Writing Proto-Indo-European: *gʷr̥h₃-dʰh₁-o- etc.

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  • Опубликовано: 24 дек 2024

Комментарии • 102

  • @HeadRoaster
    @HeadRoaster Год назад +38

    is there, like, a 'Crawford School' somewhere in the mountains of Colorado or Wyoming where we can come be monks or something.. work on the ranch.. learn linguistics.. etc?

  • @jmolofsson
    @jmolofsson Год назад +41

    This was splendid!
    An introduction to historical linguistics was, a very long time ago, part of what I studied at university. And this video covers stuff I never grasped back then.
    Accomplishing this in bare 20 minutes is quite impressive!

  • @spuntotheratboy
    @spuntotheratboy 11 месяцев назад +9

    I grew up with my mother's copy of the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, which had a big appendix containing all PIE roots then known. It was a big onfluence on my interest in the subject. That and Lockwood's "Panorama of the Indo-European Languages", which was also my mum's.

  • @akarchive0508
    @akarchive0508 Год назад +33

    Great topic! Always love Indo-European subjects

  • @LewisCampbellTech
    @LewisCampbellTech 11 месяцев назад +4

    I'm just one subscriber but I really like the 'side quests'. It's cool when you branch out into the broader Germanic, and indeed Indo-European worlds.

  • @crculver2068
    @crculver2068 Год назад +6

    The claim after 5:30 that there is no reason to reconstruct laryngeals for non-Anatolian IE, is not the case. Besides the Greek prothetic vowels that have been a common example of laryngeal preservation since Beekes 1969, Kümmel has recently offered evidence that the second laryngeal was preserved in Indo-Iranian as a laryngeal sound as late as the Proto-Iranian era.

  • @brianphillips1864
    @brianphillips1864 Год назад +14

    Very helpful. The stegosaurus and the toga was GREAT.

  • @king_halcyon
    @king_halcyon Год назад +3

    5:47 Wrong. Laryngeals affected the vowels and consonants. There is vowel coloring, of course. If they followed vowels, they lengthened them. If they followed consonants (stops), they made them aspirated (preserved only by Sanskrit and Greek).

  • @stevenoviedo541
    @stevenoviedo541 9 месяцев назад +1

    I love the fact that in the thumbnails of the videos you can clearly see his evolution in style.

  • @martinnyberg71
    @martinnyberg71 Год назад +11

    18:14 Speaking of your books, you should pitch a parallel text edition to the publisher - for all of us who enjoy learning by reading the source texts - with an audio edition read by you in both languages. Twice the sales from the same work you already did (other than the audio version).😊👍🏻

    • @QuasarKaraoke2
      @QuasarKaraoke2 Год назад

      His Poetic Edda and Saga of the Volsungs are available on Audible, if you didn't know!

    • @martinnyberg71
      @martinnyberg71 Год назад +2

      @@QuasarKaraoke2 Aren’t all of them? Havamal at least I’ve heard samples of. But my suggestion was to also record the Old Norse text in the reconstructed pronunciation and sell a bilingual edition.😊

  • @ferivertid
    @ferivertid Год назад +9

    this is THE VIDEO i've been looking for

  • @ukraine-gonna-beat-ruzzia
    @ukraine-gonna-beat-ruzzia Год назад +10

    Proto-Indo-European is a great window into the linguistic roots of all people who speak or study any current Indo-European language.

  • @AtomikNY
    @AtomikNY Год назад +67

    I'm used to the numbered laryngeals by now, but I do think PIE words would look a lot less intimidating if we replaced *h₁ *h₂ *h₃ with *hₑ *hₐ *hₒ.

    • @king_halcyon
      @king_halcyon Год назад +15

      More like [h], [χ], [ʁʷ] (or a glottal stop for the first one and the velar fricatives for the last two), along with a short schwa sound where necessary. It is likely that those three sounds were the actual pronunciations.

    • @mccookies3664
      @mccookies3664 Год назад +2

      if you write the letters as superscripts, then it also lines up with the aspiration and labialization diacritics, which is nice.

    • @vinnybaggins
      @vinnybaggins Год назад +15

      It's the revenge of math. The alphabet has invaded math in the past, now it's the time for math to invade the alphabet 😂

    • @trinity_null
      @trinity_null 11 месяцев назад +6

      @@king_halcyoniirc there's a law in proto germanic that implies h3 was voiceless. not sure

    • @ErinaBee.sMoney
      @ErinaBee.sMoney 7 месяцев назад

      *hₐ is actually used, sometimes

  • @PvtPuplovski
    @PvtPuplovski Год назад +6

    Great video as always :) I left a comment on Simon's latest video but you two got me really into linguistics and after a few years of working full time after high school, I've decided to take the leap back into schooling this fall and am planning on studying historical linguistics. I appreciate your work and how digestible and understandable you make the material seem, even to someone who's worked more with his hands than his head the last few years. Keep up the great work!

  • @robertl6196
    @robertl6196 Год назад +3

    Interesting. I'll have to check out that book.

  • @CharlesSchaum
    @CharlesSchaum Год назад +2

    This was a helpful video. I grew up reading the Ind-European root appendix in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English language. I also looked at Pokorny's Indogermanisches Lexikon. What I saw there was very different than other sources. I asked myself if I were just that ignorant, a quadratus of sorts. And now this video explains the differences and clears up a lot for me. Thank you!

    • @spuntotheratboy
      @spuntotheratboy 11 месяцев назад

      I too grew up with the AHD ID appendix 😀

  • @BaileyJPope
    @BaileyJPope Год назад +3

    This video goes very well with Simon Roper's video on Laryngeals. Thank you sir

  • @margaretschachte489
    @margaretschachte489 Год назад +1

    It was lovely to come home from work, make myself a cup of tea, and relax with this video. Interesting content as always with beautiful scenery.

  • @ingmarbm
    @ingmarbm Год назад +3

    Awesome!
    I'm teaching a little group the roots of Faroese, and this improved my grasp of Indo-European a lot and I could recognise a lot of Faroese descendents.
    What I often miss from what I've tried to read about IE is how the strong verbs were. I've heard some Faroese linguist fondly describe the strong Faroese verbs as ancient, but I haven't come across the material of their IE conjugation readily available or explained. Or rather the connection from an IE past tense to a Faroese past tense for example.

    • @tfan2222
      @tfan2222 Год назад +1

      Maybe the mean “ancient” in the sense it’s close to Old Norse?

    • @tjstarr2960
      @tjstarr2960 Год назад +2

      They might mean that strong verbs themselves are a very ancient conjugation of verbs in the language, which is true of all Indo European languages. This was the original way of conjugating verbs, before the "weak verbs" developed in the Germanic branch with the suffix that became English -ed as in "walk/walked". Strong verbs work by changing the root vowel, which is called "Ablaut", and we can see it in English verbs like "Sing-sang-sung". It could also work by lengthening the vowel sound or shortening/deleting it, but I don't have a good example of that in English. If you study Latin/Greek/Sanskrit or other ancient Indo-European languages, you can see all these Indo-European languages have similar vowel changes between the past/present forms of a verb, just to give one example. In Latin and Greek, I know you have to memorize both the present and past tense of every verb, because the vowel changes between the different forms of the verb are unpredictable, for example, the past tense of the verb "Cado" meaning "I fall" is "Cecidi". In that sense, it is almost like every verb is a Germanic "strong verb", just that after the strong verb, it is also followed by a past tense set of endings in Latin/Greek.
      By the way, when I say "vowel changes", it is a bit misleading. Most Indo-European roots could appear in multiple forms. For example, we get the Latin root "dent-" as in "dentist", but the Greek root "dont-" as in "orthodontics", and these are called the "E and O grades" of the root, which are thought to generally be front/back vowels. There was also usually a "Zero Grade" of the root where the vowel was deleted completely, and lengthened grade, which is just the long vowel version of the root E or O vowel.

  • @Francesco-og3mf
    @Francesco-og3mf Год назад +5

    One thing concerning the “S Mobile”: it didn’t “disappear” in other languages, but it evolved separately in later PIE dialect because of the several case ending with “s” that merged with the following proto word stem. Proto-Italic (Latin) is said to have branched out first after Tocharian, so your examples for Snail and Snow don’t have a “S-“ in Latin but they have it in Slavic and Germanic. Another good example is “S-Hort” in English that goes “Kurtus” in Latin.

    • @marjae2767
      @marjae2767 Год назад +2

      So it's analogous to the derivation of English an + adder from a + naddere.

    • @jonstfrancis
      @jonstfrancis Год назад

      I've found this the most confusing when studying PIE roots. This makes sense.

    • @jonstfrancis
      @jonstfrancis Год назад

      @@marjae2767 or more like newt from an ewte?

    • @tjstarr2960
      @tjstarr2960 Год назад +1

      It is possible that the "S Mobile" came from words endings that ended in an /s/ sound. But, we can't rule out the possibility that the /s/ sound was a meaningful prefix at one point that was optionally added to the stem, even if it was something as simple as an intensifier. It is still one of the great mysteries of Indo European languages.

    • @Liethen
      @Liethen Год назад

      Also possible that sometimes there was an s- that was conflated with an -s from a preceding words case ending and got deleted
      using a made up pair of words for example is it
      bos skorto > bos korto
      or
      bos korto > bos skorto
      both going through a intermediate stage of slurred speech as "bosskorto"

  • @briankelly5828
    @briankelly5828 8 месяцев назад

    Very helpful - illuminated a number of points I only half followed from books and there were sone great throwaway comments (stegosaurus, toga, thatch)

  • @alabaster2163
    @alabaster2163 Год назад +2

    Scarfs are a thing. Thanks for the info very helpful!! Have a lovely weekend!!

  • @ur-inannak9565
    @ur-inannak9565 Год назад +4

    I agree with the idea that PIE should refer to the post-Anatolian split language, because PIE was conceptualized and theorized before the discoveries of Hittite and Tocharian. Thus the older ancestor language should be called Indo-Hittite, that way when David Reich and his friends write articles about how actually PIE was spoken 10,000 years ago, we can just tell them they are talking about pre-proto-Indo-Hittite and nobody cares about that lol

  • @brianlewis5692
    @brianlewis5692 2 месяца назад

    Scenery is beautiful

  • @Pandaemoni
    @Pandaemoni Год назад

    Thanks for this. For the record, I hereby give you my permission to film future snowbound videos from the warm cabin of your truck.

  • @SplendidMisanthropy
    @SplendidMisanthropy Год назад

    This was extremely enlightening and useful!

  • @karmakanic
    @karmakanic Год назад

    Thanks for decoding and demystifying

  • @jasminekaram880
    @jasminekaram880 8 месяцев назад

    From what I know the none-anatolian reflexes of the laryngeals differ from one another so they must have been lost after they split. Germanic may even have consonantal velar reflexes in very rare cases in words like quick, or in Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz from *gʷih₃wós which also have us Latin vivus.

  • @hcesarcastro
    @hcesarcastro Год назад

    Two questions pop up in my mind whenever I read about PIE. 1. i and u can be seen as syllabic realisations of glides y and w, the same way resonants, sonorants and laryngeals can also be syllabic. The only vowels being e and o, however there is no existing language with a two-vowel inventory with backness distinction but no openness distinction. And 2. is it possible for two full grade roots have a common zero-grade version, e.g., CReC and CeRC > CRC?

  • @am2dan
    @am2dan Год назад

    This was great. I found and subscribed to your channel because of an IE video. Only then did you drag me into all topics Norse. :)

  • @emmi7782
    @emmi7782 Год назад

    Thanks for posting this, a very good introduction to quite a complex topic! I just wanted to let you know that the link that you put in the description to Hávamál from the publisher's page appears to be broken

  • @midshipman8654
    @midshipman8654 Год назад

    do you think you could do a video on Frithiof's Saga? I recently read the Ferdinand Schmidt version and I found it very enjoyable. There isnt as much coverage of it as other sagas on youtube. Its version of the death of Buldr is one of my favorites and its writing style and its narrative of longing and penance really held me.

  • @chrishofland2135
    @chrishofland2135 Год назад +2

    Around the halfway point I found myself torn between wanting to hear more, and worrying about how cold you were getting!
    Wish I could conclude with “Button Up Your Overcoat” in PIE, but no.

    • @eumeeva
      @eumeeva Год назад

      It is exactly what I was thinking about!

  • @droops63
    @droops63 Год назад

    That was wonderful, I knew some things but learned a lot more. :)

  • @mariuso0o0o0
    @mariuso0o0o0 Год назад +1

    Very nice video. I always just stick to the IPA most of the time when i see Proto-Indo-European words cause the writing looks so odd and i never understood it

  • @joebarrera334
    @joebarrera334 Год назад

    Great topic, thanks!

  • @kori228
    @kori228 Год назад

    great vid

  • @gambalombo
    @gambalombo 6 месяцев назад +1

    11:45 the like button lights up XD

  • @charleslinares1
    @charleslinares1 Год назад

    A short but great video, but too short, too short.

  • @pizzz2513
    @pizzz2513 Год назад

    I've read some books about proto-indoeuropean where the three dorsal theory is considered wrong and the author of the book claims that the palatal consonant set arised at a later date and spread to neighbour regions. Is the book wrong or is it still unclear whether there were palatals or not?

    • @_volder
      @_volder Год назад

      The exact pronunciations of *k, *ḱ, and *kʷ are not settled; different linguists endorse incompatible competing theories, some of which reduce them to two sets instead of three while others don't. So the notation {*k, *ḱ, kʷ} stays so people can write about them & have their readers know which speech entities the writers mean even while what they actually sounded like remains unknown & disputed.

  • @CourtneySchwartz
    @CourtneySchwartz Год назад

    How well could we reconstruct the language that came _before_ Proto-Indo-European?

    • @cyganskadywizjapiechoty
      @cyganskadywizjapiechoty Год назад

      extremely badly if its not outright impossible

    • @willjapheth23789
      @willjapheth23789 Год назад +2

      I don't think the other reconstructed proto languages are remotely similar enough.

    • @akl2k7
      @akl2k7 Год назад +2

      There is internal reconstruction, but even that can only go so far. It does lead to some interesting results (agglutination, the morphosyntactic alignment being slightly different, etc.), but even that can be taken with a grain of salt.

    • @demoman1596sh
      @demoman1596sh Год назад +6

      In order to truly reconstruct a pre-Proto-Indo-European, we would need to identify any non-Indo-European languages that share a common ancestor with Proto-Indo-European. Unfortunately, there's quite little agreement among historical linguists as to whether there even are any modern or historical non-Indo-European languages that share a common ancestor with PIE. The Uralic languages (including Finnish, Hungarian, and many others) do seem to have intriguing similarities, but we may ultimately never be able to prove they are related to the Indo-European languages.

  • @Alex-fv2qs
    @Alex-fv2qs Год назад +9

    As a Spanish speaker, the S mobile seems pretty close (if more unstable) to its lenition and or outright disappeance that happened in French and many Spanish dialects to the initial S

    • @AtomikNY
      @AtomikNY Год назад +5

      I don't think those are comparable. French and those Spanish dialects underwent regular phonetic changes that predictably delete /s/ in certain environments. What we see in PIE with the S mobile are cognate words where it seems pretty random whether a word has the initial /s/ or not, unrelated to any phonetic shift in the daughter languages. My guess is there was a prefix *s- that had some kind of semantic function we haven't been able to figure out yet, because it wasn't something that drastically altered the core meaning of a word in an obvious way.

    • @marcasdebarun6879
      @marcasdebarun6879 Год назад +1

      @@AtomikNY It's not a prefix, the *s- was part of the original root. What is the most commonly-accepted explanation is that the *s- was assimilated and then dropped when the root followed another word which ended in *-s. Considering there are an abundance of PIE suffixes which end in *-s (e.g. nominative singular *-os as mentioned in the video), it was something that clearly happened often enough that words would just become reanalysed without the *s-. Wikipedia gives the example *wĺ̥kʷoms spéḱyont ('they saw the wolves') -> *wĺ̥kʷoms péḱyont. Rebracketing is the name of the phenomenon, and it's happened more recently in English's history too (an ekename -> a nickname; a napron -> an apron, etc.).

    • @AtomikNY
      @AtomikNY Год назад

      ​@@marcasdebarun6879 I know that's a common explanation, but I can't think of any other examples where rebracketing occurred on that scale. And I can easily imagine some grammatical prefix or particle getting glued onto words and then leaving us scratching our heads as to what exactly the original meaning was. But I could be wrong, I'm just an amateur here (I mean, I have a linguistics degree, I just never formally studied PIE stuff).

    • @marcasdebarun6879
      @marcasdebarun6879 Год назад

      @@AtomikNY Why does the scale matter? Though personally I wouldn't have said the scale was particularly massive, it's just that some roots sometimes arbitrarily lose the initial *s-. The eclipsis which arose in the Q-Celtic languages isn't altogether dissimilar, where a final nasal would mutate the following consonant of the next word, before eventually being assimilated, sometimes into a nasal itself. You can interpret the nasalisation property as having been rebracketed onto the beginning of the next word. That's a rather systematic example which happened throughout the entire language.

  • @TalesofDawnandDusk
    @TalesofDawnandDusk Год назад +2

    What blows my mind as someone who studies and translates ancient Japanese works is that the Japanese word for Buddha, butsu 仏 obviously comes from the Sanskrit word, which I'm given to understand is related to the word "bud" in English. Those dang Proto-Indo-Europeans had a linguistic influence that stretched all the way to the Pacific. It's amazing.

  • @siyacer
    @siyacer 8 месяцев назад

    interesting

  • @DavyRayVideo
    @DavyRayVideo Год назад +6

    Maybe find words for "snow" and "hat", but what about "cowboy"?

    • @oneukum
      @oneukum Год назад +2

      There is the famous example used in discussing the history of Greek. You'd arrive at something like *gwoukolos meaning cowherd.

    • @jvanvuren5399
      @jvanvuren5399 Год назад

      gʷṓwsbʰāt

    • @francesconicoletti2547
      @francesconicoletti2547 Год назад

      Cow sees to be gwou-. But there is nothing I can find specifically for child at all.

    • @oneukum
      @oneukum Год назад

      @@francesconicoletti2547 Yes. The "kolos" part is carer. "*gwouputlos" if you absolutely insist on an absolutely literal translation.

  • @faramund9865
    @faramund9865 Год назад

    Very...

  • @beepboop204
    @beepboop204 Год назад +1

  • @simonromijn3655
    @simonromijn3655 Год назад

    A couple of general questions bout proto-Indo-European:
    Why did the speakers of proto-Indo-European develop such a complex grammatical structure? Could it be that there were efficiencies in the structure of proto-Indo-European and early variants that lead it to be adopted by other language speakers or was this simply a case of forming elites that dominated the spoken language of people?

  • @jacobandrews2663
    @jacobandrews2663 Год назад

    Encountering Indo-European in linguistics is like when you first encounter algebra and find out that some math has letters in it

  • @b43xoit
    @b43xoit Год назад

    Sne falt har.

  • @filipsvideohjrne5223
    @filipsvideohjrne5223 Год назад +2

    First😅

  • @KeinsingtonCisco
    @KeinsingtonCisco Год назад +2

    Sanskrit is PIE ✋

    • @demoman1596sh
      @demoman1596sh Год назад +8

      This is a claim that is not accepted by historical linguists.

    • @KeinsingtonCisco
      @KeinsingtonCisco Год назад +1

      @@demoman1596sh There are quite a few credible linguists who support the Sanskrit origin. The ones whom oppose it tend to have less credibility. ✋

    • @marjae2767
      @marjae2767 Год назад +3

      Many languages switch k > s. Not as many switch s > k. Latin centum had a hard k sound, but most of its descendents have a soft s sound. Sanskrit satem *already* had a soft s sound.
      If we assume the common ancestor had a hard *k in that word, then Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian, both have to switch *k > *s. If that occured during the Sintashta period, that could be a shared innovation among adjacent languages, so 1 easy sound shift.
      If we assume the common ancestor had a soft *s in that word, then Anatolian, Tocharian, Hellenic, Italo-Celtic, and Germanic each have to switch *s > *k. In some cases, that could be a shared innovation among the western languages, but it still requires separate shifts in Anatolian and Tocharian. So at least 3 harder sound shifts.
      I'm not an expert, but it seems more likely that PIE had initial *ḱ in that word.

    • @KeinsingtonCisco
      @KeinsingtonCisco Год назад +2

      @@marjae2767 Nope. The k sound is similar to semetic speakers like arabs who sound like they are cleaning their throat K while trying to pronounce S-H. Sanskrit is more dynamic & evolved than all the Indo-european derivatives.

    • @enderman_666
      @enderman_666 Год назад +5

      @@demoman1596shit’s only ever posited by Indian nationalists

  • @RSCeltic
    @RSCeltic Год назад +1

    Why don’t we use kʲ, gʲ, gʲʰ for the palatal velars in PIE instead of the acute accent over the velar?