Transcription Termination in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.[1] Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures. The complexity of the eukaryotic genome necessitates a great variety and complexity of gene expression control.
The termination of transcription of pre-rRNA genes by polymerase Pol I is performed by a system that needs a specific transcription termination factor.[3] The mechanism used bears some resemblance to the rho-dependent termination in prokaryotes.[36] Eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of ribosomal DNA repeats, sometimes distributed over multiple chromosomes. Termination of transcription occurs in the ribosomal intergenic spacer region that contains several transcription termination sites upstream of a Pol I pausing site. Through a yet unknown mechanism, the 3’-end of the transcript is cleaved, generating a large primary rRNA molecule that is further processed into the mature 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs.
As Pol II reaches the end of a gene, two protein complexes carried by the CTD, CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor) and CSTF (cleavage stimulation factor), recognize the poly-A signal in the transcribed RNA.[35] Poly-A-bound CPSF and CSTF recruit other proteins to carry out RNA cleavage and then polyadenylation. Poly-A polymerase adds approximately 200 adenines to the cleaved 3’ end of the RNA without a template.[35] The long poly-A tail is unique to transcripts made by Pol II.
In the process of terminating transcription by Pol I and Pol II, the elongation complex does not dissolve immediately after the RNA is cleaved. The polymerase continues to move along the template, generating a second RNA molecule associated with the elongation complex.[1] Two models have been proposed to explain how termination is achieved at last.[35] The allosteric model states that when transcription proceeds through the termination sequence, it causes disassembly of elongation factors and/or an assembly of termination factors that cause conformational changes of the elongation complex.[36][37] The torpedo model suggests that a 5' to 3' exonuclease degrades the second RNA as it emerges from the elongation complex. Polymerase is released as the highly processive exonuclease overtakes it. It is proposed that an emerging view will express a merge of these two models.

[@rutujaborawke9868]

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[@hussainbiology]

thanks Ratuja for appreciation..Glad it helps

[@جوريجوري-ن5ن]

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[@sangamesh.s8951]

Hi

[@ImKrishnaPandey]

Watched lots of videos regarding Gene expression...But could not find any video closest to this. Every minute details accounted with simple hand made animations and finest explanation ! Awesome !!!

[@EveseveE]

If anyone was initially confused with all the scientific lingo look in the description! I didn't understand at first but after reading the explanation then going back to the video I was able to properly comprehend the material! Thanks for the awesome vid sir!

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helped

[@SandeepKumar-yp2ke]

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[@hemantmudgal6325]

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[@LEARNCHEMISTRYEASILY]

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[@hussainbiology]

Final Cut Pro and Adobe premiere.( Using Hand animations too ,)

[@sonalmundhra248]

I have been watching your videos from three days straight to revise mol bio basics. The amount of information provided is amazing. Keep up the good work.

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Sonal for appreciation.. Glad it helps ❤️❤️

[@abdullahansari8759]

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[@hussainbiology]

replied

[@harleenkaur756]

Sir please make vedios on vertebrates and invertebrates classification, respiration process, digestion process, endocrine system, reproductive system, separately.

[@ammarahmehak9986]

Nice

[@aimee6839]

Thank you so much, I was having so much trouble finding a clear explanation of how termination with RNA Polymerase II worked, you saved me 😭

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad it helps ✌️

[@archanadas1795]

sir at the end what happened to TF II F

[@punuram8543]

Sir your channel is a blessings for the students and teachers. Feeling blessed to find your channel

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Punu for appreciation.. Glad it helps ✌️

[@ammarahchaudhary2820]

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[@tanu6464]

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[@جوريجوري-ن5ن]

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[@hussainbiology]

unable to understand

[@جوريجوري-ن5ن]

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[@hussainbiology]

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[@hussainbiology]

نعم هذه كتابة

[@sabasehar7049]

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Plzzzzzzzzz upload next video

[@hussainbiology]

I think this is ur first feedback on new videos....

[@sabasehar7049]

No sir i request many time for new videos and also upload as early as possible .

[@hussainbiology]

okay..will be uploading tmrw

[@elinmehrasa9850]

thanks a lot

[@umerfarooqbiology7083]

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[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation ✌️

[@crocketmeow]

What would be the protein/enzyme most likely affected by loss of function mutation if transcription of a gene was continuous without stopping? Would it be CPSF, CTSF, PAP, or Rat1?

[@Gealamusic]

thank you!

[@jaiveersngh1801]

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[@Scholarship_hunters]

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[@ammarahmehak9986]

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[@hussainbiology]

Pretty soon

[@biology_mcqs3037]

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[@hussainbiology]

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[@biology_mcqs3037]

Boiii

[@anjalimanish2636]

Sir plz make videos on animal physiology

[@hussainbiology]

Will consider making

[@sabasehar7049]

Nice explanation.

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad to know that it helps ✌️

[@mohdshahwaj5454]

Thank you sir ❤

[@mahnoorarshadali7697]

👍

[@jyotirmayeemajhi8995]

Thanks for the informative video..

[@hussainbiology]

✌️✌️

[@ashasrivastava9222]

Sir what about XRN and XRN-2 protein????

[@YUVATHEESWARANR]

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[@anandruban8348]

Where do you taking the references

[@sewarbanimusa8362]

Hi Dr. I actually wanted to ask u a question about circular and linear DNA ,Why is linear dna shape important as it is not linear ?

[@hussainbiology]

Hi Sewar , the question would have been why Evolution has chosen the linear DNA in higher organisms than Circular.
One important advantage is the physical forces that are applied during replication and other processes.
Linear DNA is each to uncoil ( unwrap ) , alignment and gets easy access by the enzymes.
On the other hand , the Circular DNA would tangle and we need a plethora of enzymes to unwrap the supercoiling
butttt CIRCULAR DNA is more stable , than Linear in many forms.

[@athirasoman4601]

you are so amazing

[@hussainbiology]

thanks Athira for appreciation.. Glad it helps

[@mustafasharife6050]

Speechless sir 🙏🙏

[@hussainbiology]

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[@mitch9224]

Another great video! So glad I can learn so much from home 😁

[@hussainbiology]

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[@khushinaqvi9929]

Helpful videos 👍

[@hussainbiology]

thanks for appreciation..Glad to know that it helps ✌️

[@ammarahchaudhary2820]

Where is next video .

[@hussainbiology]

Will be up by tmrw InshaAllah

[@ammarahchaudhary2820]

Thanx sir, ALLAH bless you with happiness and success in both life

[@lonewolf2398]

english please