I am a retired Professor of Sanskrit Language and Litterature from the Department of Classic Studies at the University of São Paulo _ USP , Brazil. In our classes my collegues and I lectured the Indo- European and its relation to Sanskrit.
Ach, something went wrong with the rendering of me talking about book recommendations at the end. Probably messed some settings up - was tinkering around with too many new things. My apologies. You'll have to just put up with my low resolution face and overly bright backgorund
The names of some organs it's used as the suffix for nouns, “Ak”= ~each of both (Yan= side) Yan-ak= each of both sides (of the face) >Yanak= cheek (Gül= rose) Kül-ak = each of both the roses >Kulak= Ear (Şek=facet) Şek-ak = each of both sides (of forehead) >Şakak= temple (Dal=subsection, branch) Dal-ak=dalak= Spleen (Böbür=scarlet fleck) Böbür-ak=böbrek= Kidney = each of both red-spots / blodfleck Bağça-ak>(Paça-ak)>bacak= Leg (ankle) (Pati = paw) Batı-ak>pathiak>phatyak>hadyak>adyak)=Ayak= the foot > each of the feet (Taş=stone) Taş-ak=testicle Akciğer=~(each of) both lungs Bacı-yan-ak > Bacanak= each of the husbands of the sisters of your wife >> just for men TÜL-KARN-AK =that obscures/ shadowing each of both dark/ covert periods= Karanlık (batıni) çağların her birini örten tül ZHU'L-KARN-EYN=the (shader) owner of each of both times DU’AL-CHORN-EIN=double-horned-one=(the horned hunter)Herne the hunter> Cernunnos> Karneios it's used as the suffix for verbs, “Ak /ek“=a-qa ~which thing to / what’s to… Er-mek = to get / to reach Bar-mak (Varmak)= to arrive / to achieve Er-en-mek > erinmek / Bar-an-mak > barınmak =to arrive on one's own Erin-ek / barın-ak = what’s there to arrive at oneself Ernek / Barnak > Parmak = Finger Çiğ=uncooked, raw Çiğne-mek =to chew Çiğne-ek>Çiğneh> Çene = Chin Tut-mak = to hold / to keep Tut-ak=Dudak= Lip Tara-mak = to comb/ ~to rake Tara-ak > Tarak =(what’s there to comb)> the comb Tara-en-mak > taranmak = to comb oneself Taran-ak > Tırnak =(what’s there to comb oneself)> fingernail
Ba Ba = Baba / Apa / eba / abu /爸爸= Papa ( Pater > Father) Na Na = Ana / Anne = 妈妈/ Ma Ma / Mom ( Mater > Mother) Ne Ne = Nene / Nine = 奶奶/ Nanny (Grandmother) Ta Ta = Ata / Dede =爷爷/ Grandfather / Bög baba = big father Ka Ga = Aga / Keke (~steerer /beak) 哥哥/ aga bög > ağabey = big brother Bir-ol-diger> Birader = (per-alter /pre-other > one other) =兄弟/ Brother Ba ba la =Baba-la /apa-la /abula > Abla = older sister ( ~with father) Ba ba chui = Bavoji > Bacı = younger sister ( ~loves father) Ba ba cha = Apa-ça /abuja > emijae > Emmi / Amca =舅舅/ paternal uncle (~fatherly) Tai U = Dayı = 叔叔/ maternal uncle ( nearest’s he ) Tai Thu =Taitsu> Teyze = maternal aunt / Dasy ( nearest’s that ) Çe Çe = Ece / Cece / 姐姐 / older sister Mi Mi = Ümmü / Mimi / 妹妹 / younger sister or young aunt Bi Bi = Bibi / Hala = 姑姑/ paternal aunt Pe Pe = Bebe / bebek =宝宝 / baby >>( sweetie > balak / bala ) Kayın ağacı = Beech tree >>>difficult pedigree = different family tree Kayın peder / Kayın baba / Kaynata = father-in-law /公公 Kayın valide / Kayın anne / Kaynana = mother-in-law /婆婆 Kayın / Kayınçı / Kayınço = brother in-law Baldız = sister-in-law /嫂子 ( honey- salt) wife's sister for men Görümce = sister-in-law (~observer) husband's sister for women Elti = Brother in-law's wife > just for women Gelin = bride / 新娘 (~newcomer) Yenge = Brother's wife (~came over marriage) Dünür= parents who are related to each other through their children's marriages (~ later relative) Güvey /Damat = groom /倌 / 马夫 Bacanak = sister-in-law's husband (each of the husbands of the sisters of your wife) just for men Enişte = sisters or aunts husbands
Od >> hot Odun >> wooden >> wood Oğuz kağan> oğuzhan > owodhan >wuothan> wõden > Odin Tuz = Salt >> sodium chloride CRYSTAL TH > T / D TH > TS > S / Ş / Z Thuith >Tuits > Tiss / Diş = tooth (dental) Thuıth > Thuıts > Tuıss / Dış = out ( outer) Thuss > - Suz = (- Less) >>without it / free from it / has got rid of it Tış-yer-i > Dışarı / Dış taraf = outside Dışsal = external Dışı = out of… / de- / dis- Suz > sız/siz & suz/süz = without / -less Kanat = Wing /Kanatsız = Wingless Su= water > Su-suz = water-less / anhydrous Suç =crime > Suçsuz=innocent (freed from blame) Şeker= Sugar > Şekersiz= without sugar / sugar free Kitap= book / Kitapsız = without books / free from books Ücret = fee / ücret dışı =out of fee / ücretsiz =~free - exempt from fee Gereksiz = needless / İhtiyaç dışı- lüzumsuzca =unnecessary Kanunsuz/hukuksuz = unlawful / Kanun dışı = outside the law Hukuk-yasa =law > Yasal =legal / Yasadışı = illegal Görüş = sight / görüş dışı = out of sight Sadık -vefalı-vefakar= loyal / sadakatsiz-vefasız= disloyal Beğeni = like / beğeni dışı= dislike Bağlantı = connect / bağlantı dışı=disconnect Evirmek= to make it to turn around itself or transform into another shape over time İç = inside > ÇE Çe-evir-mek =(içe evirmek) = çevirmek = (turn-into) / encircle / convert / slew round Dış =outside > DE De-evirmek =(dışa evirmek) = devirmek =(turn-outer) / overturn / overthrow De-monte=démonté= dis-assembled (LIĞ-LUĞ) (aluk=has got) LI- Li-Lu-Lü ekleri sahiplik ve dahiliyet ekleridir... (Have)(~With) (Dış- Thuıss) Siz-Sız-Suz-Süz ekleri “İçermemek” , "sahip olmamak" , “ondan azade olmak” veya "mahrumiyet" anlamına gelen bu ekler, bir şeyin dahilinde olmayışı ifade eder. (Have no)( ~without) (...less) O benim sevgi-li-m = (~s/he has my love)= s/he is my lover İki çocuk-lu kadın= (which) the woman has two children > woman with two children Çocuksuz adam = (which) the man has no child > childless man Şekerli =(it has sugar) = with sugar Şekersiz= (it has no sugar) = without sugar = ~sugar free= şekerden azade Tuzlu =it has salt =salty Tuzsuz= it has no salt = without salt = saltless Gitmelisin (get-mek-liğ-sen)= you have to go Gitmen gerekli (get-meg-in gerek-liğ) = you have need to go Gitmen gerekir (get-meg-in gerek-e-er) = you (getta) need to go
NATURAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS (akar-eser / eser-eger) (su AKAR- yel ESER) = water flows - wind blows EĞER / ISE = (EVEN / IF) (yel ESER- ekin EĞER)= the wind blows and bows the crops ISE / EĞER = (IF / EVER) EĞER / İSE and İSE / EĞER constructs are used to specify "conditions" and are often used interchangeably. ISE EĞER: means "If ever" and indicates a condition that is more likely to occur. "If ever you need any help, just let me know." (Yardıma ihtiyacın olursa eğer, sadece haberim olsun) or (Herhangi bir yardıma ihtiyaç duyarsan, bana haber vermen yeterli) “If I'm not tired, we can visit them in the evening.” = “Yorgun değilsem eğer, akşamleyin onları ziyaret edebiliriz” EĞER ISE: means "Even if" and indicates a condition that is less likely to occur. "Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go for a walk." (Yarın yürüyüşe çıkacağım, eğer yağmur yağıyor olsa da ) or (Yarın yağmur yağsa bile yürüyüşe çıkacağım.) “Why should i go to work, (even) if I'm not getting my salary” = (Eğer) maaşımı alamıyorsam, neden işe gideyim ki.
On the books, give me old-fashioned rules. Not learning the rules, in the modern manner, replicates modern English-language semiliteracy (at best - most of us have no clue how to speak, much less how to write English) in the study of ancient languages. Yes, a text needs to be engaging, but rules and facts are a blessing and provide a foundation when one attempts to learn languages.
Is it just me or are the atta and anna the so-called lulls just older, more archaic forms? atta > hatta> phatta > Phatēr > phtēr ? The existence of other such words that still include the supposed archaic lull, like romanian tata or tată and the 'a' in germanic father/Vater seam to support that hypothesis. In other languages we have simmilar lulls, or from them derived words, for mother and father. The Japanese Oto and oka, or the Türkish babba or kakasy and ejesi in turkmen for example. Generally it makes sense, as babies do lull and that from there the words for the parents could be derived is not to far fetched. The potentially diferent proto forms, in different proto languages could also be explained by the baby being slightly influenced in what sounds to try first by what it hears during the pregnancy.
Such a wonderful video about proto-Indo-European makes this channel even more precious, thank you so much❤ I always give the due thumbs-up and share!🎉❤🎉❤
Thank you so so much for your kind words! I might do a second version of this video because my editing skills have gotten a little better. PIE is a fascinating subject!
One thing I don't get: you said that the vowels in PIE were just E and O, but the accusative word for wool (h2wlh1nam) has an A. What's going on? Thanks
This happens in some PIE reconstructions - same is with bʰardʰéh₂ (beard) - it is usually due to a few reasons like whoever did the reconstruction doesn't adhere to PIE only having two vowels (E,O) or because most linguists assume the 'a' in later dialects came from a laryngeal + vowel combination but in this case there is either no evidence for the type of laryngeal for whatever reason so they stick with the 'a' vowel and expect others to work it out. The presenter likely only wanted to work with published reconstructions. I've only ever seen the ACC for wool with an 'a' vowel. There are a few other reasons too.
World first cultures Vucedol, Lepenski Vir (Iron Gates) starts 11500 BC, Starcevo culture starts 6200 BC, Vinča culture starts 5700 BC, today Serbia. Samarra culture 5500-4800 BCE, Cucuteni culture starts 4800 BC, Varna culture starts 4500 BC, Yamnaya culture 3300 BC. World first industrial revolution ca. 6000 BC. Bronze metallurgy. Today Serbia, (BBC History news March 2010) Gordon Childe-The Danube in Prehistory, Jacque Pirenne-Agriculture at Danube. Today Serbia. Farming start about 6000 BC. Vinca First Calendar start to count years at 5508 BC. (Now in 2024 we have year 7532) Farming wouldn’t be possible without knowledge of calendar. Both development started and developed together. Today Serbia. Harald Haarmann about first Cyrillic writings in Vinca culture in 5500 BC, today Serbia, so 2000 years before any writings anywhere else on the world. Vinca Iron production 1400 BC. Today Serbia. In today English language there is more than 2000 same or similar Serbian words. Names of the Balkan tribes: Pelasgians, Mycenaeans, Etruscan-called themselves Rasi, in Serbia exist even today province Ras. Wendi, (Wendisch museum in Cottbus, Germany, Lusatian Sorbs, Lužički Srbi.) Illiyrians, Macedonians (Homer is saying Paeonian people walked on foot 11 Days to help Trojans war), Dardanians (Original Troy is here, not in Turkey, Homer wrote sea is freezing in the winter-Panonian sea), Moesians, Dacians, Thracians, Rasci, Celts, Scythians, Sarmatians, Arians, Sea People, Peleset, Philistines, Hittites, Bhrygians. Tribes spread in all directions all over Europe and Asia ……. Wild Greeks arrived ~ 1000 BC from Egipt, Hungarian from Asia and Bulgars from Asia they found culture on the Balkans, writings and language and they mixed with domestic people. 18 Roman emperors were born in Serbia because of Etruscan connection. After Trojan war many groups of people left Troy in all directions to middle Europe, northern Europe to Britain and Scandinavia, south to Anatolia.One group under Aeneas sat sail with 22 ships and about 3400 followers and reach Italy-Etruscans. (There is no such thing as Indo-Europian, or Indo-German how used to be called before) Proto Serbian language is mother of all languages, spoken all over the Balkans in Illyria, Thracia, Dardania, Moesia, Pelasgia, Macedonia, Etruria, Bhrygia, Sarmatia and so on….Germans published dictionary in year 1791 German- Illyrian so you can read the words and speak, it is today Serbian.It is older than Sanskrit, Greek, Latin or all western European languages. Plato confirms in his work The Dialogues of Plato-Cratylus the Greeks used Pelasgian (Proto Serbian) to develop their own language.
I'm sure that I read that it is speculated that the earliest form of PIE would have had only two genders, namely animate and inanimate. Inanimate would become the neuter gender whilst the animate would have split into masculine and feminine. In other words masculine and feminine genders were innovations. This would seem logical to me. However I'm happy to be corrected if wrong.
But how come the Czech language still have the distinction between animate and inanimate nouns only in the masculine gender? They also have feminine and neuter, but they don't have this split. @@LearnHittite
They do have this distinction yes, in fact most slavic languages do, and I believe at least in the case of Russian, the animacy/inanimacy distinction isn't limited to the masculine. In 'The Slavonic Languages' by Comrie and Corbett, 2002, they state that the distinction developed in proto-slavic from -o and -i-o, they call the different forms 'sub-genders'. One of the authors (Corbett, 1988, Gender in Slavonic...) did a deeper investigation, it's worth checking out that article if you're interested (it's free to access on jstor). I'm not sure if there are any other theories amongst other Slavic linguists though.
Bro can you do a video about fascinating cognates across major Indo European languages. Please include extinct languages like Anatolian, Tocharian, Thracian etc. And also what about Wusun People? Do you know about their linguistic & cultural traits? Thankz
I had a big typo in my recent Amazigh video that is haunting me. However, I believe the chapter names are auto-generated so I can't be blamed for that one!
Could atta be a loan from Turkic instead? Aren't most lallworter "baba mama"? Babies say gugu gaga, if you've ever been around a baby. A word like atta is something a somewhat older child would use. And that would imply that it's not a nursery word but a term of endearment, perhaps a synonym, or a diminutive. A loan word wouldn't be unheard of. In the last millennium Mandarin speakers used Turkish loan words for mom and dad (die niang). Only more recently did the lallwort from another Chinese lect reenter Mandarin: baba mama. These are very old and Mandarin has very familiar sounding reflexes of them: fu mu.
No. English has old words before Roman and French invasions even today. Dude is one of them because you have a pair in exact meaning in Serbian language, (Prizrensko-Timochki dialect) and its "duda", but, it is femininum. Second meaning is a "tit". Since tit (d->t) is called also "doika", it is obviousli from word "dati", wich means to give. Aha. Now, it is so simple - DV is always in meaning "where somethng is more", like number 2, dada (sister, nurse), dva (two), ti, vi (you, sing. then plural), i guess, in some way dada and dati (to give) belong there, ((who can be sure, this science is full of "it"), etc. You just cant ignore language with 11000000 word forms, and number is small only because investigation was stoped by politicians around 1960. I guess, it is forein demand, because, hey, we all know who are they who want to controll science. Hdtodos? Are you human or AI? How can you prononce word of 7 signs, and word of 7 letters? 7 sounds just cant be parent to word of 3 dud. Im not sure hwo was that smart guy who heard "e" at the end and wrote it down.
is the "wi" from tocharian an invented plural ending like the "-i" is in other indo european languages? such as dw + o -> w + i? also great video, learning about this is always very interesting even if i have already learned about some of it and the way you present it is much more engaging than reading an article.
Tocharian A had two forms declined for gender 'wu' and 'we' so I presume a similar paradigm exisited in Tocharian B. Meaning that it was likely PIE 'dwoh3' plus extension for gender markers followed by dropping 'd'. Thats the idea presented in the Oxford intro to PIE by Mallory and Adams anyway. And thanks for your positive feedback! I was thinking of putting together a video on either proto-celtic or Tocharian - which would you like to see?
For reference, Tocharian A was apparently called _ārśi_ while Tocharian B was called _kuśiññe;_ the _actual_ Tocharian language may have been an Iranian language which was used by the Kushan Empire and only recently (as recently as last October) was finally identified as being encoded in the so-called Unknown Script from that area (Bactria and Ferghana).
You're 100% right on the endonyms, these terms (at least kuśiññe) are used in texts from their neighbours too so they seem legit. I had no idea about the other discovery though, but it seems exciting! www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-unknown-script-is-finally-deciphered/
Πατηρ ληνος μητρι διδωσι. "Wool" switched gender to a neuter s-stem, which since late Classical time drops the s in other forms and merges vowels. This is not the word for wool in NT Greek (the Greek I'm familiar with); that is εριον, and there's a different word ληνος (acc. ληνον), which means "winepress".
I immediately recognised the Polish book at the beginning of the video. I got it as a present from a fellow student. It is quite outdated though. I really appreciate your book recommendations.
Yeah I keep it on my desk for nostalgia purposes. Is there a more up to date version of something similar in Polish language though? Recently I just recommend people to buy the Oxford introduction if they need something general on PIE.
@@LearnHittite Not that I know of. Since I have studied comparative linguistics for over forty years I am not looking for such books, let alone in Polish. Nowadays I am more interested in solving the laryngeal problem. I don't have the answers but in my view unpronounceable reconstructions and laryngeals in almost every word cannot reflect a spoken language even though the reconstructors stress that the phonological representations of the laryngeals are unknown.
@@Pepijn_a.k.a._Akikaze that's one of the issues with any modern Polish book. The western world pretty much accepted laryngeals as a fact but Polish researchers barely even mention them in their publications - because of over-reliance on them to explain too much of the stuff so far unexplained and the impossibility of phonetic realisation. Maybe there is some good stuff to read out there, but people tend to study P.I.E. in English anyway.
When you say 'most', what is your evidence for this? Because as far as I'm aware many European Universities still present Italo-Celtic as a probable branch. Recent works for example: Weiss, M. (2022). Italo-Celtic. In T. Olander (Ed.), The Indo-European Language Family (pp. 102-113). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schrijver, P. (2019). "Chapter 10 Italo-Celtic and the Inflection of *es- ‘be’". In Dispersals and Diversification. Now, I'm not saying most linguists support the Italo-Celtic hypothesis either, merely that it is disputed. As I wrote, I'd like to see your evidence for 'most'. .
Mother of all languages is Proto Serbian and I can prove it. Do you know that wild Greeks came to Pelasgian land and found culture and proto Serbian language and they just mixed with Pelasgian people and learned everything there? Here are just some examples. You can see first word is Serbian, second word is Greek and third word is German (Serbian, Greek and German) (ili-Alla-aber) (utočište- eutoichiste- Zuflucht) (blizu-pljsion-nahe) (breme- brjme- Gewicht) (koliba- kalyba- Hütte) (hod- hod-Gang) (Tece voda protiv vode-Teke wudas proti wudei-Es fliest Wasser gegen Wasser) (činim- xinjm- ich thue) (daleko- tale ko- entfernt) (dar-dar- Geschenk) (danak- danj- Abgabe) (delim- dieljm- ich teile) (Dever- dawer- Schwager) (trljam- tribo- ich reibe) (dom- dom- zu hause) (drzim- drassjm- ich halte) (duplo- diploo- verdoppele) (dva- dwo-zwei) (idu- ithuo- ich gehe) (jedan- jadon- eine) (grebu- grabo- kratzen) (kakim- kakam- ich scheiße) (klizam- kluzam- ich gleite) (glina- gli- klei) (kljuc- kljs- Schlüssel) (komora- kamara- kammer) (kanim- koinam- ich thue) (Koliko- kelikos-wieviel) (Kos- kossyf- Amsel) (klisura- klision- Schlucht) (kobila- kaballes-Stutte) (kokot- kokkos-Hahn) (leto- leto-jahr) (levo- laevos-linke) (mak- mak-Mohn) (manje- mjon-weniger) (mama-mamma- Mutter) (muva- muia- Fliege) (meljem- mullem- ich mahle) (merim- meirjm- ich messe) (mesec- meis- Mond) (magla-omichla- Nebel) (nosim-nisso-ich trage) (oko- oko- Auge) (orem- arom-ich ackere) (palica-pelekys-Keule) (put-pat-Weg) (pecem-peso-ich brate) (pero-ptero-Feder) (pijem- pjm-ich trinke) (pivo- pino- Bier)
Greek qnd German are quite far from each other anyway. I argue Serbian sounds suspiciously similar to Celtic (as Greek and Latin do, too). So what's the point? Germanic is quite divergent, thanks Captain Obvious, and we know it developed in Southern Scandinavia, Denmark and Northern Germany and not the Balkans.
I like your presentation of the problematics ... Although, to be honest, I am a little bit sceptical about reconstruction of PIE language ... we all know that story about the sheep, horse and wool and how the language of the story was changed when they add to their consideration not only Latin, Greek and Sanskrit , but also Lithuanian and others... actually, reconstructed forms are not proved to exist in reality, it is only guessing ... so, it should be taken cum grano salis ... (my linguistic background :I have learned nine years German in school, and I still do remember some grammar, although I have serious lack of vocabulary and conversation practice in German; in high school I learned two years Latin; later at University I studied History and Polish language; I have never learned English in school nor I ever took any official lesson in English; I was watching tv (my ideal standard pronunciation of English is that of the character of Jean-Luc Picard (Patric Stewart) in series Star Trek, I saw all episodes of New Generation and of Voyager for 3 or 4 times, LOL ;) .. and I spent some time living in Canada... ) and start to read history books in English and later I have learn some grammar ... I also learned by myself some ancient Greek and also some modern, some mostly passive understanding of Spanish , Italian and very basics of Japanese ...staying at the level of Romaji with some hiragana .... my final thesis at history department was about origin of Etruscans, so I have done some research on ancient Etruscan language as well about ancient languages of Anatolia, and it seems that there is a "Sprachbund" based on shared phonology between IE Anatolian languages, Akkadian, nonIE Haatic and Etruscan and Lemnian, because Etruscan also didn't have voiced /b,d,g/ as well as Hittite and lacked vowel /o/ ) . Recently I have done analysis of the text of "Novilara stele" ... and my conclusion was: the language of Novilara stele or it is closely related to Greek and Latin or it is the forgery ... third possibility is less likely ..
@@LearnHittite When it goes about Etruscans, it is important to know what ancient Greek writers wrote about them. The older generation of Greek writers, those who were living in Greek classical times (5th and 4th century BC) as Herodotus (cca. 484-425) or Hellanikos from Lezbos/Mythilene (d. 399) and Thukydides (cca. 460-403), wrote about the groups of non-Hellenic, pre-Greek (in terms of language) populations that went to Italy and made colonies there. Hellanikos from Lesbos (whose work exists today only fragmentary in quotations in other writers) who was contemporary of Herodotos and of Thukydides, wrote that groups of Pelasgians went to Italy. Herodotos has brought to us the story (I book , chapter 94) how in ancient times in land of Lydia (west of Asia Minor) there was great famine which took place for many years and then the king of the land, named Attys, made a decision by throwing the dice, that his son Tyrsenos will take one half of people and they will go out of country across the sea, in search for new land and new life. Tyrsenos and his people went down to the city of Smyrna (today Izmir in Türkiye) and they have build ships there. After some time they came to the Umbrians in Italy (Herodotos writes: Ombrikoi) and settled their. Herodotus also provides a timeline for these events in other chapter about Lydia, where he placed king Attys and his sons Lydos and Tyrsenos in time before the reign of dynasty of Heraklides (cca. 1200-700 BC), that is, in 13th century BC. Also, what is important to point out, Herodotos, being a great traveller himself (he was born in city-state Halikarnassos in Asia Minor, travelled Egypt and to Crimea, maybe to Babilonia, and ended as one of the co-founders of Athenian colony Thurii in south-east Italy) wrote that he has heard the story about foundation of colonies in Tyrrhenia (Etruria) from Lydians, and not from Etruscans. ... What is also important to point out is that from work of Herodotos we can find out that in his lifetime there were living in wider Aegean area peoples named Pelasgoi (Pelasgians); Herodotos writes that his conclusion is that they speak in barbarian (non-Hellenic) language, judging by the language of Pelasgians which lived in his time in a few cities in Propontis region (Abdera, etc.) . Also, Herodotos said that the inhabitants of island Lemnos in north Aegean, before the Athenian conquest in 505 BC by general Militiades , were Pelasgians. (Athenians conquered the island were Pelasgians had two cities: Myrina in west and Hephaisteia in east, and took some land from Pelasgians and settled there Athenian colonists.) So, we are very much sure that Pelasgians existed still side a side by Greeks in 5th century BC. .... Thoukydides (Engl. Thucydides), historian from Athens, and for short time naval general in war, who wrote about events of his own lifetime (Peloponnesian war, between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC) in one section of his work inform that in northern Aegean in large peninsula known as Khalkidike (it has three big sub-peninsula, like three "fingers" protrude into Aegean sea) there are many small cities in which mostly are living Pelasgians among whom the most numerous are Tyrrhenians. So, from this, both from Herodotus and Thucydides, it is clear that in 5th century BC in Aegean region were still living some non-Greek populations named by Greeks as Pelasgians (Pelasgoi) and that the Tyrrhenians were part of Pelasgians. Differently from Herodotus, Thucydides wrote that natives of Lemnos were Tyrrhenians (while Herodotus names them Pelasgians). Herodotus is using the form Tyrsenoi in Greek while in Athenian Attic Greek the form was: Tyrrhenoi ("y" in ancient Greek between consonants was pronounced similar as in German letter ü). So, we have non-Greek Tyrrhenians/Tyrsenians attested in 5th century BC in northern Aegean, and in the same time we have people named by Greeks in west-central Italy also "Tyrrhenoi"/Tyrsenoi/Tyrsanoi (in Doric dialect). Is this only an example of homonymia (names/words being formally the same but with different meaning?) Well, it seems that the discovery of stele in island Lemnos in 1880-ies and some other short fragments recently, written in a language similar in vocabulary and in grammar to the Etruscan, proved otherwise. Linguist Helmut Rix (+) wrote an article in Cambridge encyclopedia on Etruscan language, proposing Tyrsenian language family and proto-Tyrsenic as common ancestor for both Lemnian and Etruscan. Who knows, maybe in the future it will be some new discoveries from three fingered peninsula Khalkidike or from other locations. One of the problems with ancient stone inscriptions is that many pieces of stone, even with inscriptions, were later through centuries often re-used as building elements. and I have to mention here the later Greek writers as Strabo and Dionysius who were living during the 1st century BC, that is some 300 years after the classical period of Herodotus and Hellanikos and Thucydides. For Strabo, living in Roman times, it was difficult even to imagen that some people or group coming from the Greece does not speak in Greek. He was also repeating in his work what he has found in older writers about Pelasgians coming to Italy in many waves from Greece and Aegean, but he was convinced (as we can see from his work) that those groups were speaking some very archaic form of Greek, but still Greek. Strabo gives a funny story how Etruscan city in Roman times known as Caere [ read as: Kha-ee-rhe, or in later imperial Latin as: Khe-rhe], from what is derived later Italian name of modern town Cerveteri, some 25 km north-west of Rome (in meaning: Cere vetere, old Cere, pronounced Cerveteri as: Cher-ve-te-ri in English). Original Etruscan name of the city was written in Etrusco- Phoenician bilingual found in 1960-ies in site of Pyrgi (sea port of ancient Caere), as: Kisra. Linguist dealing with Etruscan and ancient Latin would expect that Etruscan form is: Kaisre, because of Latin Caere, and because of rothacism in old Latin language some time around 3rd century BC (name of the Roman merchant familiy in ancient time Papissius became : Papirius); rothacism did work here: Kisra: Caere, but from where is an /a/ in Latin form? It could be the consequence of sincopa in Etruscan language in the beginning of 5th century BC? However, Strabo wrote an "folk etymology" in meaning that the name of Etruscan city is connected to Greek word Khaire! (meaning a Hello!) , what is of course non sense. Other Greek writer of 1st century BC, Dionysius, born in Halikarnassos (as Herodotus 400 years earlier) and worked as teacher of Greek language and of rethorics in Rome in his work "Romaike arkhaiologia" (Roman Antiquities) wrote that Etrsucan language and customs are more closer to those of Pelasgians than to the Lydians. But his opinion on Etruscan origin was that Etruscans are natives/ autochtonous in Italy. Also, he mentioned some early Greek writers who mentioned that Tyrrhenians were travelling in oposite directions: from Italy to Aegean.
@@LearnHittite Some Russian linguists proposed that Etruscan language is related to some languages of Caucasus. Important feature of Etruscan language is not only 4 vowels and the absence of voiced /b.d,g/ what connects Etruscan with the languages of Anatolia, but also it is suffixes based type of language, similar to Hurrian. Actually, I have found that number 3, in Etruscan "ci" [ki] has similarity with Hurrian number kiq , also three. Etruscans, by ancient Greeks called Tyrsenoi (Ionian form), Tyrrhenoi (Attic Greek), Tyrsanoi (Doric dialects) , were calling them selves as "Rasna" (after sincopa in 5th century BC), probably older form "Rasenna". There is possibility that Greek egzonym "Tyrsenoi" and "Tyrrhenoi" is some kind of calck or joined word, consisting of two words: tyr + rasenna = tyr: rhen-oi, where ancient Greek "tyr" [pronounced as: tür, with /ü/ sound like in German] comes from older or maybe foreign form "tur"; and this is confirmed in Latin forms: Etrusci and Tusci (from which English Tuscany and Italian Toscana is derived): E-trus-ci >* E-turs-ci ... Originally form probably was *Turs-ci, and because of rhotacism in Latin language in around of the 3rd century BC, Turs< Tus +ci ... In Greek language the general name for autocratic ruler was: tyrannos (English: tyrant)... Also, in Herodotus, in one place in Greece there was city named in Herodotus time "Tetrapolis" and Herodotus said that the former, older name of this city was "Hyttenia" ... this is interesting because number four (4) in Etruscan is: "huth" ... and as I wrote in my other answer, there was in Aegean region during the classical times (5th and 4th century BC) a non-Greek population named by Greeks as Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians (Tyrrhenians is same as Greek name for Etruscans in Italy). According to Thucydides, Tyrrhenians were part of wider Pelasgian nation and they were living in 5th century BC in northern Aegean island of Lemnos as well in parts of large peninsula of Khalkidike (with three fingers) in region where today city Thessaloniki is. According to Herodotus language of Pelasgians was non-Greek (he based his conclusion on the language of Pelasgoi which lived in his time in a few cities in Propontis: Kizikos, Plakia, Skilakos). And from the stele of island Lemnos, we know what was the language of Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians of Lemnos. I wrote more about this in other comment ... And as a conclusion: everything what we know from ancient Greek writers of 5th century BC about Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians in Aegean area, what we know about the language of stela of Lemnos and about Etruscan language, it seems that Etruscan is closely related with one of pre-Greek language or with group of languages which were spoken in Aegean islands and also in parts of continental Greece. As we can see from the testimony by Herodotus and Thucydides, as well from Lemnos stela, it survived till 5th century BC. Pelasgians before classical times were mentioned in Thessalia (Pelasgiotis), in Dodona in Epirus (mentioned by Hesiod) which is not so far from Thessalia, and in Odyssey are mentioned "divine Pelasgians" of Crete, next to Eteocretans. Herodotus' point of view was that Greeks (Hellenoi) of his time were made as a people by mixing with Pelasgians (especially the inhabitants on islands).
German is a crazy language, my dialect is more closely similar to Old English and Modern Dutch than to Swiss German or even Standard German. Germans west of the Rhine (which was for 500 years part of Imperium Romanum) basically align more closely with the BeNeLux-countries in language & culture than to Germans east of the Rhine (Germania Magna). The different levels of Romanization are still so strong.
I'm sure I read somewhere that Proto Indo-European had only two genders, namely animate and inanimate and that masculine and feminine forms were a later innovation. I'm happy to be corrected if I'm wrong.
Early PIE had animate and inanimate genders. Luraghi and Matasovic are two linguists who have their own theories regarding what happened next. I'm more on the side of Luraghi but I'm open to being corrected. I made a video about PIE gender here ruclips.net/video/m6zBEPCR5hM/видео.htmlsi=igEU20aN1Ul7MTQ5
The atta for father resembles the ata in Turkish... Maybe proto Indo European has a distant connection with Turkish and Mongolic...😮 At least maybe ancient borrowings
It's both a lallwort, a basic linguistic category of words which can be found worldwide qnd have been produced indepently from each other many times. So Aryans, Turks and Mongols are utilizing the same, primordial approaches for the same purpose and arrive at the same conclusions. This has little do to with language families but goes more into anthropology.
I absolutely detest the branching tree diagrams. It always makes it seem like the languages always descended from an ancestor, ignoring the high probability of hybridization and other forms of language creation. Just the armanian and greek examples that they somehow descended from a major branch from which the Anatolian branch split prior is just mind-boggling. In such a model, language influences are accepted, but it's always assumed that the core of the language can be traced back to PIE without any detours. I believe that simmilar to how our own heritage can be traced back, and it certainly will form the one or the other closed off loop (cousins married cousins aso), similarly languages formed the one or the other loop. I understand that it becomes quite difficult to identify these loops thanks to the lack of written records, but we can not just assume a simple tree model where once a brach split, it never again reunites. The branching tree diagram does serve a purpose in identifying common languages and categorizing thwm in sub families, but it always will be understood as descent. And for that, it is wholly insufficient ! As an example of a hybrid language that is on every tree classified as a descendant, is in my own opinion, Romanian. Once you stripp from Romanian everything grammer and words that were introduced in the relatinization of the late 17th century, that was a conscious effort of claiming a Roman descent, and further strip away anything that can not clearly be attested as of Latin origin, the similarities between Romanian and Latin are about 35%. In contrast, once the same rules are applied to French, Spanish, Italian and Romansch, they remain 60-70% similar to Latin. None the less, Romanian remains a so called direct descendant of Latin. As to why it is less simmilar all sorts of arguments are put forward. The most used is clearly the influence of other non Latin languages. But history shows us, that Spanish French, Romansch and Italian also had to deal with diferent foreign influences. Be it the germanic tribes for French, Romansch and north Italian, or Arabic for Spanish. That is reflected in some change in gramatic and phonetics, but it doesn't explain the for a 'Romance' language vast differences in Romanian. The only way for that to make sense, is for Romanian to either be a descendant of a with Latin related language, aka Dacian to be a sister language to Latin, or for Romanian to be a hybrid language of Dacian and Latin where Dacian although also a IE language isn't necessarily so closely related to Latin.
I’m still skeptical about language reconstruction and pronunciation. How do we even know that proto-indo-european was spoken at the Ukrainian steppes? There are no written records, so, who decided that that’s where it was spoken?
By combining linguistic, archaeological and genetic data we can come up with some theories. See: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language Others of course disagree and put the homeland somewhere south of the caucuses.
We do NOT know and that isn't even the point, linguistics makes only the best guess we can come up with. It never pretended to do anymore, only the weight of the guesses is, naturally, debated. That's all.
Did I get this right? We know about the sounds of the Hittite language? We dont even know if the Romans were c or k speakers: circus or kirkus, Caesar ( from that russ. Tsar) or Kaesar ( from that germ. Kaiser)? Nobody knows exactly how ancient Greek was spoken. But Hittite? I think thats either a misunderstanding or fake news, sorry.
Sorry, what point of the video are you referring to? I've spoken in other videos (the one on Anatolian and Tocharian) about the debates amongst linguists regarding the phonology of Hittite.
We actually have a _very_ good idea of what Latin sounded like, and we know that the "Caesar" was pronounced with a /k/, not an /s/. This is because we have plenty of evidence from its descendents, plenty of evidence from inscriptions, writings, and most importantly of all, graffiti. While nothing can, of course, be nailed down 100%, we're very, very close to that. If it were physically possible, you could travel back in time two millennia and be able to speak Latin with only a slight accent from everything we know about it.
We have primary sources of Romans, Greeks and other Indoeuropean peoples explaining the phonology of their languahe in detail, and we can track the latest point in time when c before i & e must have still been pronounced as. You did no research of your own, Sir.
@@tombra7 I mean, you can say that a language *exactly* like what is written in any PIE grammar *probably* did not exist. But the fact that there is a language which developed into all the modern IE languages the way Latin evolved into the modern Romance languages is undeniable.
Proto-Indo-European is a theory never proven to be valid. It is a synthetic language (made-up) creted to fit a purpose. not exactly scientific methodology. Where are the letters, epigrams, literature. artefacts, etc. There are only 16-20 words that are common to all languages. Not exactly overwhelming.
I am a retired Professor of Sanskrit Language and Litterature from the Department of Classic Studies at the University of São Paulo _ USP , Brazil. In our classes my collegues and I lectured the Indo- European and its relation to Sanskrit.
Ach, something went wrong with the rendering of me talking about book recommendations at the end. Probably messed some settings up - was tinkering around with too many new things. My apologies. You'll have to just put up with my low resolution face and overly bright backgorund
The names of some organs
it's used as the suffix for nouns, “Ak”= ~each of both
(Yan= side)
Yan-ak= each of both sides (of the face) >Yanak= cheek
(Gül= rose)
Kül-ak = each of both the roses >Kulak= Ear
(Şek=facet)
Şek-ak = each of both sides (of forehead) >Şakak= temple
(Dal=subsection, branch)
Dal-ak=dalak= Spleen
(Böbür=scarlet fleck)
Böbür-ak=böbrek= Kidney = each of both red-spots / blodfleck
Bağça-ak>(Paça-ak)>bacak= Leg (ankle)
(Pati = paw)
Batı-ak>pathiak>phatyak>hadyak>adyak)=Ayak= the foot > each of the feet
(Taş=stone)
Taş-ak=testicle
Akciğer=~(each of) both lungs
Bacı-yan-ak > Bacanak= each of the husbands of the sisters of your wife >> just for men
TÜL-KARN-AK =that obscures/ shadowing each of both dark/ covert periods= Karanlık (batıni) çağların her birini örten tül
ZHU'L-KARN-EYN=the (shader) owner of each of both times
DU’AL-CHORN-EIN=double-horned-one=(the horned hunter)Herne the hunter> Cernunnos> Karneios
it's used as the suffix for verbs, “Ak /ek“=a-qa ~which thing to / what’s to…
Er-mek = to get / to reach
Bar-mak (Varmak)= to arrive / to achieve
Er-en-mek > erinmek / Bar-an-mak > barınmak =to arrive on one's own
Erin-ek / barın-ak = what’s there to arrive at oneself
Ernek / Barnak > Parmak = Finger
Çiğ=uncooked, raw
Çiğne-mek =to chew
Çiğne-ek>Çiğneh> Çene = Chin
Tut-mak = to hold / to keep
Tut-ak=Dudak= Lip
Tara-mak = to comb/ ~to rake
Tara-ak > Tarak =(what’s there to comb)> the comb
Tara-en-mak > taranmak = to comb oneself
Taran-ak > Tırnak =(what’s there to comb oneself)> fingernail
Ba Ba = Baba / Apa / eba / abu /爸爸= Papa ( Pater > Father)
Na Na = Ana / Anne = 妈妈/ Ma Ma / Mom ( Mater > Mother)
Ne Ne = Nene / Nine = 奶奶/ Nanny (Grandmother)
Ta Ta = Ata / Dede =爷爷/ Grandfather / Bög baba = big father
Ka Ga = Aga / Keke (~steerer /beak) 哥哥/ aga bög > ağabey = big brother
Bir-ol-diger> Birader = (per-alter /pre-other > one other) =兄弟/ Brother
Ba ba la =Baba-la /apa-la /abula > Abla = older sister ( ~with father)
Ba ba chui = Bavoji > Bacı = younger sister ( ~loves father)
Ba ba cha = Apa-ça /abuja > emijae > Emmi / Amca =舅舅/ paternal uncle (~fatherly)
Tai U = Dayı = 叔叔/ maternal uncle ( nearest’s he )
Tai Thu =Taitsu> Teyze = maternal aunt / Dasy ( nearest’s that )
Çe Çe = Ece / Cece / 姐姐 / older sister
Mi Mi = Ümmü / Mimi / 妹妹 / younger sister or young aunt
Bi Bi = Bibi / Hala = 姑姑/ paternal aunt
Pe Pe = Bebe / bebek =宝宝 / baby >>( sweetie > balak / bala )
Kayın ağacı = Beech tree >>>difficult pedigree = different family tree
Kayın peder / Kayın baba / Kaynata = father-in-law /公公
Kayın valide / Kayın anne / Kaynana = mother-in-law /婆婆
Kayın / Kayınçı / Kayınço = brother in-law
Baldız = sister-in-law /嫂子 ( honey- salt) wife's sister for men
Görümce = sister-in-law (~observer) husband's sister for women
Elti = Brother in-law's wife > just for women
Gelin = bride / 新娘 (~newcomer)
Yenge = Brother's wife (~came over marriage)
Dünür= parents who are related to each other through their children's marriages (~ later relative)
Güvey /Damat = groom /倌 / 马夫
Bacanak = sister-in-law's husband (each of the husbands of the sisters of your wife) just for men
Enişte = sisters or aunts husbands
Od >> hot
Odun >> wooden >> wood
Oğuz kağan> oğuzhan > owodhan >wuothan> wõden > Odin
Tuz = Salt >> sodium chloride CRYSTAL
TH > T / D
TH > TS > S / Ş / Z
Thuith >Tuits > Tiss / Diş = tooth (dental)
Thuıth > Thuıts > Tuıss / Dış = out ( outer)
Thuss > - Suz = (- Less) >>without it / free from it / has got rid of it
Tış-yer-i > Dışarı / Dış taraf = outside
Dışsal = external
Dışı = out of… / de- / dis-
Suz > sız/siz & suz/süz = without / -less
Kanat = Wing /Kanatsız = Wingless
Su= water > Su-suz = water-less / anhydrous
Suç =crime > Suçsuz=innocent (freed from blame)
Şeker= Sugar > Şekersiz= without sugar / sugar free
Kitap= book / Kitapsız = without books / free from books
Ücret = fee / ücret dışı =out of fee / ücretsiz =~free - exempt from fee
Gereksiz = needless / İhtiyaç dışı- lüzumsuzca =unnecessary
Kanunsuz/hukuksuz = unlawful / Kanun dışı = outside the law
Hukuk-yasa =law > Yasal =legal / Yasadışı = illegal
Görüş = sight / görüş dışı = out of sight
Sadık -vefalı-vefakar= loyal / sadakatsiz-vefasız= disloyal
Beğeni = like / beğeni dışı= dislike
Bağlantı = connect / bağlantı dışı=disconnect
Evirmek= to make it to turn around itself or transform into another shape over time
İç = inside > ÇE
Çe-evir-mek =(içe evirmek) = çevirmek = (turn-into) / encircle / convert / slew round
Dış =outside > DE
De-evirmek =(dışa evirmek) = devirmek =(turn-outer) / overturn / overthrow
De-monte=démonté= dis-assembled
(LIĞ-LUĞ) (aluk=has got)
LI- Li-Lu-Lü ekleri sahiplik ve dahiliyet ekleridir...
(Have)(~With)
(Dış- Thuıss) Siz-Sız-Suz-Süz ekleri
“İçermemek” , "sahip olmamak" , “ondan azade olmak” veya "mahrumiyet" anlamına gelen bu ekler, bir şeyin dahilinde olmayışı ifade eder.
(Have no)( ~without) (...less)
O benim sevgi-li-m = (~s/he has my love)= s/he is my lover
İki çocuk-lu kadın= (which) the woman has two children > woman with two children
Çocuksuz adam = (which) the man has no child > childless man
Şekerli =(it has sugar) = with sugar
Şekersiz= (it has no sugar) = without sugar = ~sugar free= şekerden azade
Tuzlu =it has salt =salty
Tuzsuz= it has no salt = without salt = saltless
Gitmelisin (get-mek-liğ-sen)= you have to go
Gitmen gerekli (get-meg-in gerek-liğ) = you have need to go
Gitmen gerekir (get-meg-in gerek-e-er) = you (getta) need to go
NATURAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS
(akar-eser / eser-eger)
(su AKAR- yel ESER) = water flows - wind blows
EĞER / ISE = (EVEN / IF)
(yel ESER- ekin EĞER)= the wind blows and bows the crops
ISE / EĞER = (IF / EVER)
EĞER / İSE and İSE / EĞER constructs are used to specify "conditions" and are often used interchangeably.
ISE EĞER: means "If ever" and indicates a condition that is more likely to occur.
"If ever you need any help, just let me know." (Yardıma ihtiyacın olursa eğer, sadece haberim olsun) or (Herhangi bir yardıma ihtiyaç duyarsan, bana haber vermen yeterli)
“If I'm not tired, we can visit them in the evening.” = “Yorgun değilsem eğer, akşamleyin onları ziyaret edebiliriz”
EĞER ISE: means "Even if" and indicates a condition that is less likely to occur.
"Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go for a walk." (Yarın yürüyüşe çıkacağım, eğer yağmur yağıyor olsa da ) or (Yarın yağmur yağsa bile yürüyüşe çıkacağım.)
“Why should i go to work, (even) if I'm not getting my salary” = (Eğer) maaşımı alamıyorsam, neden işe gideyim ki.
Thank you for the video. Great to see that other people are also interested in ancient languages and PIE!
And thank you for the kind words!
So true! Channels like this are precious jewels of knowledge themselves!❤🎉
On the books, give me old-fashioned rules. Not learning the rules, in the modern manner, replicates modern English-language semiliteracy (at best - most of us have no clue how to speak, much less how to write English) in the study of ancient languages. Yes, a text needs to be engaging, but rules and facts are a blessing and provide a foundation when one attempts to learn languages.
Congratulations!! Your presentation is great. I love the recommendation of books. Big hug from Brazil
Thank you bro, I appreciate the support!
Thanks for a very good film and the simplicity of explaining.
Glad you liked it!
Ancient Linguistics is so underrated - it’s such a fascinating look into how ancient people lived, spoke, and thought
Love your content man.
Much appreciated bro, the kind words keep me motivated!
Is it just me or are the atta and anna the so-called lulls just older, more archaic forms?
atta > hatta> phatta > Phatēr > phtēr ?
The existence of other such words that still include the supposed archaic lull, like romanian tata or tată and the 'a' in germanic father/Vater seam to support that hypothesis.
In other languages we have simmilar lulls, or from them derived words, for mother and father.
The Japanese Oto and oka, or the Türkish babba or kakasy and ejesi in turkmen for example.
Generally it makes sense, as babies do lull and that from there the words for the parents could be derived is not to far fetched.
The potentially diferent proto forms, in different proto languages could also be explained by the baby being slightly influenced in what sounds to try first by what it hears during the pregnancy.
Such a wonderful video about proto-Indo-European makes this channel even more precious, thank you so much❤ I always give the due thumbs-up and share!🎉❤🎉❤
Thank you so so much for your kind words! I might do a second version of this video because my editing skills have gotten a little better. PIE is a fascinating subject!
@@LearnHittite Aw, thank YOU for such a kind feedback!😍😍Yes, Indo-European studies in general have always fascinated me too!
Keep the videos coming brother! 🍻
Great vid mate!
Cheers! Positive words are always motivating 💪
Never expected that linguistic terms like “dude” and “dudette” would be thrown around… ;) ❤️
🤣
dudos? dudas?
One thing I don't get: you said that the vowels in PIE were just E and O, but the accusative word for wool (h2wlh1nam) has an A. What's going on? Thanks
This happens in some PIE reconstructions - same is with bʰardʰéh₂ (beard) - it is usually due to a few reasons like whoever did the reconstruction doesn't adhere to PIE only having two vowels (E,O) or because most linguists assume the 'a' in later dialects came from a laryngeal + vowel combination but in this case there is either no evidence for the type of laryngeal for whatever reason so they stick with the 'a' vowel and expect others to work it out. The presenter likely only wanted to work with published reconstructions. I've only ever seen the ACC for wool with an 'a' vowel. There are a few other reasons too.
Fascinating video!
very good compilation and informative on ancient languages is "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient languages". I have 2004 edition ...
It's excellent! I don't have the encyclopedia but do have the handbook series which derived from it. Great stuff
World first cultures Vucedol, Lepenski Vir (Iron Gates) starts 11500 BC, Starcevo culture starts 6200 BC, Vinča culture starts 5700 BC, today Serbia. Samarra culture 5500-4800 BCE, Cucuteni culture starts 4800 BC, Varna culture starts 4500 BC, Yamnaya culture 3300 BC.
World first industrial revolution ca. 6000 BC. Bronze metallurgy. Today Serbia, (BBC History news March 2010)
Gordon Childe-The Danube in Prehistory, Jacque Pirenne-Agriculture at Danube. Today Serbia.
Farming start about 6000 BC. Vinca First Calendar start to count years at 5508 BC. (Now in 2024 we have year 7532) Farming wouldn’t be possible without knowledge of calendar. Both development started and developed together. Today Serbia.
Harald Haarmann about first Cyrillic writings in Vinca culture in 5500 BC, today Serbia, so 2000 years before any writings anywhere else on the world.
Vinca Iron production 1400 BC. Today Serbia.
In today English language there is more than 2000 same or similar Serbian words.
Names of the Balkan tribes: Pelasgians, Mycenaeans, Etruscan-called themselves Rasi, in Serbia exist even today province Ras. Wendi, (Wendisch museum in Cottbus, Germany, Lusatian Sorbs, Lužički Srbi.) Illiyrians, Macedonians (Homer is saying Paeonian people walked on foot 11 Days to help Trojans war), Dardanians (Original Troy is here, not in Turkey, Homer wrote sea is freezing in the winter-Panonian sea), Moesians, Dacians, Thracians, Rasci, Celts, Scythians, Sarmatians, Arians, Sea People, Peleset, Philistines, Hittites, Bhrygians. Tribes spread in all directions all over Europe and Asia …….
Wild Greeks arrived ~ 1000 BC from Egipt, Hungarian from Asia and Bulgars from Asia they found culture on the Balkans, writings and language and they mixed with domestic people. 18 Roman emperors were born in Serbia because of Etruscan connection.
After Trojan war many groups of people left Troy in all directions to middle Europe, northern Europe to Britain and Scandinavia, south to Anatolia.One group under Aeneas sat sail with 22 ships and about 3400 followers and reach Italy-Etruscans.
(There is no such thing as Indo-Europian, or Indo-German how used to be called before) Proto Serbian language is mother of all languages, spoken all over the Balkans in Illyria, Thracia, Dardania, Moesia, Pelasgia, Macedonia, Etruria, Bhrygia, Sarmatia and so on….Germans published dictionary in year 1791 German- Illyrian so you can read the words and speak, it is today Serbian.It is older than Sanskrit, Greek, Latin or all western European languages. Plato confirms in his work The Dialogues of Plato-Cratylus the Greeks used Pelasgian (Proto Serbian) to develop their own language.
I'm sure that I read that it is speculated that the earliest form of PIE would have had only two genders, namely animate and inanimate. Inanimate would become the neuter gender whilst the animate would have split into masculine and feminine. In other words masculine and feminine genders were innovations. This would seem logical to me. However I'm happy to be corrected if wrong.
Yes you are right, I made a video about it here ruclips.net/video/m6zBEPCR5hM/видео.htmlsi=igEU20aN1Ul7MTQ5
But how come the Czech language still have the distinction between animate and inanimate nouns only in the masculine gender? They also have feminine and neuter, but they don't have this split. @@LearnHittite
They do have this distinction yes, in fact most slavic languages do, and I believe at least in the case of Russian, the animacy/inanimacy distinction isn't limited to the masculine. In 'The Slavonic Languages' by Comrie and Corbett, 2002, they state that the distinction developed in proto-slavic from -o and -i-o, they call the different forms 'sub-genders'. One of the authors (Corbett, 1988, Gender in Slavonic...) did a deeper investigation, it's worth checking out that article if you're interested (it's free to access on jstor). I'm not sure if there are any other theories amongst other Slavic linguists though.
Thank you, I will check it out! @@LearnHittite
Bro can you do a video about fascinating cognates across major Indo European languages.
Please include extinct languages like Anatolian, Tocharian, Thracian etc.
And also what about Wusun People? Do you know about their linguistic & cultural traits?
Thankz
“Phology” ;) - typo in the chapter name.
I had a big typo in my recent Amazigh video that is haunting me. However, I believe the chapter names are auto-generated so I can't be blamed for that one!
in sanskrit id say
Pitā mātáray ūṛṇam dadāti
proto indo aryan - pHtā́ maHtaray Hwŕ̥Hnām dádaHti.
Like dialects of the same language
Really great video
Cheers and thank you for the kind words!
Could atta be a loan from Turkic instead? Aren't most lallworter "baba mama"? Babies say gugu gaga, if you've ever been around a baby. A word like atta is something a somewhat older child would use. And that would imply that it's not a nursery word but a term of endearment, perhaps a synonym, or a diminutive. A loan word wouldn't be unheard of. In the last millennium Mandarin speakers used Turkish loan words for mom and dad (die niang). Only more recently did the lallwort from another Chinese lect reenter Mandarin: baba mama. These are very old and Mandarin has very familiar sounding reflexes of them: fu mu.
yeah yeah I luv the two headed eagle
Here's my PIE reconstruction of the word dude.
*Hdtodos = 'to swell', 'to shine', 'to acquire', 'man', 'male thing',
I love it.
No. English has old words before Roman and French invasions even today. Dude is one of them because you have a pair in exact meaning in Serbian language, (Prizrensko-Timochki dialect) and its "duda", but, it is femininum. Second meaning is a "tit". Since tit (d->t) is called also "doika", it is obviousli from word "dati", wich means to give. Aha. Now, it is so simple - DV is always in meaning "where somethng is more", like number 2, dada (sister, nurse), dva (two), ti, vi (you, sing. then plural), i guess, in some way dada and dati (to give) belong there, ((who can be sure, this science is full of "it"), etc. You just cant ignore language with 11000000 word forms, and number is small only because investigation was stoped by politicians around 1960. I guess, it is forein demand, because, hey, we all know who are they who want to controll science. Hdtodos? Are you human or AI? How can you prononce word of 7 signs, and word of 7 letters? 7 sounds just cant be parent to word of 3 dud. Im not sure hwo was that smart guy who heard "e" at the end and wrote it down.
@@СашаПетровић-н6х Information overlaod son! My PIE version of dude was just a joke. But if its an old word then cool.
@@qetoun PIE is a joke per se.
@@qetoun Either its a really long and bad joke, or they're trolling
is the "wi" from tocharian an invented plural ending like the "-i" is in other indo european languages? such as dw + o -> w + i? also great video, learning about this is always very interesting even if i have already learned about some of it and the way you present it is much more engaging than reading an article.
Tocharian A had two forms declined for gender 'wu' and 'we' so I presume a similar paradigm exisited in Tocharian B. Meaning that it was likely PIE 'dwoh3' plus extension for gender markers followed by dropping 'd'. Thats the idea presented in the Oxford intro to PIE by Mallory and Adams anyway.
And thanks for your positive feedback! I was thinking of putting together a video on either proto-celtic or Tocharian - which would you like to see?
@@LearnHittite I would definitely like to see a video on Tocharian. Thanks for the explanation!
@@reeb3687 👍
For reference, Tocharian A was apparently called _ārśi_ while Tocharian B was called _kuśiññe;_ the _actual_ Tocharian language may have been an Iranian language which was used by the Kushan Empire and only recently (as recently as last October) was finally identified as being encoded in the so-called Unknown Script from that area (Bactria and Ferghana).
You're 100% right on the endonyms, these terms (at least kuśiññe) are used in texts from their neighbours too so they seem legit. I had no idea about the other discovery though, but it seems exciting!
www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-unknown-script-is-finally-deciphered/
Any written monuments or signs of it?
Πατηρ ληνος μητρι διδωσι.
"Wool" switched gender to a neuter s-stem, which since late Classical time drops the s in other forms and merges vowels. This is not the word for wool in NT Greek (the Greek I'm familiar with); that is εριον, and there's a different word ληνος (acc. ληνον), which means "winepress".
there's no link to The table in the description
I immediately recognised the Polish book at the beginning of the video. I got it as a present from a fellow student. It is quite outdated though. I really appreciate your book recommendations.
Yeah I keep it on my desk for nostalgia purposes. Is there a more up to date version of something similar in Polish language though? Recently I just recommend people to buy the Oxford introduction if they need something general on PIE.
@@LearnHittite Not that I know of. Since I have studied comparative linguistics for over forty years I am not looking for such books, let alone in Polish. Nowadays I am more interested in solving the laryngeal problem. I don't have the answers but in my view unpronounceable reconstructions and laryngeals in almost every word cannot reflect a spoken language even though the reconstructors stress that the phonological representations of the laryngeals are unknown.
@@Pepijn_a.k.a._Akikaze that's one of the issues with any modern Polish book. The western world pretty much accepted laryngeals as a fact but Polish researchers barely even mention them in their publications - because of over-reliance on them to explain too much of the stuff so far unexplained and the impossibility of phonetic realisation. Maybe there is some good stuff to read out there, but people tend to study P.I.E. in English anyway.
I speak a unique language after I have too much to drink.
Wonderful 😂
In that comparison table or lacks Armenian and Albany...😊
Most PIE linguistics don't agree with the Italo-Celtic hypothesis and most believe them to be separate branches.
When you say 'most', what is your evidence for this? Because as far as I'm aware many European Universities still present Italo-Celtic as a probable branch.
Recent works for example: Weiss, M. (2022). Italo-Celtic. In T. Olander (Ed.), The Indo-European Language Family (pp. 102-113). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schrijver, P. (2019). "Chapter 10 Italo-Celtic and the Inflection of *es- ‘be’". In Dispersals and Diversification.
Now, I'm not saying most linguists support the Italo-Celtic hypothesis either, merely that it is disputed. As I wrote, I'd like to see your evidence for 'most'.
.
20:31 orange on brown is illegible
I'll be re-making this video soon, my production skills have got a bit better!
@@LearnHittiteI'm stoked :O
Mother of all languages is Proto Serbian and I can prove it. Do you know that wild Greeks came to Pelasgian land and found culture and proto Serbian language and they just mixed with Pelasgian people and learned everything there? Here are just some examples. You can see first word is Serbian, second word is Greek and third word is German (Serbian, Greek and German) (ili-Alla-aber) (utočište- eutoichiste- Zuflucht) (blizu-pljsion-nahe) (breme- brjme- Gewicht) (koliba- kalyba- Hütte) (hod- hod-Gang) (Tece voda protiv vode-Teke wudas proti wudei-Es fliest Wasser gegen Wasser) (činim- xinjm- ich thue) (daleko- tale ko- entfernt) (dar-dar- Geschenk) (danak- danj- Abgabe) (delim- dieljm- ich teile) (Dever- dawer- Schwager) (trljam- tribo- ich reibe) (dom- dom- zu hause) (drzim- drassjm- ich halte) (duplo- diploo- verdoppele) (dva- dwo-zwei) (idu- ithuo- ich gehe) (jedan- jadon- eine) (grebu- grabo- kratzen) (kakim- kakam- ich scheiße) (klizam- kluzam- ich gleite) (glina- gli- klei) (kljuc- kljs- Schlüssel) (komora- kamara- kammer) (kanim- koinam- ich thue) (Koliko- kelikos-wieviel) (Kos- kossyf- Amsel) (klisura- klision- Schlucht) (kobila- kaballes-Stutte) (kokot- kokkos-Hahn) (leto- leto-jahr) (levo- laevos-linke) (mak- mak-Mohn) (manje- mjon-weniger) (mama-mamma- Mutter) (muva- muia- Fliege) (meljem- mullem- ich mahle) (merim- meirjm- ich messe) (mesec- meis- Mond) (magla-omichla- Nebel) (nosim-nisso-ich trage) (oko- oko- Auge) (orem- arom-ich ackere) (palica-pelekys-Keule) (put-pat-Weg) (pecem-peso-ich brate) (pero-ptero-Feder) (pijem- pjm-ich trinke) (pivo- pino- Bier)
Greek qnd German are quite far from each other anyway. I argue Serbian sounds suspiciously similar to Celtic (as Greek and Latin do, too).
So what's the point? Germanic is quite divergent, thanks Captain Obvious, and we know it developed in Southern Scandinavia, Denmark and Northern Germany and not the Balkans.
Germans published dictionary in year 1791 German- Illyrian so you can read the words and speak, it is today Serbian.
Sounds like a hoqx or myth.
@@peterszeug308 Hey Peter, thank you for great comment signifying nothing but you could check it online or German national library?
I like your presentation of the problematics ... Although, to be honest, I am a little bit sceptical about reconstruction of PIE language ... we all know that story about the sheep, horse and wool and how the language of the story was changed when they add to their consideration not only Latin, Greek and Sanskrit , but also Lithuanian and others... actually, reconstructed forms are not proved to exist in reality, it is only guessing ... so, it should be taken cum grano salis ... (my linguistic background :I have learned nine years German in school, and I still do remember some grammar, although I have serious lack of vocabulary and conversation practice in German; in high school I learned two years Latin; later at University I studied History and Polish language; I have never learned English in school nor I ever took any official lesson in English; I was watching tv (my ideal standard pronunciation of English is that of the character of Jean-Luc Picard (Patric Stewart) in series Star Trek, I saw all episodes of New Generation and of Voyager for 3 or 4 times, LOL ;) .. and I spent some time living in Canada... ) and start to read history books in English and later I have learn some grammar ... I also learned by myself some ancient Greek and also some modern, some mostly passive understanding of Spanish , Italian and very basics of Japanese ...staying at the level of Romaji with some hiragana .... my final thesis at history department was about origin of Etruscans, so I have done some research on ancient Etruscan language as well about ancient languages of Anatolia, and it seems that there is a "Sprachbund" based on shared phonology between IE Anatolian languages, Akkadian, nonIE Haatic and Etruscan and Lemnian, because Etruscan also didn't have voiced /b,d,g/ as well as Hittite and lacked vowel /o/ ) . Recently I have done analysis of the text of "Novilara stele" ... and my conclusion was: the language of Novilara stele or it is closely related to Greek and Latin or it is the forgery ... third possibility is less likely ..
Thanks for your input. What is your theory on Etruscan? Do you see it as an Anatolian language like some linguists do?
@@LearnHittite When it goes about Etruscans, it is important to know what ancient Greek writers wrote about them. The older generation of Greek writers, those who were living in Greek classical times (5th and 4th century BC) as Herodotus (cca. 484-425) or Hellanikos from Lezbos/Mythilene (d. 399) and Thukydides (cca. 460-403), wrote about the groups of non-Hellenic, pre-Greek (in terms of language) populations that went to Italy and made colonies there. Hellanikos from Lesbos (whose work exists today only fragmentary in quotations in other writers) who was contemporary of Herodotos and of Thukydides, wrote that groups of Pelasgians went to Italy. Herodotos has brought to us the story (I book , chapter 94) how in ancient times in land of Lydia (west of Asia Minor) there was great famine which took place for many years and then the king of the land, named Attys, made a decision by throwing the dice, that his son Tyrsenos will take one half of people and they will go out of country across the sea, in search for new land and new life. Tyrsenos and his people went down to the city of Smyrna (today Izmir in Türkiye) and they have build ships there. After some time they came to the Umbrians in Italy (Herodotos writes: Ombrikoi) and settled their. Herodotus also provides a timeline for these events in other chapter about Lydia, where he placed king Attys and his sons Lydos and Tyrsenos in time before the reign of dynasty of Heraklides (cca. 1200-700 BC), that is, in 13th century BC. Also, what is important to point out, Herodotos, being a great traveller himself (he was born in city-state Halikarnassos in Asia Minor, travelled Egypt and to Crimea, maybe to Babilonia, and ended as one of the co-founders of Athenian colony Thurii in south-east Italy) wrote that he has heard the story about foundation of colonies in Tyrrhenia (Etruria) from Lydians, and not from Etruscans. ... What is also important to point out is that from work of Herodotos we can find out that in his lifetime there were living in wider Aegean area peoples named Pelasgoi (Pelasgians); Herodotos writes that his conclusion is that they speak in barbarian (non-Hellenic) language, judging by the language of Pelasgians which lived in his time in a few cities in Propontis region (Abdera, etc.) . Also, Herodotos said that the inhabitants of island Lemnos in north Aegean, before the Athenian conquest in 505 BC by general Militiades , were Pelasgians. (Athenians conquered the island were Pelasgians had two cities: Myrina in west and Hephaisteia in east, and took some land from Pelasgians and settled there Athenian colonists.) So, we are very much sure that Pelasgians existed still side a side by Greeks in 5th century BC. .... Thoukydides (Engl. Thucydides), historian from Athens, and for short time naval general in war, who wrote about events of his own lifetime (Peloponnesian war, between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC) in one section of his work inform that in northern Aegean in large peninsula known as Khalkidike (it has three big sub-peninsula, like three "fingers" protrude into Aegean sea) there are many small cities in which mostly are living Pelasgians among whom the most numerous are Tyrrhenians. So, from this, both from Herodotus and Thucydides, it is clear that in 5th century BC in Aegean region were still living some non-Greek populations named by Greeks as Pelasgians (Pelasgoi) and that the Tyrrhenians were part of Pelasgians. Differently from Herodotus, Thucydides wrote that natives of Lemnos were Tyrrhenians (while Herodotus names them Pelasgians). Herodotus is using the form Tyrsenoi in Greek while in Athenian Attic Greek the form was: Tyrrhenoi ("y" in ancient Greek between consonants was pronounced similar as in German letter ü). So, we have non-Greek Tyrrhenians/Tyrsenians attested in 5th century BC in northern Aegean, and in the same time we have people named by Greeks in west-central Italy also "Tyrrhenoi"/Tyrsenoi/Tyrsanoi (in Doric dialect). Is this only an example of homonymia (names/words being formally the same but with different meaning?) Well, it seems that the discovery of stele in island Lemnos in 1880-ies and some other short fragments recently, written in a language similar in vocabulary and in grammar to the Etruscan, proved otherwise. Linguist Helmut Rix (+) wrote an article in Cambridge encyclopedia on Etruscan language, proposing Tyrsenian language family and proto-Tyrsenic as common ancestor for both Lemnian and Etruscan. Who knows, maybe in the future it will be some new discoveries from three fingered peninsula Khalkidike or from other locations. One of the problems with ancient stone inscriptions is that many pieces of stone, even with inscriptions, were later through centuries often re-used as building elements. and I have to mention here the later Greek writers as Strabo and Dionysius who were living during the 1st century BC, that is some 300 years after the classical period of Herodotus and Hellanikos and Thucydides. For Strabo, living in Roman times, it was difficult even to imagen that some people or group coming from the Greece does not speak in Greek. He was also repeating in his work what he has found in older writers about Pelasgians coming to Italy in many waves from Greece and Aegean, but he was convinced (as we can see from his work) that those groups were speaking some very archaic form of Greek, but still Greek. Strabo gives a funny story how Etruscan city in Roman times known as Caere [ read as: Kha-ee-rhe, or in later imperial Latin as: Khe-rhe], from what is derived later Italian name of modern town Cerveteri, some 25 km north-west of Rome (in meaning: Cere vetere, old Cere, pronounced Cerveteri as: Cher-ve-te-ri in English). Original Etruscan name of the city was written in Etrusco- Phoenician bilingual found in 1960-ies in site of Pyrgi (sea port of ancient Caere), as: Kisra. Linguist dealing with Etruscan and ancient Latin would expect that Etruscan form is: Kaisre, because of Latin Caere, and because of rothacism in old Latin language some time around 3rd century BC (name of the Roman merchant familiy in ancient time Papissius became : Papirius); rothacism did work here: Kisra: Caere, but from where is an /a/ in Latin form? It could be the consequence of sincopa in Etruscan language in the beginning of 5th century BC? However, Strabo wrote an "folk etymology" in meaning that the name of Etruscan city is connected to Greek word Khaire! (meaning a Hello!) , what is of course non sense. Other Greek writer of 1st century BC, Dionysius, born in Halikarnassos (as Herodotus 400 years earlier) and worked as teacher of Greek language and of rethorics in Rome in his work "Romaike arkhaiologia" (Roman Antiquities) wrote that Etrsucan language and customs are more closer to those of Pelasgians than to the Lydians. But his opinion on Etruscan origin was that Etruscans are natives/ autochtonous in Italy. Also, he mentioned some early Greek writers who mentioned that Tyrrhenians were travelling in oposite directions: from Italy to Aegean.
@@LearnHittite Some Russian linguists proposed that Etruscan language is related to some languages of Caucasus. Important feature of Etruscan language is not only 4 vowels and the absence of voiced /b.d,g/ what connects Etruscan with the languages of Anatolia, but also it is suffixes based type of language, similar to Hurrian. Actually, I have found that number 3, in Etruscan "ci" [ki] has similarity with Hurrian number kiq , also three. Etruscans, by ancient Greeks called Tyrsenoi (Ionian form), Tyrrhenoi (Attic Greek), Tyrsanoi (Doric dialects) , were calling them selves as "Rasna" (after sincopa in 5th century BC), probably older form "Rasenna". There is possibility that Greek egzonym "Tyrsenoi" and "Tyrrhenoi" is some kind of calck or joined word, consisting of two words: tyr + rasenna = tyr: rhen-oi, where ancient Greek "tyr" [pronounced as: tür, with /ü/ sound like in German] comes from older or maybe foreign form "tur"; and this is confirmed in Latin forms: Etrusci and Tusci (from which English Tuscany and Italian Toscana is derived): E-trus-ci >* E-turs-ci ... Originally form probably was *Turs-ci, and because of rhotacism in Latin language in around of the 3rd century BC, Turs< Tus +ci ... In Greek language the general name for autocratic ruler was: tyrannos (English: tyrant)... Also, in Herodotus, in one place in Greece there was city named in Herodotus time "Tetrapolis" and Herodotus said that the former, older name of this city was "Hyttenia" ... this is interesting because number four (4) in Etruscan is: "huth" ... and as I wrote in my other answer, there was in Aegean region during the classical times (5th and 4th century BC) a non-Greek population named by Greeks as Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians (Tyrrhenians is same as Greek name for Etruscans in Italy). According to Thucydides, Tyrrhenians were part of wider Pelasgian nation and they were living in 5th century BC in northern Aegean island of Lemnos as well in parts of large peninsula of Khalkidike (with three fingers) in region where today city Thessaloniki is. According to Herodotus language of Pelasgians was non-Greek (he based his conclusion on the language of Pelasgoi which lived in his time in a few cities in Propontis: Kizikos, Plakia, Skilakos). And from the stele of island Lemnos, we know what was the language of Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians of Lemnos. I wrote more about this in other comment ... And as a conclusion: everything what we know from ancient Greek writers of 5th century BC about Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians in Aegean area, what we know about the language of stela of Lemnos and about Etruscan language, it seems that Etruscan is closely related with one of pre-Greek language or with group of languages which were spoken in Aegean islands and also in parts of continental Greece. As we can see from the testimony by Herodotus and Thucydides, as well from Lemnos stela, it survived till 5th century BC. Pelasgians before classical times were mentioned in Thessalia (Pelasgiotis), in Dodona in Epirus (mentioned by Hesiod) which is not so far from Thessalia, and in Odyssey are mentioned "divine Pelasgians" of Crete, next to Eteocretans. Herodotus' point of view was that Greeks (Hellenoi) of his time were made as a people by mixing with Pelasgians (especially the inhabitants on islands).
German is a crazy language, my dialect is more closely similar to Old English and Modern Dutch than to Swiss German or even Standard German. Germans west of the Rhine (which was for 500 years part of Imperium Romanum) basically align more closely with the BeNeLux-countries in language & culture than to Germans east of the Rhine (Germania Magna). The different levels of Romanization are still so strong.
I'm sure I read somewhere that Proto Indo-European had only two genders, namely animate and inanimate and that masculine and feminine forms were a later innovation. I'm happy to be corrected if I'm wrong.
Early PIE had animate and inanimate genders. Luraghi and Matasovic are two linguists who have their own theories regarding what happened next. I'm more on the side of Luraghi but I'm open to being corrected. I made a video about PIE gender here ruclips.net/video/m6zBEPCR5hM/видео.htmlsi=igEU20aN1Ul7MTQ5
@@LearnHittite Many thanks.
Where is Albanian language?
The atta for father resembles the ata in Turkish... Maybe proto Indo European has a distant connection with Turkish and Mongolic...😮 At least maybe ancient borrowings
"At" literally means father in Albanian.
’Atta-’ is father also in Gothic.
It's both a lallwort, a basic linguistic category of words which can be found worldwide qnd have been produced indepently from each other many times. So Aryans, Turks and Mongols are utilizing the same, primordial approaches for the same purpose and arrive at the same conclusions.
This has little do to with language families but goes more into anthropology.
I absolutely detest the branching tree diagrams.
It always makes it seem like the languages always descended from an ancestor, ignoring the high probability of hybridization and other forms of language creation.
Just the armanian and greek examples that they somehow descended from a major branch from which the Anatolian branch split prior is just mind-boggling.
In such a model, language influences are accepted, but it's always assumed that the core of the language can be traced back to PIE without any detours.
I believe that simmilar to how our own heritage can be traced back, and it certainly will form the one or the other closed off loop (cousins married cousins aso), similarly languages formed the one or the other loop. I understand that it becomes quite difficult to identify these loops thanks to the lack of written records, but we can not just assume a simple tree model where once a brach split, it never again reunites.
The branching tree diagram does serve a purpose in identifying common languages and categorizing thwm in sub families, but it always will be understood as descent.
And for that, it is wholly insufficient !
As an example of a hybrid language that is on every tree classified as a descendant, is in my own opinion, Romanian.
Once you stripp from Romanian everything grammer and words that were introduced in the relatinization of the late 17th century, that was a conscious effort of claiming a Roman descent, and further strip away anything that can not clearly be attested as of Latin origin, the similarities between Romanian and Latin are about 35%.
In contrast, once the same rules are applied to French, Spanish, Italian and Romansch, they remain 60-70% similar to Latin.
None the less, Romanian remains a so called direct descendant of Latin. As to why it is less simmilar all sorts of arguments are put forward. The most used is clearly the influence of other non Latin languages.
But history shows us, that Spanish French, Romansch and Italian also had to deal with diferent foreign influences.
Be it the germanic tribes for French, Romansch and north Italian, or Arabic for Spanish.
That is reflected in some change in gramatic and phonetics, but it doesn't explain the for a 'Romance' language vast differences in Romanian.
The only way for that to make sense, is for Romanian to either be a descendant of a with Latin related language, aka Dacian to be a sister language to Latin, or for Romanian to be a hybrid language of Dacian and Latin where Dacian although also a IE language isn't necessarily so closely related to Latin.
So disapointed that a linguist would stoop using the made up "BCE"
17:36 Now that's some distasteful phonology 😂
It's worse than the opposition of [aɐ̯] vs [aːɐ̯] & [ɛɐ̯] vs [ɛːɐ̯] in Modern German 😅
You skipped over the "pre-verb" without explanation.
I’m still skeptical about language reconstruction and pronunciation.
How do we even know that proto-indo-european was spoken at the Ukrainian steppes? There are no written records, so, who decided that that’s where it was spoken?
By combining linguistic, archaeological and genetic data we can come up with some theories. See: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language
Others of course disagree and put the homeland somewhere south of the caucuses.
We do NOT know and that isn't even the point, linguistics makes only the best guess we can come up with. It never pretended to do anymore, only the weight of the guesses is, naturally, debated. That's all.
Did I get this right? We know about the sounds of the Hittite language? We dont even know if the Romans were c or k speakers: circus or kirkus, Caesar ( from that russ. Tsar) or Kaesar ( from that germ. Kaiser)? Nobody knows exactly how ancient Greek was spoken. But Hittite? I think thats either a misunderstanding or fake news, sorry.
Sorry, what point of the video are you referring to? I've spoken in other videos (the one on Anatolian and Tocharian) about the debates amongst linguists regarding the phonology of Hittite.
We actually have a _very_ good idea of what Latin sounded like, and we know that the "Caesar" was pronounced with a /k/, not an /s/. This is because we have plenty of evidence from its descendents, plenty of evidence from inscriptions, writings, and most importantly of all, graffiti. While nothing can, of course, be nailed down 100%, we're very, very close to that. If it were physically possible, you could travel back in time two millennia and be able to speak Latin with only a slight accent from everything we know about it.
Roman scholars have written that the C was always pronounced like K. So kirkus and kentum
5:30 where does albanian fit?
We have primary sources of Romans, Greeks and other Indoeuropean peoples explaining the phonology of their languahe in detail, and we can track the latest point in time when c before i & e must have still been pronounced as.
You did no research of your own, Sir.
PIE didn`t exist .
Care to explain?
The cake is a lie!
if it didn’t exist you have to invent it
@@rocktapperrobin9372 that`s what they did.
@@tombra7 I mean, you can say that a language *exactly* like what is written in any PIE grammar *probably* did not exist. But the fact that there is a language which developed into all the modern IE languages the way Latin evolved into the modern Romance languages is undeniable.
Proto-Indo-European is a theory never proven to be valid. It is a synthetic language (made-up) creted to fit a purpose. not exactly scientific methodology. Where are the letters, epigrams, literature. artefacts, etc. There are only 16-20 words that are common to all languages. Not exactly overwhelming.