How Roundup Kills Weeds (And How Weeds are Fighting Back)
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- Опубликовано: 1 июн 2024
- In 1997 there were 432 new patents for herbicides, by 2009 there were only 65. The development of broad spectrum glyphosate and “Roundup Ready crops” was a game changer that worked so well people basically stopped looking for new herbicides. That is until the weeds started fighting back.
Chemical & Engineering News article on the search for new modes of action
cen.acs.org/environment/pesti...
Introduction to the Shikimate Pathway
• Introduction to the Sh...
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Credits:
Executive Producer:
Matthew Radcliff
Producers:
Elaine Seward
Andrew Sobey
Darren Weaver
Host:
Alex Dainis
Scientific Consultants:
Mark Loux, PhD
Patrick J. Tranel, PhD
Todd Gaines, PhD
Mithila Jugulam, Ph.D.
Leila Duman, PhD
Brianne Raccor, PhD
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Reactions is a production of the American Chemical Society.
© 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Additional Sources:
Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
THE SHIKIMATE PATHWAY
www.annualreviews.org/doi/10....
Why have no new herbicide modes of action appeared in recent years?
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/1...
The Pitfalls of Relating Weeds, Herbicide Use, and Crop Yield: Don't Fall Into the Trap! A Critical Review
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
The cost of herbicide resistance
crops.extension.iastate.edu/b...
Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event
web.archive.org/web/200903190...
Tyrosine Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Catabolism in Plants
bit.ly/3CsMiiS
Biosynthesis and Metabolic Fate of Phenylalanine in Conifers
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Auxin driven indoleamine biosynthesis and the role of tryptophan as an inductive signal in Hypericum perforatum (L.)
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Finding of No Significant Impact
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Petition for Non-regulated Status for Soybean Line MON 89788 (APHIS 06-178-01p)
www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisd...
Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/p... 
Наука
Just how resistant is Agrobacterium strain CP4 to glyphosate? Well here are the glyphosate concentrations (µM) needed for effective EPSP synthase binding in a few different species:
Petunia wild type: 0.4
Maize wild type: 0.5
Agrobacterium spp. CP4: 5100
From: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ps.3743
The other consideration is that it does not get into bacteria very easy. It takes higher concentrations to get a little bit inside, at least in culture. We played with that while reengineering the enzyme.
So wait, they used a resistance gene found in an environmental Agrobacterium strain, the bacteria so known for its ability to perform horizontal gene transfer on plants that it's one of the major methods of genetically engineering plants? Geeze I wonder how on earth these weeds could have gained round up resistance. 🤔
Robots trained using machine learning are quickly becoming quite effective at weeding without the need for any herbicide. It might be the better way forward.
The machines are not ready for prime time yet and are expensive.
It's a lot better than creating frankenplants and dousing them in poison. Bon appetit!
@@EminencePhront No, they are not better yet. One day they will be.
Thomas Dykstra advancing eco ag
Weeding Roomba, now thats a weed killer I can get behind.
By far the best explanation of how roundup works, Roundup ready crops, and herbicide resistance I could find on the internet!!! Very good job!!!
Wow, thanks! Appreciate you watching and your comments
Shikimate comes from the japanese word シキミ (shikimi) which is the japanese star anise so considering how the language works, your pronounciation would probably be more accurate. I'm not sure of the -ate suffix but otherwise, yeah I'd go with shee-kee-mah-teh.
Sounds better anyway.
One of the most interesting and informative videos I’ve seen in a long time. Great production too. Many thanks for the upload.
Expert researcher is out standing in her field
Best thing to do is grow your own food all the way down to what you feed your animals. I do it every year and barely ever go to the store.
Brilliant! I love stuff like this that I know my students will like.
Great explanation of how Glyphosate binds to compounds to inhibit essential aromatic amino acids. There are basically four modes that Glyphosate works on to kill a plant.
1. Chelation of essential minerals: Glyphosate can chelate or bind to certain essential minerals like manganese, magnesium, calcium, and iron, making them unavailable for uptake by plants. These micronutrients are crucial for various plant metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and structural integrity.
2. Inhibition of the shikimate pathway: Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, disrupting the synthesis of aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. This inhibition leads to a shortage of these amino acids, affecting protein synthesis and the production of essential molecules such as auxin, which regulates plant growth and development.
3. Antibiotic action: Glyphosate has been shown to exhibit antibiotic properties, which can negatively impact beneficial soil bacteria and organisms like earthworms. These bacteria play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and soil health, including the breakdown of organic matter into nutrients that plants can absorb. and also affect soil drainage
4. Glyphosate-resistant pathogens: These glyphosate-resistant pathogens can thrive in glyphosate-treated environments, potentially outcompeting beneficial microorganisms and causing plant diseases that are unaffected by glyphosate and go on to infect the plant Lecture Professor Don Huber Soil Science worth watching
Thanks for the explanation
@@chaco973 You're welcome
This was a really great video.
I have only one slightly negative comment, and I could be wrong so I offer it as just a suggestion.
No weed has developed a resistance to glyphosate by copying the "blocking the shikamate pathway enzyme" . The weeds that are glyphosate resistant have evolved that resistance by segregating the glyphosate into a few separate parts of the plant. In other words, the recognize the glyphosate and separate it from the parts of the weed where the shikamate pathway is operating. So, if we develop a new herbicide, call it glyphosate', that looks enough like glyphosate to block the EPSP synthase but looks different enough from glyphosate to evade the weed's recognition, the the glyphosate resistant plants should still work - resisting glyphosate' - and the resistant weeds would go back to vulnerability until they evolve again.
Of course this hypothetical new glyphosate' would have to be tested for other characteristics like low toxicity to benign targets (like animals and humans).
Having adult-onset type III sensitivity to soy, I wonder if ready crops were a contributing factor... 🤔
No.
DukeGMOLOL is a troll working for Mr. Glyphosate, he's a Round-up lover
Anecdotally Round-Up never worked for me. Even back in the 90s. I doubt glyphosate resistance is anything new evolutionary speaking. However I would assume this resistance was regionally specific 30 years ago. Now, due to Round-Up, it's quickly spread world wide.
If it didn't work for you, you were using it wrong.
The Shikimate Pathway is found in all of the three biological domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria include Enterococcus, Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria and others found in the human gut.
We need a imagine recognition weed pulling robot
No idea if this thing is actually effective or practical, but some folks are working on it
ruclips.net/video/AP0yiOI8Qas/видео.html
@@ACSReactions : Friggin' sweet. I wanna be a robotic laser weeder when I grow up.
I thought the same thing after watching this
your video said Glyphosate does not affect humans or livestock, I found that the Bacteria in our Gut do have the same shikimate pathway damaging or killing our microbiome. Will you speak to the effect on the Gut Bacteria?
works great on Livers too- Mexico is banning it this year. 25 members of the European Union have eaither banned it, or regulate it's use.
Sad that so many peoples health has been damaged by eating Glyphosate in most ALL our Food&Drink, & that includes Beer, Wine, Coffee & Fruit juices.
I’ve been using herbicide with a mixture of floor cleaner on my weeds. It makes the weeds curl up into weird shapes but the grass stays the same
There are other issues impeding development of new herbicides. Massive cost of R&D and massive-er cost of deregulation. Plus, essentially non-toxic-to-non-targets herbicides like glyphosate are being vilified by the activist, social and traditional media, bolstering science-free nuisance lawsuits. Glyphosate has its issues with environmental impacts and resistance, no doubt. But when a safe chemistry becomes the basis of billion dollar lawsuits, why would you possibly want to invent the next safe chemistry?
!!
It is so refreshing to read an informed opinion regarding this
Great Episode and Channel!
Shikimate mushrooms are good.
Shit-ake
I love this channel. :D
Couldn0t we find a different tactic altogether?
Instead of focusing on high intensity industrial farming that wants square kilometers of land without weeds, finding ways to integrate those inside the agricultural system?
If I'm not mistaken, weeds often have relevant ecological and agricultural impact, such as soil health, soil bacteria, fixing nitrogen, controlling erosion and more.
Looking for the next RoundUp seems like just repeating the same mistake again, while not focusing onto the other negative effects of mass herbicide usage, which has immense impacts on things like natural plants and ecosystems, algae and rivers and other environments.
It would probably give us a bridge to avoid low yields, but as these weeds have shown this window is short and temporary, and we need to find a more long term solution
Intergrate weeds? No, unless you have a way to keep weeds from taking nutrients, water, and sun away from the crop.
I wonder what effects the bacterial EPSP synthase has in the soybeans. I mean does it end up producing more or less of those amino acids, or maybe it doesn't change much. Not that I'm saying it's poison or something, just a really interesting case to see how it affects metabolic pathways!
It makes the frogs gayer.
@@Neoprototype Nope, it made Hayes dumber.
If Shikimate is a Japanese word you are pronouncing it correctly
Shikimi is a Japanese word, the -ate suffix for a high oxidation state is not.
Your pronunciation sounds like an anime character! Shikamate, look out! It's Garou!
-ate in shikimate is the same ending as carbonate, nitrate. It is a chemical nomenclature.
OK, so from 2:35 to 2:50 I thought I was having a stroke. Words stopped making sense and I was hearing random letters. Thanks for the free roller coaster ride, Reactions.
EPSPS takes PEP + S3P → EPSP. ez bb, yw.
Thank you! Finally, somebody that understand the challenges. Of course, nature will evolve and become resistant to our herbicides, antibiotics etc. But giving up before we even started with the excuse "... will become resistant" is just throwing humanity back to the middle ages. We have accumulated knowledge and we are constantly developing new knowledge on how nature works. We are improving our tools and with modern communication and AI, our research is getting even more efficient that it was ever before. If humanity wants to survive, avoid famines and wars, and feed the 9 billion people on the planet, we need to have the upper hand. And in the case of weed, this means that constant research into herbicides is needed, so when things become resistent to the current herbicide, we have more cards in our hand that we can play, and we simple start utilizing the next herbicide in our portfolio. Research is what we need.
Seen on a landscapers vehicle many years ago: A weed is a plant whose virtue we have not found yet ;-)
Evolution at work. Good job, environmental pressures!
Culling the herd
The bacteria and microbes are affected by the herbicide glyphosphate..and so is our gut biome
Exactly, so our health suffers
Well vertical farming should not have this problem, so at least we have a solution for tomatoes.
What monsanto did was to selectively breed weeds for roundup resitants.
Why have a letter if you aren't going to pronounce it? I know there are other silent letters but those used to be pronounced.
I think that this really just shows the flaws underlying our whole approach to agriculture in the first place. Frankly, the typical monoculture style of crop raising may prove to be ultimately unsustainable. Instead of trying to control every aspect of an open field in an attempt to limit the plant growth in that field to a single organism, we should be trying to create miniature self-balancing productive ecosystems. Weeds occur, because ultimately a field of crops is just one giant unexploited ecological niche. If we fill the niches, possibly even with other species that yield crops, then we can create permaculture systems that require minimal maintenance to produce crops.
Weeds tend to have a competitive edge since they don't need to devote much energy to fruit or large seeds. Permaculture sounds good but most of the attempts I've witnessed require heavy maintenance and produce modest yields. Balance has to be maintained between different component species, invasive weeds have to be controlled, harvests are sporadic, and everything has to be done manually since the complex and changing 3d geometry of the system isn't conducive to mechanization with current tech. Probably made more sense in times when arable land area was effectively limitless, labor was cheap and aggressive weed species weren't globally distributed.
Better for our Health & our animals
Like your wording "fighting" for plants. They don't run or bite to fend off the invaders, but they do grab and smash atoms to create molecular fences and immunities.
Great vid. Very informative.
Gotta love the doofuses that want to turn our food production over to Skynet tho...lol
Rachel Carson is turning in her grave. Instead of coming up with new ways to kill plants, maybe we should go back to permaculture agricultural methods and stop thinking of plants growing next to the crops that were planted as weeds, and think of them as part of the ecosystem. Many of the weeds people are always trying to get rid of are edible. Monocultures and lack of plant diversity is what got us in this mess to start with, let's not make it worse.
Finally someone said what I was thinking!
Also, not only Permaculture! The Agro-Forest is another great way to think about this!
Most weeds are not edible and many are toxic. Genotoxic defensive compounds like pyrrolizidine alkaloids are produced by many common weeds and even the "edible" ones should be consumed in moderation. In most climates weeds will simply swallow crops if they aren't controlled, reducing crop harvests to nothing.
@@lukekambic3536 That’s why I said “many” and not “most”. I don’t know why you’re acting like the only safe edible plants are cultivated, and eating corn and soy in the amounts that we are in the Western world is a better diet than eating foraged plants. Crops will be reduced to nothing if we continue using herbicides the way we are, so figuring out a different way to do that seems like a good idea.
@@irenegrijalvotarres "many" weeds? Good luck on determining exactly which weeds can be allowed to grow alongside the crop.
@@irenegrijalvotarres You mentioned permaculture. Here is what Kambic said about that above:
"Luke Kambic
Weeds tend to have a competitive edge since they don't need to devote much energy to fruit or large seeds. Permaculture sounds good but most of the attempts I've witnessed require heavy maintenance and produce modest yields. Balance has to be maintained between different component species, invasive weeds have to be controlled, harvests are sporadic, and everything has to be done manually since the complex and changing 3d geometry of the system isn't conducive to mechanization with current tech. Probably made more sense in times when arable land area was effectively limitless, labor was cheap and aggressive weed species weren't globally distributed."
Reply
Saying the enzyme pathway doesn't affect humans or animals is short sided
Our gut bacteria has the same pathway: The Shikimate Pathway is found in all of the three biological domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Bacteria include Enterococcus, Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria and others found in the human gut.
It's also killing humans, I developed a sever allergic reaction to the stuff where my brain swells up.
i have poured a mix of used oil, diesel fuel. on weeds and they thrived.
It doesn't seem far fetched that weeds quickly evolved something that already existed in nature (convergent evolution), But what if it was horizontal gene transfer instead?
Shikimăté
The whole idea of pesticides will be obsolete.
Marvin Minsky (of AI fame) wrote a science fiction novel, _The Touring Option_ . It includes a throw-away scene where the AI tech was used to build a little robot that plucked insects off plants, using computer vision and tentacle IIRC. (His future novel was set in 2023, BTW) The same idea can be used for weeding. We should be able to have a cheap single-board computer (specialized for running the vision app, made by NVIDIA) identify weed shoots, today. From there they can be "targeted" in some way, such as pulling them out of the ground. But with less-developed manipulator technology, the weed can be sprayed with a potent toxin that no plant would evolve defense against; e.g. some kind of bleach.
Roundup KILLS
Yerba Mate
This product used to be effective. But now they water down so much its pretty useless unless you use so much...Its too bad but dont waste your money...
Use environmental Agrobacterium strain as source of herbicide resistance gene. The gene found in bacteria known to exibit horizontal gene transfer with plants begins to show up in weeds. Shocked Pikachu face.
When weeds I find on my land are not dying from Roundup, I switch to 2-4D and problem solved. I'll just start with the 2-4D next year.
Most grasses are immune to 2,4-D, hence it's popularity in grass crops before the invention of glyphosate, and as an herbicide commonly found in lawn care products.
@@aredditor4272 It's weird that you should mention this today. I JUST sprayed 2,4-D on the broad-leaf weeds, whatever doesn't die I'll hit it again with the Glyphosate. Whatever STILL survives, I'll find something new; maybe a hoe.
@@BlackWolf42- Alot of people think glyphosate was the first herbicide one could spray a crop provided the crop had resistance bred into it, but there are several that crops naturally had resistance to, and a few crop products that had herbicide resistance conventionally bred into it.
Theoretically, even glyphosate tolerance can be conventionally bred into a crop product.
Another little known fact, but one that should be apparent if one thinks about it, it doesn't pile up residually over time. If it did, farmers would create disasters on their own lands.
You could smoke a lawn with glyphosate, and soon after reseed, there won't be residual glyphosate to kill seedlings.
It's actually one of the safest pesticides(yes, an herbicide can be called a pesticide) on the market.
U go out there and pull weeds
Monsanto, when the devil plays capitalism
Monsanto doesn't exist.
Glyphosate does not cause cancer.
Organic is a marketing scam.
And now it is literally impossible to avoid glyphosate pollution contamination because it is in all of the atmosphere, soil, and water... and while it /might/ not be toxic to our own cells individually, it completely wrecks our symbiotic relationship with our microbiome that does have the shikimate pathway, in turn causing us to suffer from a host of other chronic illness such as lack of neurotransmitters. It also triggers zonulin to be released into the gut, which causes the intestinal cell walls to unzip and allow food particles and refuse into the bloodstream, triggering autoimmunity... Ah yes, and don't forget bee colony collapse. Wonderful stuff, isn't it? :/
Amen. And let's not forget the countless litigations by Monsanto that gave them such monopolistic control over agriculture in the US.
The concentrations of glyphosate we ingest from food and environmental sources are far too low to affect gut bacteria, which have little dependence on the shikimate pathway on account of the fact that they're swimming in the nutrient-rich medium of our intestinal byproducts. There's no evidence that realistic glyphosate exposure has any effect on the gut biome. Just don't drink it from the sprayer tank and you'll be fine.
@@lukekambic3536 Read some published research and studies.
@@myew name two.
@@lukekambic3536 Right on!
Glyphosate has been linked to cancers, just because we don't have the shikimate pathway, doesn't mean we are unaffected by it.
Glyphosate does not cause cancer. Not a single agency or pesticide regulator in the world rates it a carcinogen or anything else at real world exposure levels.
No solid link proven. There's as much proof it causes leukemia as EMF from power lines causing it, which was also an attempted claim in lawsuits.
robots bro
I used Roundup once. NEVER AGAIN... after my dog ended up with cancer and died.
The dog did not die from roundup.
Your pronunciation is close to the correct one, much better than the other one. On another note, smart robots are the only good approach for the far future for eliminating weeds where they are unwanted.
Pity that weeds cant be made edible.
Loved it. So fun. Bopilina, you are super fine 💗
The H in Herbicides is not silent.
Plant a plant that kills other weeds and doesn't drink all the water but don't kill what your trying to grow.
Roundup is a miracle chemical
it can't be matched
It's deadly
if it stopped working is great. stop using it.
If effective weed control is not obtained the price of food will go up and millions to billions of people will starve to death. It is easy to say screw it or evil bad chemical go away if you don't think about or have to live with the consequences.
@@kevinmiller5467 Right!!
I remember how my grandfathers garden looked and tasted...the soil is now dead and now barely grow weeds...we killed the soil microbes and replaced good microbs that live off.oxygen with dangerous non oxygen things like ecoili listeria hepatitis and idiots are doing the stagnant water thing.
Once u use it i MAY NOT LEAVE FOR DECADES...POSSIBLY MORE