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Austroasiatic people india has 70000 years of history !!!!! There language and script devlope indigenous !!!!! This indo European theory is given by British to justify their colonial rule ... They wanted to justify their colonial rule showing.. caucasian white people came and show indian people how to live ... Very bad theory and concepts !!! No one buys these lies in india anymore !!!!
Look in to Vućedol culture, a proto bronze age culture, that had advance smiting and casting technology(for it's time) oldest knowing calendar, interesting navigation techniques(in pottery) and "big city" 3500 to 2500bc (if I'm not mistaken)
Wow guys!!!! My mother-in-law who’s 72 yo and doesn’t speak English loved watching your videos but I had to constantly pause it and explain it to her. Not anymore! Thanks a million guys!!!!
@@Light_spot_why and who is we're? , europe is a big place not all of europe is Indo-European languaged from beginning as well as many more countries its not global and dosnt mean zilch really..
@wor53lg50 lol, why would an Indo-european unity cause any kind of worries ? I mean we have the Turkic-union serving the interests of diverse Turkic peoples from Mediteranea to western China , we have the Abrahamic unity , we have Semitic peoples of all kind of backgrounds united under one flag , and thats ok ....but why would anyone oppose to an Indo-european union serving the common interests of IE peoples worldwide ????? The term "Indo-european" is applied to the indengious Indo-european speakers spread across Europe , India( Asia) and later on expanded to other continents , it's not a geographical/ continental term, WE the speakers of Indo-european languages (with a shared proto-indo-european past and cultural ancestry )have the rights to be unified atleast on a cultural/ economical level . Why would anyone be threatened by that ? It doesn't mean that the non-Indo-europeans of any specific geography would get harmed or conspiraed against.
@@Light_spot_ im telling you it is like that in someparts of europe, even with their own kinds as with immigrants, keep pushing this narrative if you want to see it turn nasty eventually, and stop with making up bullshit to make brain dead idiots squeeze into whatever agenda getting pushefd.. Like i say they fuk about their gonna find out, you think GFA that all tools was handed in from both sides then you must be daft... Careful who you bully as you might bully the wrong person one day.... For the sake of common goals alliances will be made?..
@@Light_spot_ im anglo-celt so no i dont know what you mean when say WE, other nations shouldnt worry it dosnt matter one bit as its irrevelent! its a language not a gene, culture or identity ir most importantly DNA... Truth of the matter is no white europeans want to be associated in any way shape or form in that culture the difference is they do and jyst like the blacks tried and failed shoe horn themselves in for nefarious reasons its not about brotherly ancestral love its merely to benefit indo's so stop treating me like some idiot...
I'm a historical linguist of Indo-European and I love that you're covering this! I do see a good number of oversimplifications and mistakes, though, so if you're going to continue with historical linguistics as a topic, I highly recommend consulting with an Indo-Europeanist scholar to guide the discussion and smooth any oversights.
Yes, as an Italian, in particular, I thought that the assertion that an Italian from Tuscany would rather better understand a Spanish speaker than another Italian from Sicily is veeeeeery far-fetched. For one, they didn't explain whether they meant a Standard Italian speaker or a Tuscan dialect speaker. In fact, even though modern Italian is largely based on the Florentine dialect (which is not the same as other dialects from other parts of Tuscany because of centuries of political and cultural fragmentation and rivalries dating back from the Medieval Comuni era), many purely Tuscan pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar features are completely obscure and outright "strange" to Italian speakers and I am quite sure that those would make a Spaniard appall and think they are talking to an alien. My guess is that they meant that Standard Italian and Standard Spanish are more mutually intelligible than Tuscan and Sicilian (and they would be right), but for this to be true you don't need to use a Tuscan as an example of an Italian speaker. They could have used an Italian from any other part of the country. Then again, thanks to the shared Standard Italian substratum between a Tuscan and a Sicilian, they would understand each other much much much better than they portrayed, even if they talked their respective dialects, maybe a bit watered down or intermixed with Standard Italian. That was confusing at best, and I immediately felt that was going to give a misrepresentation to foreign audiences not knowledgable of Italian culture. Plus, they inverted the colours of the flag and that pissed me ahah.
@@lucadelaurentiis6907 Hmmmm not tooooo far fetched given the tone of the statement Perhaps if you are familiar with Sicilian then maybe you don’t experience the difficulties that others do?
@@anthonysaffioti9048 I’m not, but let me get this straight: I think they should have made it clearer that they meant that an Italian, from whichever part of the country, would understand better a Spanish speaker than a person who speaks exclusively in their dialect from another part of Italy. I think that, in the way they put it, somebody could think that the Tuscan dialect (and not Standard Italian) is more mutually intelligible with Spanish than any two Italian dialects with each other.
are you seriously gatekeeping Indo-European linguistic history? this channel covers a massive variety of historical subject matter. if you wanted content made by the worlds premier Indo-European linguistic historian......then go by his book. this channel give its viewers a remarkably in-depth and entertaining overview of a huge variety of historical subjects in 20- 60 mins. it is what it is....and its good. i dont have the time to go and earn a doctorate in every facet of human history that peaks my interest. i did not even have any idea that Indo-European common language was a thing until i saw this video......people are getting informed form this content. it may not be up to your PHD academic elitist standards but not everybody need to be an expert in your field.
My brother in christ how do you make money doing that. I am considering studying that or a similar linguistic history but i have no clue how to make money with it
I really want to see Sanskrit and its spread across southeast asia and asia. Also would love to know more about the interaction between latin and sanskrit
@@dragonlordskator nope. Sanskrit one of the branches from the proto indo European language.. And remained fairly constant because of it being considered almost perfect and also almost exclusively used by priests and in scriptures and not wide spread used to allow the introduction of slangs which ultimately changes a language over time.
Something I've always found fascinating with how languages have evolved over time is that certain words change meaning so that one word's translation is rather different, but then is very close to another, related word. The thing that struck me in the video was that all the words for "honey" at 4:40 doesn't sound like honey at all, but is very similar to "mead" which is made from fermented honey. An example that I've seen used for comedic effect is the swedish word for "worm". In most germanic languages (and a few others) the word is very similar; german - "Wurm", danish - "orm, icelandic - "ormur", frisian - "wjirm", romanian - "vierme", jiddish - "vorem" etc. And then you have swedish, where instead the "worm"-like word "orm" means "snake", something similar in many respects when compared to a worm, but then the translation of "worm" is "mask", and I have no clue how that particular lingustic detail came about. (The translation of "mask", as in something that you use to cover your face, is "mask" in swedish as well)
You know, the thing with the word for honey is very interesting. For example in Persian the word for wine is می (mey), but the form of the word is descended from the Indo-european word for honey through the process of semantic shift. They first made mead out of honey and that mead was obviously more important for their culture than just the honey. Then they started making other types of alcohol and the expanded the meaning of what was originally honey-wine. For example in Serbo-Croatian, the word for honey is “med”.
Reminds me that the Modern Standard German word for "poison" is "Gift", which is pronounced near-identically to the English word "Gift", simply meaning "presented item". In this case, "Gift" in English and German once meant the same thing, but the latter turned the word into a euphemism for "poison" due to ancient Greek-borrowed-by-Latin-borrowed-by-English word "dosis", meaning "gift(ing)" also being the word describing giving someone medicine... or, _poison_ more specifically. Presumably, the Old High German shift from "Gift" meaning, well, "gift" to meaning "poison" came about after they saw the Romans and their peculiar habit of assassinating each other by _gifting_ each other healthy _doses_ of poison.
@Morer R true, while the modern German word for honey is _Honig_, which comes pretty close to the English. Some assume the word is derived from a meaning of "yellowish", which would make sense, because -ig (or -ich) in German and -y (or -ly) in English usually are markers for adjectives. However, as English is basically derived from an ancient form of German, the languages show a lot more similarities.
It makes sense the swedish worm cannot mean worm because in old norse, the w in the beginning of words was dropped, therefore I could already see it comming that worm has to mean something with orm in swedish and Worm has to mean something else. All these differences start making sense once you know and understand how langauges do NOT change randomly but according to laws that govern how phonetics change according to an internal logic. It's almost like algebra. Btw. in older german text "wurm" could also mean snake. "Lindwurm" (old norse: Linnormr) is an old german word for dragons for example.
I was hoping you guys would cover the evolutions of the Slavic and Indo-Iranian families in this video. As it is, the title of this video oversells the topic somewhat. As a person of Indian descent, I'd be particularly interested in learning about the divergence between the Indic and Iranic languages.
Indic is a wrong term! Indo-Aryan and Irano-Aryan are much better terms for that because when we say Indic, people will assume that we are talking about "Indian languages", which also include Dravidian languages that are completely different from the Indo-Aryan languages.
Yes, a bit of that. I am interested in learning the rest of the story: proto-indo-european, needs to include indo ( and Sanskrit) and the middle eastern language concerned ! I’m curious even as a French speaker
Definitely, Basque deserves a video. The only pre-indoeuropean language that still survives in Europe, with no other known relative languages and with an unknown origin, and since late 20th century fighting for recovery against Spanish and French assimilation
I would have to disagree, as ancient Finno-Ugric speakers are still represented in their native lands of Norway, Sweden and Finland (the Finns being the most numerous group of this non Indo-European language group in the Scandinavian/Baltic region).
@@markiec8914 Definitely, Basque heritage is quite older, since they live in Western Europe before the first Indo-European wave of migration arrive, and that's one of the reason why philologists and historians can't trace their origin nor identify any related language family
Some Balkan languages definitely kept elements and vocabulary from proto European languages of the region, but since the assimilated the Indo European invaders, language overall didn’t survive. Albanian and Romanian (through Dacian and Pelasgian) have some old links for example
Also Latin’s true origin comes from the east as well - some linguists now believe that Dacian was very much a related language to Latin, which is why in less than 200 years and only 28% of Dacia conquered, they were speaking a form of Vulgar Latin so quickly. Meanwhile Romanian survived Slavic and Ottoman invasions. Dacian likely shared the same substratum with Latin
@@markiec8914 Uralic languages are later in Scandinavia and the Baltic than the Indo-European expansion. They are not surviving ancient relics, but traces of a later expansion and in part they replaced IE languages (for example almost certainly this happened in Estonia). Speakers of ancient Saami arrived from Siberia in the Bronze Age, speakers of ancient Estonian/Finnish arrived to their current territory in the early Iron Age. The latter was a migration from just a bit further east (so still inside Europe), but Uralic languages are ultimately of Siberian origin and spread to Europe _after_ the Indo-European expansion. BTW, even when we look at the line of languages leading to modern Basque, there is no reason to assume that they have a longer presence in Europe (the whole of it) that Indo-European. Of course that group/family likely an ancient remnant in sense that it pre-dates the expansion of IE in SW Europe.
Full videos on Sanskrit, Baltic-Slavic and Germanic languages would be interesting. More videos like this in general would be appreciated. The evolution of language is really interesting!
@Paddy Bateman Yes, when you don’t have any research or methodology or even a logic at hand, strike of the other person by labeling them Hindu nationalist or using troll words or what ever. May be you should look at your self in the mirror and see you’ve stuck a white supremacist label on your forehead that triggered your insecurities when an old meaningless theory that doesn’t fit into your tiny meaningless world.
As a Historical Linguist who deals with the Romance languages, I can't stop thanking Kings and Generals for such an outstanding video. You have even mentioned my country, Brazil, which has indeed developed its own variety of Portuguese. We're all eager to watch the next video on the remaining branches of indo-european languages.
I find it pretty interesting that Albanian, Armenian and Greek are language isolates within the Indo-European language family. Edit: Come to think of it, that would actually make a pretty good idea for a video. Exploring how each of the languages evolved and how they actually managed to become isolates.
They are original indo European !!! There was indo geek kindom in Bacteria !!! Geeks marries to indian that time !!!!! All Europe people got indians words by ancient geeks !!!! This indo European theory is fake !!!!! Created by British to justify their colonial rule they wanted to show indian were not worthy enough !!!! White caucasian people came India and teach indian how to live ... Very bad concept and theory !! Austroasiatic people are living in india since 70000 thausand years
The Indo Iranian sub family definitely deserves a whole episode. it is as complex if not more than the Romance family. Arabic, Turkic and Dravidian languages have had major impacts on the evolution of the many modern languages, dialects and writing scripts present in this family. Studying history makes you realize that language is a dialect with an army and religion is a cult with an army 😊
@Thinking human I think you are very eurocentric. Entire Asia has been influenced by Indo-Iranian language family. There are Iranian or Sanskrit influence in every language of asia from and considerable parts of East Africa. From chinese-japense to swahili you can clearly see indo-iranian influence. Even English has at least 5% Indian language loanwords.
@Thinking human indo-Iranian is ten times more complex and certainly more eloquent. Poetry is the ultimate showcase for use of masterful, eloquent language. And The best poetry is from the indo-Iranian languages - because they are more eloquent.
I vote for this next as well. I’m very interested in the evolution of Indo-Iranian and Anatolian and their relation to the various Egyptian, Levantine, and Mesopotamian languages that shifted and changed with the growth and fall of empires including what happened with the Arabic invasions.
At first I thought it was an ad. Wait, Brazilian Portuguese brilliantly inside of the atmosphere of the topic. You are evolving even more with time, glad to see how you are growing. Love from Brazil.
Great video! I'm from the Netherlands and saw that you didn't include the Frisian language. Even though it's spoken by the population of a small province, it has a strong following of speakers. It's the same for the Galician-, Bask- and Catalan language in Spain. Would be great to see a video about the same kind of “smaller” languages.
Watch the video, people. At the end he refers to other important language groups not covered by this brief video. He even mentions Frisian, Slavic, etc.
This video is surprisingly accurate, although you forgot to mention one important detail: The IE languages don't only have similar vocabulary, but certain sounds in one language will always correspond to another in another language. This is extremely important since loanwords, which don't show regular correspondences, can fog a language's origin. Without keeping this in mind you could end up classifying English as a Romance language or Korean as a Sinitic one.
As a big linguistics enthusiast and historical linguistics "buff", I think this is a very good video. You did a really good job with it. The only somewhat major mistakes I noticed are : - Grouping Italian with the Western Romance group. Standard Italian comes from the Tuscan dialect, which is not in the Western Group. Corsican is also not in the Western Group. - At 4:10 we see the word for "sew" as *swé in Proto-Indo-European. But *swé is the reflexive pronoun, related to "self" in English. The descendants showed in Greek, Latin, and Balto-Slavic are descendants of derivations of that reflexive pronoun. The correct PIE root for "sew" is *syewh₁- . The Sanskrit word showed here does come from that root, though. Other minor points I'd like to add : - The Italo-Celtic group is not firmly established, compared to other groups. I'm personally prudent about it, and prefer to view Celtic and Italic as completely distinct groups. - You should have made clear that Basque isn't an Indo-European language. Watching this video, I thought someone who knows little about it could think it is the case, when it's not. - I'm not quite sure what the asterisks at 4:10 represent. Normally, asterisks represent reconstructed forms, but it's clearly not what it represents here, since none of the Proto-Indo-European words have it, and most of the Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic don't have it either. - While I'm at this screen, I would like to point out that the word for "wine" in Germanic and Balto-Slavic are borrowed from Latin, rather than direct descendants of the PIE word. It's not really a big problem to not specify it, as the Latin word does come from the PIE word anyway, but I just wanted to point it out. - This is extremely minor, but the Polish flag at the beginning is put where Switzerland would be, and at 2:19, the Russian expansion should be extended to the South a bit, especially in the far East. I know I'm being nitpicky here. Anyway, I'm looking forward to more videos about historical linguistics. Just be careful about the Altaic family, it is extremely controversial and most linguists consider it pretty much refuted. Edit : Thanks to Corvus for pointing out "Deiwos" isn't Latin; I missed that one. It's Proto-Italic; the Latin word would be "Deus". In fact, the more I look at the Latin words, the more wrong they seem. "swezōr" is also Proto-Italic, not Latin. I'm not entire sure "māedus" is a word. And why does "edō" have an umlaut instead of a macron?
Happy to see you doing some unusual yet fascinating and deeply connected to history videos. Would love to see your take on Hungarian, Basque and Albanian.
Basque considered non Indo European, possibly arriving before the Indo european speakers, and remaining isolated to their mountainous communities enabling them to hold onto culture and language. There were other non indo european early Iberian languages on the Spanish peninsula, but they were subsumed, but still influence Spanish today , aiding in part to give the Spanish dialects their unique sound and vocabulary from Vulgar Latin . I read that Basque is the source of these lisp sounds in Castilian and other Spanish dialects as they influenced each other due to alliances formed from 800's through 1300's, 1400's.. the lisp is a sound not found in other indo european languages .. but the lisp is a sound not found in southern spanish like andalusian due to the Arab Umayyad Caliphate and other Arab reigns in southern Spain, which kept the Basque away from those regions
The very first graphic highlighting a southern region of the subcontinent where people typically speak Tamil seems to imply that Portuguese has something in common with a Dravidian language, which is not the case.
Norbert JOKL : "" The Albanian lanGUAge serves as a fiber that keeps the trunk alive and connetct this branches with roots. As you descent along this fiber to the wonders of history, strands can be affectedt. The Albanian language is a tool through which the seeker can illuminate the dawn of Albanian people's beginnings and immerse themselves in time that goes beyong the historical evidence "". Holger PEDERSEN :"" The Albanian lanGUAge is the only tool for enlightenment and moral progress "" Or ÇELSI ( CHELSEA SYMBOL = The key.. GIUSEPPE KATAPANO : "" Atlantida which disappeared 12,000 years ago, was the land of the Illyrians ( Pelasgians), who escaped the flood of Atlantis and began new civilzations on all continents, especially in Europe, Africa and Small Asia small "" &"" THOT ( =Says) SPOKE IN ALBANIAN "". HAROLD WHITEHAL :"" Egyptian hieroglyphics created, 4,000 years ago have Albanian significante "" & "" PHARA ON- FARA JON = OUR TRIBE (Same ). Joseph SCALIGER 1540 - 1609 :"" The epirotic language of the past is the Albanian language of today ""( EPER/ EPIR = UPPER ). SOURCE : GREEK ENCYCLOPEADIA VOL.19 P.873 :"" The grandfathers of today's Albanians therefore, that is, the Pelasgians, lived since prehistoric times in most parts of the world then known "" ( Russian, French, Britann Encyclopeadia). TROJE ( Troy) = LAND BANK, ILLYRIA ( Epir, E MATHIA ( Antic Macedonia), ARBOI ( Abroi ) HECATAEUS OF MILETUS 550 - 476 BC, Dardania ,Delmatia, Mesa pia - Brention ,Daunia ,Pia k(c) enia,E truria ( RUclips : LinGUA Etrusca = LinGUA Albanese). Herodotus names the Pelasgians as inhabitants of PLAKIA and SYKALE : PLAKIA ( Alb. = GRANNY . GEORGIES BABINIOTIS:"" PLAKIA FROM ARBER / Arvanit language PLJAK ATHENA = Altes Athena "".
Great video. I love the connection drawn between linguistic and biological evolution as well. As a biology teacher, I've used language families to help explain evolution in class for years, and this really helps emphasize some of the key concepts.
Persian needs its own video. The fact that the Persian language even survived is what most historical linguists refer to as a miracle. It's basically the eastern version of Welsh. There is almost no reason why it should have survived. Both Wales and Iran were conquered by numerous empires and their languages faced historical suppression, censorship, and at times, attempts at downright extermination. A video on Persian is very much needed. I loved this video. I was hoping that once you guys did everything you could do with historical nationalism that you would get to historical linguistics. I am a historical linguist and so I have always found this topic incredibly interesting and I know that many other people find it fascinating as well, they just haven't had a chance to learn about it. Keep it up you guys are the best.
I don't quite get what you mean. Iran, "conquered by numerous empires"? As far as I know, Iran was the one pumping out conquering empires, with the leading dynasty being persian half of the time. Wales, on the other hand, is just a small celtic remnant country, it lead no big empires or such, I don't get how they could be compared at all...
@@ummelofilo9642 The land that is modern day Iran was conquered in 333 BCE by the Hellenic empire established by Alexander the Great and his army. The land was later conquered by the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate beginning in 633 CE beginning the Islamic era in Iran. After the Arabs, Iran was invaded by various Turkic peoples throughout the early middle ages until the Mongol empire conquered all of Persia in 1219 CE. Iran was finally brought back under native Persian rule by the early 1500s under the Safavid dynasty ending almost 1000 years of foreign rule. So you have first the Hellenic empire, then the Islamic empire, then the various Turkic kingdoms period, and then finally the Mongols under the Khanate. So if you don't want to count the Turks, that's three different major world empires, and that's not including any of the early Mesopotamian empires like the Assyrians, Babylonians, or the Akkadians, all of whom having invaded and controlled various portions of the Iranian lands. Also by the 1800s the Russian empire under the Czars began to invade and control lands previously held under Persian rule. So there has been an incredible amount of foreign influence in Iran over the centuries, and none more culturally-devastating than the Islamic Arabs, who pursued a policy of linguistic genocide, attempting to eradicate the Persian language for centuries. They were very nearly successful. For all intents and purposes, they WERE successful in destroying almost entirely the native religion of Iran, Zoroastrianism, a religion which today hosts a population of less than 30,000 adherents, albeit in a state so watered-down, it is barely recognizable to what it once was. This is why historical linguists refer to the survival of the Persian language as a minor miracle.
Irans strength has been in iranian culture .today 'iran is the oldest and the first living nation in the world.iranian language'culture'nationality religion and geographi have remained untoched for2500years.islam is on the verge of destrocation in iran.
When I was in school, it was explained to me that basic English had the same roots as German. When the French speaking Normans invaded England in 1066, they imported French words that were used by the nobility. For example: The chair comes from the old French word "une chaire" (today we say une chaise). On the other hand in German a chair is eine Stuhl, which has the same root as stool. The example of Beef which comes from the French Bœuf is striking. For the farmers who only raise them it is ox (as in German die Ochse (pronounce like ox)). For the nobility who ate it is beef(Boeuf) !!
Lot of unnecesssary words adopted just for fad and we still have the original ones in used but as a secondary option. I'm talking about LOFT (air), bloom(flower), mught(power), thorp(village),stead(city), dale(valley) snd hundred of silly latin words like color, paint, picture, LANGUAGE(speach), people(should lbe as in German-related mann)....seems to me as a silly and devastating change(ugly latin, in spanish cambio or canje).
@@BETOETE Loft, bloom, mught and thorb are actually the Germanic words. Air, flower, power and village are the words of latin origin. I know that, because my native language is German, and when I hear words like loft, I immediately know what it means, because it is almost written and pronouced as "Luft" (Air in german)
This is all LIES! Indian language pre date the "arrival" of the yamana people it was used in the harappan civilization. They are not even similar example look at the wine example only the sankrit was different.
@@manfreds.6384 You do realize the Indus river valley civilization disappeared, sure maybe some words are used but there's more similarities than differences to write all of common day knowledge about North Indian languages off.
Actually you are right about the Albanian word “Perëndi”. Perëndi is also used to identify “God”. Perëndi-God. “O Perëndi e madhe çfarë ke bërë kështu?” - “Oh mighty God, what have you done?” We also have another word for that: Indefinite/Definite Albanian: Zot/Zoti. It derives from Proto-Albanian: Zojzi which is considered as the Father (Lighting and Sky God) from Albanian mythology. I am pretty sure that it has similarities with the Greek one Zeus. We are basically neighbors with them so yeah. Really a great video. Loved it and most importantly I loved seeing my native language in your video. Keep it up K&G.
@@Someone-jz5pl to be fair I have never heard of Tomorri to be a God or such in Albanian Myths. I gotta look into it. It doesn’t even sound as an Albanian word even though I have heard of it mostly as a part of Muslim Saint which these small memorial placea are built in honor of him. Nothing more.
And were are the ancient Albanian scripts? What museums keep them, in case we believe you and want to see them? You Albanians didn't even have a school up until 1889ac were your first school established in in Korce, up until then you used Greek, Italian na dlocal dialects.
dear mr. kings and generals. I love your in depth analysis of military history, tactics and logistics. i watch it every day. i just wanted to say that if find these videos on culture, language and society every bit as informative and entertaining. please do not stop feeding my mind with this insightful content. you honestly deserve a contract with streaming service. the knowledge you share with people should be mainstream in a advanced society. love your work, keep it up!
I've been interested in this exact subject for a while but there's not a lot of easily digestible material out there, this video was perfect and I'd love to hear more, especially about the indo-iranian branch!
@@kohlerofvox2605 lol lol lol. That bank Clark talegiri hasn't done any research on anything. He is a bank clarke not a scholar. Learn stuff from expert and scholars not from bank Clarkes
I'm a professional linguist, and I was delighted to see my favorite historical documentary channel put out a linguistics video today! Very well done, and I hope to see future videos on the other Indo-European branches as well as the multitude of other language families around the world. While it's impossible to go into detail in an overview video, it's worth noting that while the continental Celtic languages disappeared, the still exercised an influence on the Romance and Germanic languages that replaced them, particularly in some of the basic vocabulary of the Western Romance languages. Also, I conduct my professional research on the Indigenous languages of California. I'd love to help K&G produce a future video on the languages and history of the Native Californians! Please PM me if you're interested!
@@zonda456 Albanian is an Indo-European language in its own branch--the only surviving language in that branch (if there were others). The big branches are or were Romance (Latin-derived), Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic (now not so big), Iranian, Indic (Hindi and Urdu). Smaller branches include Albanian, Lithuanian, and the now-dead Hittite. (This is not a complete list.)
Always thought Indo-European was a lot older than 4000BC. There must've been so many other languages in Europe before then that are now lost to pre-recorded history...
Yes, and so much culture and mythology that we barely know of. Some gods and stories may have survived and been adapted into Greek mythology (from Pelasgian, Minoan and Cycladic predecessors), but other than that, Basque is probably the only language that actually survived.
Yeah isn't some people in Iberia (Western one not the east) most in Galicia spoke a non indo-european language in Roman times? Also Etruscan could be non indo-european as well since we don't have enough evidence to say for sure and of course Basque is a language with tens of thousands of speakers and it is for sure isn't indo-european and a good example that people lived in Europe before indo-europeans came
They was no Indo-European culture, it is only due the the brits seeing light skinned Indians ruling over dark skinned Indians. They believe their ancestors travel all the way to India just to subjugate brown people. PLEASE! Stop believing these LIES Indian culture and language long before these so called yamana people.
It is much older. Indo-European/Aryan stuff can get traced back to 12,000 BCE and there's some tertiary evidence for longer. These things play out over EONS. I feel like many people are a bit behind on the research, and as such they don't truly appreciate the gulfs of time we are dealing with. But I can assure you, the journey described in this video unfolded over many thousands of years, going back to the Neolithic
As a Norwegian I often get alot of "Deja vu" moments when hearing/reading English, German and Dutch. Even the way some words in those languages is spoken is identical to Norwegian. One of my cousins is married to a Dutch girl, and she became fluent in Norwegian in almost record time
Vocabulary is extremely similar. Add to that, Norwegian (but also Swedish and Danish, not Icelandic though) grammar is really easy, even moreso if you're already familiar with another Germanic language.
I remember I medieval movie about a knight, I think it was called Arn. Pretty sure it was in Swedish or Danish. It had subtitles, but I didnt need them. I dont speak either of those language though. Only English. As a side, now hard is it for you all to understand Finnish? Has it had any effect on your language?
@@worndown8280 That`s interesting. And although I have no knowledge of Norwegian, but as a Hungarian speaker, Finnish sounds somehow familiar, maybe because of the harmonization. There are around 1000 words that we share, but altogether it`s still incomprehensible to the listener. And I guess it`s vice versa the same. I can say I understand the word "Talvisota", and I think of "Télicsata", but things like this are rare. talvi (winter) = téli, télvíz (winter) sota (war) = csata (battle)
Lithuanian also is the closest cognate to Sanskrit, which isn't something people would expect. Also, Zeus and Jupiter come from an even older god, Dyaus or Dyaus Pitr. Sky Father from the proto Indo European and Indo Iranian. He is also a Rig Vedic god. Dyeus is a cognate with Zeus, Zeus Pater and Deipaturos
LIETUVIŲ KALBA PRIKLAUSO 10 SENIAUSIŲJŲ INDO - EUROPIETIŠKŲJŲ KALBŲ PASAULYJE, IR AIŠKIAI YRA ARTIMA - SENOVĖS INDIJOS SANSKRITUI ...Kai prieš 30 tūkstančių metų, savaime - pasitraukė į šiaurę : amžinasis ledynas - nuo Baltijos jūros, dabartinės Gyvenamosios - būtent šiaurinės dalies, Vidurio - Rytų Europos kontinento teritorijos ; tai prieš 7000 metų - atsikraustė gyventi - mūsų, Baltų Protėviai, iš kurių išsivystė : prūsų, sūduvių, jotvingių, lietuvių
KOMENTARO TĘSINYS - PRIE ANKSTENIOJO : DIDŽIAI GERBIAMA XXI AMŽIUJE, MŪSŲ BALTŲ ISTORINĖ PRAEITIS ...ir mūsų - nuo 7000 metų, gyveno prie Baltijos jūros - brolių, latvių Protėviai ! ...Todėl, ir dabartinis jūros pavadinimas, Vidurio - Rytų Europoje : Baltija/ Baltyk, Baltijskoje/ buvo, ir prieš 2,5 tūkstančio metų, būtent tada atvykusių apsigyventi į Vidurio - Rytų, dabartinę Europą : visų dabartinų, slavų Protėvių - pripažintas, ir jau Visuotinai Vartojamas - mūsų laikais, net viso Pasaulio geografijoje : kadangi nuo priešistorinių laikų, išlikęs Europoje - be jokios, svetimosios kalbinės Prievartos ! ... Todėl, Pagarbiai - vien savo asmeninę - politinę nuomonę : tvirtai Jums - pateikė, lietuvis GEDIMINAS ŽILINSKAS iš Suvalkų - Punsko - Seinų ❤️🇱🇹❤️🇱🇹❤️🇱🇹❤️🇱🇹❤️ Gimtojo Lietuviško Krašto ; svetimoje, valstybinėje sudėtyje - su Prievarta : nuo 1920 metų, Spalio mėnesio 7 dienos. New York, 2023.10.24 d.
I’m an indo-Iranian live in Myanmar , burmese is my native language! Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma) ❤️ please make a video on our language group 😭 thank you for being so educating , 3/4 of history I know is I Learnt from your channel , our schools have poor educational systems so we should never learn these things there 😭❤️ May almighty bless you guys ❤️
@@mrkslva4231 she’s mean , she’s a Indo -Iranian language but I’m think she’s might be Urdu or something, like that , but Yeah in Myanmar , we use Sino-Tibetan language - Burmese more related to Chinese and Tibet
Being Kurdish Iranian or Kermanji I am very interested in how the Iranian languages split. From BMAC like Avestan and Proto Hindu. To Western Iranian and Hindu. That moment is very interesting because until then Iranian and Indian languages sounded alike.( Eg. Avestan&Hindu). Then Western Iranian took on a whole new sound distinct to itself. I'm not sure but I think that the Elamites had a lot to with it. They were a language isolate. The Parsu as we were called then were semi pastoralists. Then we met the Elamites, learned about city dwelling, including Administration, stone buildings, writing, commerce. Then we started dressing like them wearing sandals, robes, and tiaras. If you look at the walls of persepolis you can see the change. The Median soldier bends over to blow a kiss to the king. Which is they way they salute. However he is wearing boots, pants, a long sleeve shirt, and a felt cap. That's what the Persian Used to look like. How and why did this change happen and what did language have to do with it????? It would make a interesting video. Although I know my video may not be probable I appreciate you asking us . It makes me think about what I want to research next. I am always looking forward to new videos from you guys!!!!!
a less dominant culture copies the traditions of another, and eventually loses its original culture over time, you see it happen all over the world in different ancient societies
@@milliyetci5672 land people and language is synonymous to one name with ancient ppl. Especially with tribal cultures. For example ppl can be Hindu and also speak Hindu the same way ppl can be Persian and speak persian. That's why Farsi is also known as Modern Persian.
@@ramys600 Those are the written forms. I'm talking about Langugage!!!! words,grammar, and sound!!!! Indian sounds like its Original Iranian Ancestor language. BMAC. But The Parsu languages or Western Iranian. Took on a new sound and changed.Creating the East /West language divide. I'm Zoroastrian. Avestayi does not sound like Farsi. Its sounds like Hindu. Although what you said is true. Indian languages have more homogeneity from its Ancestor language. Iranian changed alot through time. If it didn't we would still be speaking Avestayi. Humata,Hukhta, Huvarshta.
It's important to note that, while it was spoken in what is now Spain (and France), Basque isn't a Romance language, or even Indo-European, being one of the few languages that has survived in Europe as an independent language, likely descended from a language spoken before the arrival of the Indo-European speakers to Spain. There are a few other non indo-european languages in Europe (some Turkic ones, ie related to Turkish such as the Crimean language (which is sadly nearly extinct due to Russian and Soviet attempts to eliminate independent Crimean culture), Finnish and Estonian (most closely related to languages from the Ural mountains in Russia), as well as the related languages of the Sami of Northern Scandinavia, Hungarian (most closely related to some Siberian languages, and according to legend it's related to the language of the Huns, but that's somewhat debated as there's very few remaining examples of Hun words, all of which come filtered through Latin and Greek speakers), plus some scattered Semitic languages spoken in Malta (very closely related to Arabic) and, as as a liturgical language, Hebrew.
Also, speakers of a language closely related to Hungarian (to the point of intelligibility) are said to have existed near the Urals until before the coming of the Mongols, who killed them off. Nowadays, the closest remaining relatives to Hungarian are the Khanty and Mansi languages, if i recall correctly
Minoan was pre-indoeuropean . When Greeks (Mycenaeans) conquered it , they adapted some of their culture. Ancient people of Sardinia were also pre-indo
Great video, I'd love to see more detailed videos on this subject. I was a bit confused about which period was being discussed at each time. It would be great to have the year counter constantly up.
I am a Pashto native (Afghan language) and it surprises me when i find similar vocabulary and composition in languages like Polish and German and Russian, For example the Polish word Bohater and Pashto word Batur both means Hero/ Champion. The russian word Mozgu and Pashto Mazgu both means brain, And sometimes different words but similar composition and use. Astonishing!
@@sectorgovernor Yep! Some of the Turkic peoples whom the Magyars made contact with during their nomadic days also used "baghatur" as a word for hero, so that's to be expected.
As over my life I have learned several languages (French, German, Italian, Swedish and Spanish) this was absolutely fascinating. Just about everything I read I wonder about word origins . Travel does that to you! There are vocabulary linkages everywhere. Thank you very much
Loved the video. As an American I speak an unintelligible version of English. Even as lower middle class person it's very easy to note how our language is spoken. There are vast differences depending largely on class, education, even geographic, ie. rural or urban . And that's just in my little slice of eastern Iowa. Thank you very much for this video. It was fascinating. God bless and keep your powder dry. The ugly gentile putz.......John
America is will always be my 2nd home though I don't live there any more. Being admitted at Iowa state university 27 years ago fulfilled my urge to be in the USA. Apart from all the bitterness I'd say USA & the American are the coolest people in the world. The media screwed all the people. Take care & good luck from your Bangladeshi siblings.
Very good video. It should have some little details though about the variations of the medieval greek dialects like kappadocian, mariupol, pontic, griko and cypriot greek.
kappadocian is greek ? what ? fascinating ! i spent a. couple months there because i think it's gorgeous for hiking around , had no idea about the language
I remember Ubisoft made a game Far Cry Primal where the studio tried to recreate a common Indo European language. A Hindi and English speaker myself I was able to understand quite a lot of it.
"One such hypothesis suggests that the first Indo-European speakers originated from the Armenian Plateau and spread both east and west as they migrated bringing with them the knowledge of farming. However, this theory never gained much acceptance among linguists due to lack of solid evidence and an assumption that the Caucasus mountains served as an insurmountable barrier for human movement. But where the linguists and historians got stuck, modern geneticists have managed to present clear evidence for ancient mass-migrations into Europe. Supported by these new findings it is becoming more and more clear that the original Indo-European speakers lived in the Armenian Highlands, with modern Armenians being the best representatives of this ancient population." "It became apparent that the Yamnaya who spread the Indo-European language into Europe, themselves trace origin from the people south of the Caucasus mountains. But the problem of the Caucasian barrier remained. Scholars assumed that the Caucasian mountains served as a genetic barrier and that the people from the south of the Caucasus mountains wouldn’t likely cross them in significant numbers to account for the spread of the Proto-Indo-European language. Consensus on this assumption however is rapidly changing since new studies on ancient DNA have revealed exactly the opposite to be true." This from the latest Genetics Mahazines on the matter.
It would be awesome if you made a video on Baltic languages, it’s use and lack of it in medieval Lithuania! It’s relationship with other languages💡When, how and why? 🤓🇱🇹🇱🇻🇵🇱
I agree, this topic would be very interesting. As a Polish speaker I was amazed by the table from the beginning, where Balto-Slavic words where shown; how many of them I could understand and how similar they were to the rest of the family, especially proto-Germanic :)
He's a westerner he doesn't care about the eastern Indo-European languages. He says they will be in another video but I doubt there will be another video on this topic.
It's worth noting that Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, and the Sami languages aren't Indo-European, but are part of the unrelated Uralic family, and also that Basque is a language isolate with no living relatives
Grover S. Krantz (1931-2002), a world-renowned American anthropologist and professor at Washington State University, in his work "The Geographical Formation of European Languages", recognizes Hungarian, which until now has been treated as a stepchild of Europe, as the founder of Europe's civilization. According to him, the u.n. "Indo-European languages" developed very late in Europe. That is why 30% of their vocabulary is not of "Indo-European" origin, and there are no "Indo-European" river names on the early maps of Europe. We are more interested in the following sentence: "...so the Greek language was formed in its current location in 6500 BC, and the Celtic language in Ireland in 3500 BC. The antiquity of the Hungarian language in the Carpathian Basin is similarly surprising; I find that its origins lead to the Mesolithic, preceding the Stone Age." Furthermore: "At least on one important point, the theory of people's migration is the opposite of the previous theorem. It is generally believed that the Hungarians of the Urals lived in the 9th century. century, they moved into the Carpathian basin from an eastern area. I find that all groups speaking the Uralic language spread from Hungary, in a much earlier age, in the opposite direction." Grover S. Krantz, The Geographical Formation of European Languages. (Ősi Örökségünk Alapítvány, Budapest, 2000) Original title and publisher of the work: Geographical Development of European Languages Peter Lang Publishing Inc. New York 1988. Translated by: Imre Kálmán
@@benyovszkyistvan408 no offense but sounds like Fomenkoism. every newly independent state in the 1990's seems to have had one of these "everything great is secretly ours" kinds of ideologies, I wonder why
@@ahG7na4 I am not offended, but if you have a problem with the American scientist's book, then write your own book in which you refute your claims. Until you do that, Grover S. Krantz is the more credible of the two of you. No one has refuted his book in nearly 40 years...
@Roche Ferero Steppe hypothesis shown in the video is now outdated. Most scholars believe now that Proto-Indo-Europeans came from Anatolia and/or Balkans. That's the place where most of the groups were first documented. Including the Indo-Iranians (see Mitanni Aryan).
Would be awesome if you did a video on Armenian. There just is not enough content about the Armenian language's history on youtube, for some reason almost none of the linguistics channels that do language overviews have convered it. Such a cool language.
Armenian is such a fascinating language, indeed! In albanian, there is a cool borrowing from armenian, which is manushaqe, guess what does it mean :) @haykogrig7198
More language history videos!!! Loved this one! Would love to hear more about Anatolian, pre-Roman continental Celtic languages, or any other extinct languages. Also, what about a vid on Linear B? It's a fascinating story, ajd still a partially unsolved mystery.
I will add the endagered Grico languages of southern Italy in the Greek branch. Also there are still a few speakers of Romeyka(Roman language) which is now called Pontic dialect of Greek.
Do the indo European languages of Central Asia & Siberia pre Turkish & Mongolia conquest! Also, I’d loooovveeeee a video about the paleo Siberian peoples who lived in central and northern Asia and Siberia before the Russian conquest.
Christopher Beckwith‘s “Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present” is highly interesting and about the indo-germanic language
Don't worry we will take the names of your gods and mix them with our gods so our rule will be more legitimate since we have a lot of big temples and feasts to honor them so we are the ones with most favors with the now same god we share so resisting us is against your gods too
Please add a video on Sanskrit origins. I mean most of the Indo-European language speakers are from India with a billion speakers. Also a video on the remaining language groups from the Indo-European languages such as the Iranian and Anatolian. Great video thank you for all you do!!
I would be happy to see an episode on the Bulgarian language and the role it played in the Eastern Orthodoxy as it was used as Old Church Slavonic, and how it was shaped throughout the years.
Ще притесниш комшиите с подобни искания.Туку виж се споменат траките с тяхните линеари.Четох,че в Микена са открили 20к пергамента,от които 8к са възстановени,но гърците не могат да преведат нито един,понеже "тяхните"линеари,не важат за микенските пергаменти.Спаротока е ВЕЛИК българин.
Great video 👏. Love this subject 5:48 in Albanian perëndi means just god. Greek and Albanian languages are interesting as are totally different from other indo european languages. Especially greek with it's own alphabet and letters as well, although ancient Albanian (illyrian) used other letters too but as those were hard to learn was standartised to use latin alphabet + a couple of extra letters like ë ç and double letters acting as one like sh dh xh Can't wait for next video about Albanian language details. Although being so close with other factions still has no resemblance with latin greek slavic or other languages. Truly unique
We actually don't have enough evidence to factually claim that Albanian descends from Illyrian. It must have a paleo balcanic ancestor, the rest is much speculation.
@@enyalios316 we will probably never have enough evidance as no one is researching anymore. Last time i checked many words sounded similar with illyrian but again is super complicated to tell for sure
Love this. I am a fan of language and it’s evolution and this is the kind of video I enjoy in a rainy day when light’s about to go out. Would love to see a video of the process of intermingling of languages. English is the mentioned case, but could also cover Celtic words that made it into Latin, the Etruscan-Greek elements in Latin itself and the effects Germanic languages had on romance like Frankish on French and gothic on Spanish. Keep it up!
Perhaps they can step-back & give us some cuss-words, as well. Cussing & humor had to come into Language. Dirty-talk is at the bedrock of a civilized Society; even though Margaret Thatcher declared, "There is no such thing as Society."
generally, the more dominant language slowly takes over the region after a few generations, because people have to use the language in everyday life, through constant contact of people
those are interesting subjects.. French is a fine example of that, it's unique sound coming from strong gallic (gaulish, celtic related) influence, as it's origins are called gallo-roman, not just latin... it was a fine intermarriage of culture and literal marriages as well, with gallo romans staying on well after the roman empire declined .... even though the franks conquered the remaining gallo romans, they adopted gallo roman or at least chose to be bilingual in both and then 200 years later, change over to the gallo roman or french as main language, in the process losing their german frankish language... no doubt frankish influence french, but sounds like the french or gallo romans conquered the franks, in the end, with their language ! 😀 i think the gothic point is very interesting but it seems they were in Spain a rather short time, and the arabic dialects may have had stronger effect and even basque on northern spanish , especially the lisp sounds which do not normally exist in most indo european languages but supposedly come from basque
Ive been watching your videos for some time now and I absolutely love the detail and information. I am Albanian. I was wondering if you could make a video detailing the evolution of the albanian language. It is a language that has withstood multiple conquering civilizations. Would be awesome to see what information you gather on this. All the best
Recently I was thinking about similarities between Persian and English words and this video came out really on time. there are many similar words like: door-dar, brother-baradar, father-pedar, mother-madar, daughter-dokhtar, thunder-tondar, typhoon-toophan, cow-gov, bad-bad, good-khoob, better-behtar, pressure-pheshar, new-nou, devil-div, fairy-pari. at first I thought some might be imported words but later I did find out that those are really old words before Europeans contacted us (I mean French and British people).
Yeah basic words like that tend to be very ancient. There are also more recent words in persian that look similar to english and especially french, but they are indeed different since they are just words adopted from those languages, because of extensive contacts.
When living in Lithuania and learning the language (very challenging), it was amazing to me that regular folk would tell me that their language was related to Sanskrit and that it was an ancient. I was so amazed by the pride these people have. I'd be interested in seeing more about the Baltic States since each has their own language in spite of their geographical closeness. Thanks for an informative and interesting video. Love the use of maps!
Baltic and Slavic languages are the last languages to have broken off from the Proto-Indo-European language, which is why much closer to Sanskrit than other.
@@pritsingh9766 men is not corect what you aclaim since you are indo aryans sankrit is aramaic phonecians paleo siriac iranic hittite turco mongols mix mittanii indo iranians group of ancient medo persan scityians and parthians aramaic semitics india is semitic to , ay found a pasage on bible when god say , for women your,, braccelet is sounds very good on foot on young women who care braccelet on foot kasmiry himalayans women and north india middle east belly dancers iranic women and turkhis and arabic womens
I would love more historical linguistics content. Perhaps connecting modern religions with the indo-european beliefs, or perhaps the history of basque - the last remaining non-indoeuropean language of europe. I’d also be interested in a video on proto sino-tibetan as it seems information on it is limited. Looking forward to your next video!
Well, what I know is that Hebrew is a Semitic language which originates in Africa. Judaism was influenced by the process of Helenization, however, such that by the time Christianity rolled around, most of it’s early literature was written in Greek. I think Coptic was also used in some early Christian texts, as well. By the Middle Ages, though, Latin became the most important language associated with Christianity since all official Catholic business was carried out in Latin and the Bible was not allowed to be translated into other languages (besides Greek, Syrian, and a few other langauges which already had existing versions of the Bible used by independent Christian churches)
Sino-Tibetan has only been deeply studied the past few decades, but the consensus is that humans spread along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania about 50,000+ years ago, and developed further from that point on
@@danielzhang1916 yes. Sundaland and southeast Asia. With the first being negrito and Papuan peoples with some genetic affinity with old Dravidian peoples. The next group after those were the Austroasiatics. Tai Kradai are suspected to have absorbed early proto Austroasiatics that spoke a different form of Asiatic languages and were part descendant with Proto Austronesian (before they migrated to Taiwan and onwards). And genetics show that affinity
Yes I'd like Austroasiatic languages to be further studied. They have been severely cut off and overshadowed by Austronesian, Tai Kadai, and Sino Tibetan peoples as they filtered into the region and assimilated the Austroasiatic groups of southeast Asia. I.e. the outlier are the Javanese of Java island and many other major ethnicities of southeast Asia (genetics show Javanese are well over half and no less, Austroasiatics). And they now speak Austronesian and mixed by about 30-40% Austronesian blood.
Please do more videos about this topic. The evolution of languages is so interesting and important considering it’s how we’ve been able to communicate so effectively as a species. I would love to see a sequel to this video and maybe more about other language families even if it’s been a couple years
Arabic needs its own video. The history of Arabic is fascinating, from its roots as a tiny little semitic language spoken in the Arabian peninsula to its current status as the world's fifth most widely-spoken language is a fascinating story. The fact that Arabic maintains possibly the most conservative language in the entire world as Modern Standard Arabic, is another "miracle," of historical linguistics. There is no other language on Earth where today's readers can understand a text written in the 7th century. Also, the fact that Arabic maintains a bi-lingual status among its speakers is another peculiarity specific to Arabic. Today, (virtually) all Arabic speakers speak two different varieties of Arabic: the vernacular specific to their region (levantine, gulf, north african, etc.), and Modern Standard Arabic. For these reasons I believe Arabic also deserves its own video. I love what you guys are doing with this channel! Keep it up!
Could you imagine 8 thousand years ago you tell your brother you'll be back after a raid but you never come back. Instead you make a family. His line becomes Iranians and yours Scandinavian. We are so genetically similar yet we see one another as so different
Culture culture culture. That defines our differences in plain language enough. We can look exactly the same but what really matters is what we see eye to eye on
Could you imagine your brother or sisters family in say 5000 years becoming a completely diffrent race of people and on top of that you must now commit genocide because your genetics are more "pure" or some b.s. We have this idea that a race of people is smarter or better because are genetics are stronger when in fact 8000 doesnt make a difference genetically speaking. Culturally yes genetically no. That's my point. And if you dont agree with me you are dumb and it's because you come from the dumb sibling 8000 years ago
@@valley6824 dude we are one of the most genetically similar species on earth. People across the world are more closely related then fucking the same species of birds 10 miles apart.
I am Sardinian and I am really happy that you include our language in your video. Often the Sardinian language is forgotten despite its unique characteristics. it is difficult to speak Sardinian because there is no real single language but there are many related languages and dialects that have evolved together but without a single common Sardinian vulgar
The Sardinian language also has many words that are closer to those in Romanian than to Latin or Italian, although the influence of these two languages on the Sardinians lasted for hundreds of years. Sardinia was colonized by the Sardinians, who migrated, like the Latins from the Danube region. Romania today , the ancient Dacia. The Sardinian language is very similar to the Romanian language. They share many words that cannot be found in Latin or Italian . Hence the much older origin of the European Thracian - Dacian - Illyrian dialect.
@@mariadespina80 totally fake. Don't spread these shit, Sardinian is the furthest romance language to Romanian and the Latins didn't come from the Danube at all.
it is important to note that the french language wasn't "born" with the ordonance of villers-cotteret, Francilian (paris and surroundings language) became the only official language in all officials texts. But in the rest of France, local languages were still commonly used until 1792 when French was made official language of the nation and all regional laguages forbidden to use.
Great stuff. I'd like to see a bit on the non Indo-European languages of Europe such as Basque and Finnish/Estonian. Also, what languages was Pictish related to, was it Brythonic - Proto-Welsh or something different?
interesting that you brought up Vasco Da Gama's voyage to Southern India to start the video, because Southern India is the part of India (along with parts of Central and Northeastern India) where Indo-European languages AREN'T spoken.
@@supernovaversion3.05 very corect sanskrit aramaic was tongue of gods sumeryans annunaki probabil with turco mongols becuse the turkhis have same strong intonations vocabulary with latins and celts tongue
interesting thing to note: The ancient Romans as they expanded into the lands of their neighbours very quickly realised they worshiped interpretations of the same gods, much to their own shock and found the situation very intriguing; You'll note this from surviving historical accounts of generals from their campaigns when writing about local peoples and customs. Often simply referring to them by their Roman names; Noting the main differences being in how they went about worshiping them differently, such as in the case of the Celts. The Romans also quickly realised the Celts spoke a similar language to them and understood most Latin words, so they used Greek when giving commands so the Celts wouldn't figure out their battle plans. To all the peoples of Europe at the time, they all simply thought it was normal they all worshiped the same gods and for them anyone who worshiped different ones were considered completely barbaric and evil, such as the Carthaginians and Persians.
Outstanding presentation! I wish this had been out around a year ago when I was studying these topics during my overall anthropology degree program. I know my classmates would have enjoyed the concise overview. I plan to feature it in the classes I teach. Please continue your work. It has great value! 😎
A delving into isolate languages would be fascinating. Basque, Finnish, ( particularly Sami) Waloon, Afrikaans (true, not in Europe, but derived from Dutch.) etc. Please keep making these videos, linguistics is a hobby of mine.
@@sectorgovernor sami is turco mongols and hungarians arpad is suposed to by tatars onoghur or dzungar but historians say other thing magiars is fought for kazar against hadrdada merceneray swiatoslaw
Id like a Hungarian video also . I believe Hungarian is something of an outlier to indo European languages . Probably the reason its so hard to understand for non natives
Best video you've released and certainly the most epic in scope! Absolutely more, injected intravenously if you please. Would love to see an exploration of the Vedic/Persian dialects and also the famed Fertile Crescent and Semitic languages. You could even go right back to the Sumerians and their links to the Assyrian empire and beyond!
Dude, it was almost perfect. Many Latin Americas would never get a chance yo understand this videos unless this new technologies. Now teachers can use Kings and General's videos in History Class. Here in my country mist kids don't get this level of spoken English
Hello @Kings and Generals. If you go back so much in history, would it be possible to go back a little bit further ( say... 5200 BCE ) and talk about the Cucuteni Culture and its influence on the Paleo-Balkan and Indo-European languages? I think it might be worth it as Yamnaya and Cututeni are not that far away and might have interacted. I'm not that sure about what I'm saying but I think it might be interesting.
as a southern Italian, i would say, the opposite of what you said is true. Much of southern Italy has been under spanish occupation for a long time and they left many loan words that they don't have in the north. We understand Spanish speakers a lot better than people from the north. Also, here in the south it's more common to learn Spanish as a second foreign language at school rather than French.
I’m surprised they didn’t cover the Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia with its Sanskrit origins. Which came about following the migration of Indo-Iranians from Iran into the subcontinent. Considering it’s a massive part of the Indo-European language family, literally half the name is Indo meaning Indian. The video only covered European languages. I hope it’s covered next tbh and honestly an entire series on languages would be fantastic.
Indo on its name is just indication farthest point those language family was commonly developed, which in this case was from europe to india. It has nothing to do with amount of percent languages make up in the whole family. In fact indo-iranian language is just one sub-family, which european language like albania, greece, german, french, russian, lithuanian, irish, each has sub-family at their own. so talking about them is more intriguing since they are more branched out and less monolithic.
@@Deepak_Dhakad they are branched out in lesser sub sub family, means their linguistic divergence are not as apparent as that of european languages. For example, sanskrit and avestani are much closer to each other than german to greek. All indo aryan languages you mentioned are just as comparable as in-between german dialects.
@@indefiniteabyss1257 Indian languages didn't branch out from yamaha whatever people we developed our own language and culture and then spread it europe
Yes! Please do more of these, Thracian and Illiyrian would be fascinating as would the Tocharian languages and maybe also the evolution of Thai, from being under Chinese influence to Indic influence
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Please continue the series on criminal syndicates
My recommendation for a video is history of the Russian mafia and then the Mexican cartel
Austroasiatic people india has 70000 years of history !!!!! There language and script devlope indigenous !!!!! This indo European theory is given by British to justify their colonial rule ... They wanted to justify their colonial rule showing.. caucasian white people came and show indian people how to live ... Very bad theory and concepts !!! No one buys these lies in india anymore !!!!
Pls make a video on the chola empire
You a brasilian guy doing the portuguese cursed
Look in to Vućedol culture, a proto bronze age culture, that had advance smiting and casting technology(for it's time) oldest knowing calendar, interesting navigation techniques(in pottery) and "big city" 3500 to 2500bc (if I'm not mistaken)
Wow guys!!!! My mother-in-law who’s 72 yo and doesn’t speak English loved watching your videos but I had to constantly pause it and explain it to her. Not anymore! Thanks a million guys!!!!
paid shill
But you didn't tell the mother Tongue of your Mother-in-law.
@@dovahkiin3379 doubt it
@@dovahkiin3379 hey I wanna learn spanish and vids like these help
Профан
As an Italian I’m proud to be part of such a large family.
Cheers and love to all my Indo-European Brothers and Sisters!
We're everywhere from Europe to the Middle East and Asia , from Russia to America and Australia ....all we need is to be united .
@@Light_spot_why and who is we're? , europe is a big place not all of europe is Indo-European languaged from beginning as well as many more countries its not global and dosnt mean zilch really..
@wor53lg50 lol, why would an Indo-european unity cause any kind of worries ? I mean we have the Turkic-union serving the interests of diverse Turkic peoples from Mediteranea to western China , we have the Abrahamic unity , we have Semitic peoples of all kind of backgrounds united under one flag , and thats ok ....but why would anyone oppose to an Indo-european union serving the common interests of IE peoples worldwide ?????
The term "Indo-european" is applied to the indengious Indo-european speakers spread across Europe , India( Asia) and later on expanded to other continents , it's not a geographical/ continental term, WE the speakers of Indo-european languages (with a shared proto-indo-european past and cultural ancestry )have the rights to be unified atleast on a cultural/ economical level . Why would anyone be threatened by that ? It doesn't mean that the non-Indo-europeans of any specific geography would get harmed or conspiraed against.
@@Light_spot_ im telling you it is like that in someparts of europe, even with their own kinds as with immigrants, keep pushing this narrative if you want to see it turn nasty eventually, and stop with making up bullshit to make brain dead idiots squeeze into whatever agenda getting pushefd.. Like i say they fuk about their gonna find out, you think GFA that all tools was handed in from both sides then you must be daft... Careful who you bully as you might bully the wrong person one day.... For the sake of common goals alliances will be made?..
@@Light_spot_ im anglo-celt so no i dont know what you mean when say WE, other nations shouldnt worry it dosnt matter one bit as its irrevelent! its a language not a gene, culture or identity ir most importantly DNA... Truth of the matter is no white europeans want to be associated in any way shape or form in that culture the difference is they do and jyst like the blacks tried and failed shoe horn themselves in for nefarious reasons its not about brotherly ancestral love its merely to benefit indo's so stop treating me like some idiot...
I'm a historical linguist of Indo-European and I love that you're covering this! I do see a good number of oversimplifications and mistakes, though, so if you're going to continue with historical linguistics as a topic, I highly recommend consulting with an Indo-Europeanist scholar to guide the discussion and smooth any oversights.
Yes, as an Italian, in particular, I thought that the assertion that an Italian from Tuscany would rather better understand a Spanish speaker than another Italian from Sicily is veeeeeery far-fetched.
For one, they didn't explain whether they meant a Standard Italian speaker or a Tuscan dialect speaker. In fact, even though modern Italian is largely based on the Florentine dialect (which is not the same as other dialects from other parts of Tuscany because of centuries of political and cultural fragmentation and rivalries dating back from the Medieval Comuni era), many purely Tuscan pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar features are completely obscure and outright "strange" to Italian speakers and I am quite sure that those would make a Spaniard appall and think they are talking to an alien. My guess is that they meant that Standard Italian and Standard Spanish are more mutually intelligible than Tuscan and Sicilian (and they would be right), but for this to be true you don't need to use a Tuscan as an example of an Italian speaker. They could have used an Italian from any other part of the country.
Then again, thanks to the shared Standard Italian substratum between a Tuscan and a Sicilian, they would understand each other much much much better than they portrayed, even if they talked their respective dialects, maybe a bit watered down or intermixed with Standard Italian. That was confusing at best, and I immediately felt that was going to give a misrepresentation to foreign audiences not knowledgable of Italian culture.
Plus, they inverted the colours of the flag and that pissed me ahah.
@@lucadelaurentiis6907
Hmmmm not tooooo far fetched given the tone of the statement
Perhaps if you are familiar with Sicilian then maybe you don’t experience the difficulties that others do?
@@anthonysaffioti9048 I’m not, but let me get this straight: I think they should have made it clearer that they meant that an Italian, from whichever part of the country, would understand better a Spanish speaker than a person who speaks exclusively in their dialect from another part of Italy. I think that, in the way they put it, somebody could think that the Tuscan dialect (and not Standard Italian) is more mutually intelligible with Spanish than any two Italian dialects with each other.
are you seriously gatekeeping Indo-European linguistic history? this channel covers a massive variety of historical subject matter. if you wanted content made by the worlds premier Indo-European linguistic historian......then go by his book.
this channel give its viewers a remarkably in-depth and entertaining overview of a huge variety of historical subjects in 20- 60 mins. it is what it is....and its good.
i dont have the time to go and earn a doctorate in every facet of human history that peaks my interest. i did not even have any idea that Indo-European common language was a thing until i saw this video......people are getting informed form this content. it may not be up to your PHD academic elitist standards but not everybody need to be an expert in your field.
My brother in christ how do you make money doing that. I am considering studying that or a similar linguistic history but i have no clue how to make money with it
I really want to see Sanskrit and its spread across southeast asia and asia. Also would love to know more about the interaction between latin and sanskrit
Sanskrit wasn't 1 constant thing. It was just a scripture language that evolved by interaction with local languages.
@@alani3992 you've got it wrong indo-aryan languages evolved from Sanskrit and not the other way
@@dragonlordskator nope. Sanskrit one of the branches from the proto indo European language.. And remained fairly constant because of it being considered almost perfect and also almost exclusively used by priests and in scriptures and not wide spread used to allow the introduction of slangs which ultimately changes a language over time.
@@ritikshaw5868 i am talking about indo aryan languages not Indo european languages
@@alani3992 False sanskrit doesnt have any so called loan words from local languages as no local languages have been found other than indo aryan.
Something I've always found fascinating with how languages have evolved over time is that certain words change meaning so that one word's translation is rather different, but then is very close to another, related word. The thing that struck me in the video was that all the words for "honey" at 4:40 doesn't sound like honey at all, but is very similar to "mead" which is made from fermented honey.
An example that I've seen used for comedic effect is the swedish word for "worm". In most germanic languages (and a few others) the word is very similar; german - "Wurm", danish - "orm, icelandic - "ormur", frisian - "wjirm", romanian - "vierme", jiddish - "vorem" etc. And then you have swedish, where instead the "worm"-like word "orm" means "snake", something similar in many respects when compared to a worm, but then the translation of "worm" is "mask", and I have no clue how that particular lingustic detail came about.
(The translation of "mask", as in something that you use to cover your face, is "mask" in swedish as well)
You know, the thing with the word for honey is very interesting. For example in Persian the word for wine is می (mey), but the form of the word is descended from the Indo-european word for honey through the process of semantic shift. They first made mead out of honey and that mead was obviously more important for their culture than just the honey. Then they started making other types of alcohol and the expanded the meaning of what was originally honey-wine. For example in Serbo-Croatian, the word for honey is “med”.
Reminds me that the Modern Standard German word for "poison" is "Gift", which is pronounced near-identically to the English word "Gift", simply meaning "presented item".
In this case, "Gift" in English and German once meant the same thing, but the latter turned the word into a euphemism for "poison" due to ancient Greek-borrowed-by-Latin-borrowed-by-English word "dosis", meaning "gift(ing)" also being the word describing giving someone medicine... or, _poison_ more specifically.
Presumably, the Old High German shift from "Gift" meaning, well, "gift" to meaning "poison" came about after they saw the Romans and their peculiar habit of assassinating each other by _gifting_ each other healthy _doses_ of poison.
@Morer R I think it's most germanic languages. Honey-like words are used in swedish, danish, norwegian, german, jiddish, dutch etc.
@Morer R true, while the modern German word for honey is _Honig_, which comes pretty close to the English. Some assume the word is derived from a meaning of "yellowish", which would make sense, because -ig (or -ich) in German and -y (or -ly) in English usually are markers for adjectives.
However, as English is basically derived from an ancient form of German, the languages show a lot more similarities.
It makes sense the swedish worm cannot mean worm because in old norse, the w in the beginning of words was dropped, therefore I could already see it comming that worm has to mean something with orm in swedish and Worm has to mean something else. All these differences start making sense once you know and understand how langauges do NOT change randomly but according to laws that govern how phonetics change according to an internal logic. It's almost like algebra. Btw. in older german text "wurm" could also mean snake. "Lindwurm" (old norse: Linnormr) is an old german word for dragons for example.
I was hoping you guys would cover the evolutions of the Slavic and Indo-Iranian families in this video. As it is, the title of this video oversells the topic somewhat. As a person of Indian descent, I'd be particularly interested in learning about the divergence between the Indic and Iranic languages.
Indic is a wrong term! Indo-Aryan and Irano-Aryan are much better terms for that because when we say Indic, people will assume that we are talking about "Indian languages", which also include Dravidian languages that are completely different from the Indo-Aryan languages.
Yes, a bit of that.
I am interested in learning the rest of the story: proto-indo-european, needs to include indo ( and Sanskrit) and the middle eastern language concerned !
I’m curious even as a French speaker
@vijiya That would be much better term
@@evaforte4706 only few in middle east are part of indo European family
like Persian hittie and mittani
Agreed, too much focus on the Western end and not enough on the Eastern side.
Definitely, Basque deserves a video. The only pre-indoeuropean language that still survives in Europe, with no other known relative languages and with an unknown origin, and since late 20th century fighting for recovery against Spanish and French assimilation
I would have to disagree, as ancient Finno-Ugric speakers are still represented in their native lands of Norway, Sweden and Finland (the Finns being the most numerous group of this non Indo-European language group in the Scandinavian/Baltic region).
@@markiec8914 Definitely, Basque heritage is quite older, since they live in Western Europe before the first Indo-European wave of migration arrive, and that's one of the reason why philologists and historians can't trace their origin nor identify any related language family
Some Balkan languages definitely kept elements and vocabulary from proto European languages of the region, but since the assimilated the Indo European invaders, language overall didn’t survive. Albanian and Romanian (through Dacian and Pelasgian) have some old links for example
Also Latin’s true origin comes from the east as well - some linguists now believe that Dacian was very much a related language to Latin, which is why in less than 200 years and only 28% of Dacia conquered, they were speaking a form of Vulgar Latin so quickly. Meanwhile Romanian survived Slavic and Ottoman invasions. Dacian likely shared the same substratum with Latin
@@markiec8914 Uralic languages are later in Scandinavia and the Baltic than the Indo-European expansion. They are not surviving ancient relics, but traces of a later expansion and in part they replaced IE languages (for example almost certainly this happened in Estonia). Speakers of ancient Saami arrived from Siberia in the Bronze Age, speakers of ancient Estonian/Finnish arrived to their current territory in the early Iron Age. The latter was a migration from just a bit further east (so still inside Europe), but Uralic languages are ultimately of Siberian origin and spread to Europe _after_ the Indo-European expansion.
BTW, even when we look at the line of languages leading to modern Basque, there is no reason to assume that they have a longer presence in Europe (the whole of it) that Indo-European. Of course that group/family likely an ancient remnant in sense that it pre-dates the expansion of IE in SW Europe.
Full videos on Sanskrit, Baltic-Slavic and Germanic languages would be interesting. More videos like this in general would be appreciated. The evolution of language is really interesting!
i´m agree
Also Dacian, which also has relations to Baltic and Sanskrit (and possible cognates in Romanian and Albanian)
Bring it!
Absolute support for a historical linguistics video on Indo-Iranian languages
And Tocharian. The outlier of the IE languages that doesn't fit in with either eastern or western yet seemingly had elements of booth.
@Paddy Bateman Yes, when you don’t have any research or methodology or even a logic at hand, strike of the other person by labeling them Hindu nationalist or using troll words or what ever. May be you should look at your self in the mirror and see you’ve stuck a white supremacist label on your forehead that triggered your insecurities when an old meaningless theory that doesn’t fit into your tiny meaningless world.
@Paddy Bateman listen kiddo Aryan invasion theory has been proved false by the scientists , now it only represents language family ..
As a Historical Linguist who deals with the Romance languages, I can't stop thanking Kings and Generals for such an outstanding video. You have even mentioned my country, Brazil, which has indeed developed its own variety of Portuguese. We're all eager to watch the next video on the remaining branches of indo-european languages.
É mais facil achar no Mato Grosso o Português de Cabral de que em Portugal .
O Brasil fala um português mais vocálico o Português da Galícia .
As linguas divergem sempre, pela geografia e pela historia, deixando nelas vestigios desses lugares e tempos.
Abraço desde Portugal!
Shrikanth G Talegiri and Subhas Kak have done lot of research on this. Check them out
zzZZzzzz..that's the same for any country that has been colonized lol
I find it pretty interesting that Albanian, Armenian and Greek are language isolates within the Indo-European language family.
Edit: Come to think of it, that would actually make a pretty good idea for a video. Exploring how each of the languages evolved and how they actually managed to become isolates.
*I'm Albanian and I would like to see more info about these 3 different & unique branches of the Indo-European.*
@@NandiCollector That makes us two Albanians lol
They are original indo European !!!
There was indo geek kindom in Bacteria !!! Geeks marries to indian that time !!!!! All Europe people got indians words by ancient geeks !!!!
This indo European theory is fake !!!!! Created by British to justify their colonial rule they wanted to show indian were not worthy enough !!!! White caucasian people came India and teach indian how to live ... Very bad concept and theory !!
Austroasiatic people are living in india since 70000 thausand years
@@somerandomguywithinternet7979 3 now
Allah hu akbar there is no god except Allah and no language except Arabic
The Kings and General team could not do wrong delving deeper into any of the languages and origins.
Fantastic content!
The Indo Iranian sub family definitely deserves a whole episode. it is as complex if not more than the Romance family. Arabic, Turkic and Dravidian languages have had major impacts on the evolution of the many modern languages, dialects and writing scripts present in this family.
Studying history makes you realize that language is a dialect with an army and religion is a cult with an army 😊
What! Indo Iranian is thousands times more complex than romance family
@Thinking human lol seriously
@Thinking human I think you are very eurocentric. Entire Asia has been influenced by Indo-Iranian language family. There are Iranian or Sanskrit influence in every language of asia from and considerable parts of East Africa. From chinese-japense to swahili you can clearly see indo-iranian influence. Even English has at least 5% Indian language loanwords.
@Thinking human indo-Iranian is ten times more complex and certainly more eloquent. Poetry is the ultimate showcase for use of masterful, eloquent language. And The best poetry is from the indo-Iranian languages - because they are more eloquent.
As a spaniard, I wear my arabic influence with pride.
Would love to know more about the Indo-Iranian language family and the 'indo' part of the Indo-European family. Awesome explanation though
I vote for this next as well. I’m very interested in the evolution of Indo-Iranian and Anatolian and their relation to the various Egyptian, Levantine, and Mesopotamian languages that shifted and changed with the growth and fall of empires including what happened with the Arabic invasions.
Yes Indo Iranian language video
@@Deepak_Dhakad And Asoka The Great was instrumental in that influence.
Indo Iranians are the ones who created the chariot technology. Sintastha aryans being by far the most badass group.
the other half of the family moved east to the Iranian plateau region and beyond, and developed further
At first I thought it was an ad. Wait, Brazilian Portuguese brilliantly inside of the atmosphere of the topic. You are evolving even more with time, glad to see how you are growing. Love from Brazil.
Great video! I'm from the Netherlands and saw that you didn't include the Frisian language. Even though it's spoken by the population of a small province, it has a strong following of speakers. It's the same for the Galician-, Bask- and Catalan language in Spain. Would be great to see a video about the same kind of “smaller” languages.
The guy didn't include whole indo aryan 😂
Watch the video, people. At the end he refers to other important language groups not covered by this brief video. He even mentions Frisian, Slavic, etc.
This video is surprisingly accurate, although you forgot to mention one important detail: The IE languages don't only have similar vocabulary, but certain sounds in one language will always correspond to another in another language. This is extremely important since loanwords, which don't show regular correspondences, can fog a language's origin. Without keeping this in mind you could end up classifying English as a Romance language or Korean as a Sinitic one.
That's not happeneed a lot bruh. Or did u find in this vid?
Grimm's law!
I find it to be surprisingly inaccurate. There are a lot of small mistakes which all in all makes the video inaccurate.
like what please@@Dorkus89Malorkus
Examples?
@@Dorkus89Malorkus
As a big linguistics enthusiast and historical linguistics "buff", I think this is a very good video. You did a really good job with it.
The only somewhat major mistakes I noticed are :
- Grouping Italian with the Western Romance group. Standard Italian comes from the Tuscan dialect, which is not in the Western Group. Corsican is also not in the Western Group.
- At 4:10 we see the word for "sew" as *swé in Proto-Indo-European. But *swé is the reflexive pronoun, related to "self" in English. The descendants showed in Greek, Latin, and Balto-Slavic are descendants of derivations of that reflexive pronoun. The correct PIE root for "sew" is *syewh₁- . The Sanskrit word showed here does come from that root, though.
Other minor points I'd like to add :
- The Italo-Celtic group is not firmly established, compared to other groups. I'm personally prudent about it, and prefer to view Celtic and Italic as completely distinct groups.
- You should have made clear that Basque isn't an Indo-European language. Watching this video, I thought someone who knows little about it could think it is the case, when it's not.
- I'm not quite sure what the asterisks at 4:10 represent. Normally, asterisks represent reconstructed forms, but it's clearly not what it represents here, since none of the Proto-Indo-European words have it, and most of the Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic don't have it either.
- While I'm at this screen, I would like to point out that the word for "wine" in Germanic and Balto-Slavic are borrowed from Latin, rather than direct descendants of the PIE word. It's not really a big problem to not specify it, as the Latin word does come from the PIE word anyway, but I just wanted to point it out.
- This is extremely minor, but the Polish flag at the beginning is put where Switzerland would be, and at 2:19, the Russian expansion should be extended to the South a bit, especially in the far East. I know I'm being nitpicky here.
Anyway, I'm looking forward to more videos about historical linguistics. Just be careful about the Altaic family, it is extremely controversial and most linguists consider it pretty much refuted.
Edit : Thanks to Corvus for pointing out "Deiwos" isn't Latin; I missed that one. It's Proto-Italic; the Latin word would be "Deus". In fact, the more I look at the Latin words, the more wrong they seem. "swezōr" is also Proto-Italic, not Latin. I'm not entire sure "māedus" is a word. And why does "edō" have an umlaut instead of a macron?
Underrated comment
If there are so many major mistakes in a supposedly documentary video how could it be a "very good" video?
@@Wann-zo7rn2qn4i Because it's still fairly accurate and very informative and does a very good job breaking down all the basics
bump
Also, something else worthy mentioning regarding the map in the beginning of the video: where is the Albanian language tag?
Happy to see you doing some unusual yet fascinating and deeply connected to history videos. Would love to see your take on Hungarian, Basque and Albanian.
Português
Basque considered non Indo European, possibly arriving before the Indo european speakers, and remaining isolated to their mountainous communities enabling them to hold onto culture and language. There were other non indo european early Iberian languages on the Spanish peninsula, but they were subsumed, but still influence Spanish today , aiding in part to give the Spanish dialects their unique sound and vocabulary from Vulgar Latin . I read that Basque is the source of these lisp sounds in Castilian and other Spanish dialects as they influenced each other due to alliances formed from 800's through 1300's, 1400's..
the lisp is a sound not found in other indo european languages ..
but the lisp is a sound not found in southern spanish like andalusian due to the Arab Umayyad Caliphate and other Arab reigns in southern Spain, which kept the Basque away from those regions
hungarian and basque are not indo-european, though albanian is
The very first graphic highlighting a southern region of the subcontinent where people typically speak Tamil seems to imply that Portuguese has something in common with a Dravidian language, which is not the case.
Southern Kings, nobles and merchants spoke Sanskrit as it was a common court language.
Yeah they put the marker over the one part of India that doesn't share an Indo-European ancestor.
@@Nagvanshieus which king?
I would definitely be interested in any future videos regarding the Illyrian, Thracian, Dacian, and Albanian languages.
That ought to start a quality cursed RUclips Balkan comments thread
Same here!, I'd love such a video! there is so much controvercy about these languages!
Norbert JOKL : "" The Albanian lanGUAge serves as a fiber that keeps the trunk alive and connetct this branches with roots. As you descent along this fiber to the wonders of history, strands can be affectedt. The Albanian language is a tool through which the seeker can illuminate the dawn of Albanian people's beginnings and immerse themselves in time that goes beyong the historical evidence "". Holger PEDERSEN :"" The Albanian lanGUAge is the only tool for enlightenment and moral progress "" Or ÇELSI ( CHELSEA SYMBOL = The key.. GIUSEPPE KATAPANO : "" Atlantida which disappeared 12,000 years ago, was the land of the Illyrians ( Pelasgians), who escaped the flood of Atlantis and began new civilzations on all continents, especially in Europe, Africa and Small Asia small "" &"" THOT ( =Says) SPOKE IN ALBANIAN "". HAROLD WHITEHAL :"" Egyptian hieroglyphics created, 4,000 years ago have Albanian significante "" & "" PHARA ON- FARA JON = OUR TRIBE (Same ). Joseph SCALIGER 1540 - 1609 :"" The epirotic language of the past is the Albanian language of today ""( EPER/ EPIR = UPPER ). SOURCE : GREEK ENCYCLOPEADIA VOL.19 P.873 :"" The grandfathers of today's Albanians therefore, that is, the Pelasgians, lived since prehistoric times in most parts of the world then known "" ( Russian, French, Britann Encyclopeadia). TROJE ( Troy) = LAND BANK, ILLYRIA ( Epir, E MATHIA ( Antic Macedonia), ARBOI ( Abroi ) HECATAEUS OF MILETUS 550 - 476 BC, Dardania ,Delmatia, Mesa pia - Brention ,Daunia ,Pia k(c) enia,E truria ( RUclips : LinGUA Etrusca = LinGUA Albanese). Herodotus names the Pelasgians as inhabitants of PLAKIA and SYKALE : PLAKIA ( Alb. = GRANNY . GEORGIES BABINIOTIS:"" PLAKIA FROM ARBER / Arvanit language PLJAK ATHENA = Altes Athena "".
Illyrian never existed.
Albanian and Illyrian are the same man
Great video. I love the connection drawn between linguistic and biological evolution as well. As a biology teacher, I've used language families to help explain evolution in class for years, and this really helps emphasize some of the key concepts.
Профаниииии
Persian needs its own video. The fact that the Persian language even survived is what most historical linguists refer to as a miracle. It's basically the eastern version of Welsh. There is almost no reason why it should have survived. Both Wales and Iran were conquered by numerous empires and their languages faced historical suppression, censorship, and at times, attempts at downright extermination.
A video on Persian is very much needed.
I loved this video. I was hoping that once you guys did everything you could do with historical nationalism that you would get to historical linguistics. I am a historical linguist and so I have always found this topic incredibly interesting and I know that many other people find it fascinating as well, they just haven't had a chance to learn about it.
Keep it up you guys are the best.
I don't quite get what you mean. Iran, "conquered by numerous empires"? As far as I know, Iran was the one pumping out conquering empires, with the leading dynasty being persian half of the time. Wales, on the other hand, is just a small celtic remnant country, it lead no big empires or such, I don't get how they could be compared at all...
@@ummelofilo9642 The land that is modern day Iran was conquered in 333 BCE by the Hellenic empire established by Alexander the Great and his army. The land was later conquered by the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate beginning in 633 CE beginning the Islamic era in Iran. After the Arabs, Iran was invaded by various Turkic peoples throughout the early middle ages until the Mongol empire conquered all of Persia in 1219 CE. Iran was finally brought back under native Persian rule by the early 1500s under the Safavid dynasty ending almost 1000 years of foreign rule.
So you have first the Hellenic empire, then the Islamic empire, then the various Turkic kingdoms period, and then finally the Mongols under the Khanate. So if you don't want to count the Turks, that's three different major world empires, and that's not including any of the early Mesopotamian empires like the Assyrians, Babylonians, or the Akkadians, all of whom having invaded and controlled various portions of the Iranian lands.
Also by the 1800s the Russian empire under the Czars began to invade and control lands previously held under Persian rule.
So there has been an incredible amount of foreign influence in Iran over the centuries, and none more culturally-devastating than the Islamic Arabs, who pursued a policy of linguistic genocide, attempting to eradicate the Persian language for centuries. They were very nearly successful. For all intents and purposes, they WERE successful in destroying almost entirely the native religion of Iran, Zoroastrianism, a religion which today hosts a population of less than 30,000 adherents, albeit in a state so watered-down, it is barely recognizable to what it once was.
This is why historical linguists refer to the survival of the Persian language as a minor miracle.
@@alexcarter2542 I see. I did not know that.
@@ummelofilo9642 Yes it's a really fascinating history.
Also, I love your channel. You have a really great selection of international music! ❤️
Irans strength has been in iranian culture .today 'iran is the oldest and the first living nation in the world.iranian language'culture'nationality religion and geographi have remained untoched for2500years.islam is on the verge of destrocation in iran.
When I was in school, it was explained to me that basic English had the same roots as German. When the French speaking Normans invaded England in 1066, they imported French words that were used by the nobility.
For example:
The chair comes from the old French word "une chaire" (today we say une chaise).
On the other hand in German a chair is eine Stuhl, which has the same root as stool.
The example of Beef which comes from the French Bœuf is striking. For the farmers who only raise them it is ox (as in German die Ochse (pronounce like ox)). For the nobility who ate it is beef(Boeuf) !!
Yes the nobility sat on chairs, & the peasants on stools.
*"ein Stuhl" and "der Ochse" :)
Gut erklärt!
Lot of unnecesssary words adopted just for fad and we still have the original ones in used but as a secondary option. I'm talking about LOFT (air), bloom(flower), mught(power), thorp(village),stead(city), dale(valley) snd hundred of silly latin words like color, paint, picture, LANGUAGE(speach), people(should lbe as in German-related mann)....seems to me as a silly and devastating change(ugly latin, in spanish cambio or canje).
@@BETOETE Loft, bloom, mught and thorb are actually the Germanic words. Air, flower, power and village are the words of latin origin. I know that, because my native language is German, and when I hear words like loft, I immediately know what it means, because it is almost written and pronouced as "Luft" (Air in german)
This topic has always fascinated me, thank you for covering it!
This is all LIES! Indian language pre date the "arrival" of the yamana people it was used in the harappan civilization. They are not even similar example look at the wine example only the sankrit was different.
@@manfreds.6384 You do realize the Indus river valley civilization disappeared, sure maybe some words are used but there's more similarities than differences to write all of common day knowledge about North Indian languages off.
@@manfreds.6384 harapan was not indians they migrated there
@@manfreds.6384 lanuages are dynamic in nature and changes with time. Dont be a ignorant, so digest it.
@@manfreds.6384 harrapa nobody knows who they was
Actually you are right about the Albanian word “Perëndi”. Perëndi is also used to identify “God”. Perëndi-God. “O Perëndi e madhe çfarë ke bërë kështu?” - “Oh mighty God, what have you done?”
We also have another word for that:
Indefinite/Definite Albanian: Zot/Zoti.
It derives from Proto-Albanian: Zojzi which is considered as the Father (Lighting and Sky God) from Albanian mythology. I am pretty sure that it has similarities with the Greek one Zeus. We are basically neighbors with them so yeah. Really a great video. Loved it and most importantly I loved seeing my native language in your video. Keep it up K&G.
Albanian language is ancient ,greek has changed form many times, even recently .
In this case what kind of god is tomorri? Isnt he the god of lightning?
@@Someone-jz5pl to be fair I have never heard of Tomorri to be a God or such in Albanian Myths. I gotta look into it. It doesn’t even sound as an Albanian word even though I have heard of it mostly as a part of Muslim Saint which these small memorial placea are built in honor of him. Nothing more.
And were are the ancient Albanian scripts? What museums keep them, in case we believe you and want to see them? You Albanians didn't even have a school up until 1889ac were your first school established in in Korce, up until then you used Greek, Italian na dlocal dialects.
@@nickkoss9384 They are Messapic and Illyrian.
dear mr. kings and generals.
I love your in depth analysis of military history, tactics and logistics. i watch it every day. i just wanted to say that if find these videos on culture, language and society every bit as informative and entertaining. please do not stop feeding my mind with this insightful content. you honestly deserve a contract with streaming service. the knowledge you share with people should be mainstream in a advanced society.
love your work, keep it up!
This was really interesting. More language specific presentations please!
I've been interested in this exact subject for a while but there's not a lot of easily digestible material out there, this video was perfect and I'd love to hear more, especially about the indo-iranian branch!
I did my own research online and searched through videos, there is stuff out there
Subhash Kak & Shrikanth G Talegiri have done lot of research on this. Check them out also
@@kohlerofvox2605 lol lol lol. That bank Clark talegiri hasn't done any research on anything. He is a bank clarke not a scholar. Learn stuff from expert and scholars not from bank Clarkes
Check out the Andronovo & BMAC cultures, that caused the spread of Indo-Iranian.
Check out David Anthony and Razib Khan
I'm a professional linguist, and I was delighted to see my favorite historical documentary channel put out a linguistics video today! Very well done, and I hope to see future videos on the other Indo-European branches as well as the multitude of other language families around the world. While it's impossible to go into detail in an overview video, it's worth noting that while the continental Celtic languages disappeared, the still exercised an influence on the Romance and Germanic languages that replaced them, particularly in some of the basic vocabulary of the Western Romance languages.
Also, I conduct my professional research on the Indigenous languages of California. I'd love to help K&G produce a future video on the languages and history of the Native Californians! Please PM me if you're interested!
Can you explain where Albanian language came from?
@@zonda456 from greek with turkhis influences greek sanskritic greco iranic bactrians
@@venomvenom9926 lmao. Unfortunately we use non of their words in our language nor sentences. Thx for trying though
@@zonda456 isn't albanian only surviving language of ilyrian branch of proto indo european??
@@zonda456 Albanian is an Indo-European language in its own branch--the only surviving language in that branch (if there were others). The big branches are or were Romance (Latin-derived), Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic (now not so big), Iranian, Indic (Hindi and Urdu). Smaller branches include Albanian, Lithuanian, and the now-dead Hittite. (This is not a complete list.)
Always thought Indo-European was a lot older than 4000BC. There must've been so many other languages in Europe before then that are now lost to pre-recorded history...
Yes, and so much culture and mythology that we barely know of.
Some gods and stories may have survived and been adapted into Greek mythology (from Pelasgian, Minoan and Cycladic predecessors), but other than that, Basque is probably the only language that actually survived.
Yeah isn't some people in Iberia (Western one not the east) most in Galicia spoke a non indo-european language in Roman times? Also Etruscan could be non indo-european as well since we don't have enough evidence to say for sure and of course Basque is a language with tens of thousands of speakers and it is for sure isn't indo-european and a good example that people lived in Europe before indo-europeans came
They was no Indo-European culture, it is only due the the brits seeing light skinned Indians ruling over dark skinned Indians. They believe their ancestors travel all the way to India just to subjugate brown people. PLEASE! Stop believing these LIES Indian culture and language long before these so called yamana people.
It is much older. Indo-European/Aryan stuff can get traced back to 12,000 BCE and there's some tertiary evidence for longer. These things play out over EONS. I feel like many people are a bit behind on the research, and as such they don't truly appreciate the gulfs of time we are dealing with. But I can assure you, the journey described in this video unfolded over many thousands of years, going back to the Neolithic
Me too, but the earliest that I knew of was the Hittites
Could you make a video on the Indo-Iranian language family and how various sublanguages evolved?
As a Norwegian I often get alot of "Deja vu" moments when hearing/reading English, German and Dutch. Even the way some words in those languages is spoken is identical to Norwegian. One of my cousins is married to a Dutch girl, and she became fluent in Norwegian in almost record time
not surprising, considering the Viking migration and language contact
Vocabulary is extremely similar. Add to that, Norwegian (but also Swedish and Danish, not Icelandic though) grammar is really easy, even moreso if you're already familiar with another Germanic language.
I remember I medieval movie about a knight, I think it was called Arn. Pretty sure it was in Swedish or Danish. It had subtitles, but I didnt need them. I dont speak either of those language though. Only English.
As a side, now hard is it for you all to understand Finnish? Has it had any effect on your language?
When you know English and German, learning Norwegian is relatively easy. And Dutch people? Amazing speakers of several languages.
@@worndown8280 That`s interesting. And although I have no knowledge of Norwegian, but as a Hungarian speaker, Finnish sounds somehow familiar, maybe because of the harmonization. There are around 1000 words that we share, but altogether it`s still incomprehensible to the listener. And I guess it`s vice versa the same.
I can say I understand the word "Talvisota", and I think of "Télicsata", but things like this are rare.
talvi (winter) = téli, télvíz (winter)
sota (war) = csata (battle)
I am truly appreciative on how much research this channel does to bring us these incredible informative videos. The best in my opinion. 👌
Cover the non-European languages in part 2. Would love to see Armenian, Persian, Sanskrit, etc.
Lithuanian also is the closest cognate to Sanskrit, which isn't something people would expect. Also, Zeus and Jupiter come from an even older god, Dyaus or Dyaus Pitr. Sky Father from the proto Indo European and Indo Iranian. He is also a Rig Vedic god. Dyeus is a cognate with Zeus, Zeus Pater and Deipaturos
Dyeus is also where "Deity" comes from in English.
The name doesn't exist in Rig Veda though. Jupiter is Brihaspati or Guru.
@@treeabooDeva in Sanskrit.
LIETUVIŲ KALBA PRIKLAUSO
10 SENIAUSIŲJŲ INDO
- EUROPIETIŠKŲJŲ KALBŲ
PASAULYJE, IR AIŠKIAI YRA ARTIMA - SENOVĖS INDIJOS
SANSKRITUI
...Kai prieš 30 tūkstančių metų,
savaime - pasitraukė į šiaurę :
amžinasis ledynas - nuo Baltijos
jūros, dabartinės Gyvenamosios
- būtent šiaurinės dalies, Vidurio - Rytų Europos kontinento
teritorijos ; tai prieš 7000 metų
- atsikraustė gyventi - mūsų,
Baltų Protėviai, iš kurių išsivystė :
prūsų, sūduvių, jotvingių, lietuvių
KOMENTARO TĘSINYS
- PRIE ANKSTENIOJO :
DIDŽIAI GERBIAMA XXI
AMŽIUJE, MŪSŲ BALTŲ
ISTORINĖ PRAEITIS
...ir mūsų - nuo 7000 metų,
gyveno prie Baltijos jūros
- brolių, latvių Protėviai !
...Todėl, ir dabartinis jūros
pavadinimas, Vidurio - Rytų
Europoje :
Baltija/ Baltyk, Baltijskoje/
buvo, ir prieš 2,5 tūkstančio
metų, būtent tada atvykusių
apsigyventi į Vidurio - Rytų, dabartinę Europą :
visų dabartinų, slavų Protėvių
- pripažintas, ir jau Visuotinai Vartojamas - mūsų laikais,
net viso Pasaulio geografijoje :
kadangi nuo priešistorinių
laikų, išlikęs Europoje - be
jokios, svetimosios kalbinės Prievartos !
... Todėl, Pagarbiai - vien savo asmeninę - politinę nuomonę : tvirtai Jums - pateikė, lietuvis
GEDIMINAS ŽILINSKAS
iš Suvalkų - Punsko - Seinų
❤️🇱🇹❤️🇱🇹❤️🇱🇹❤️🇱🇹❤️
Gimtojo Lietuviško Krašto ;
svetimoje, valstybinėje
sudėtyje - su Prievarta :
nuo 1920 metų, Spalio
mėnesio 7 dienos.
New York, 2023.10.24 d.
I’m an indo-Iranian live in Myanmar , burmese is my native language! Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma) ❤️ please make a video on our language group 😭 thank you for being so educating , 3/4 of history I know is I Learnt from your channel , our schools have poor educational systems so we should never learn these things there 😭❤️ May almighty bless you guys ❤️
How are you indo iranian if you're native language is Burmese.
@@mrkslva4231 i think they mean that it is the language they speak, first language, not indo iranian
Hi from India
From Northeast
@@mrkslva4231 she’s mean , she’s a Indo -Iranian language but I’m think she’s might be Urdu or something, like that , but Yeah in Myanmar , we use Sino-Tibetan language - Burmese more related to Chinese and Tibet
whats your ethnicity
Being Kurdish Iranian or Kermanji I am very interested in how the Iranian languages split. From BMAC like Avestan and Proto Hindu. To Western Iranian and Hindu. That moment is very interesting because until then Iranian and Indian languages sounded alike.( Eg. Avestan&Hindu). Then Western Iranian took on a whole new sound distinct to itself. I'm not sure but I think that the Elamites had a lot to with it. They were a language isolate. The Parsu as we were called then were semi pastoralists. Then we met the Elamites, learned about city dwelling, including Administration, stone buildings, writing, commerce. Then we started dressing like them wearing sandals, robes, and tiaras. If you look at the walls of persepolis you can see the change. The Median soldier bends over to blow a kiss to the king. Which is they way they salute. However he is wearing boots, pants, a long sleeve shirt, and a felt cap. That's what the Persian Used to look like. How and why did this change happen and what did language have to do with it?????
It would make a interesting video. Although I know my video may not be probable I appreciate you asking us . It makes me think about what I want to research next. I am always looking forward to new videos from you guys!!!!!
i think you mean *Hindi, not Hindu lol
The indoAryan equivalent to Avestan is Sanskrit. Hindi comes from sanskrit just as farsi comes from Avestan
a less dominant culture copies the traditions of another, and eventually loses its original culture over time, you see it happen all over the world in different ancient societies
@@milliyetci5672 land people and language is synonymous to one name with ancient ppl. Especially with tribal cultures. For example ppl can be Hindu and also speak Hindu the same way ppl can be Persian and speak persian. That's why Farsi is also known as Modern Persian.
@@ramys600 Those are the written forms. I'm talking about Langugage!!!! words,grammar, and sound!!!! Indian sounds like its Original Iranian Ancestor language. BMAC. But The Parsu languages or Western Iranian. Took on a new sound and changed.Creating the East /West language divide. I'm Zoroastrian. Avestayi does not sound like Farsi. Its sounds like Hindu. Although what you said is true. Indian languages have more homogeneity from its Ancestor language. Iranian changed alot through time. If it didn't we would still be speaking Avestayi. Humata,Hukhta, Huvarshta.
It's important to note that, while it was spoken in what is now Spain (and France), Basque isn't a Romance language, or even Indo-European, being one of the few languages that has survived in Europe as an independent language, likely descended from a language spoken before the arrival of the Indo-European speakers to Spain. There are a few other non indo-european languages in Europe (some Turkic ones, ie related to Turkish such as the Crimean language (which is sadly nearly extinct due to Russian and Soviet attempts to eliminate independent Crimean culture), Finnish and Estonian (most closely related to languages from the Ural mountains in Russia), as well as the related languages of the Sami of Northern Scandinavia, Hungarian (most closely related to some Siberian languages, and according to legend it's related to the language of the Huns, but that's somewhat debated as there's very few remaining examples of Hun words, all of which come filtered through Latin and Greek speakers), plus some scattered Semitic languages spoken in Malta (very closely related to Arabic) and, as as a liturgical language, Hebrew.
Why "independent Crimean culture" and not just "Crimean culture"?
Also, speakers of a language closely related to Hungarian (to the point of intelligibility) are said to have existed near the Urals until before the coming of the Mongols, who killed them off. Nowadays, the closest remaining relatives to Hungarian are the Khanty and Mansi languages, if i recall correctly
There's also the family of Karvelian languages, not related to Indo-European. Probably due to Caucasian mountains restricting southwards expansion.
I thought the Sami were in Finland.
Minoan was pre-indoeuropean . When Greeks (Mycenaeans) conquered it , they adapted some of their culture. Ancient people of Sardinia were also pre-indo
Great video, I'd love to see more detailed videos on this subject. I was a bit confused about which period was being discussed at each time. It would be great to have the year counter constantly up.
I am a Pashto native (Afghan language) and it surprises me when i find similar vocabulary and composition in languages like Polish and German and Russian, For example the Polish word Bohater and Pashto word Batur both means Hero/ Champion. The russian word Mozgu and Pashto Mazgu both means brain, And sometimes different words but similar composition and use. Astonishing!
I believe both Batur and bohater originated from Mongolian word Bagatur which means hero. Mongols probably spread this in 13th century.
@@mongol100mongol3 could be true but there are many other words too
@@mongol100mongol3 the Slavic word for Axe (Topor) and Iranic word for Axe is Tabar, Pashto is Iranic and Polish is slavic
Hungarian is Uralic language, but we also have the word 'bátor' for 'brave'
@@sectorgovernor Yep! Some of the Turkic peoples whom the Magyars made contact with during their nomadic days also used "baghatur" as a word for hero, so that's to be expected.
Finally a good comprehensive and map assisted video on all the branches of Indo-European...
Great work guys...
Профан
As over my life I have learned several languages (French, German, Italian, Swedish and Spanish) this was absolutely fascinating. Just about everything I read I wonder about word origins . Travel does that to you! There are vocabulary linkages everywhere.
Thank you very much
Loved the video. As an American I speak an unintelligible version of English. Even as lower middle class person it's very easy to note how our language is spoken. There are vast differences depending largely on class, education, even geographic, ie. rural or urban . And that's just in my little slice of eastern Iowa.
Thank you very much for this video. It was fascinating.
God bless and keep your powder dry.
The ugly gentile putz.......John
America is will always be my 2nd home though I don't live there any more. Being admitted at Iowa state university 27 years ago fulfilled my urge to be in the USA. Apart from all the bitterness I'd say USA & the American are the coolest people in the world. The media screwed all the people. Take care & good luck from your Bangladeshi siblings.
Very good video. It should have some little details though about the variations of the medieval greek dialects like kappadocian, mariupol, pontic, griko and cypriot greek.
kappadocian is greek ? what ? fascinating ! i spent a. couple months there because i think it's gorgeous for hiking around , had no idea about the language
I remember Ubisoft made a game Far Cry Primal where the studio tried to recreate a common Indo European language. A Hindi and English speaker myself I was able to understand quite a lot of it.
"One such hypothesis suggests that the first Indo-European speakers originated from the Armenian Plateau and spread both east and west as they migrated bringing with them the knowledge of farming. However, this theory never gained much acceptance among linguists due to lack of solid evidence and an assumption that the Caucasus mountains served as an insurmountable barrier for human movement.
But where the linguists and historians got stuck, modern geneticists have managed to present clear evidence for ancient mass-migrations into Europe. Supported by these new findings it is becoming more and more clear that the original Indo-European speakers lived in the Armenian Highlands, with modern Armenians being the best representatives of this ancient population."
"It became apparent that the Yamnaya who spread the Indo-European language into Europe, themselves trace origin from the people south of the Caucasus mountains. But the problem of the Caucasian barrier remained. Scholars assumed that the Caucasian mountains served as a genetic barrier and that the people from the south of the Caucasus mountains wouldn’t likely cross them in significant numbers to account for the spread of the Proto-Indo-European language. Consensus on this assumption however is rapidly changing since new studies on ancient DNA have revealed exactly the opposite to be true."
This from the latest Genetics Mahazines on the matter.
Great video. Thanks for putting it all together. There must be many hours of research sunk into this 18 minutes and it is appreciated.
It would be awesome if you made a video on Baltic languages, it’s use and lack of it in medieval Lithuania! It’s relationship with other languages💡When, how and why? 🤓🇱🇹🇱🇻🇵🇱
I agree, this topic would be very interesting. As a Polish speaker I was amazed by the table from the beginning, where Balto-Slavic words where shown; how many of them I could understand and how similar they were to the rest of the family, especially proto-Germanic :)
i would love that too
He's a westerner he doesn't care about the eastern Indo-European languages. He says they will be in another video but I doubt there will be another video on this topic.
@@TimeTraveller625 I'm Lithuanian and felt very similar with Latin, there were so many that I could look at and understand, which is very strange lol
@@benas_stlook at the sanscrit at 4:58 😅 beveik nepakitusi forma net, akis, dievas, bebras,
It's worth noting that Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, and the Sami languages aren't Indo-European, but are part of the unrelated Uralic family, and also that Basque is a language isolate with no living relatives
Grover S. Krantz (1931-2002), a world-renowned American anthropologist and professor at Washington State University, in his work "The Geographical Formation of European Languages", recognizes Hungarian, which until now has been treated as a stepchild of Europe, as the founder of Europe's civilization.
According to him, the u.n. "Indo-European languages" developed very late in Europe. That is why 30% of their vocabulary is not of "Indo-European" origin, and there are no "Indo-European" river names on the early maps of Europe.
We are more interested in the following sentence: "...so the Greek language was formed in its current location in 6500 BC, and the Celtic language in Ireland in 3500 BC. The antiquity of the Hungarian language in the Carpathian Basin is similarly surprising; I find that its origins lead to the Mesolithic, preceding the Stone Age."
Furthermore: "At least on one important point, the theory of people's migration is the opposite of the previous theorem. It is generally believed that the Hungarians of the Urals lived in the 9th century. century, they moved into the Carpathian basin from an eastern area. I find that all groups speaking the Uralic language spread from Hungary, in a much earlier age, in the opposite direction."
Grover S. Krantz, The Geographical Formation of European Languages. (Ősi Örökségünk Alapítvány, Budapest, 2000) Original title and publisher of the work: Geographical Development of European Languages Peter Lang Publishing Inc. New York 1988. Translated by: Imre Kálmán
@@benyovszkyistvan408 no offense but sounds like Fomenkoism.
every newly independent state in the 1990's seems to have had one of these "everything great is secretly ours" kinds of ideologies, I wonder why
@@ahG7na4
I am not offended, but if you have a problem with the American scientist's book, then write your own book in which you refute your claims. Until you do that, Grover S. Krantz is the more credible of the two of you. No one has refuted his book in nearly 40 years...
Please cover Indo-Iranian! I had always thought it was the closest to the original indo-Aryan language and had the most cultural influence
@Roche Ferero Steppe hypothesis shown in the video is now outdated. Most scholars believe now that Proto-Indo-Europeans came from Anatolia and/or Balkans. That's the place where most of the groups were first documented. Including the Indo-Iranians (see Mitanni Aryan).
About ten years ago I read much about this kind of knowledge in books, although I was never a linguistic student.
Would be awesome if you did a video on Armenian. There just is not enough content about the Armenian language's history on youtube, for some reason almost none of the linguistics channels that do language overviews have convered it. Such a cool language.
Yes, It would be wonderful
I'm armenian and this comment warms my heart.
Agree.
Agree
Armenian is such a fascinating language, indeed! In albanian, there is a cool borrowing from armenian, which is manushaqe, guess what does it mean :) @haykogrig7198
cant get enough of this channel
as an avid Fan of both maps and languages, I absolutly love this Video and Hope to see more content similar to this.
More language history videos!!! Loved this one!
Would love to hear more about Anatolian, pre-Roman continental Celtic languages, or any other extinct languages. Also, what about a vid on Linear B? It's a fascinating story, ajd still a partially unsolved mystery.
संस्कृत का क्या?
@@feather1229jeet
I will add the endagered Grico languages of southern Italy in the Greek branch. Also there are still a few speakers of Romeyka(Roman language) which is now called Pontic dialect of Greek.
Do the indo European languages of Central Asia & Siberia pre Turkish & Mongolia conquest!
Also, I’d loooovveeeee a video about the paleo Siberian peoples who lived in central and northern Asia and Siberia before the Russian conquest.
İndo iran languages conquest europa, anatolia, central asia, iran etc. Erly europa, anatolia, cenytal asia,iran didint speak indo arien lang. Indians think diffrent theory fot indo arien languages.
Those belong to the Altaic language family.
Christopher Beckwith‘s “Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present” is highly interesting and about the indo-germanic language
Профан
Great video, many thanks! Please make part 2 soon. I am especially interested in the extinct branches and the indo-iranian branch.
Barbarians: "Why have you invaded our lands?!"
Romans: "To bring you Civilization"
Barbarians: "..."
Romans: "Please, do not resist"
Barbarians then invading rome to spread their own touch of civilisation
Don't worry we will take the names of your gods and mix them with our gods so our rule will be more legitimate since we have a lot of big temples and feasts to honor them so we are the ones with most favors with the now same god we share so resisting us is against your gods too
Based
@@cesaru3619 civilized people don't raid without a proper casus belli, so yes? ;)
@@diazinth "civilized people don't raid without a proper casus Belli"
🤣😂 The most naive thing I read
Please add a video on Sanskrit origins. I mean most of the Indo-European language speakers are from India with a billion speakers. Also a video on the remaining language groups from the Indo-European languages such as the Iranian and Anatolian. Great video thank you for all you do!!
of course, it is in India not in some unhabituated wasteland called steppe.
The languages which seem (or are) unrelated to others, i.e., Basque and Georgian, seem to be of mysterious origins. I would love a video about that.
I would be happy to see an episode on the Bulgarian language and the role it played in the Eastern Orthodoxy as it was used as Old Church Slavonic, and how it was shaped throughout the years.
Ще притесниш комшиите с подобни искания.Туку виж се споменат траките с тяхните линеари.Четох,че в Микена са открили 20к пергамента,от които 8к са възстановени,но гърците не могат да преведат нито един,понеже "тяхните"линеари,не важат за микенските пергаменти.Спаротока е ВЕЛИК българин.
@@АнтонПавлов-ц4зoh, it's you and your nationalistic wet dreams again.... What a surprise.
Great video 👏. Love this subject
5:48 in Albanian perëndi means just god.
Greek and Albanian languages are interesting as are totally different from other indo european languages. Especially greek with it's own alphabet and letters as well, although ancient Albanian (illyrian) used other letters too but as those were hard to learn was standartised to use latin alphabet + a couple of extra letters like ë ç and double letters acting as one like sh dh xh
Can't wait for next video about Albanian language details. Although being so close with other factions still has no resemblance with latin greek slavic or other languages. Truly unique
We actually don't have enough evidence to factually claim that Albanian descends from Illyrian. It must have a paleo balcanic ancestor, the rest is much speculation.
@@enyalios316 we will probably never have enough evidance as no one is researching anymore.
Last time i checked many words sounded similar with illyrian but again is super complicated to tell for sure
@@enyalios316 True, but genetically Albanians are very much like Greeks.
So they linguistically developed in the same area with very minimal contact.
Well, there is also the word "Zot" for God in Albanian.
@@christianv6894 genetic similarity does not mean they had the same linguistic or ancestral descent. Correlation does not prove causation.
Love this. I am a fan of language and it’s evolution and this is the kind of video I enjoy in a rainy day when light’s about to go out.
Would love to see a video of the process of intermingling of languages. English is the mentioned case, but could also cover Celtic words that made it into Latin, the Etruscan-Greek elements in Latin itself and the effects Germanic languages had on romance like Frankish on French and gothic on Spanish.
Keep it up!
Perhaps they can step-back & give us some cuss-words, as well. Cussing & humor had to come into Language. Dirty-talk is at the bedrock of a civilized Society; even though Margaret Thatcher declared, "There is no such thing as Society."
generally, the more dominant language slowly takes over the region after a few generations, because people have to use the language in everyday life, through constant contact of people
those are interesting subjects.. French is a fine example of that, it's unique sound coming from strong gallic (gaulish, celtic related) influence, as it's origins are called gallo-roman, not just latin... it was a fine intermarriage of culture and literal marriages as well, with gallo romans staying on well after the roman empire declined ....
even though the franks conquered the remaining gallo romans, they adopted gallo roman or at least chose to be bilingual in both
and then 200 years later,
change over to the gallo roman or french as main language,
in the process losing their german frankish language...
no doubt frankish influence french,
but sounds like the french or gallo romans conquered the franks, in the end, with their language ! 😀
i think the gothic point is very interesting
but it seems they were in Spain a rather short time,
and the arabic dialects may have had stronger effect
and even basque on northern spanish , especially the lisp sounds
which do not normally exist in most indo european languages
but supposedly come from basque
Ive been watching your videos for some time now and I absolutely love the detail and information. I am Albanian. I was wondering if you could make a video detailing the evolution of the albanian language. It is a language that has withstood multiple conquering civilizations. Would be awesome to see what information you gather on this. All the best
Recently I was thinking about similarities between Persian and English words and this video came out really on time. there are many similar words like: door-dar, brother-baradar, father-pedar, mother-madar, daughter-dokhtar, thunder-tondar, typhoon-toophan, cow-gov, bad-bad, good-khoob, better-behtar, pressure-pheshar, new-nou, devil-div, fairy-pari.
at first I thought some might be imported words but later I did find out that those are really old words before Europeans contacted us (I mean French and British people).
Yeah basic words like that tend to be very ancient. There are also more recent words in persian that look similar to english and especially french, but they are indeed different since they are just words adopted from those languages, because of extensive contacts.
When living in Lithuania and learning the language (very challenging), it was amazing to me that regular folk would tell me that their language was related to Sanskrit and that it was an ancient. I was so amazed by the pride these people have. I'd be interested in seeing more about the Baltic States since each has their own language in spite of their geographical closeness. Thanks for an informative and interesting video. Love the use of maps!
Baltic and Slavic languages are the last languages to have broken off from the Proto-Indo-European language, which is why much closer to Sanskrit than other.
Linkejimai is Zemaitijos,yes we proud that we have one of oldest language...
@@Lokislav very corect
@@pritsingh9766 what have to do christianity with sanskrit? Look how much words are identical between Lithuanian and sanskrit then think again...
@@pritsingh9766 men is not corect what you aclaim since you are indo aryans sankrit is aramaic phonecians paleo siriac iranic hittite turco mongols mix mittanii indo iranians group of ancient medo persan scityians and parthians aramaic semitics india is semitic to , ay found a pasage on bible when god say , for women your,, braccelet is sounds very good on foot on young women who care braccelet on foot kasmiry himalayans women and north india middle east belly dancers iranic women and turkhis and arabic womens
What a coincidence ? I was watching a video on Native Lang about Altaic and i stumbled onto this video.
Love from Romania to all our distant cousins
Not a coincidence, you have just discovered how RUclips algorithm works.
I would love more historical linguistics content. Perhaps connecting modern religions with the indo-european beliefs, or perhaps the history of basque - the last remaining non-indoeuropean language of europe. I’d also be interested in a video on proto sino-tibetan as it seems information on it is limited. Looking forward to your next video!
Well, what I know is that Hebrew is a Semitic language which originates in Africa. Judaism was influenced by the process of Helenization, however, such that by the time Christianity rolled around, most of it’s early literature was written in Greek. I think Coptic was also used in some early Christian texts, as well.
By the Middle Ages, though, Latin became the most important language associated with Christianity since all official Catholic business was carried out in Latin and the Bible was not allowed to be translated into other languages (besides Greek, Syrian, and a few other langauges which already had existing versions of the Bible used by independent Christian churches)
Sino-Tibetan has only been deeply studied the past few decades, but the consensus is that humans spread along the southern coast of Asia and to Oceania about 50,000+ years ago, and developed further from that point on
@@danielzhang1916 yes. Sundaland and southeast Asia.
With the first being negrito and Papuan peoples with some genetic affinity with old Dravidian peoples.
The next group after those were the Austroasiatics.
Tai Kradai are suspected to have absorbed early proto Austroasiatics that spoke a different form of Asiatic languages and were part descendant with Proto Austronesian (before they migrated to Taiwan and onwards). And genetics show that affinity
Yes I'd like Austroasiatic languages to be further studied.
They have been severely cut off and overshadowed by Austronesian, Tai Kadai, and Sino Tibetan peoples as they filtered into the region and assimilated the Austroasiatic groups of southeast Asia.
I.e. the outlier are the Javanese of Java island and many other major ethnicities of southeast Asia (genetics show Javanese are well over half and no less, Austroasiatics). And they now speak Austronesian and mixed by about 30-40% Austronesian blood.
@@gold-toponym Yes there's so much more, they've barely scratched the surface of that history
Please do more videos about this topic. The evolution of languages is so interesting and important considering it’s how we’ve been able to communicate so effectively as a species. I would love to see a sequel to this video and maybe more about other language families even if it’s been a couple years
I like the little touch at 6:55, where the Etruscan lands of Italy aren't shaded due to Etruscan being distinct from the Indo-European family
Etruscan and mesapian are directly connected to the Albanian language .
@@sharknextdoor man stop spreading albanian's propaganda bulshi.....s thank you
@@ITALICVS Albanian folk music sounds like Sardinian with all the chanting that's done.
Arabic needs its own video. The history of Arabic is fascinating, from its roots as a tiny little semitic language spoken in the Arabian peninsula to its current status as the world's fifth most widely-spoken language is a fascinating story.
The fact that Arabic maintains possibly the most conservative language in the entire world as Modern Standard Arabic, is another "miracle," of historical linguistics. There is no other language on Earth where today's readers can understand a text written in the 7th century.
Also, the fact that Arabic maintains a bi-lingual status among its speakers is another peculiarity specific to Arabic. Today, (virtually) all Arabic speakers speak two different varieties of Arabic: the vernacular specific to their region (levantine, gulf, north african, etc.), and Modern Standard Arabic.
For these reasons I believe Arabic also deserves its own video.
I love what you guys are doing with this channel! Keep it up!
Arabic can be explained together with Akkadian, Sumerian, Babylonian, Aramaic, and Hebrew (plus, Ancient Egyptian and Ethiopian).
Could you imagine 8 thousand years ago you tell your brother you'll be back after a raid but you never come back. Instead you make a family. His line becomes Iranians and yours Scandinavian. We are so genetically similar yet we see one another as so different
Today's population of so distant countries are veeeery different. There are lots of genetic mixture throughout history
Because we are different lol. That would be 8000 years ago. Their blood and ancestry would almost be gone. Like 0.1%.
Culture culture culture. That defines our differences in plain language enough. We can look exactly the same but what really matters is what we see eye to eye on
Could you imagine your brother or sisters family in say 5000 years becoming a completely diffrent race of people and on top of that you must now commit genocide because your genetics are more "pure" or some b.s. We have this idea that a race of people is smarter or better because are genetics are stronger when in fact 8000 doesnt make a difference genetically speaking. Culturally yes genetically no. That's my point. And if you dont agree with me you are dumb and it's because you come from the dumb sibling 8000 years ago
@@valley6824 dude we are one of the most genetically similar species on earth. People across the world are more closely related then fucking the same species of birds 10 miles apart.
Audio track option was I thinking for some months but you have applied it . Really amazing 😮
I am Sardinian and I am really happy that you include our language in your video.
Often the Sardinian language is forgotten despite its unique characteristics.
it is difficult to speak Sardinian because there is no real single language but there are many related languages and dialects that have evolved together but without a single common Sardinian vulgar
Tutte le lingue naturali sono così. Non credere che le altre lingue non abbiano variazioni locali
The Sardinian language also has many words that are closer to those in Romanian than to Latin or Italian, although the influence of these two languages on the Sardinians lasted for hundreds of years. Sardinia was colonized by the Sardinians, who migrated, like the Latins from the Danube region. Romania today , the ancient Dacia. The Sardinian language is very similar to the Romanian language. They share many words that cannot be found in Latin or Italian . Hence the much older origin of the European Thracian - Dacian - Illyrian dialect.
@@mariadespina80 totally fake. Don't spread these shit, Sardinian is the furthest romance language to Romanian and the Latins didn't come from the Danube at all.
@@mariadespina80 i listen lot of romanian music and often i found similar words
This is probably the best overview of Indo European language families that I've ever seen. Exceptionally well done.
it is important to note that the french language wasn't "born" with the ordonance of villers-cotteret, Francilian (paris and surroundings language) became the only official language in all officials texts. But in the rest of France, local languages were still commonly used until 1792 when French was made official language of the nation and all regional laguages forbidden to use.
Great stuff. I'd like to see a bit on the non Indo-European languages of Europe such as Basque and Finnish/Estonian. Also, what languages was Pictish related to, was it Brythonic - Proto-Welsh or something different?
Georgian, Circassian and Ingush are not Indo-European languages. They are Caucasian languages.
interesting that you brought up Vasco Da Gama's voyage to Southern India to start the video, because Southern India is the part of India (along with parts of Central and Northeastern India) where Indo-European languages AREN'T spoken.
@@supernovaversion3.05 very corect sanskrit aramaic was tongue of gods sumeryans annunaki probabil with turco mongols becuse the turkhis have same strong intonations vocabulary with latins and celts tongue
interesting thing to note: The ancient Romans as they expanded into the lands of their neighbours very quickly realised they worshiped interpretations of the same gods, much to their own shock and found the situation very intriguing; You'll note this from surviving historical accounts of generals from their campaigns when writing about local peoples and customs. Often simply referring to them by their Roman names; Noting the main differences being in how they went about worshiping them differently, such as in the case of the Celts. The Romans also quickly realised the Celts spoke a similar language to them and understood most Latin words, so they used Greek when giving commands so the Celts wouldn't figure out their battle plans. To all the peoples of Europe at the time, they all simply thought it was normal they all worshiped the same gods and for them anyone who worshiped different ones were considered completely barbaric and evil, such as the Carthaginians and Persians.
Outstanding presentation! I wish this had been out around a year ago when I was studying these topics during my overall anthropology degree program. I know my classmates would have enjoyed the concise overview. I plan to feature it in the classes I teach.
Please continue your work. It has great value! 😎
Amazing video guys!
Truly one of The Best introductory explanations of this awesome topic. What thorough research and pleasing graphics!
A delving into isolate languages would be fascinating. Basque, Finnish, ( particularly Sami) Waloon, Afrikaans (true, not in Europe, but derived from Dutch.) etc.
Please keep making these videos, linguistics is a hobby of mine.
Finnish isn't an isolate it's related to Hungarian
@@zaydsalam6065 now ay know why cirus and scityians destroyyed assirians empires to by moore large than assiria empires
Finnish (and Sámi) is not isolated, it is Uralic language, distant relative of Hungarian
@@sectorgovernor sami is turco mongols and hungarians arpad is suposed to by tatars onoghur or dzungar but historians say other thing magiars is fought for kazar against hadrdada merceneray swiatoslaw
There arnet isoleted. İndo arien invision anf genocide. İtaly , spain,bratain weren indo airen.
The history of language has always been so interesting. If I had my way, a video on hungarian would be awesome. Keep up the great content guys!
Hungarian pronounciation is pretty hard though
Id like a Hungarian video also . I believe Hungarian is something of an outlier to indo European languages . Probably the reason its so hard to understand for non natives
@@anthonykeane4984 Because it is Uralic (different language family)
the Magyars are not native to Europe, they came from northern Central Asia
@@danielzhang1916 nobody is from europe all they are from eurasia exacly from yamnaya andronovo
I'd love to see a video about the Tocharian language and culture. It's fascinating.
Best video you've released and certainly the most epic in scope! Absolutely more, injected intravenously if you please. Would love to see an exploration of the Vedic/Persian dialects and also the famed Fertile Crescent and Semitic languages. You could even go right back to the Sumerians and their links to the Assyrian empire and beyond!
उसके Asia की चरित्र पर और भो video बनाना है |
"De las idiomas indo-europeas"
increible 10/10👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏
"las" jajajaja, malisimo. Al menos tomate el tiempo de ver que los articulos esten en el genero correcto
@@gustavobourguignon4995 no, es el video del que me estoy burlando
Jajaja, ya se que servicio NO usar.
@@augcaes si xd
Dude, it was almost perfect. Many Latin Americas would never get a chance yo understand this videos unless this new technologies.
Now teachers can use Kings and General's videos in History Class. Here in my country mist kids don't get this level of spoken English
loved the video ♥️ would love to see a video about the slavic languages
Hello @Kings and Generals.
If you go back so much in history, would it be possible to go back a little bit further ( say... 5200 BCE ) and talk about the Cucuteni Culture and its influence on the Paleo-Balkan and Indo-European languages? I think it might be worth it as Yamnaya and Cututeni are not that far away and might have interacted.
I'm not that sure about what I'm saying but I think it might be interesting.
Well done review of the history of languages in
primarily western Europe.
as a southern Italian, i would say, the opposite of what you said is true. Much of southern Italy has been under spanish occupation for a long time and they left many loan words that they don't have in the north. We understand Spanish speakers a lot better than people from the north. Also, here in the south it's more common to learn Spanish as a second foreign language at school rather than French.
I’m surprised they didn’t cover the Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia with its Sanskrit origins. Which came about following the migration of Indo-Iranians from Iran into the subcontinent. Considering it’s a massive part of the Indo-European language family, literally half the name is Indo meaning Indian. The video only covered European languages. I hope it’s covered next tbh and honestly an entire series on languages would be fantastic.
yeah
Indo on its name is just indication farthest point those language family was commonly developed, which in this case was from europe to india. It has nothing to do with amount of percent languages make up in the whole family. In fact indo-iranian language is just one sub-family, which european language like albania, greece, german, french, russian, lithuanian, irish, each has sub-family at their own. so talking about them is more intriguing since they are more branched out and less monolithic.
@@Deepak_Dhakad they are branched out in lesser sub sub family, means their linguistic divergence are not as apparent as that of european languages. For example, sanskrit and avestani are much closer to each other than german to greek. All indo aryan languages you mentioned are just as comparable as in-between german dialects.
@@indefiniteabyss1257 Indian languages didn't branch out from yamaha whatever people we developed our own language and culture and then spread it europe
Sagar Sagar Indians didn’t spread anything to Europe lmao. Quit the propaganda
I would love to know more about the Indo side of the language family.
Fantastic video, as always, K&G! 👏👏👏👏
Great video. Maybe do one on lingua-francas through history. Not just Indo-European, but include Akkadian, Aramaic, etc.
lingua franka is sanskrit akkadians hitite aramaic paleo siriac and cirus tongue and scityians they brothers
Those are called the Semitic language
@@the3zoooz1 very corect
It’s cool that the basque language survived through all of the language upheaval
Or Georgian being on the crossroads of so many empires. Guess the answer is mountains?
@@g1u2y345 like...all the languages in the world?
@@g1u2y345 still crazy it didn’t die out
Yes! Please do more of these, Thracian and Illiyrian would be fascinating as would the Tocharian languages and maybe also the evolution of Thai, from being under Chinese influence to Indic influence