.
Say what
Maybe never use ketamine with anything at all
I am prescribed ketamine (nasal spray) for depression and I am also on klonopin, was able to stop taking my antidepressant it wasn't working anyway...
Thank you!
I like the neurobiological approach, but Ketamine is a boundary dissolving psychedelic that enhances meditation and opens us up to the spiritual dimension of our being. Its healing effects are spiritual. This is of course my subjective experience.
Should have known better than to read some of these comments lol
I got my stuff delivered discreetly by this mycologist whose get lsd, dmt, mushrooms and more
Dude is on telegram and Instagram
@pham_smart1
@@sinda1635 nice try
It’s unfortunate that the discussion about ketamines effects are limited to the role of glutamate. What’s left out of this discussion is the relationship between glutamate and dopamine in the mesocorticolombic pathway. Ketamine causes a high because of this relationship. If getting the patient high makes ketamine an ‘antidepressant’ then every other substance that causes a high via dopaminergic increase in the Mesolimbic pathway (I.e. all drugs of abuse including cocaine and meth) is an “antidepressant.” This supposed innovation in mental health treatment is very likely to do much more harm than good in the long run.
I think you don’t understand how ketamine as an antidepressant is prescribed. Ketamine isn’t taken every day. It is administered ONCE every three weeks and the patient is only allowed to go home once they’ve sobered up. The antidepressant effects occur AFTER the high has worn off and are much more closely associated with decreased neuroinflammtion through some sort of AMPAergic mechanism. You seem to be under the impression that people would just be waking up and taking ketamine pills to start their day. This would not be reasonable, ketamine is a dissociative and prevents competent sober functioning far more than most drugs, even other hallucinogens
I take mine every 3 days. (The nasal spray) 40 mg at a time, so 4 squirts of the nasal spray.
You have clearly never had a ketamine treatment.. get out of you head Jonathon 🤦🏻♂️
I abused ketamine recreationally and very heavily for months, ended up frying my brain I have serious brain damage from it now
Are you capping? How much were you using
@@x-Jagerr for about 7 months straight every day all day I'd often k hole multiple times a day while I was still completely lucid and functioning because I was equally hooked on cocaine with it I'd do up to an 8 ball a day one week I went really heavy like a half ounce over the weekend then kept going and finally my brain just kinda blew some fuses and my cognition got all ripped apart and started having neurological problems. Weird part is I only experience symptoms when I use it but the symptoms are pretty extreme and takes sometimes several weeks until I feel normal again
Sorry, but this is wayyy too short to learn something from.
Well, it says on the video's title that it's a 2 minute explaination.
read the title :) whether you learn something or not from it is entirely up to you, buddy
This is exactly the correct length to learn something.
For me Ketamine caused an increase in both depression and anxiety that lasted several weeks.
How much did you take? Were you depressed or anxious before ketamine? I'm thinking about trying it but worried about this sort of reaction.
@@chriskneifl3290 I have anxiety and depression issues. The ketamine seemed to make it worse. Actually substantially worse.
I started small and even at low doses it caused a sad disconnected feeling. Later on I ended up binging on it at one point and this induced substantial lasting depression and anxiety for weeks.
Tolerance increases rapidly btw. I was using it as an intoxicant, not as treatment FYI. This was back in the early 2000's.
My first drip tomorrow. Keep fingers crossed
How did it go?
@@jessek8871 I stopped after the third, I didn't feel the positive effect at all, and during the drip itself I had an anxiety attack that I haven't had in over two years. However, I don't think you should be guided by my opinion, everyone is different and reacts differently
@@oscarm.j1340 Bro, I was put on a drip under the care of a doctor and a nurse, I know I got pure ketamine because it was from a pharmaceutical vial and not some darknet shit. It just didn't work for me, and I don't think it will help others. I have been testing a certain supplement for a few days and I feel that it helps me a lot.
@@kurwakazdynickzajety hi, my doctor injects a little Versed and also Zofran and I get neither anxious or nauseated/vomiting. Sorry ketamine gave you that side effect, what a disappointment. Maybe ask your provider if you can have those two meds added before the ketamine drip starts? I hope you find relief soon. Ketamine has saved my life.
@@oceansdaughter9885 now I'm testing various nootropics for neuronal regeneration and neurotransmitter synthesis. I've been using them for a month but I feel a big improvement. For two weeks I haven't had a depressive mood, and I feel that my mood and energy are better day by day. I just hope it gets better. When it comes to cost, it is also incomparably low to ketamine drips.