Everything You Could Ever Want to Know About Ice! | GEO GIRL
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- Опубликовано: 12 июн 2024
- References:
1: Harvey, 2017: Properties of Supercooled Water: www.scribd.com/document/61670...
2: The Life of a Glacier: web.archive.org/web/201412151...
14 (sorry I forgot to change the 14 to 3 after reordering & cutting down haha): Lynch et al. 2001: books.google.com/books?id=4Ab...
4: Metcalfe, 2021: www.livescience.com/exotic-ic...
5: Vance et al., 2014: doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.03...
6: NOAA Hail info page: w1.weather.gov/glossary/index...
7: Bohannon, 2013: www.science.org/content/artic...
Veritasium video: • Why are snowflakes lik...
Ice Wikipedia (and references therein): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice
Snowflake Wikipedia (and references therein): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake
11: Roach, 2007: web.archive.org/web/201001090...
12: Libbrecht, 2005: web.archive.org/web/201009170...
Magono and Lee, 1966. Meteorological Classification of Natural Snow Crystals: api.semanticscholar.org/Corpu...
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, and donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
In this video, I cover all the types or mineral structures of water ice. There are apparently over 19 types of ice, most of which are more dense than liquid water! The ice we are familiar with floats on water because it is less dense due to the hexagonal structure that the hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules spread out into when the water freezes. This is also the reason that water expands inside our pipes when it freezes and causes pipe bursts and flooding. There is, however, dense ice that sinks in water because it has a different crystal structure than regular hexagonal ice. This dense ice may have drastic consequences for life on Earth and the potential for life elsewhere, so it's important we map out where dense ice may be abundant in our solar system to aid in the search for life. The last thing I discuss in the video is ice that forms in our atmosphere. Atmospheric ice, such as snowflakes, hail, graupel, sleet, rime, etc. can form extremely intricate structures. I close out the video by discussing how differently structured snowlfakes can form. Hope you enjoy! :)
0:00 Outline
1:20 What is ice?
3:15 Why ice floats?
6:34 Why ice looks blue?
7:35 Different types of ice?
8:37 Amorphous ice
10:57 List of 19+ ice phases
12:14 Does dense ice prevent alien life?
15:31 Rime ice
17:39 Ice pellets (sleet)
19:47 Hail
21:25 Snowflakes
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Btw, if you're wondering why my background is different than my usual periodic table blanket and occasional appearance of my cat, it's because I went home for the holidays and this is my room at my parents house. I haven't yet moved my rock shelf to my place because I am still moving around a lot, but hopefully I can get a more permanent place after I graduate and I can have my rock shelf in the background of all my videos! :D That's the dream ;)
Home is where the rock shelf is 🪨
There is one video in the internet that much explains all kinds of snowflakes and how to reproduce them. I cannot remember which channel, though, for which I'm sorry. That guy studied snowflakes for like 20 years. Of what I remember, hexagonal nucleation was the basis, and then temperature and degree of humidity could be adjusted and changed to promote the growing of any type of snowflakes desired accurately.
yeah, I was thrown off by that ...not that you have rocks(I assumed you of course would) but by the "two doors" which I'm always fascinated and think about which I would open if given the choice - but then I freaked out, because those aren't the same two doors!
Just have to add this: Years ago, friends of mine went to southern France for a vacation, when suddenly, their mobile home got thrashed by an incredibly amount of tennis ball sized hail balls into a wreck. I saw the pictures - they could have died easily if they would have been out.
Cool. I hope you had (have) a great time with your family. Rooting for you to make the dream come true.
Fun Fact: Canadians have 47 different words for snow. Most of these are not "family-friendly".
OMG 47?! That seems like too much haha
As a big meteo-nerd that's been through many rounds of NWS spotter training, I think the golf-ball-sized hail quote you mention is for reports of _damaging_ hail specifically. The usual minimum size considered severe is ¾" - about US nickel sized; the vast majority of hail falls below this. It's impressive to see, but causes almost no damage until you get above that. Even up to 1½" will mostly cause only minor dings and damage. It's only when you get to golf ball sized (1¾") that things really start to smush and smash, which is obviously going to start garnering many more reports of damage.
Here in NM we call sleet a rain and snow mixture. It’s common weather here in the high desert this time of year
Great subject. In the immoral words of Mr. Vanilla, "Ice, ice, baby!" 😊
And I don't know if some cultures have many different words for snow. But I love there being 19 types of ice.😊😊
I know right! Now that I've done all this ice research, I've found out so much about ice, snow, etc that I can think of a bunch more videos to do hahaha :D It's so cool!
Oh I meant _immortal_ words, not "immoral." 😁
My understanding of needle and "hoarfrost" is that it has to do with plants' transpiration, the crystals start by water evaporating from the plant and that's how the formation starts but I could be wrong. Also: I saw graupel for the first time two years ago. It happened while I was looking out a window, it looked like bean bag filling and it seemed to all appear at once, like it just formed in the air and dropped and was over.
Wow cool! Thanks for the insight, that sounds logical to me ;D
I'm glad you didn't have an explanation for the formation of rime. I like the idea that rime forms without reason.
This was great. Did not know there was that many types of snowflakes, growing up in Northern BC we just classified it into "lots" or "tons". I was waiting to learn more about ice-nine that I first read about in Cat's Cradle.
One of my favorite books I discovered on my father's bookshelves was Isaac Asimov's "Extraterrestrial Civilizations." It's the original "Rare Earth Hypothesis" book. Even the authors of "Rare Earth" didn't know about it(i finally showed them Isaac's book after a few tries spread over a few years.)
Well, Isaac show how so many factors come into play that would prevent multi-cellular life(not single cell life) from happening. Looks like you found another factor that would probably limit life. In fact, this heavy ice problem probably limits single cell formation!
Always excellent and lively. Merci Geo Girl 🖖
Side note: grapefruit size hail is made in 200'ish Km/H updrafts.
There's a table somewhere on the net that gives hail size and the required speed of updrafts.
Really enjoyed it - and, as always, thank you so much for creating and uploading all these great interesting videos!
Rachel, I think another ice related topic would be a discussion of permafrost. As the earth continues its current warming trend, permafrost microbial activity increases resulting in the out gassing of greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Having done so much field work on the North Slope I became fascinated by permafrost, it’s origins and it’s unique structures. Another fascinating side topic is the abundance of Ice Age mammals preserved in its layers. In my wanderings I stumbled upon many fossils from that time period. I remember reading that more fossil mammoth ivory has come out of the Siberian tundra than modern ivory from Africa and India. As always, Rachel, a wonderful summary on ice. Many thanks!
Oh weird down here in Tennessee we call rain and snow mixed together sleet as well as ice pellets.
Interesting how who predominantly settled an area in the USA and when they did so seems to have an effect on colloquial language.
In Michigan, too.
Great Video. Here on the lake effect side of lake Michigan we can get all of these types of snow at the same time. Due to all of the freeze/thaw weathering around here we say that we only have two seasons; winter and road construction,
Here in Florida, we have only two seasons: summer, summer, summer, and snowbirds.
Thanks! What an fascinating topic! You do outstanding work, and you structured the video so logically! You reminded me of an interesting fact: that deep ocean water always hovers around 4 °C because this is when liquid water is at its densest (with some depression of temperature due to salinity). If a volume of water increases in temperature, it expands and rises, and if it decreases in temperature, it… ALSO expands and rises. So the deep ocean is stable at 4 °C. Very cool! Thank you again for your hard work! You make geology engaging and fun!
OMG I never thought about that dual expansion effect in the deep sea but that makes total sense and that is SO COOL! Wow water is so amazing honestly. I am sure you could hear it in my voice in this video, but I was just so surprised through all my research for this video. My brother gave me the topic idea because he saw some really cool ice structures on his window one morning and wondered what variety of structures ice could make. At first I thought no, I don't want to do a video on that, but now I am just so glad I did because I had no idea about all the amazing properties and the numerous types of water ice!! ;D
Anyway, so glad you enjoyed it, and thank you for the super thanks! ;D
@@GEOGIRL You remind me of when I learned about the Thermohaline circulation, and mostly the 'haline' part, and how it forms(find BBC clip "fingers of death) and then slowly flows like a river at the bottom of the ocean from the Antarctic to the Arctic.
It's a very important mechanism of the climate system, which is why I came across it. But it's also a marvelous piece of Physics.
When they program those huge climate simulation, they fill it with the laws of Physics and geography and all those currents appear in the simulation just as they do on our planet. Well, at least the larger features, grid resolution is still way too larger to account for things like cloud formation and the micro-physics at the surface of the ocean that play such a big role in cloud formation for instance.☕
Have a nice day 🌻
Very well done! You're getting really good at this. Yes. It is a mineral!
No. I did not know that! Fascinating! Thanks geo Girl I love it when you yell with excitement lol 💖💖💖
Hahaha, yes, I got so excited about tihs one expecially because I had no clue about this before my brother suggested I do a video about ice and I was like.... ice, really? But then I found out about all the types (granted I knew there were a couple other polymorphs, but 19?!) I mean I just got so excited and then had to post this right away lol! :D
I’m amazed how much information you have on so many different things. I really admire super smart people like you and I really appreciate your videos. You always talk about interesting cool stuff. And you’re always so pretty and that makes it even better 😊 Thank you
I've never heard of GEO GIRL but I'm impressed. You've earned a subscriber.
The discussion of ice moons, and the implications of different ice forms on the likelihood of life, is fascinating. However, it would appear that if these worlds have kilometers of icy crust overlaying a global ocean, that ice cannot be denser that the ocean beneath. Perhaps the liquid water is more of a thick brine, which has its own implications for life.
After nucleation of an ice crystal on a surface, the needle-like frost could grow by water vapor attaching itself to the already frozen root of the crystal (being that it’s the coldest thing in proximity), rather than condensing on the branch and then freezing, which would look more like an ice sickle and not the needle structure of hoar frost. This is just my thoughts, I don’t have references sry. What do you think?
Great video btw! I didn’t know about all those types of ice, I'm happy you told me about them!
I asked ChatGPT why ice forms in needle-like structures around tree branches, and one idea it gave me is that tree branches are bumpy so they have a lot of nucleation sites for ice to form. This is probably not a complete answer, but perhaps a partial one.
Thanks for checking on that! That makes sense for at least part of the reason. I just wonder why it's needle instead of a different structure, like columns, irregular, or another type, I'm sure after a few more commenters like you we will have a full picture ;D
Thanks geo girl one and only
Of course! Glad you liked it ;D
Great science content, Geo Girl. You're a gem. I'm here early before you're at a million subscribers.
Thank you! So glad you liked it :D And thanks for thinking I'll get to 1 million, hope you are right, that'd be incredible! :D
Watching people explain things with enthusiasm is an S tier experience 👌👌👌 I miss my enthusiastic professors the most; youtube and podcasts are second best. Do you have any favorite channels or shows you follow?
Hoarfrost can create dramatic and stunning scenes as ice needles form on objects in the wintertime
You’re such a great teacher and presenter! Someone give this girl a medal ❤
Thank you so much!
Not even 2 minutes in and my mind s blown because misunderstood what a mineral is!! 😂😂 Thanks for teaching me a new fact today!!
There is a more positive effect to ice breaking stuff through freeze-thawing: It breaks up the hardened ground on a field, helping with agriculture. That process is worth a video in itself.
I must have missed the part where you mention the ferro-electric properties of Ice XI; for that's the part that blew my mind when I first learned about the different ice-types.
Learned this is looking at the PT diagrams in the 1st thermodynamics course.
You forgot the dreaded Yellow Snow. Yesterday morning, here in PDX, we had graupel, hail and snow in quick succession.
Their is one form of ice in air, and that is called "Ice Fog" which is a type of micro ice formation suspended and FLOATING in the air that looks a lot like fog, but isn't, it also feels different than normal fog to breath.
Nicely done and well put together video. Thanks for taking the time.
Thank you! :)
One of your most delightful information sessions!❤
Thank you
Ice types on earth, Frazzle, Anchor, Float, can all be present at hydro dams.
Another ice type usually forms on tall antennas, but I have had this ice form on a car antenna and bridging / blocking on radiator at specific temp, wind, relative humidity. This ice can also form on high voltage equipment, very dangerous. The ice can quickly cause damage and then disappear without leaving evidence.
I keep telling my students that water is actually an extremely weird substance! 😊
Another great presentation. Loving the diversity of topics.
Thank you! So glad you enjoyed it and like the diversity! ;D
That was very interesting and well presented. Good content 👍
Thank you! :D
Ice. This is so cool. By the way, I have difficulty communicating because I had a stroke in Broca’s area, the part of the brain that controls speech. 2/8/2021 but I lived again. (My wife helped me compose this.)
I had heard about these extraterrestrial water ice forms. Obviously I knew Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is good for the fish, thanks Geo Girl for explaining the bonding that enables this, and structural forms of space ice! Though the ice I am more interested is ice cream, sorbets, gelato. There are at least 19 types of ice cream at the ice cream parlour, like tutti frutti, choc chip. It is amazing though there’s ice that would sink in water, that’s really strange, an Alien Titanic would be OK. I’ve heard that The needle like structures are caused by someone called Jack Frost who does it by some sort of magic. I presume Ice forming around carbon particles from jet exhaust is what causes vapour trails? Also, the hail stones going up and down would that generate static charge? And are ice meteorites a thing? Or is it just ice falling from planes or super giant hail stones? On snow I recall once large hexagonal flakes falling on me and not melting and I could see them getting mechanically entangled with each other
5:50 YES... Thank you water 💧
21:20 Oh, the biggest we've had in some village in Germany were adult human skull sized. Exceptional pieces in the "relatively" smaller hail.
When stuff like that comes down, you start thinking the preppers might be having a point, just in case humanity gets reset by... our planet having a hickup or sneeze or something.
As far as I remember, the assumption was that several of the already big hailcorns smashed together and managed to round out enough to superficially seem like one big superhailcorn. However, those exceptional pieces were far from as perfectly round as hail tends to be. It's been decades ago, so take this with a grain of... hail I suppose.
I learned more about ice than i ever knew! 😃 And that my ancestors were Benthic!
One more interesting type of ice formation is hair ice which forms around dead wood colonized by the fungus Exidiopsis effusa. The exact mechanism isn't fully understood but its only in the presence of this species of fungus that hair ice forms and it likely has something to do with the fungus's antifreeze molecules inhibiting ice nucleation thus constraining the behavior which ice can exhibit when it crystalizes.
As for impacts of high density ices one of the big recent discoveries in astrobiology/abiogenesis research is that basaltic glass a.k.a. amorphous solid basalt catalyzes RNA formation. This catalytic effect appears to be due to the more mafic nickel which is why obsidian a.k.a. rhyolite glass doesn't have the same effect. The significance of this is that if you lack a means to put amorphous basalt into contact with water it would be problematic to get RNA one of the essential molecules for life as we know it.
But since we are talking about how weird water is as a substance it turns out water even has at least two distinct liquid phases. There is water as we know it characterized by its hydrogen bonds but there is also apparently another kind of water with a different style of hydrogen bond interactions at least sort of. Its technically quite a bit more complicated than that as these pure phases of water which correspond to the organization and behavior of hydrogen bonds don't like to exist separately instead they normally exist in a dynamic quantum superposition of states not really fully one phase or the other which some work suggests is the cause for water's bizarre mix of properties as a liquid.
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1705303114
physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.6.1.20201119a/full/
A big implication for this is that water is fundamentally irreducibly a quantum object and as the relative weightings for these two states vary with temperature and pressure it means the chemical properties of water itself vary with temperature and pressure which has long been known but has remained hard to explain. It was originally hypothesized that there might be several phases of water because we have known that two different amorphous phases of water ice exist HDA ice and LDA ice which is unusual for a given liquid as normally a liquid phase corresponds to its amorphous phase. Given that you brought up a third Very High Density Amorphous Ice then I would not be surprised to learn that a third liquid phase exists with a far lower probability amplitude/weighting since it took many years to not only show that it might be possible to isolate these phases under supercooled conditions but to actually succeed in experimentally isolating them. If this is the case then there may be more hydrogen bond interaction phases out there to discover.
Quantum superpositions are a bit hard to understand so this is a bit of a tricky subject to discuss without the relevant background in quantum mechanics.
Mentioning the Tunguska event and the theory behind it, that it might have been caused by an ice meteorite/part of a comet - would probably have blown the scope the video - but thanks anyway, I didn't know that that many forms of ice can possibly exist.
Oh yea, I'll have to do a follow up ice video about comets and comet impacts :D
A new geo girl video. Yeah! Mean Yay! Yeah if worng, that is like the Beatles Yeah Yeah Yeah.
Very awesome video 👏👏👏
Perhaps, Geo Girl, when making making this video you could've played Vanilla Ice's song "Ice" in the background😉😁.
Fascinating!! Ty ❤️❤️
on the reporting of ONLY golf-ball-sized hail, i 'think' that IS what is most frequently REPORTED (THAT being the operational/important word) and; i REALLY, REALLY, REALLY, ABSOLUTELY THINK that IS JUST a laypersons estimate for when the hail size reaches damaging (like to car bodies/windows as well as house siding) proportions.
i mean sure, there ABSOLUTELY ARE other sizes of hail that also occur frequently but; THAT IS, again, the most frequently REPORTED laypersons estimate.
oh now this one is COOL! ❄️
@6:20 ish. Wouldn't hot vents (the best candidate for abiogenesis) still create non-frozen environments for everything to occur? Also, many areas of the ocean have an ice free ocean column. I've heard it said about sinking ice stopping abiogensis/evolution, but how would that work exactly? Pressure so high it still freezes?
You are absolutely right that hot vents would prevent local freezing, but we don't know if these vents are temporally stabile (whether they are intermittently or permanently active). If the vents spatially and temporally vary, then they may not be stable long enough in one region to allow water-rock interactions to produce enough chemicals to produce enough energy for life to evolve (or allow enough time for life to evolve)... And we know so little about the origin of life to begin with (the environment or amount of time it requires) that we cannot even say what these requirements would be haha
Anyway, based on what I've read, it seems like we are pretty sure Enceladus's and Europa's ocean floors are likely not covered in dense ice, or the layer is thin and spatially variable enough to allow plenty of active hot vents to remain stable for long periods and thus, allow a potential origin of life. Whereas, Ganymede and Callisto may have dense ice layers so thick that it prevents any vent activity which could fully prevent life.
This comment may bring up more questions than it answers haha, but I hope it was at least fun to read lol ;)
Another problem would be getting from one heat flow to another.
What about ice-9? Kurt Vonnegut described it well in "Cat's Cradle" published in 1963............
Thanks for the good content!
Of course! So glad you enjoyed it :D
@@GEOGIRL 🏆🏆🏆🎉
re "Carbon offsets" - you may want to dig into how that works - it is more aspirational than it is realistic. A good intention - without impact.
Water below its freezing point is highest density and need to remain still? I think yes, and any motion activity starts nucleation I think yes.
Is ice from a iceberg different densities from top to bottom?
Does air migrate out of ice to make its density increase?
I don't answers but as much as covered I still formulated a few questions.
Hmm, I don't know the answer to all of these, but I can say that icebergs are likely the same density throughout because they are made up of a single ice crystal structure (ice Ih), and because the crystal structure determines density it remains the same throughout the entire iceberg. All naturall occuring ice on Earth is dominated by ice Ih (only very trace amounts of cubic ice and ice VII exist in special scenarios). So in general all ice on Earth is the same density. It is only in the lab or on other planets/moons where denser ice can form because we can subject it to much higher pressures than those naturally found on Earth in the temperature range at which water ice can exist. I hope that answers at least some of your queries ;)
18:15 Graupel made it into the English language? :D
I am happy.
Ice forming on branches can be a result of sleeting (frozen rain - not hail or snow)
OUH!!! COOL Video! You should make a Video on Water's Brownian Motion!
Oh that's a great idea, thanks!!
@@GEOGIRL I always taught that somehow, Brownian Motion is linked to Free Will 🤯
😮 19 types of ice?Interesting!👏
wait a second - so if liquid water can not be compressed(yes pressurized, but then it still doesn't decrease in volume) nor expanded(it will boil into gas pretty easily, even at low temperatures) but clearly Earth ice expands 9% in volume understandably from being in a ordered crystal arrangement as shown; then my question would be about these other types of 'alien ice' formed at high pressures, *do they change volume?* as the clue you gave would be they(some?) would sink in liquid water from being more "dense" which implies they have reduced in volume? ....so then you actually can compress water?!? and just that it would have to become a solid, in one of those weird non-native 18 other ice forms - and so is there a size range that those other ices will shrink in volume to? and do they remain at that size in an Earth like atmospheric pressure[edit - or in the vacuum of space] if kept cold enough or are those other ice forms only stable if constrained to their lower volumes by pressure?
wow, this is all very weird ....but I guess sometimes knowledge isn't always "comfortable" dang you girl haha
When was the coast of Texas last covered by glaciers? It looks kind of ragged, at least a little bit like the Norwegian coast, but its had time to be worn down some.
a 1.1 lb hailstone falling at terminal velocity sounds very dangerous...
if i did my math right, it should come out to about 1.6 lbs/sq foot force on impact. which isn't as bad as i thought it'd be.
But ice pellets, rime ice, hail, and snow flakes are all hexagonal ice? ... it's evident that a snow flake has crystalline hexagonal structure, but hail has too? it is only "anhedral"?... Does amorphous ice exist on earth? thanks, great video.
Yep, all of the ice you are familiar with on Earth is hexagonal at the molecular scale. Snowflakes that are hexagonal in crystal habit (macro-structure) are formed under conditions at which their internal molecular structure dictates their macro-structure, but in most crystals, their macro-structure (or crystal habit/form) does not have to 'match' their molecular structure. For example, calcite has one molecular crystal structure (hexagonal), but has many different crystal habits at the macro-scale: it forms prisms, cubes, dendrites, stalagtites, nodules, needles, etc.
So in other words, the micro-scale structure ditates the macro-scale structure but can result in a wide range of macro-structures because the hexagonal molecules can be arranged in all sorts of different ways. Hope that makes sense ;)
Ice is cool
The Kitimat people of Northern British Columbia have over 200 words for different types of snow. Their name means "People of the Snow"'.
Is the Glacier @ 1:25 at Stewart, BC?
Definition of Supercool: Ability to play the Blues very well.
Not really. They have an agglutinative language, so they can have as many as they want.
PS: Considering cultural preoccupations, has anyone counted how many words we have describing containers?
I had hoped to learn more about super ionic ice, which apparently is black and can conduct electricity. But not something I'm likely to find in my neighbors freezer.
Oh so cool! I will look into it for a future video! Thanks for mentioning that ;D
@@GEOGIRL totally, the bad guy in my sci-fi novel is going to get doused in super ionic ice, so i have to learn as much about the physical effects as possible.
I meet an Eskimo in the service. He told me that there are 19 different words in his native language for snow.
Wow, no way! That is so cool!
At 15:12, you have a nice rainbow on your face. Very fashionable! 😁
Haha, yea I noticed that half way through filming and then started to lean to one way slightly so it wasn't so distracting 😂 Glad you enjoyed it at least ;)
Will these crystal formes of Ice form automatically if water is brought to the right conditions concerning the phase diagram?
I am not an expert so I am wondering. Diamonds for example decay very very slowly even though atmospheric conditions do not form them.
Yes, to my understanding as long as you are within a certain 'box' on phase diagram in terms of T and P, that type of ice will form and then if you take it and move it into a new T and P regime it will convert over time into the phase that is stable in those conditions. :)
13:36 triton gets a shout out 🎉😅
😎
I always heard "sleet" as rain+snow. I'm from Appalachia. Not sure if it's a regional thing.
Does "R" stand for "rimmed" or for "rimed" as in the rime mentioned earlier in the video?
That's a great question, I didn't think about that but you're probably right! It's probably the same as the earlier mentioned rime
Ice Ice Baby!!!
I owe you ❤️😊😉❤️
Thank you so much! This was too much, but I very much appreciate it and will put it to good use, thank you and love you
@@GEOGIRL it payback for delicious Kiki’s 🌮
What happened to ice 11 [XI] ?
VHDA 😂😂😂 that's cute
I bet hda is a good neutron absorber.
I am happy to learn that something flabbergasted you. It's very important to have been flabbergasted at least once in your life.
So pretty!! You and the snowflake!
It's so exciting to learn that the world around us has so much marvelous complexity and that we are capable of observing it.
However, it isn't clear that nothing spontaneously turned into everything that subsequently evolved into irreducibly complex systems and organisms for no reason or purpose.
It makes sense that Jesus created it all, including us, for His purposes.
I don't think pilots consider rime ice to be cool, as it can form on the wings of airplanes and change the shape of the wing, stopping them from generating lift.
If you don't have equipment to deal with the ice, having ice forming on the plane is considered a "land as soon as possible" type emergency. As opposed to a land as soon as practical emergency.
Kurt Vonnegut said that a small bit of ice IX dropped into the ocean would end all life on Earth. Or was that just a plot device?
Yes.
So things like Vanilla Ice wouldn't count?
And what about icy dead people?
I have question how we know how mountain form?
I have an answer: Rocks! Well there is a much more complicated and detailed answer, but the gist is that we can look at how rocks have been deformed and oriented in ways that we know they weren't originally deposited. Then we can deconvolute their history of movement and from there we can look at the direction of stress they were placed under and when they were placed under that stress (in other words: when the mountain formed and what direction the tectonic forces were moving to uplift the rocks that formed the mountain). From this information we can determine whether there was a plate boundary at or near that place at the time the mountain formed and what direction that plate was moving to form those mountains. Now there are times when the mountains formed without the need for plate tectonics, this typically means they formed due to a hot spot (a hot rising part of the mantle that formed volcanos at the surface, like Hawaii). However, when mountains (or volcanos) are formed from hot spots instead of plate tectonics, the rocks end up with a distinct composition, so their chemistry as well as their physical appearance can tell us a lot, but it is hard to put into words with no pictures, so I will try ot make a future video to explain it better, ok? :)
@@GEOGIRL thank you very much 💗💗
What kind of ice is on Mars, Europa and Enceladus? It's not the same as Earth's?
An imp thing I want to request you is pls adjust your face window size/location for the texts that it hides.
Yea, I normally do a better job at making sure it won't cover any text up, but I messed up on a few slides in this video, sorry about that!
@@GEOGIRL I request you to pls not write text on that small section else the content is super cool 😎
Ice-9?
🤣
Great info! Check out Dr Masaro Emoto on the memory of water and also Dr Gerald Pollack on "EZ-Water". cheers!
19? I thought that there were only 3 to 5 types.
PS I was just about to mention about the possibility of problems with life, if ice was denser than water.....PSS Is ice ever denser than water, if it is at extreme pressures?
(like at the bottom of a 100 mile deep extra-solar ocean)
Oops......You answered my question.
Hahaha, these were all my questions when making the video! Seems we have a very similar brain lol ;)
@@GEOGIRL It is amazing how much our knowledge has advanced in the last 50 years. I'm sure that you'll feel the same way in 2073.
Obligatory Ice 9 reference.
I think heavy water ice will sink in ordinary water :)
*me still watching in a progress*
Oh yea, I was so focused on H2O ice, I didn't even think to look into D2O ice! I will read about it and see what I can find, maybe I can make a follow up video haha ;D
@@GEOGIRL 🥰ty this video was very interesting :)
How nerd are you?.
I get excited seeing a 25minute long video about ice.
I am very nerd, and I am glad to see you are on the same page ;)
Why do scientists say process seas instead of processes?
Hahaha Idk I have wondered this before as well lol
I LIKE ICE WITH MY COCA COLA
Cellular water is H2O3, another water for you!
So if aliens visited us our snow and ice would be utterly alien to them? (serious question) I had no idea this was the case.
Edit: Or (as I gather from below comments) obviously aliens would only be able to evolve in worlds that also have our rare kind of snow and ice. That makes me feel better about the way I'm writing the aliens in my story lol
Water is magic.
Talking to water are we now?
No damn cat, and no damn cradle.