I am a second year med student reviewing this for boards (70k/year debt, woo!). I spent many hours attempting to learn this in my first year, but I never truly understood it beyond "free nitrogen is bad, urea is good... now memorize all these random chemicals to make urea...". I literally wasted hours of my life memorizing/purging this for exams, and now, in 13 minutes, you actually TAUGHT it to me such that I UNDERSTAND what the heck is going on. You have an incredible gift... Please never stop teaching. Thank you so much for this! Best of luck with your future endeavors.
You never cease to amaze me. Countless hours of studying cut to min. because you are a pro at organizing information and conveying it. THANK YOU! The few thumbs downs are probably from jealous profs. You kick ass.
Hey, I told all my friends about you! And even now when I'm no longer studying biochemistry but focusing on Internal Medicine I'm still getting back to you to remember the basics. So thank you so much. I will never forget your help. 😭♥️
I had biochemistry structure final exam today and I hadn't studied anything because I was so sick! So I woke up very early in the morning and started watching your lectures that were related to my exam! I'm just going to say that you are amazing because not only I'm going to pass but I also was able to answer some tricky questions because of the details you mention in your lectures! Thank you very much, god bless you!
thank you so much sir !! I was studying this from Lippincott but everything was just passing over my head. now after listening to your lecture everything is crystal clear! you provide every detail necessary for tests and your illustrations are also so perfect.
Bro I am pharmacy student and believe me you are the reason i cleared my all the semesters and i can stand confident in front of my lecturer that even wirhout listening to there lectures i can clear the exam.. thank u very muchh..
Thank you SO much for all your hard work and putting together this videos! You've helped me pass all my biochemistry classes in the University. You are so good at explaining everything. Love that everything is visual and color coded. You are amazing!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Quick question on the net rxn. I get that CO2 is converted to HCO3- using 1H2O but shouldn't the net rxn show the free H+ on the product side that disassociates from carbonic acid to form HCO3- or is it used somewhere and I haven't counted right?
Sir, your lactures are full of important information and very much interesting and beneficial for us. I believe you are one of the best biochemistry teacher. Thank you Sir for such help 🙏🙏
@3.30 you said that the fumarate is the bridge between urea cycle and gluconeogenesis. Don't you mean the bridge between urea cycle and citric acid cycle? (Krebs bicycle?)
He mentioned that the change in free energy obtained from breaking the bond in a pyrophosphate (PPi) is equivalent to breaking a single phosphate from ATP, so in step 3 the energy used to drive the reaction is effectively equivalent to the lysis of 2 ATP molecules
There is one minor issue: inorganic pyrophosphate is quite stable at neutral pH and requires action of inorganic pyrophosphatase to convert it to two phosphates. Which is what happens. Without the action of inorganic pyrophosphatase, PPi would accumulate and inhibit many nucleotidyl transfer reactions, including those in nucleic acid synthesis. So 3 ATPs is what you need on the left-hand side of the urea cycle equation, not 4.
i'm confused did you mean the krebs cycle instead of glyconeogensis being the link to the urea cycle? because isn't fumerate produced in the krebs cycle to be converted into malate and then into oxaloacetate?
You're right; fumarate is an intermediate in the TCA Cycle but it is also a glucogenic amino acid with the ability to undergo gluconeogenesis. Therefore, it is converted to malate in the TCA and malate is then converted to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis. Oxaloacetate is then converted to phosphoenolpyruvate and eventually forms glucose.
I've been looking into results of low BUN level as an indicator of what urea does while in the blood. Most references only talk about urea as a waste product. Low BUN is mostly an indication of liver malfunction or malnutrition. Beyond that, there is no discussion of what urea does while in the blood. Is there a distinct function? Is it acting as an antibiotic or antifungal component to protect the blood?
Shout out to my guy AK Lectures, man jeez! My biochem professor is good, but I never have time to go to her office hours with work and everything. This dude is literally my personal TA.
Great video! Thank you for making this. I just have one question: What deprotonates the ammonia after it attacks the carboxy phosphate? Perhaps one of the O's on Pi does after Pi leaves? or perhaps once the pentavalent intermediate is formed after NH3 attacks, NH3+ is deprotonated to NH2 by some base at the active site, THEN the pentavalent intermediate collapses and kicks out Pi? I hope you understand what I am asking; please let me know if it doesn't make sense. Thank you!
Just a very minor issue - it would have been nice, if you had included the regeneration of aspartate by the reaction of oxaloacetate (formed in the CAC from fumarate) with another a-aminoacid, forming aspartate and a a-ketoacid! Anyway, thanks for your incredibly helpful lectures - they're amazing!
Great! Can you tell me that if it is parts of the urea cycle product--Fumarate go to glyconeogenesis and parts of them go to oxaloacetate which convert alpha-Amino acid to alpha-keto acid and form Aspartate (a reactant of urea cycle)?
I would just like to let you know that you are a saint. One day when I have money I will be donating because you have saved me from failing my biochem courses. You deserve the world
Can you tell me why you can summarize this for free + 100x better than my med school professors who I pay 50k per year?
right?!... this guy is the reason i might do alright on my boards lol
they give u a certificate
he explains this better 47932875982x better than my undergrad professors too 😂
Can't agree more bro
Every time I watch his videos have the same question as yours🤦🏻♀️ I’m really curious but however the reason I am always thankful for him
I wish i have money to give to this guy
Christian Mark Gerard Tuvera don't worry he's getting paid
Hannah Lopez I am actually not getting paid
@@AKLECTURES thanks a lot then!!
Same. Let me graduate and make a living. then for sure :)
@@AKLECTURES Omg, Incredible, you are amazing!
How did he get the urea cycle drawn in a perfect circle diagram? he is too good.
Aubrey Cabral using a compass...
@@faisalal-sammarraie9140 Did not use a compass.
@@AKLECTURES cool omg
A marker and a string?
I am a second year med student reviewing this for boards (70k/year debt, woo!). I spent many hours attempting to learn this in my first year, but I never truly understood it beyond "free nitrogen is bad, urea is good... now memorize all these random chemicals to make urea...". I literally wasted hours of my life memorizing/purging this for exams, and now, in 13 minutes, you actually TAUGHT it to me such that I UNDERSTAND what the heck is going on. You have an incredible gift... Please never stop teaching. Thank you so much for this! Best of luck with your future endeavors.
Taking my Biochemistry exams tomorrow: if all goes well. After God, all the credits goes to you.
Abdimutaal Miyir Thanks to God who created him
man you are really an amazing lecturer, half of my good grades are because of your lectures. thank you for putting all these up.
You never cease to amaze me. Countless hours of studying cut to min. because you are a pro at organizing information and conveying it. THANK YOU! The few thumbs downs are probably from jealous profs. You kick ass.
probably from jealous professors :,)))) lmao
You should sell " AK lectures T shirt ... people would buy it guarantee :)
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U r great 😃 أنا فى كلية العلوم من مصر
اشكرك على الشرح الجميل
ههههه
رائع لست الوحيد الذي يتابعه
أنا ايضا من الجزائر
seriously who would ever unlike this video !! U R world's greatest lecturer
thank u so much !
Hey, I told all my friends about you! And even now when I'm no longer studying biochemistry but focusing on Internal Medicine I'm still getting back to you to remember the basics. So thank you so much. I will never forget your help. 😭♥️
Even though, I'm still not covered this topic yet, but I will view it, like it so you become famous
AK LECTURES
I had biochemistry structure final exam today and I hadn't studied anything because I was so sick! So I woke up very early in the morning and started watching your lectures that were related to my exam! I'm just going to say that you are amazing because not only I'm going to pass but I also was able to answer some tricky questions because of the details you mention in your lectures! Thank you very much, god bless you!
Respected Sir!
I just wanna say that you're great 💥🙏🏻
there can never be an easier way to learn after watching ur lectures.
Thank you sir.
Ur explanation is awesome
thank you so much sir !! I was studying this from Lippincott but everything was just passing over my head. now after listening to your lecture everything is crystal clear! you provide every detail necessary for tests and your illustrations are also so perfect.
I can't help commenting this on every video I watch on this channel ..... THANK YOUUUU!!!!!! :)))))
Bro I am pharmacy student and believe me you are the reason i cleared my all the semesters and i can stand confident in front of my lecturer that even wirhout listening to there lectures i can clear the exam.. thank u very muchh..
Thank you SO much for all your hard work and putting together this videos! You've helped me pass all my biochemistry classes in the University. You are so good at explaining everything. Love that everything is visual and color coded. You are amazing!!!!!!!!!!!!!
you are my hero! thank you for helping me through med school
always grateful for your videos! thank you
thanks for the kind words!
thanks I dont understand this cycle but by you understand this cycle thanks a lot
I just covered this in an hour. And I couldn't get it thru the whole year😂thank you
Watching this video a day before exam..totally life saver! Thanks Sir! 🙏
Your videos are amazing! I'm definitely donating. It's worth the $$. Thank you!
Your videos are Amazing ...You help so Many Individuals We appreciate You💙 What level videos are these videos ?? A level ...Pre med ?
Quick question on the net rxn. I get that CO2 is converted to HCO3- using 1H2O but shouldn't the net rxn show the free H+ on the product side that disassociates from carbonic acid to form HCO3- or is it used somewhere and I haven't counted right?
Sir, your lactures are full of important information and very much interesting and beneficial for us. I believe you are one of the best biochemistry teacher. Thank you Sir for such help 🙏🙏
This will be great for my biochemistry revision thanks AK 47 :)!
I liked it when you spoke loudly in the mic and had a cool accent. This is too peaceful, bring the 2017 voice back
@3.30 you said that the fumarate is the bridge between urea cycle and gluconeogenesis. Don't you mean the bridge between urea cycle and citric acid cycle? (Krebs bicycle?)
نعيما، خوش زيان 😆😆
During this video haven't noticed any compound that will be a healing component for urinotherapy.
At 9:55 you mention you used two not one ATP molecules for step 3, could you elaborate on that? Why are you saying 2 were used?
He mentioned that the change in free energy obtained from breaking the bond in a pyrophosphate (PPi) is equivalent to breaking a single phosphate from ATP, so in step 3 the energy used to drive the reaction is effectively equivalent to the lysis of 2 ATP molecules
You are better than Ninja Nerd
He really give us all the knowledge he has acquired for god knows how long for free.
牛逼！
His voice sounds like Leonardo Dicaprio's.
Superb video as always... thank you so much!!!!
Thanks sooo much..much love from Nigeria ♥️♥️
Can't fumarate also turn into oxaloacetate (via malate) and go into the Citric Acid Cycle as well?
Best video ever for protein metabolism... Long life❤❤❤
Tres Merci 🤗🤗🌹
Plzz make video on glucoronic acid pathway
Urea. Productions of gluekons genetics atomatics fromelair trnsform
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I keep thinking that "flo" girl is gunna pop out from the side
isnt the fumarate a bridge to the citric acid cycle first, which then proceeds to gluconeogenesis?
AK lectures
This medium is beginning to censor content as a participant and as a provider
aaaaa.
I wish if my fucking professors are like ak lecture...
He’s helping so much that I start to feel like I genuinely have a crush on him
Perfect ❤️ God bless you and reward you ❤️
3:06 And those reactions happen under human body temperature?
There is one minor issue: inorganic pyrophosphate is quite stable at neutral pH and requires action of inorganic pyrophosphatase to convert it to two phosphates. Which is what happens. Without the action of inorganic pyrophosphatase, PPi would accumulate and inhibit many nucleotidyl transfer reactions, including those in nucleic acid synthesis. So 3 ATPs is what you need on the left-hand side of the urea cycle equation, not 4.
Inorganic pyrophosphatase is not an ATP-dependent enzyme, by the way.
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Precursors of purine and pyridine biosynthesis sir please teach this topic
I love this person's teaching like anything
amazing lectures...👍
Wait for VF . I don't unterstand why we translate films and séries but not educationnal vidéos -_-
😂 cuz they won’t be famous
Sir you are so inteligent, love from pakistan
This guy is simply brilliant. Thank you very much. I wonder why the 33 guys disliked this video. Shame on them
very good information, thanks
u r amazing lecturer,u make topics easier......thank u so much
Can those reactions be used to get arginine, or it'd be waste of ornithine and energy?
Great!!!! Keep uploading perfect explanations.
انا من مصر😃 كلية طب عجبني شرحك جدا👌👌👌 go on and good like 🌺
Did anyone else also notice the stitched left sleeve?
Better explanation than my professors
i'm confused did you mean the krebs cycle instead of glyconeogensis being the link to the urea cycle? because isn't fumerate produced in the krebs cycle to be converted into malate and then into oxaloacetate?
You're right; fumarate is an intermediate in the TCA Cycle but it is also a glucogenic amino acid with the ability to undergo gluconeogenesis. Therefore, it is converted to malate in the TCA and malate is then converted to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis. Oxaloacetate is then converted to phosphoenolpyruvate and eventually forms glucose.
I fuckin love listening to you speak
you are the best teacher ever !!!!! thank you so much
Amazing video.I love watching your video Greetings all the way from Lahore,Pakistan.Kindly make videos about DNA Replication and related topics PLz
Thanks a lot for this great video.
Sorry I got a question: In the product of the net reaction shouldn't it be 'Urea+2ADP+AMP+"2Pi"+PPi+fumarate'.
I've been looking into results of low BUN level as an indicator of what urea does while in the blood. Most references only talk about urea as a waste product. Low BUN is mostly an indication of liver malfunction or malnutrition. Beyond that, there is no discussion of what urea does while in the blood. Is there a distinct function? Is it acting as an antibiotic or antifungal component to protect the blood?
Shout out to my guy AK Lectures, man jeez! My biochem professor is good, but I never have time to go to her office hours with work and everything. This dude is literally my personal TA.
God bless you ✨ well Explained
great lecture . Simply explained . Thank you !
If you want to see the whole whiteboard go to 7:02
Wonderful explain!! 👌
Great video! Thank you for making this.
I just have one question: What deprotonates the ammonia after it attacks the carboxy phosphate? Perhaps one of the O's on Pi does after Pi leaves? or perhaps once the pentavalent intermediate is formed after NH3 attacks, NH3+ is deprotonated to NH2 by some base at the active site, THEN the pentavalent intermediate collapses and kicks out Pi? I hope you understand what I am asking; please let me know if it doesn't make sense. Thank you!
I would like to have you as a biology chemistry professor. Your explanations are so clear and understandable. Thanks to much for your teaching. 🤓🤗👍
learnt more in these 13 minutes for free than 2 hours in a lecture for thousands a semester..... THANK YOU FOR THIS!
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Just a very minor issue - it would have been nice, if you had included the regeneration of aspartate by the reaction of oxaloacetate (formed in the CAC from fumarate) with another a-aminoacid, forming aspartate and a a-ketoacid!
Anyway, thanks for your incredibly helpful lectures - they're amazing!
Brilliant & meticulous!
Is it ok to screenshot and print your note on the board?
Thanks brother... You explained it nicely..
Great! Can you tell me that if it is parts of the urea cycle product--Fumarate go to glyconeogenesis and parts of them go to oxaloacetate which convert alpha-Amino acid to alpha-keto acid and form Aspartate (a reactant of urea cycle)?
This is the best channel I have ever visited. Loved your explanation. Very very helpful.. Huge thanks from India sir :)
Are you sure kidney has urea cycle?
Thank god for your brilliantly condensed and fastidiously distilled videos. I'm illuminated.
I would just like to let you know that you are a saint. One day when I have money I will be donating because you have saved me from failing my biochem courses. You deserve the world
I thought fumerate was used in the citric acid cycle to form malate to continue the TCA cycle, not used in gluconeogenesis... Am i mistaken?
all love from helwan
I have a big test tomorrow and I am so thankful I found your videos! They are the best tool EVER!! please keep up the good work!!!
your back again with new videos. your videos are interesting . thanks a lot man!
I hate this cycle so much right now. Thank you for clearing up these concepts lol.
تحياتي
Super helpful thank youuu