74,963 Kinds of Ice
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- Опубликовано: 8 июн 2024
- Correction: 6:33 Dipole moments are typically represented going positive to negative, rather than negative to positive.
There are somewhere between 20 and 74,963 kinds of ice. Water can do all kinds of weird stuff when it freezes. So far scientists have experimentally shown crystal structures for 19 kinds of ice. Or maybe 20, depending on who you ask. We’re going to charge through as many as we can in ten minutes or so.
#chemistry #kindsofice #hydrogenbonds
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Credits:
Executive Producer:
Matthew Radcliff
Producers:
Elaine Seward
Andrew Sobey
Darren Weaver
Writer/Host:
Alex Dainis
Scientific Consultants:
Leila Duman, Ph.D.
Thomas Loerting, Ph.D.
Brianne Raccor, Ph.D.
Christoph Salzmann, Ph.D.
Christina Tonauer
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Reactions is a production of the American Chemical Society.
© 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Sources:
Snowflake symmetry, hexagonal ice
www.scientificamerican.com/ar....
Cubic Ice in the atmosphere
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
Overviews of many different structures of crystalline ice
www.nature.com/articles/s4200...
• [AIC2021 Day 2-6] Wate...
Ice VII in diamonds
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590...
Sublattices of Ice VI and VII
physics.nd.edu/assets/80456/h...
Extreme structure of Ice X
crystallography365.wordpress....
3D structures of Ice
jupiter.chem.uoa.gr/thanost/pa...
Water structure and science
water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_...
Crystal forms of ice
crystalsymmetry.wordpress.com...
Ice IV is metastable and disordered
aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10....
Amorphous ice
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Computational ice modeling
www.nature.com/articles/s4146... 
Наука
That amorphous ice we mentioned? It forms when water is cooled to its glass transition temperature (remember that from our Pop Rocks episode?) in milliseconds, meaning there’s not enough time for all these ordered structures we talked about to form. And it has multiple forms: low-density, high-density, and very-high-density! I love when chemists just add “very” to a name.
It's something that certain labs will make pretty frequently too. One often used way to immobilize biological structures for transmission electron microscopy is in amorphous ice! The two main reasons to use amorphous ice as opposed to normal ice are: 1) to keep crystals of ice from expanding and damaging what you're trying to look at, and 2) because if you used any form of crystalline ice your electrons would diffract off the planes in the crystal and make it impossible to see your specimen.
I do transmission electron microscopy for my research, so I know a bit about this, but I work on ceramics not biological stuff. Maybe someone who does CryoTEM will swing through the comments!
I absolutely think that we need a video on amorphous ice in all of its forms! After learning everything in the video and reading what you wrote, how could we not make said video? 💁
@@realityChemist Yep! Cooling watery stuff rapidly enough is a big challenge. Small things are easy enough, but things like organs, rich people, or astronauts are too big for effective heat transfer. There are proteins found in plants and some other organisms that adsorb onto ice crystals and prevent them from growing. This may allow for easier vitrification... but now the challenge is getting that stuff into ALL of the needed cells. Liver and spleen tissues are suckers for endocytosis but RBCs, osteoblasts, neurons, etc., are much pickier. Getting a delivery mechanism that provides effective coverage for all cells yet doesn't stress other cells out so much they die would be very useful.
Also, the idea of my bones being frozen somehow freaks me out more than the fact that they're currently wet.
We need some testing on deuterium water ices. And peroxides too.
Amorphous ice. What makes cryo em possible
It is the best video I have seen about ice phases. I knew they existed, but I was always curious aboit the structures. I ended with way more questions than answers.
I feel the same about having more questions than answers!
We really need to know how many videos on ice phases you've seen. If it's one this compliment barely has meaning but if you've seen dozens then alright, we can talk.
@@ACSReactions lol, quite a few. Most of them were technical/courses. I guess the most similar to yours would be scishow's videos. But I am also including books and papers in my comparison. It is not my topic, so I didn't research it fully, but most introductory chemistry books just mention they exists, but don't go over their hierarchy and structures.
@@ACSReactions There is no match to Alex on any topic or video I’ve seen!
Congrats to the Crew :)
Always love an Alex video! I already do love weird ice, but I’m sure she could figure how to make a blank wall into a fun and interesting science video!
Maybe I'll pitch that for our next episode ;) Thank you!!
@@AlexDainisPhD Yay! How drywall puts out fires?
Edit: I found a 25lb plate of gypsum crystals when I was in middle school. We tried cooking it to drive off the waters of hydration and see how long it took to absorb the water again. As of the last time I was home for the holidays... it's still opaque LOL.
Okay, we need that amorphous ice video. Water and ice are fascinating; this is my favourite video since "You Don't Understand Water" 🙂
Yes, I would love to know more about amorphous ice!!!
In fact, I'm working with amorphous ice every day. Our lab flash-freezes biological cells at rates over 1 million Kelvin per second (using liquid ethane) to obtain vitreously frozen samples. We then cut a thin slice out of our cells using a Gallium ion beam, and take many tilted images using a big electron microscope of that thin slab. Thus recreating a 3D "snapshot" of the living cell and its contents, teaching us a lot about how proteinaceous molecular machines create what we call "life". Amorphous ice is crucial, as the electrons in the microscope are otherwise diffracted by the ice crystals, totally messing with the electron signal. So we have to flash-freeze our samples, and importantly, keep them under -160° C at all times, to prevent crystal reformation!
So I'm working with this stuff daily, yet I don't know anything about the details of amorphous ice. So I would love to hear more!! Cheers!!
🤯 That's so cool!
you just leave that amorphous ice thing dangling right there... man... that feels like a cliffhanger
I thought maybe you would tell us that scientists skipped Ice IX because it was discovered by Kurt Vonnegut.
It is probably being researched in a top secret facility using Cat’s Cradle as a starting point.
According to 7:23, it's the hydrogen-ordered version of ice III. But it doesn't appear to appear on the phase diagram.
Great video, love the intro, but I was waiting for the Vonnegut ice-9 reference.
Look closer
@@ACSReactions Ahhh!!! Good stuff. Watching on my cell phone so had 0 chance of catching that, but glad it's there.
Really glad that you guys made a vide on this! I just learned about the different kinds of ice, went on youtube to learn more, searched "all types of ice" and none of the videos recommended would talk about more than 1 or 2 types.
This video on the other hand was very informative and definitely sated my curiosity. Thanks for making it!
This makes me so, so happy. That's exactly what we hoped to create, something that would fill that gap. I'm so glad you enjoyed it!
I mean @alexdainisPhD wanted to talk about ice--who are we to stop her?
@@AlexDainisPhD I wish this was talked about more, because phase diagrams in Chemistry class often vaguely point out water's unusual ability to have a lower freezing point at higher pressures... but then neglect the fact that said trend severely reverses at much higher pressures.
YES, I want to learn about amorphous ice! I also want to know how and why there is a possibility of a specific number of 74,963 types of H2O ice.
Clathrin cages are also found in cells. Triskelion-shaped protein clathrin molecules bind together to cause cell membranes to invaginate to form vesicles or vacuoles inside cells.
I think that is a different molecule, but the logic is similar. A clathrate is any substance that can form structures with holes big enough so that other compounds can fit there.
Yup. You're right. I realized that after I posted. Same principle, molecules instead of atoms, different orders of magnitude.
Great vid and awesome energy from Alex ! We need the amorphous ice video more than anything now :)
Interesting topic and nicely covered. Good job Alex!
I love the many things pressure can do to usually normal chemicals. So cool!
This is my favorite science video ever
The title is what drew me to the video at first. Like, 74,963 types of ice? That's insane! But then as watched it more and more I became even more fascinated. Kudos to Alex and the team for making such a wonderful video! 👏🏻👍🏻
This channel is amazing....
Awesome hosts with very interesting and well-made content!
Thanks a lot, I was looking for a video about different kids of ice for a long time! Finally I found it! Great content
This show is criminally underrated
This is a crazy good video talking about different type of ice, crystal structure, log spot, full of energy I can feel.
Hexagons are the bestagons.
I've been waiting for a good video delving into the bazllion types of ice for a while now!
I've never been more excited about an episode . It's my breakfast this morning . ❤
Chemistry--does a body good.
Please do a whole video on ice X and Ice XVIII. Those are super fascinating!
ily queen… thanks for the ice lesson
Ice was said so many times in this video that it stopped sounding like a real word.
Lol it stopped sounding real when I said it too. 😅
Ice ice baby!
Vonnegut’s “ice-nine” is my favorite.
Shhh. We don't talk about ice nine. 😬
Came here to write this. 🙂
👣 🙃
We didn't have time to get into the Books of Bokonon. Maybe next video.
Yes please an amorphous ice video please 💜
so, it takes some Under Pressure to make some Ice Ice Baby? checks out
And different flavors! As pictured in the bottom right of the board.
I see the "Cat's Cradle" sticky hiding there. Nice touch!
Sigh. “Way back in gen chem” means I can’t assign this to my genchem students. But I can definitely try to be as fun as Alex! 😊
I ended with way more questions than answers.
Professora Dianis you're amazing please keep on doing these videos 🎉 thank you
Nice to finally see a ring on that hand 💍
i can't believe that under this tremendous pressure, the bond between hydrogens and oxygen don't break down to just individual elements. But when we apply a little bit of electricity to water we can break the bond to separate them.
most underrated channel on youtube.
1) Wonderful video. I love the tone you strike on this channel, it makes it so fun to watch!
2) i was waiting the WHOLE VIDEO for an ice-nine joke and i am SORELY DISAPPOINTED
edit: I just looked closer at the pinboard. i am a fool
❤ this video!! Alex is a great role model to encourage students in STEM, especially girls.
this is my favorite video now
A vid on computational investigations would be cool
Bike tire pressure should be more like 500 KILOpascal, or roughly 500,000 pascal (5 bar or slightly less than 5 atm)
Ice controversy! 😄 Well, this is how science works, kiddos!
AMORPHIC ICE! I DEMAND AN AMORPHIC ICE VIDEO!
Love how intense she is about ice
my reaction to 8:24 was just me mimicing the atoms:
"help we're supercompressed plasma that acts like a solid"
Those Final Fantasy spells are starting to make a lot more sense, now.
I love the content creator dilemma: Is this delivery too weird or not weird enough. Starting this myself... the struggle is real. lol
Excellent vid, but waiting for the Ice-IX reference that never came was sad
Look harder
Ice is so cool.
Pun intended.
Ok, you might be my favorite presenter now!
How do you get negative pressures? Pressure is the force of the molecules divided by the area over which those molecules are exerting that force. If there are no molecules then the pressure is zero. Sometimes vacuum can be referred to as a negative pressure, but only relative to the pressure outside the evacuated volume.
Negative hydrostatic pressure is possible in liquids. Famously this happens in the xylem of trees. Veritasium did a video on that phenomenon although I don't think he went into a lot of detail.
Pressure is force pushing into a surface divided by the area of that surface, nothing to do with molecules or how many there are. I understand why you'd make tyat association, given the it's part of the ideal gas law that pressure is proportional to the amount of molecules in a volume, and thus their pressure cannot be zero or negative, but we're dealing with solids here, not gasses. Solids are cohesive, they hold together, you can pull on them and they'll pull back, whereas gasses can only be pushed. Thus you can get the situation where the force on a surface inside a solid faces away from the surface, not into it. That's negative pressure.
"The minus sign next to those atmospheres doesn't mean "less than nothing"; it's an arbitrary signifier denoting "in the direction opposite of positive." Solids have negative pressure when they pull in, like stretched rubber bands or springs. Liquids can have negative pressure in metastable states, when they resist turning to vapor."
www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-physics-of-negative-pressure
This video at 200% is actually perfect. I'm not being negative like "ohhh that's so sloooow" or something I mean it, it's actually better sped up!
I can see some really expensive cocktails coming up...
ice number 6 is common on planets with so much water the oceans are extremely deep. creating great pressure at the bottom
probably*
@@Ezullof i thought astrophycisits were pretty sure it was there. it seems like it kinda has to be
Could any of this ices be theoretically pulled out of its apropriate for forming environment and set to our earth surface environment and keep its initial properties?
More videos yes it's interesting
7:10
I do not understand a graph with kelvin as the temperature and negative pressures in Pa.
negative pressure, is this hydrostatic tension? Thus you can only have negative pressure in solids?
But then how can you have a solid ice in tension at 300 K?
I clearly do not understand the top left part of this graph.
But I do not understand the bottom left of the graph either. If you have ice at say 15k, and you a pulling from all sides of it with 500 MPa... Would that not make ice as strong as steel, and even stronger?
What do the solid line vs the - - and the : line mean?
"The minus sign next to those atmospheres doesn't mean "less than nothing"; it's an arbitrary signifier denoting "in the direction opposite of positive." Solids have negative pressure when they pull in, like stretched rubber bands or springs. Liquids can have negative pressure in metastable states, when they resist turning to vapor."
www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-physics-of-negative-pressure
Chillin'!!!
I wanna talk about ice!
Random passerby: okaaaayyyy?
Single whiskey with one cube of Ice-LXIX please.
Amorphous ice! Yes, please!
Gotta catch em all! :D
The most important question is of course: does Ice Nine kill?
Wow the ice also has some of kind of the ice. What a world!
So ice bullets are possible?
like omg, put some deuterons into the spaces of the lattice , so it will prep 'em all real good for fusion , and presto ,you have an easy answer to fusion. Is it really so simple? lol !
id use dipole fields to infuse the medium correctly
whats the stock ticker to watch?
Any forms of ice that keep their lattice structure even when returning to ambient pressure and temperature?
Well, no.
I think that's just water.
We love polymorphism!
Ice V~~ Ice V! Ice V~~~ Ice V!
Soooo ... which is the best kind of ice for my margarita ?
Does anyone know the source of the claim that there are at most 74,963 possible crystal structures of ice? Because that is a mind-blowing fact.
www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04618-6
is there ice with magnetic properties?
I have 1 cool ice fact or II. Ice doesn't melt at zero degrees C, and celsius is not defined by the melting temperature of water. This is because the kelvin scale was defined at two points: the absolute zero, and at the *triple point of water*. The latter being a point at 0.01 degrees C and at a very low pressure where solid, liquid and gaseous water can all co-exist in harmony. It so happens that around 1 bar or so atmospheric pressure, that ice melts around 0.0025 degres C if I'm not mistaken. Then, allow for impurities, say 21% O2 and 79% N2, then those impurities will suppress the melting temperature oh around 0.0024 degrees C or so, making ice melting very close, but not quite, zero degrees celsius.
Furthermore, ice does not freeze near zero, really. The only reason it's anywhere close is because of impurities or 'nucleation sites', in a similar way that catalysts lower the activation energy required to kick off a chemical reaction. So, if you have pure water, in a nice smooth and clean container, it'll actually freeze around -40 degrees C. That is to say that the "homogeneous" freezing temperature of water is around -40 degrees C, at atmospheric pressure. This fact is very important to the aircraft designers and operators, who much deal with icing conditions, where supercooled droplets in the atmosphere tend to form hazardous ice instantaneously upon contact with the leading edge of aircraft wings and engines. Various technologies, chemical, mechanical, and thermal, are employed on different aircraft to fight the scourge of supercooled water.
Now, the kelvin scale is defined using fixed physical constants such as Boltzmann constant and the joule, and doesn't require water to define itself. All 7 of the SI base units were eventually converted into universal constants and exact definitions back in 2019. For all practical purposes, for most people except the most ardent of precision metrologists, the celsius scale is essentially in the same place it's always been.
Damn, that's fascinating. TIL.
But there are more kids on their "Ice"! Then think of all them old fashioned drivers who drive "Ice" cars?
Crystal field theory,ccf!
Ice 9 is the only one I'm worried about... stuff'll take over the world.
5:03 I don't understand this image. Why are there 4 hydrogens attatched to each oxygen?
Wow, ice is pretty *cool* 😎🥶
#21 is Vanilla Ice.
ICE-21 is coincidentally also my bands name
I like it in my whisky
this is an ice vid :)
ps: i love how unhinged this video is. its like if brian david gilbert made an "unraveled" video about ice
More weirdness!!
You didn't mention the best ice. Ice cream.
Cool
whut about hevvy watah???
but is ice slippery?
Why is there no ice 9?
ice ice baby
Stop. Sublimate and listen.
@@ACSReactions oh no…. 😂
The more I learn the less I know
So there may be ice in Uranus. 😂
It let me cold ...
😁😁😁
(n)ICE
ICE TO MEET YOU
Just... Just don't drop the ice 9
🧊 👏 amorphous ice video pls
Writing a book containing ice-V at the moment🙂
Not gonna lie: clicked on this mostly hoping for Ice-9 jokes. Was disappointed in that regard, but pleasantly surprised overall.
I make ice 1c at home by segmenting the water into a cubed tray 🤓
Kurt Vonnegut
Ice Nine