Yes, I asked about different stages of ice on a video once. Thank you for doin it! Edit: I think it will break. That's my guess. That's crazy to think some ice sinks! Water is so cool! Love this vid.
This is also why compressed air tanks (scuba, paintball, etc) are water tested. A failure of the tank when filled with water is much less violent than the failure of a container filled with air.
Agreed, I built a pressure test machine for a prominent industrial and agricultural tire manufacturer. Setup a 2 stage pump with a high volume low pressure to fill the tire and second stage is high pressure low volume with incremental pressure rise, some tires are QAQC checks and others are destruction tested to beyond base pressure of 14bar/203psi.
Because water is virtually incompressible under the conditions, the failure of a water-pressure-tested tank tank results in a sharp pressure drop which is immediately detectable. Pressure is then released. As a rule this means the failure never reaches the point of even a small explosion. I worked in a factory that produced compressed gas cylinders. Not only were the tanks under test filled with water; they were submerged in a tank full of water. Pressure was applied until either the test pressure was reached and successfully contained; or a pressure drop revealed failure. What actually occurred in a failure was that some part of the metal tank began to *_stretch._* This resulted in an automated response that opened a valve to release pressure almost instantaneously. As far as I ever witnessed, at no time did the test ever result in an actual breach of a tank under test. There was usually no visible indication of where the metal had failed. The chrome-moly alloy of which the tanks were made was key to their strength and to their stretchy mode of failure.
I agree how can one be so smart but do something so dumb. I like his channel and all but damn he's lucky it popped from the cap and not the pipe itself.
@@TheTubejunky given the thickness of the pipe wall it was always going to fail at the caps/thread. Unless the pipe had a structural weakness already. I was thinking when he was doing his safety talk that it doesn’t take much energy differential to create a dangerous projectile.
Touching supercool metal with bare skin is also really bad practice. Not an issue when your hands are dry, but when they are moist or wet, it is a different story.
@@Rad_Dan It's hard to tell how it is "set up", at 4:15 you clearly see that it has not been set up in front of the camera yet. Maybe he carries it in front of his face and then moves to protect the camera too, at just the right moment...
I worked for a monument company for 6 years. In that time, we saw multiple 2,000 pound stones lifted and slid off their bases by a layer of ice less than 1/8 inch thick. Ice is a wicked powerful thing.
I recall reading that people used to use water in icy conditions to quarry granite blocks. A long long time ago of course, but yeah, never underestimate the power of ice
Is pressure law over imcompressinle liquid. Pressure hydrolicbdistrubution again cristaline molecular structure eletromagnetic bonds.. is crazy strong and a hexa bonds with space inthe middle... What always interest me though is if there is better way to force it into non regular icebcrystall on earth😅
Yeah, I have always heard about different forms of water ice in the context of insane pressures, for example hundreds of kilometers into the gas giants or other large planets. This where one could also find metallic hydrogen.
@@nikelsad It is an interesting, ultimate chemical, rocket fuel ;) I am somewhat sceptical, however. Is it even possible to have it stable? Rocket fuel is already very dangerous, but this would be like an order of magnitude worse ;) Maybe there would be some other uses for metallic hydrogen, where it would be required in smaller quantities.
Hardened glass, is cooled in such way it doesn't allow the atoms inside the glass to contract evenly with the outside layers. this force remains constant until the glass is shatters and is the cause why it explodes in such many 'shrapnel'. The force the electron has when it changes energy state, moving up or down, unimaginable big.
This, I remember seeing a very similar video, but at least they had the common sense to put shields up. He's essentially creating a rudimentary bomb, creating pressure within the container with no escape, and if it does compromise the container then it'll blast out violently, potentially with shrapnel.
@@naturesrevenge8758 You really think after all the safety talk, that he didn't have a shield ? The only thing we know for sure is he added a camera shield later. I'm sorry,but if you think he didn't have a shield for his protection, you have to be really fucking dumb.
@@Troffixx or we like proof, let's see the shield he had on top of the one he put in front of the camera. He cheats death regularly if you watch this channel, it's part of the attraction.
I get frustrated with his lack of knowledge and promotion of falsities. Anyone with even a smidge of pipe b0mb knowledge (or any good plumber for that matter) knows that those type of end caps are not steel.. they are cast iron. Cast iron is brittle and weak.
In the years before explosives, they used to mine granite by drilling holes into it, then filling those holes with water, plugging those water filled holes with waxed wooden plugs, and waiting for winter. The continuous freezing temperatures would cause the water in the holes to freeze, and expand, which would crack the huge blocks of granite loose from the solid vein of granite rock. Very high pressures, indeed.
@@benjaminray2425 If 19 was the number of likes under topic starter's comment, then you can be mistaken :) I haven't thought of the steel size reduction until reading the ts's comment, and then I've put a like on it. :)
I enjoyed the video. The pipe was steel, however the caps appear to be cast iron 150 pound rating. Would like to see the test with schedule 80 or 120 pipe, and 3000 pound forged fittings.
If you are wondering how I screwed it shut with an incompressible fluid inside like water, some water leaked through the threads as I was screwing it on. So why didn’t the water just leak out when it froze? Because it freezes from the outside in, so the threads froze first so it self-sealed so that it held in the pressure.
Supposedly this is a true story I heard years ago. They wanted to re-melt old surplus civil war cannon balls. But they were too large and too hard to break apart. No one could figure it out. So some kids ended up filling the balls with water and letting them freeze. The balls cracked open enough for the refinery.
The explosion wasn't from the ice formation. Though ice formation exerts a lot of force and will break a lot of rather durable things, it is a slow-and-steady sort of deal. The end of the pipe was forced to break, but it didn't go off like a gun. The explosion was from the molten-hot water pouring into the basin of liquid nitrogen and vaporizing everything in the pan almost instantly. All the nitrogen returned to its gaseous form, and expanded wildly.
It expands by around 10% its volume, and there's quite literally no force we know that can resist its expansion ( not a force on the planet ) as a plumber of near 30 years there are few things ife not seen destroyed by pipes freezing. Latent heat energy of solidification ( freezing a liquid into a solid ) is 144 btu or 151,9120 joules Latent heat energy of vaporization ( boiling a liquid into a gas ) is 970 btu or 1,023,350 joules If you've never heard of latent heat before its worth learning about, you may see the entire world differently after :) For reference a sneeze is approximately 50 joules . If the person has a vital capacity (amount of air in a full breathe) of 3L, that air weighs about 3.6 g; to push the body backward with 50 J of energy.
If you live in part of the world which has all 4 seasons, there is very good chance that you-or somone you know did this experiment with their car engine block in late autumn-early winter 😁
@@lategamer6684 I have watched RUclips videos where *other* youtubers had commented on the video, and their username was highlighted in gray, even if it was not the author of the video.
6:34 Not pictured is the ice they use in McDonald's, known as ICE OMEGA. It uses the same amount of water as normal ice but takes up twice the volume of your drink.
When i order at fast food places, I always tell them ""NO ICE"". Its common knowledge that most fast food workers & hotel / motel owners can't, won't, don't, clean ice machines or dispensers, they either don't care, or just were never taught how to clean & disinfect the ice machines, & most don't even know why they have to be cleaned. Ever see the green slime at the bottom of those "ice dispensers"? Its disgusting.
@@SKYNET9er no. Where do you live Cambodia? I worked for P&G as an inspector for food service businesses. Every nook and cranny is investigated, including from the under side of sinks for buildup, where they meet the wall, down to the castor wheels on carts for crud build up and everything in-between. Ice machines are most definitely checked over thuroughly. I'd shut anyone down if I saw that with 1 phone call to the health department. Owners know it, so unless it's a privately owned single business that avoids inspection services... (In which case EAT ELSEWHERE cause, gross.) It's been checked at least monthly.
Once I was a science teacher at a private school. My supervisor, who was supposed to get lab equipment and text books, had failed to do so all semester long. So, I had to make up my own experiments. It was really hard because it was my very first semester teaching science, so I had to learn lots of other stuff for the first time too. The children asked me to use a fire extinguisher and a pillowcase to make dry ice (I think they saw it on Instagram). I got it to work the 2nd try. As I was passing the dry ice around (I had gloves for them to wear, and told them not to hold it for very long even with the gloves), one of the children suggested I put it in a plastic bottle to see what would happen. I immediately knew that the bottle would fail if I let all the dry ice melt with the cap on, but I thought, "It will probably 'pop' after a few minutes. I just need to make sure nobody's holding it when it pops". However, I had underestimated how strong the plastic bottle was. There was a point at which I could see solid CO2 ice floating on top of liquid CO2, which I thought was pretty cool. If I had been thinking, I should have unscrewed it, but you know young children are naughty and always getting into trouble, so I was distracted. I threw the bottle into a plastic bin, set it behind me, and forgot about it. A few minutes later, it exploded right behind me as I was talking to the children. The trash bin was totally destroyed. It was like 2 feet behind me when it exploded, and I said, "holy ****". Nobody got hurt, but all the other teachers in the building heard it and I got in trouble. * In hind-sight, it was pretty dumb. My only excuses are that I wasn't given the resources I was supposed to have, and I had to make up everything on the fly in my very first semester as a science teacher. So yea, this guy is totally right. Trapping a gas in a container is dangerous. The size of the explosion will be proportionate to the strength of the container. *I was made to sign a paper saying I had done a dangerous experiment outside of the science classroom without safety equipment. I wrote above my signature, "the science room was occupied and there is no safety equipment." I gave it to my supervisor and she looked mortified. She was a middle-aged woman, who I don't think really cared about anything other than covering her own butt. She completely failed to do everything that was her responsibility (get science textbooks, lab equipment, apply to renew my visa, etc), and I had to do these things for her. I think the paper she gave me was meant to put all the responsibility for the accident on me, but my note completely destroyed her intention, because she was responsible for getting the lab equipment. She let me go after the first semester (causing a lot of stress for me, since I was living in the country on a work visa). She said this accident was the reason, but I think the real reason was that I had to go behind her back to do her job for her (getting my own science equipment and getting somebody else to help me with my visa, etc), and she was embarrassed. So anyway, the lessons from this story are that spontaneous science lessons with children are a bad idea (you don't have time to think through all the consequences of your actions), trapped gas is dangerous, and beware of making middle-aged women who are your supervisors look bad (they will be vindictive and won't take responsibility for anything).
Interesting, at my sons school they did the dry ice to blow up a plastic bottle on purpose for a science thing one day, even let him take some ice home to repeat it at home.
This is like the works "spontaneous detonators" I made as a kid. Wont explain how its done here but similar thing. Trapped gasses inside bottle eventually go boom. They were fun to make with Gatorade bottles and whatnot because they were so thick lol.
We do this at work on a weekly basis to perform cryo scanning electron microscopy on hydrated samples. The goal is to freeze the (small volume) of water so fast that the ice that forms is vitreous (non-crystalline) in order to avoid damaging the microscopic structures we wish to observe. To accomplish this, we put the LN2 under vacuum until it turns to a slush, break the vacuum and quickly plunge the sample into the LN2 and reestablish the vacuum. In this manner, the water flash freezes, forming vitreous ice that not expand as it freezes, thereby preserving the integrity of the structures. The sample is then transferred under vacuum to the SEM chamber where we manipulate the temperature and pressure to cause the vitreous ice to sublimate away, leaving the frozen structures visible to image in the microscope. Cool video, and nice discussion on the phase diagram of water. Glad you got that blast shield up just in time!
@@saulgone2766 two problems: 1st, the larger the object, the more difficult it is to form vitreous ice. Much larger than a pea, and it won't freeze instantly, which causes crystalline ice, damaging tissue. Second is the sample must be in a vacuum, which isn't too healthy for people!
You should use a stainless steel alloy, like 304. Mild steel gets very weak at LN2 cryo temperatures, but the end caps are cast iron which is even more brittle. Also, a smaller diameter pipe, like 1" or less, will be subjected to smaller forces, and is typically over-engineered.
@@BrooksMoses : Contrary to what he said, the liquid nitrogen didn't explode. It _couldn't_ explode, because it wasn't contained in any way. The steel end cap bursting rapidly off the end of the pipe "bomb" slammed into the liquid N, splashing it violently and promoting faster (but definitely _not_ explosive) vaporization. That's all.
Hey there. I'm a plumber and I was genuinely not expecting that. Steel pipe is one of the strongest and it's not prone to breaking until it's old and rusty. Thank you especially for encouraging proper safety measures after that awesome reaction.
Here in Canada, -30C outside my window today, ice blowing pipes to bits is very common. I was waiting for the end caps to fail as the quality of the fittings recently is very poor. It was only exciting because the device was sitting in LN2.
The liedenfrost effect actually protects your hands when they’re bare because there’s a layer of gas between you skin and the liquid nitrogen (think of those waterdrops not immediately boiling on hot stovetops)
We've been using this force to literally break apart mountains. I worried about brittleness though. And potentially the seal failing as the metal parts contract at different rates, setting off a rapid cascade when water leaks from the container.
If it hadn't exploded, that would be what I'd suspect. Honestly, I expected the thread seal to give up before the metal, but I guess the ice formed from the outside in and self-sealed.
We did it more than once where I leave in grandparents house when they died (so noone was heating house in winter). A little bit of water left in the system in lowest point - here goes a steel pipe.
This was Brilliant, I've always wanted do this and find out, I always thought the expansion will win and break or warp anything trying to contain it. What was interesting was the other state of Ice if it was possible to stop the expansion. This was the best, thanks.
It would be difficult for ice to protrude out of a crack at such high pressure. The ice froze around the sides, which created an enormous amount of pressure. Any crack would have water streaming out at far too high a speed to freeze in a little protrusion. Unless the it froze after spewing out. I guess that's possible. Regardless, the sudden explosion was cool. I was expecting it because I've seen an almost identical experiment done, in person, at University.
@Lassi Kinnunen 81 I think the shield was sufficient, but yeah he needs to be more careful. I've seen this experiment done in person, so I knew it had a likelihood of exploding. It's best to keep your distance.
AMAZING! Thank you so much, such great serendipity. I have been pondering this topic in my head for a few days and then one of my favourite RUclipsr posts a video on it. Stellar as always. You have my gratitude.
Interesting question but the answer given at the end of the video starting around 7:02 is quite off the mark: As the dense ice phase starts to form it will tend to lower the pressure in any closed vessel, whether real or ideal. So its formation will be strongly self-limiting. Instead as cooling continues, the pressure will then decrease to follow a phase equilibrium (mixture) of mostly liquid with a small fraction of "dense" ice. The pressure will not be able to rise again until a temperature, where some "regular" (hexagonal) ice starts to form, is reached. From there the remaining liquid fraction will freeze into a mixure of mostly regular ice and some small portion of other (dense) ice phases. Once it is all solid, it could never be all dense ice, as that would not produce any pressure inside the containment vessel, and therefore could not be stable. Instead some major fraction of regular ice would need to be present for any dense ice to have even a chance of remaining. Ultimately as temperatures cool further the regular ice will transition to ice XI (see chart at 6:00), and so you would end up with a mixture of mostly ice XI with probably some small fraction of ice IX.
Solid hydrogen hydroxide becomes liquid under pressure and reverts to solid when pressure is released. Therefore, with no room to expand, the liquid form remained liquid regardless of temperature until pressure was released at which point the compound becomes solid.
i recently bought some rat traps and some 30 inch barbecue skewers and the cashier was like "im just gonna assume theyre for 2 completely different things... right?"
I was scared from the beginning of pouring liquid nitrogen how this will end. Those end caps are made of cast iron. They are quite brittle even in room temperatures.
Yeah, this guy is a total idiot. Says something like "Let's put it in a container that can't expand", then puts it in a container that he admits "This is going to bulge some"...Uhhh...that's called 'expansion'. Then, the previous mentions of the steel pipe contracting WHILE the water is trying to expand (due to the dissolved gas trying to escape the liquid...he should have used boiling distilled water when filling the pipe), then this, then that, then the other thing... This guy set this experiment up to fail just so that he'd have more 'spectacular' video!!!! Too bad he wasn't a few seconds later setting up his shield.
I watch these videos every night in bed before i go to sleep lol. All started when i saw you on RUclips thanks for the education, and answers to life’s questions!
As a young kid, we were poor, and we had to keep water dripping in sink so the pipes wouldn't burst. Many times I woke up to find ice in the toilet. Anyway, I thought then that purpose of dripping water was that it kept water moving so that it would not freeze. Now I know it is just to relieve pressure.
I was questioning this yesterday with my girlfriend "What would happen if you put liquid water in a steel case and freeze it?". And this video pops up.
One of the things I've always wondered. Cool! (no pun intended) I knew there were different phases of ice, but I didn't know some were denser than water.
May I suggest that you use a dye in the water to easily detect leaks when submersed in the liquid nitrogen. Plus it would look really cool when it explodes
The end cap was made from cast iron which is much more brittle than steel. If you want to try again check out what’s available online for Ultra High Pressure fittings. Some of the items are in excess of 90,000 psi. 😉
@@notchbackgta It doesn't matter. One who lives in an area where there is freezing temperatures in winter knows that ordinary water pipes are going to break. Theoretically if you use longer pipe, the cap doesn't matter that much, the side will crack anyway as the friction between sidewall and the formed ice will probably prevent the "ice rod" to move longitudially. Would be interesting to see the explosion of a steel pipe with 50mm drill diameter and 200mm wall thickness. 😉
I live in North Texas and I see this all the time when tubular steel on fences, trailers and on buildings fills with rain water and freezes. Square becomes round and sometimes splits the metal.
I have *failed spinal surgery syndrome* and most of my life is spent laying down now. I can be on my feet for no more than two or three hours a day IF I walk at 1mph or less. (If I exceed that I collapse because that's too much energy too quickly) . I crave learning. I crave interaction, like good scientific discussions which I only minimally get. I would sooooo love either a lottery win so I could pay a personal assistant and get the learning and interaction I need or a next door neighbour that actually needed someone free all the time to help with stuff like Action lab does. Of all the strange and varied things I've craved in my life, this is the most unexpected for me. I just couldn't forsee what the future held for me... Still, I'm alive and have access to the internet 😎 and there's Action lab 😎 keep them coming!
Wishes and energy aren't what you need.... The worth and dignity of a soul is measured by what it delights in! And delight/happiness is our highest desire. Men have killed to have it. Kings have gone mad trying to find it. Wars have served it. Affairs have worshiped it. We all seek it. Sadly, billions have died without discovering its secret... namely, that joy is not an it, but a He. The Gospel is the good news that sinners can delight in a Holy God. It's the good news that all of our deepest desires are satisfied in the ONE who sent His Son to bring us to Him. . God is so valuable and so satisfying that the most loving thing he could do for us is to make Himself gloriously indispensable. He is the only being in the universe for whom self-exaltation is the highest virtue. Therefore, God's commitment to be glorified and our goal to be satisfied are not at odds but come to simultaneous consumation in the worship of His Son... who took upon Himself the Wrath that God had towards us in our sinful disregard of Him. A wrath that could never be appeased through man-made religion. Jesus didn't die to turn the world into a paradise, he died so that we could stop seeking paradise in the world... Temporal things such as beauty, popularity, money, sex, racial identity, gender reassignment... can never truly satisfy. BECAUSE WE WERE MADE FOR SO MUCH MORE! We were made to gaze intently into the Eternal Beauty of a majestic King, Father, and God... meet Jesus the Christ. Life is hard, God is good, Glory is coming 😊... Thanks for taking the time to read this comment. May God bless you with all things necessary for life and goodness. God Bless!
If anyone is interested in the practical applications of ice containment, I worked in a lab researching this stuff for a couple years, so read on. It turns out that if you bring water under 0°C in a suitably indeformable chamber, the pressure becomes too high for the water to completely freeze (we’re talking high subzero temperatures > -20°C, not as cold as liquid nitrogen’s -196°C). This leaves two phases, one liquid and one solid, inside the chamber. What’s great about this is we can use the subzero liquid phase to hold sensitive biological material, like a transplantable organ. This keeps the organ much colder than you can keep it on ice (and therefore more fresh), you don’t risk destroying it by ice forming inside it, and you don’t need to submerge it in toxic cryoprotectants. All in all, confining freezing water can help organs last longer and be transported farther to help save lives. It’s neat stuff and we think it’s one of the most promising technologies to address the massive organ shortage in the world. Google “Isochoric (constant volume) Cryopreservation” for more info, including the design of chambers that can actually prevent ice from expanding ;) Also much like in this video, most of my research was conducted by throwing our very expensive pressure vessels in liquid nitrogen to find out what happens. We managed to blow up one machined from a solid block of titanium, ice is serious stuff... Happy to try answer questions if you have any!
I expected the threads to fail first honestly. Had that happen with a lot of threaded pipe I've worked with. The caps are most likely cast though, so naturally more brittle. You can crack them with a decently heavy hammer, so it's not too surprising it failed first at that cold of a temperature.
Fun fact! These superdense ice phases are the result of a balancing patch to the physics engine really early in the game's history. Without, it was possible to apply infinite pressure using this method, which was too overpowered.
Way back in my high school physics book, the experiment was with a steel sphere about 5 inch outer diameter with a 1 inch thick wall. The sphere did split open, and not at the plug.
Actually there are two competing forces. While the ice tries to expand, the metal container reduces its size as temperature goes lower. Thats why the pressure inside becomes much higher than what the ice can do alone.
I'd quite like to see a string of ever stronger means to contain it. Even knowing it will never work, I'd still be very interested in the various means by which it fails. Once again Action lab guy, you have inspired me! Keep them coming bud! 😎
Dude, I love you. I'm a science fanboy and I've watched probably every video you've done and never expected "boom science" from you but you've made me remember how cool science is without just blowing up a bunch of stuff. Not gonna lie though, this was pretty cool. Bravo. Good show ol' chap.
Hey this actually gives me a SUPER COOL IDEA !! The RMS Titanic operated because it had 3 main engines... 2 double acting, 4 cylinder triple explansion steam engines and one low pressure parson turbine... What if you could make a "sterling engine" that used the transiton of water from the different phases in the ice direction to extract energy from the fluid instead of water to steam? So the pistons have an insanely huge amount of torque as the water cools into ice and expands the piston, to repeat the process again?? It would be interesting and super efficient because you are using the temperature difference between a super cold source and room temperature rather than a boiler
@@kirkc9643 it would indeed be quite small by comparison, but I just wanted to take into account all variables I could. ice and iron can both stretch, although in this case the ice is being compressed.
@@kirkc9643 I forgot what it was called but at a job i had we used to get metal red hot and freeze a shaft in liquid nitrogen then drop the ring on to form a permanent bond when the metals came closer to a normal temperature I just remember we had to be really quick to get it in place or we would be screwed.
Steel shrinks and becomes brittle. In addition, the caps on this pipe are cast iron which is weaker and already brittle at regular temperatures even. Do this experiment again with a pipe of milled titanium; a 70x300mm rod with a 4x230mm drilled hole (for water), mill a 35x70mm fine threaded recess in the open end to receive a milled titanium plug torqued to 230nm.
there is so much more to this story. you need to expand upon it. discuss the crystal structures of the various phases of ice ... EXPAND upon this story !
I really enjoy this channel's content; I just hope their safety provisions are robust enough. I'd hate to be reading an obituary one day. That was pretty scary. Stay safe!
@@z0lid Should do fine for what he's doing if it's polycarbonate. Can't tell the difference from acrylic on camera. Needs to be much thicker if you get into serious explosive power like Mythbusters did, but he was right about the lower power of the liquid explosion vs. gas, including steam.
This was neat! See, I always thought water just wouldn't freeze under "unlimited" pressure, aka pressure from a very rigid container. But according to you that's actually not the case which is fascinating.
That's what happens when you use cast-iron caps, the carbon reduces its strength when frozen. Try machined caps next time. The same brittle effect can happen when welding cast-iron too.
Reminds me of when I was a kid and an unopened can of soda got left in the car overnight during a freeze. Came back the next day and it was all over the inside of the car. 😆
It would likely still explode (depending on volume.) 620 mPa is over 89,900 psi. I've been looking for about 30 minutes, and the best equipment I could find (comparable in the size used in the video, assuming 2" pipe,) is *HiP Series "R" Reactor* vessels, which have 5" 4340 Alloy Steel walls for a 2" inner diameter container (overall diameter of 12".) This is rated for 100,000 psi.
I can't wait for the day you get enough gear to produce an unusual species of water in your garage. I knew it would break, i didn't know it would break so softly, i was almost certain it would be a pipebomb. Thank you for the video.
Interesting connection here makes you appreciate how much pressure 6000 ATM really is. That is about how much pressure that caused the incident with the SLAP rounds on the KY Ballistics youtube channel.
I listned to a podcast where this got brought up and its where I learned that there are actually multiple types of ice. If the pressure and temperature get to the right place, the water will turn into ice II, which actually gets SMALLER when it freezes. So you will have a certain portion of the water as "regular" ice, and a portion of it as ice II
Try the same but put it in a container in the regular freezer. That way you don't expose the metal to potentially big temperature differences. If I remember correctly most iron alloys become brittle when below -25 C which it may very well have been in your experiment. In a regular freezer and especially if you up it to -10 C that'll not be an issue and everything will fall in temperature very uniform and it'll ice inside the container much differently from the top down (because ice floats).
I would imagine it just melting again from the pressure, or like the state not changing, because water has different melting and freezing temperatures at different pressures too right.
Sure, it turns into ice 2 with a different crystal structure at some point,(4000 bars i think) but the container will fail much earlier. You can also do this with gallium and reach pressures of 10000bars: ruclips.net/video/Yc3Ga7b1nRU/видео.html
@@ThePrufessa oh yeah I forgot that. I was thinking of like a theoretical situation where you keep lowering the temperature and the container is unbreakable.
You can find liquid water inside ice at the north and south pole. The pressure of the ice around it keeps it from freezing. That is one of the main reasons core drilling for samples is so dangerous. The water expansion destroys the drill.
If you see the phase diagram, my idea is. it either generate enough pressure enough to keep it liquid OR blow or change the steel container's shape. If it ever freeze, it's going to take lower than 0 °C. Edit: he infact brings the PD. This video is a great demo of phase diagram and water anomaly.
Omg what a coincidence. I was literally reading about this topic a few days ago, and i was so mind blown about the power of water. To think that expanding water can break anything which comes in its path, even steel and rocks which r so rigid. I was in so much disbelief that i took a 1 L steel water bottle and filled it upto the brim with water and then left it overnight in the freezer. And the next day, i was just shell shocked when i saw that the water had literally teared up a hole in the bottle. Then i did a whole research and found that by tweeking the temperature and pressure, scientists have created 15-16 different species of ice. Wow. But i have a doubt. If i take a bottle made of diamond and then do this experiment, will the water break the diamond too?
Diamonds are not very resistant, it's only very hard. If you scratch a diamond with anything but an other diamond, it will stay intact, but if you hit it with a hammer, it will break in a million fragment. So no, it will not work with diamond if it do not work with steel.
@@pierrotA actually i just did some research on diamonds now. What i concluded was that diamonds are very brittle and can be shattered to pieces only if the impact is very sharp. They have to be hit on their pointed tips to be shattered, but in case of expanding water, the impact is not sharp. The pressure exerted by the water slowly rises and is uniform in all directions, so i think that the diamond should be able to withstand that pressure, and the water should freeze into a different species of ice
@@pierrotA I'm not so sure. If the diamond is thick enough, it might work. It is very brittle, but it's also very hard. You would just want a thick diamond bottle to contain the pressure.
@@DANGJOS I cannot be sure because I find no similar experiment anywhere, but i'm still pretty sure it would failed. The diamonds we can buy are very precisely cut to remove the imperfections. If you take an enormous diamond, it will be full of imperfections that will break pretty easly. If the diamond is too small we seem to agree it would not work. If we could create a perfect diamond bottle with very thick walls, then maybe it would be possible... but even then i'm not sure the diamond would not break on a weak point (like the top screw) and explode in a billions pieces.
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Thanks for watching! Don’t forget to sub to my shorts channel! ruclips.net/channel/UCA19mAJURyYHbJzhfpqhpCA
I did!
I want subtitle
Yes, I asked about different stages of ice on a video once. Thank you for doin it! Edit: I think it will break. That's my guess. That's crazy to think some ice sinks! Water is so cool! Love this vid.
I subscribed it a day ago.
IF YOU CAN TRY BATHING LIQUID NITROGEN.
What would happen when you use tungsten to contain it would it do the same
This is also why compressed air tanks (scuba, paintball, etc) are water tested. A failure of the tank when filled with water is much less violent than the failure of a container filled with air.
Agreed, I built a pressure test machine for a prominent industrial and agricultural tire manufacturer. Setup a 2 stage pump with a high volume low pressure to fill the tire and second stage is high pressure low volume with incremental pressure rise, some tires are QAQC checks and others are destruction tested to beyond base pressure of 14bar/203psi.
How many tons can that 100 Mpsi lift? I mean can it lift like a ton of water 10cm? Cuz it can mean we can harvest energy from the cold xD
@@filipenegreiros9557 It takes a lot of ice to lift that water a little bit. A jack would be easier.
Because water is virtually incompressible under the conditions, the failure of a water-pressure-tested tank tank results in a sharp pressure drop which is immediately detectable. Pressure is then released. As a rule this means the failure never reaches the point of even a small explosion.
I worked in a factory that produced compressed gas cylinders. Not only were the tanks under test filled with water; they were submerged in a tank full of water. Pressure was applied until either the test pressure was reached and successfully contained; or a pressure drop revealed failure. What actually occurred in a failure was that some part of the metal tank began to *_stretch._* This resulted in an automated response that opened a valve to release pressure almost instantaneously. As far as I ever witnessed, at no time did the test ever result in an actual breach of a tank under test. There was usually no visible indication of where the metal had failed. The chrome-moly alloy of which the tanks were made was key to their strength and to their stretchy mode of failure.
A soda in my freezer exploded in my hands when I grabbed it, now I see why.
I love the talk about safety and using a blast shield then waiting til after the time bomb is set to actually set it up 😂
I agree how can one be so smart but do something so dumb. I like his channel and all but damn he's lucky it popped from the cap and not the pipe itself.
@@TheTubejunky given the thickness of the pipe wall it was always going to fail at the caps/thread. Unless the pipe had a structural weakness already.
I was thinking when he was doing his safety talk that it doesn’t take much energy differential to create a dangerous projectile.
His explanation is a separate take, his blast shield is set up before he adds the liquid nitrogen
Touching supercool metal with bare skin is also really bad practice. Not an issue when your hands are dry, but when they are moist or wet, it is a different story.
@@Rad_Dan It's hard to tell how it is "set up", at 4:15 you clearly see that it has not been set up in front of the camera yet. Maybe he carries it in front of his face and then moves to protect the camera too, at just the right moment...
I worked for a monument company for 6 years. In that time, we saw multiple 2,000 pound stones lifted and slid off their bases by a layer of ice less than 1/8 inch thick. Ice is a wicked powerful thing.
I recall reading that people used to use water in icy conditions to quarry granite blocks. A long long time ago of course, but yeah, never underestimate the power of ice
Wow
Is pressure law over imcompressinle liquid. Pressure hydrolicbdistrubution again cristaline molecular structure eletromagnetic bonds.. is crazy strong and a hexa bonds with space inthe middle...
What always interest me though is if there is better way to force it into non regular icebcrystall on earth😅
For reference, the Mariana Trench has a pressure of 1,071 atmospheres, so pretty intense pressure to keep ice from expanding.
Yeah, I have always heard about different forms of water ice in the context of insane pressures, for example hundreds of kilometers into the gas giants or other large planets. This where one could also find metallic hydrogen.
@@pavel9652 metallic hydrogen is an interesting topic to dive in. Thanks :)
@@nikelsad It is an interesting, ultimate chemical, rocket fuel ;) I am somewhat sceptical, however. Is it even possible to have it stable? Rocket fuel is already very dangerous, but this would be like an order of magnitude worse ;) Maybe there would be some other uses for metallic hydrogen, where it would be required in smaller quantities.
Tbh its pretty basic boyle's law
Hardened glass, is cooled in such way it doesn't allow the atoms inside the glass to contract evenly with the outside layers. this force remains constant until the glass is shatters and is the cause why it explodes in such many 'shrapnel'.
The force the electron has when it changes energy state, moving up or down, unimaginable big.
Action Lab: "I wanted a shape that wouldn't deform easily under pressure. What I chose was a cylinder"
Ron Weasley: "It's a pipe bomb!"
snape.. snape.. severus snape
This, I remember seeing a very similar video, but at least they had the common sense to put shields up. He's essentially creating a rudimentary bomb, creating pressure within the container with no escape, and if it does compromise the container then it'll blast out violently, potentially with shrapnel.
@@naturesrevenge8758 You really think after all the safety talk, that he didn't have a shield ? The only thing we know for sure is he added a camera shield later. I'm sorry,but if you think he didn't have a shield for his protection, you have to be really fucking dumb.
@@Troffixx or we like proof, let's see the shield he had on top of the one he put in front of the camera. He cheats death regularly if you watch this channel, it's part of the attraction.
I get frustrated with his lack of knowledge and promotion of falsities.
Anyone with even a smidge of pipe b0mb knowledge (or any good plumber for that matter) knows that those type of end caps are not steel.. they are cast iron. Cast iron is brittle and weak.
In the years before explosives, they used to mine granite by drilling holes into it, then filling those holes with water, plugging those water filled holes with waxed wooden plugs, and waiting for winter. The continuous freezing temperatures would cause the water in the holes to freeze, and expand, which would crack the huge blocks of granite loose from the solid vein of granite rock.
Very high pressures, indeed.
So that’s how the Egyptians did it!
They still use freezing water to break off blocks of granite. Much more accurate than blasting.
@@Nonkel_Jef ... and how long did they have to wait before the winter strikes?... probably still waiting ....
Ted Kelvinsky! Anyone?
@@blg53
Really! I don't think that even NORTHERN Africa gets enough cold temperatures to freeze buried ice columns.
The steel was also reducing in size a bit. Two for one deal.
Why has only 19 people noticed this
Edit: why have only 236 people noticed this
@@benjaminray2425 If 19 was the number of likes under topic starter's comment, then you can be mistaken :) I haven't thought of the steel size reduction until reading the ts's comment, and then I've put a like on it. :)
If you consider that, the water, when cooled down from room temperature to 4 degrees celsius it already shrinks a little bit.
I enjoyed the video. The pipe was steel, however the caps appear to be cast iron 150 pound rating. Would like to see the test with schedule 80 or 120 pipe, and 3000 pound forged fittings.
@@kdefoor Or welded closed: ruclips.net/video/f5wnTy_FhdM/видео.html
If you are wondering how I screwed it shut with an incompressible fluid inside like water, some water leaked through the threads as I was screwing it on. So why didn’t the water just leak out when it froze? Because it freezes from the outside in, so the threads froze first so it self-sealed so that it held in the pressure.
👍👍
@@edgovan1😊
You do know that you just made a water pipe bomb
Supposedly this is a true story I heard years ago. They wanted to re-melt old surplus civil war cannon balls. But they were too large and too hard to break apart. No one could figure it out. So some kids ended up filling the balls with water and letting them freeze. The balls cracked open enough for the refinery.
So wait... Water is technically compressible then, as long as you freeze it under high enough pressure?
What perfect timing to protect the camera! Also, I didn't know freezing water had THAT much energy! Thanks for showing it!
So much energy 😏
The explosion wasn't from the ice formation. Though ice formation exerts a lot of force and will break a lot of rather durable things, it is a slow-and-steady sort of deal. The end of the pipe was forced to break, but it didn't go off like a gun.
The explosion was from the molten-hot water pouring into the basin of liquid nitrogen and vaporizing everything in the pan almost instantly. All the nitrogen returned to its gaseous form, and expanded wildly.
@@CptJistuce i like your funny words magic man
It expands by around 10% its volume, and there's quite literally no force we know that can resist its expansion ( not a force on the planet ) as a plumber of near 30 years there are few things ife not seen destroyed by pipes freezing.
Latent heat energy of solidification ( freezing a liquid into a solid ) is 144 btu or 151,9120 joules
Latent heat energy of vaporization ( boiling a liquid into a gas ) is 970 btu or 1,023,350 joules
If you've never heard of latent heat before its worth learning about, you may see the entire world differently after :)
For reference a sneeze is approximately 50 joules . If the person has a vital capacity (amount of air in a full breathe) of 3L, that air weighs about 3.6 g; to push the body backward with 50 J of energy.
This is something i've wondered about for a very long time. Ever since my first physics course in Highschool. Thanks for testing this.
Yeah, me too
why isn't your username highlighted in gray? aren't you a RUclipsr too?
If you live in part of the world which has all 4 seasons, there is very good chance that you-or somone you know did this experiment with their car engine block in late autumn-early winter 😁
@@Metal_Master_YT it's because the owner of the video has his name highlighted, other RUclipsrs have a tick next to their name
@@lategamer6684 I have watched RUclips videos where *other* youtubers had commented on the video, and their username was highlighted in gray, even if it was not the author of the video.
6:34 Not pictured is the ice they use in McDonald's, known as ICE OMEGA. It uses the same amount of water as normal ice but takes up twice the volume of your drink.
LMAO
Lol, I felt that.
Yeah frozen air cubes...lol
When i order at fast food places, I always tell them ""NO ICE"". Its common knowledge that most fast food workers & hotel / motel owners can't, won't, don't, clean ice machines or dispensers, they either don't care, or just were never taught how to clean & disinfect the ice machines, & most don't even know why they have to be cleaned. Ever see the green slime at the bottom of those "ice dispensers"? Its disgusting.
@@SKYNET9er no. Where do you live Cambodia? I worked for P&G as an inspector for food service businesses. Every nook and cranny is investigated, including from the under side of sinks for buildup, where they meet the wall, down to the castor wheels on carts for crud build up and everything in-between. Ice machines are most definitely checked over thuroughly. I'd shut anyone down if I saw that with 1 phone call to the health department. Owners know it, so unless it's a privately owned single business that avoids inspection services... (In which case EAT ELSEWHERE cause, gross.) It's been checked at least monthly.
Once I was a science teacher at a private school. My supervisor, who was supposed to get lab equipment and text books, had failed to do so all semester long. So, I had to make up my own experiments. It was really hard because it was my very first semester teaching science, so I had to learn lots of other stuff for the first time too.
The children asked me to use a fire extinguisher and a pillowcase to make dry ice (I think they saw it on Instagram). I got it to work the 2nd try. As I was passing the dry ice around (I had gloves for them to wear, and told them not to hold it for very long even with the gloves), one of the children suggested I put it in a plastic bottle to see what would happen. I immediately knew that the bottle would fail if I let all the dry ice melt with the cap on, but I thought, "It will probably 'pop' after a few minutes. I just need to make sure nobody's holding it when it pops". However, I had underestimated how strong the plastic bottle was. There was a point at which I could see solid CO2 ice floating on top of liquid CO2, which I thought was pretty cool. If I had been thinking, I should have unscrewed it, but you know young children are naughty and always getting into trouble, so I was distracted. I threw the bottle into a plastic bin, set it behind me, and forgot about it. A few minutes later, it exploded right behind me as I was talking to the children. The trash bin was totally destroyed. It was like 2 feet behind me when it exploded, and I said, "holy ****". Nobody got hurt, but all the other teachers in the building heard it and I got in trouble. * In hind-sight, it was pretty dumb. My only excuses are that I wasn't given the resources I was supposed to have, and I had to make up everything on the fly in my very first semester as a science teacher.
So yea, this guy is totally right. Trapping a gas in a container is dangerous. The size of the explosion will be proportionate to the strength of the container.
*I was made to sign a paper saying I had done a dangerous experiment outside of the science classroom without safety equipment. I wrote above my signature, "the science room was occupied and there is no safety equipment." I gave it to my supervisor and she looked mortified. She was a middle-aged woman, who I don't think really cared about anything other than covering her own butt. She completely failed to do everything that was her responsibility (get science textbooks, lab equipment, apply to renew my visa, etc), and I had to do these things for her. I think the paper she gave me was meant to put all the responsibility for the accident on me, but my note completely destroyed her intention, because she was responsible for getting the lab equipment. She let me go after the first semester (causing a lot of stress for me, since I was living in the country on a work visa). She said this accident was the reason, but I think the real reason was that I had to go behind her back to do her job for her (getting my own science equipment and getting somebody else to help me with my visa, etc), and she was embarrassed.
So anyway, the lessons from this story are that spontaneous science lessons with children are a bad idea (you don't have time to think through all the consequences of your actions), trapped gas is dangerous, and beware of making middle-aged women who are your supervisors look bad (they will be vindictive and won't take responsibility for anything).
Interesting, at my sons school they did the dry ice to blow up a plastic bottle on purpose for a science thing one day, even let him take some ice home to repeat it at home.
This is like the works "spontaneous detonators" I made as a kid. Wont explain how its done here but similar thing. Trapped gasses inside bottle eventually go boom. They were fun to make with Gatorade bottles and whatnot because they were so thick lol.
4:12 that siren there was just perfecly timed
Great observation 👍
He edited it himself
everything was timed perfectly at that moment lol
His town has an alarm now for when his experiments are about to explode.
@@jaredf6205 lol 🤣
We do this at work on a weekly basis to perform cryo scanning electron microscopy on hydrated samples. The goal is to freeze the (small volume) of water so fast that the ice that forms is vitreous (non-crystalline) in order to avoid damaging the microscopic structures we wish to observe. To accomplish this, we put the LN2 under vacuum until it turns to a slush, break the vacuum and quickly plunge the sample into the LN2 and reestablish the vacuum. In this manner, the water flash freezes, forming vitreous ice that not expand as it freezes, thereby preserving the integrity of the structures. The sample is then transferred under vacuum to the SEM chamber where we manipulate the temperature and pressure to cause the vitreous ice to sublimate away, leaving the frozen structures visible to image in the microscope. Cool video, and nice discussion on the phase diagram of water. Glad you got that blast shield up just in time!
Brilliant research work. Sounds like a lot of fun. What country is your lab in?
@Mark Awachie we are in the USA in Massachusetts.
Does that mean if you can do that at a larger scale, you will be able to make a person freeze/sleep?
@@saulgone2766 two problems: 1st, the larger the object, the more difficult it is to form vitreous ice. Much larger than a pea, and it won't freeze instantly, which causes crystalline ice, damaging tissue. Second is the sample must be in a vacuum, which isn't too healthy for people!
I’m not reading all that
You should use a stainless steel alloy, like 304. Mild steel gets very weak at LN2 cryo temperatures, but the end caps are cast iron which is even more brittle. Also, a smaller diameter pipe, like 1" or less, will be subjected to smaller forces, and is typically over-engineered.
Those caps are galvanized, not c.i.
"It's not dangerous this way," he said. "It won't explode."
Water: You underestimate my power!
Also: Liquid nitrogen: Hah, you forgot all about me! I can explode too!
@@BrooksMoses : Contrary to what he said, the liquid nitrogen didn't explode. It _couldn't_ explode, because it wasn't contained in any way. The steel end cap bursting rapidly off the end of the pipe "bomb" slammed into the liquid N, splashing it violently and promoting faster (but definitely _not_ explosive) vaporization. That's all.
@@Milesco 100% he knew it would explode, what cylinder can contain 6300bar
@@DuBstep115 : I was referring to the liquid nitrogen _outside_ the sealed pipe, not the freezing water inside.
First thought was "so you're going to make a pipe bomb?"
You mentioned "Don't try this at home." So we tried it at my friend's home. Thanks for the advice.
Friend's home is also home. Should have done it in kindergarten
We did it on lunch break at work. lol
Sure, Im going to college to test it
Try it at the police station
Steve Spangler, is that you?
Hey there. I'm a plumber and I was genuinely not expecting that. Steel pipe is one of the strongest and it's not prone to breaking until it's old and rusty. Thank you especially for encouraging proper safety measures after that awesome reaction.
Here in Canada, -30C outside my window today, ice blowing pipes to bits is very common. I was waiting for the end caps to fail as the quality of the fittings recently is very poor. It was only exciting because the device was sitting in LN2.
Well your shield timing was almost perfect
It was Sheldon Cooper-y.
Nice QTE which game does he played?
m
Dude perfect ;
Almost perfect = Almost a fail! But I think he had another shield to protect himself and last minute through about camera damage.
Has his gloves on when filling the bottle with water
Has his gloves off when puring in liquid nitrogen
True Chad :D
What about grabbing the frozen remnants bare handed?
What about "raw dogging" the frozen remains of the exploded remnants? Also, your name is backwards...
@ThomasMuir youre supposed to use thick gloves when using liquid nitrogen.
@@ElectricalSwift face visor as well.
The liedenfrost effect actually protects your hands when they’re bare because there’s a layer of gas between you skin and the liquid nitrogen (think of those waterdrops not immediately boiling on hot stovetops)
We've been using this force to literally break apart mountains. I worried about brittleness though. And potentially the seal failing as the metal parts contract at different rates, setting off a rapid cascade when water leaks from the container.
If it hadn't exploded, that would be what I'd suspect. Honestly, I expected the thread seal to give up before the metal, but I guess the ice formed from the outside in and self-sealed.
@@Malidictus That would be correct as ice freezes from outside to inside
"Let's see if pipes can stop water from freezing"
"All of texas" we all ready did this experiment
ooof F in chat
@@AnthonyGoodley allreddy
We did it more than once where I leave in grandparents house when they died (so noone was heating house in winter). A little bit of water left in the system in lowest point - here goes a steel pipe.
It’s a consistent scenario everywhere there’s pipes and cold when the heat stops working.
This is where extruded polyethylene shines.
This was Brilliant, I've always wanted do this and find out, I always thought the expansion will win and break or warp anything trying to contain it.
What was interesting was the other state of Ice if it was possible to stop the expansion.
This was the best, thanks.
_"I'm going to be behind my blast shield"_
...
it’s probably thin plexiglass
Lol, ikr that shield wouldntvstop a pea shooter.
@@chax2004 lmao
🤣
If he knows what he is doing, it probably is some kind of polycarbonate, a highly impact resistant class of plastics.
Wow. Did not expect an explosion. I expected a crack to appear with ice protruding.
Me too TBH...
ME TOO. SO SUDDEN
It would be difficult for ice to protrude out of a crack at such high pressure. The ice froze around the sides, which created an enormous amount of pressure. Any crack would have water streaming out at far too high a speed to freeze in a little protrusion. Unless the it froze after spewing out. I guess that's possible. Regardless, the sudden explosion was cool. I was expecting it because I've seen an almost identical experiment done, in person, at University.
The triple point labs I have done always resulted in explosions. Yet I did not expect this.
@Lassi Kinnunen 81 I think the shield was sufficient, but yeah he needs to be more careful. I've seen this experiment done in person, so I knew it had a likelihood of exploding. It's best to keep your distance.
AMAZING! Thank you so much, such great serendipity. I have been pondering this topic in my head for a few days and then one of my favourite RUclipsr posts a video on it. Stellar as always. You have my gratitude.
That blast screen timing was priceless :0)
Niko cousin, let's go bowling!
The last part regarding phases actually blew me away, I didn't even realise that was a thing!
There's a video that shows water at it's "triple point", where it's liquid, solid and vapor all at once. Amazing!
The power of water into ice and the destruction that can do to rocks, roads, bridges, dams and the world !
We drink this shit, folks
@@andreeacat7071 - "We drink this shit, folks"
Why yes, we do. And without it we die.
@@wickedcabinboy We also die if we drink it.
Interesting question but the answer given at the end of the video starting around 7:02 is quite off the mark: As the dense ice phase starts to form it will tend to lower the pressure in any closed vessel, whether real or ideal. So its formation will be strongly self-limiting. Instead as cooling continues, the pressure will then decrease to follow a phase equilibrium (mixture) of mostly liquid with a small fraction of "dense" ice. The pressure will not be able to rise again until a temperature, where some "regular" (hexagonal) ice starts to form, is reached. From there the remaining liquid fraction will freeze into a mixure of mostly regular ice and some small portion of other (dense) ice phases.
Once it is all solid, it could never be all dense ice, as that would not produce any pressure inside the containment vessel, and therefore could not be stable. Instead some major fraction of regular ice would need to be present for any dense ice to have even a chance of remaining. Ultimately as temperatures cool further the regular ice will transition to ice XI (see chart at 6:00), and so you would end up with a mixture of mostly ice XI with probably some small fraction of ice IX.
Solid hydrogen hydroxide becomes liquid under pressure and reverts to solid when pressure is released. Therefore, with no room to expand, the liquid form remained liquid regardless of temperature until pressure was released at which point the compound becomes solid.
I can just imagine the cashiers face when he was buying that completely unsuspicious looking pipe
It's in the plumbing department. I don't think they ask a lot of questions.
Prolly the same face they make for most orders they ring up
😂😂
and not to mention; buying the plexi-glass in the same place and explaining to the attendent that you want a blast shield.
i recently bought some rat traps and some 30 inch barbecue skewers and the cashier was like "im just gonna assume theyre for 2 completely different things... right?"
"If you can get up to Ice 9--"
Me, who's read Vonnegut: "UH oh"
Yep love cats cradle
"Those who believe in telekinetics, raise my hand"
Final Fantasy
haha, thanks to the nonary game series, I understood that
8-Bit Theatre?
I don't know what could I do with this but this thing about water and the way this man presented just made me go WOW!!
Yes i always wanted to see this!
Same
I Edited this comment so you don’t know what the reply’s are saying...
@@attached2money lol why would u want to see that?!?!
Then you might like my video using Gallium instad of Water too.
ruclips.net/video/Yc3Ga7b1nRU/видео.html
There is a “Self-Promoter” above me...
I was scared from the beginning of pouring liquid nitrogen how this will end. Those end caps are made of cast iron. They are quite brittle even in room temperatures.
You can get ends caps in black iron, but that one was steel. Even if he had used sch160 pipe it would have failed.
Jeff engineer is 100% correct
Yeah, this guy is a total idiot. Says something like "Let's put it in a container that can't expand", then puts it in a container that he admits "This is going to bulge some"...Uhhh...that's called 'expansion'. Then, the previous mentions of the steel pipe contracting WHILE the water is trying to expand (due to the dissolved gas trying to escape the liquid...he should have used boiling distilled water when filling the pipe), then this, then that, then the other thing... This guy set this experiment up to fail just so that he'd have more 'spectacular' video!!!! Too bad he wasn't a few seconds later setting up his shield.
@Fubi Sroc you clearly had a bad day. lets play some battlefield beta to unwind bro
@@fubisroc9673 - WOW - I suggest meditation for the anger problem...
I watch these videos every night in bed before i go to sleep lol. All started when i saw you on RUclips thanks for the education, and answers to life’s questions!
As a plumber, I saw this experiment conducted MANY times!!!😁 I always said it would be cool to see to moment the pipes gives up.
As a young kid, we were poor, and we had to keep water dripping in sink so the pipes wouldn't burst. Many times I woke up to find ice in the toilet. Anyway, I thought then that purpose of dripping water was that it kept water moving so that it would not freeze. Now I know it is just to relieve pressure.
I was questioning this yesterday with my girlfriend "What would happen if you put liquid water in a steel case and freeze it?". And this video pops up.
Your phone listens to everything you say and creates ads and video recommendations for what you talk about. Even when its turned off lol.
moreso if you have an apple phone.
They're ALWAYS recording
The phone is always listening. I speak another language, pretty obscure from Kenya and I swear ads and articles pop up!!!
Yeah, the apps you have use your mic when your phone is off to gather data from your speech, for ex when you say "if", "I like", "buy", "watch" etc.
Purely coincidental
One of the things I've always wondered. Cool! (no pun intended) I knew there were different phases of ice, but I didn't know some were denser than water.
4:19 timing is everything
It’s the fusion of “Under Pressure” and “Ice, Ice Baby”!
This is a gem of a comment, I'm just engaging with it so the algorithm lifts it up for the rest of the world to see.
Under ice pressure baby
@@_DeadEnd_ Hold on to your papers!
😁👍Goood one!
Well explained via songs !
May I suggest that you use a dye in the water to easily detect leaks when submersed in the liquid nitrogen. Plus it would look really cool when it explodes
"This was cool experiment." ~ Sub Zero
Flawless victory. Fatality.
Thanks for answering this! It was one of those questions I pondered while trying to fall asleep.
Bro that was perfect timing. God bless you.❤
Thank God, he is ok, otherwise who will make us see this super content
@@atree8648 don't thank god, thank the Blast shield
@Floral Shoppe none that you know about cuz of your doubt haha
@@Augenhaber ok, thank you blast shield
Yeah. The shrapnel is dangerous.
This reminds me of plants being able to grow through concrete.
Or why after winter all the roads are absolute garbage
Wait, how they grow below concrete, if it blocks all of the light?
@@SeriousApache energy stored in roots, like potatoes for example
@@SeriousApache they grow bananas in Iceland.
"Im going to be behind my blast shield." Proceeds to show us a gas station covid shield.
I'd trust the shield to protect me from a blast more than covid.
The end cap was made from cast iron which is much more brittle than steel. If you want to try again check out what’s available online for Ultra High Pressure fittings. Some of the items are in excess of 90,000 psi. 😉
the end caps are not cast iron and they are not cast steel...they are a sort of half and half ,cheap but not competley useless
So if it breaks you just get cut in half. Nice
90k psi? We're gonna need a bigger blast sheild
Well the caps were cast, you should do it again with machined ones
Came to say that too. I'm not even sure the pipe is steel and not just plated cast
Yeah, but we're talking about 90,000 PSI. Something's going to give.
@@hfuy8005 the point is that it's NOT steel and he keeps saying it over and over. It's just cast crap
@@notchbackgta It doesn't matter. One who lives in an area where there is freezing temperatures in winter knows that ordinary water pipes are going to break. Theoretically if you use longer pipe, the cap doesn't matter that much, the side will crack anyway as the friction between sidewall and the formed ice will probably prevent the "ice rod" to move longitudially.
Would be interesting to see the explosion of a steel pipe with 50mm drill diameter and 200mm wall thickness. 😉
@@gabiold Holy shit dude. He REPEATEDLY says it's STEEL. IT ISN"T STEEL, your entire reply is irrelevant
I live in North Texas and I see this all the time when tubular steel on fences, trailers and on buildings fills with rain water and freezes. Square becomes round and sometimes splits the metal.
I have *failed spinal surgery syndrome* and most of my life is spent laying down now. I can be on my feet for no more than two or three hours a day IF I walk at 1mph or less. (If I exceed that I collapse because that's too much energy too quickly) . I crave learning. I crave interaction, like good scientific discussions which I only minimally get. I would sooooo love either a lottery win so I could pay a personal assistant and get the learning and interaction I need or a next door neighbour that actually needed someone free all the time to help with stuff like Action lab does. Of all the strange and varied things I've craved in my life, this is the most unexpected for me. I just couldn't forsee what the future held for me... Still, I'm alive and have access to the internet 😎 and there's Action lab 😎 keep them coming!
Zach Star
PBS Eons
Primitive Unique Tool
Joe Scott
And I’m sure you know Vsauce
Good luck. :)
Jesus. Sending you good energy
Wishes and energy aren't what you need....
The worth and dignity of a soul is measured by what it delights in! And delight/happiness is our highest desire.
Men have killed to have it. Kings have gone mad trying to find it. Wars have served it. Affairs have worshiped it. We all seek it.
Sadly, billions have died without discovering its secret... namely, that joy is not an it, but a He.
The Gospel is the good news that sinners can delight in a Holy God. It's the good news that all of our deepest desires are satisfied in the ONE who sent His Son to bring us to Him. .
God is so valuable and so satisfying that the most loving thing he could do for us is to make Himself gloriously indispensable. He is the only being in the universe for whom self-exaltation is the highest virtue.
Therefore, God's commitment to be glorified and our goal to be satisfied are not at odds but come to simultaneous consumation in the worship of His Son... who took upon Himself the Wrath that God had towards us in our sinful disregard of Him. A wrath that could never be appeased through man-made religion.
Jesus didn't die to turn the world into a paradise, he died so that we could stop seeking paradise in the world...
Temporal things such as beauty, popularity, money, sex, racial identity, gender reassignment... can never truly satisfy. BECAUSE WE WERE MADE FOR SO MUCH MORE!
We were made to gaze intently into the Eternal Beauty of a majestic King, Father, and God... meet Jesus the Christ.
Life is hard, God is good, Glory is coming
😊... Thanks for taking the time to read this comment.
May God bless you with all things necessary for life and goodness.
God Bless!
Bubble if you ever want to talk science hmu
If anyone is interested in the practical applications of ice containment, I worked in a lab researching this stuff for a couple years, so read on.
It turns out that if you bring water under 0°C in a suitably indeformable chamber, the pressure becomes too high for the water to completely freeze (we’re talking high subzero temperatures > -20°C, not as cold as liquid nitrogen’s -196°C). This leaves two phases, one liquid and one solid, inside the chamber.
What’s great about this is we can use the subzero liquid phase to hold sensitive biological material, like a transplantable organ. This keeps the organ much colder than you can keep it on ice (and therefore more fresh), you don’t risk destroying it by ice forming inside it, and you don’t need to submerge it in toxic cryoprotectants. All in all, confining freezing water can help organs last longer and be transported farther to help save lives. It’s neat stuff and we think it’s one of the most promising technologies to address the massive organ shortage in the world.
Google “Isochoric (constant volume) Cryopreservation” for more info, including the design of chambers that can actually prevent ice from expanding ;)
Also much like in this video, most of my research was conducted by throwing our very expensive pressure vessels in liquid nitrogen to find out what happens. We managed to blow up one machined from a solid block of titanium, ice is serious stuff...
Happy to try answer questions if you have any!
Great experiment! I didn't expect it to be that energetic.
Thanks
I expected the threads to fail first honestly. Had that happen with a lot of threaded pipe I've worked with. The caps are most likely cast though, so naturally more brittle. You can crack them with a decently heavy hammer, so it's not too surprising it failed first at that cold of a temperature.
Yea
That took all the fun out of it
Fun fact! These superdense ice phases are the result of a balancing patch to the physics engine really early in the game's history. Without, it was possible to apply infinite pressure using this method, which was too overpowered.
I am in the HVAC career and when I saw the PT chart (pressure/temperature graph) my inner refrigeration nerd got so excited.
3:49 homie was so ready for the container to fail that he froze his table in the process haha
Way back in my high school physics book, the experiment was with a steel sphere about 5 inch outer diameter with a 1 inch thick wall. The sphere did split open, and not at the plug.
Those caps are called ice caps in my industry... designed to keep water out of vertical pipes. If they aren't present ice splits the steel at the weld
Depending on the type of steel, it can get VERY brittle at cold temperatures--no need to get to liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Actually there are two competing forces. While the ice tries to expand, the metal container reduces its size as temperature goes lower. Thats why the pressure inside becomes much higher than what the ice can do alone.
Trivially. Steel shrinks by 0.1% per 100C temperature change. Ice phase change is a 4% change.
@@usingthecharlim 10%, but yes.
Good point
After watching. I was aware of different ice phases but not the different properties. Fascinating.
I'd quite like to see a string of ever stronger means to contain it. Even knowing it will never work, I'd still be very interested in the various means by which it fails. Once again Action lab guy, you have inspired me! Keep them coming bud! 😎
Yes I agree!!!
Dude, I love you. I'm a science fanboy and I've watched probably every video you've done and never expected "boom science" from you but you've made me remember how cool science is without just blowing up a bunch of stuff. Not gonna lie though, this was pretty cool. Bravo. Good show ol' chap.
Hey this actually gives me a SUPER COOL IDEA !! The RMS Titanic operated because it had 3 main engines... 2 double acting, 4 cylinder triple explansion steam engines and one low pressure parson turbine... What if you could make a "sterling engine" that used the transiton of water from the different phases in the ice direction to extract energy from the fluid instead of water to steam? So the pistons have an insanely huge amount of torque as the water cools into ice and expands the piston, to repeat the process again?? It would be interesting and super efficient because you are using the temperature difference between a super cold source and room temperature rather than a boiler
Different type of ice you say? I think we might need a video on that subject alone.
4:20 Great timing on the shield. Also, it was more than I expected.
As a plumber, I chuckled when you said a "...container that stops water from expanding..." and you were referring to a pipe. 😂
yes, the water is expanding, but the iron is shrinking due to the cold too.
I think it would be negligible by comparison. Certainly nothing like 10% and it can also stretch.
@@kirkc9643 it would indeed be quite small by comparison, but I just wanted to take into account all variables I could. ice and iron can both stretch, although in this case the ice is being compressed.
@@kirkc9643 I forgot what it was called but at a job i had we used to get metal red hot and freeze a shaft in liquid nitrogen then drop the ring on to form a permanent bond when the metals came closer to a normal temperature I just remember we had to be really quick to get it in place or we would be screwed.
Also freezing it that way made the steel brittle.
Steel shrinks and becomes brittle. In addition, the caps on this pipe are cast iron which is weaker and already brittle at regular temperatures even.
Do this experiment again with a pipe of milled titanium; a 70x300mm rod with a 4x230mm drilled hole (for water), mill a 35x70mm fine threaded recess in the open end to receive a milled titanium plug torqued to 230nm.
That’s something really informative u have such an amazing channel
there is so much more to this story. you need to expand upon it. discuss the crystal structures of the various phases of ice ... EXPAND upon this story !
I really enjoy this channel's content; I just hope their safety provisions are robust enough. I'd hate to be reading an obituary one day. That was pretty scary. Stay safe!
4:38 forbidden fleshlight.
Who the hell would've known something as simple as ice could be so fascinating?
Can you do an episode about how durable your "blast shield" is?
It looks like it would melt in hot weather lol
It honestly just look like a bent pice of plexi or plastic.
Doubt it will do much against sharapnel/blast tbh :O
@@z0lid Should do fine for what he's doing if it's polycarbonate. Can't tell the difference from acrylic on camera. Needs to be much thicker if you get into serious explosive power like Mythbusters did, but he was right about the lower power of the liquid explosion vs. gas, including steam.
@@VoltisArt I would call that a hybrid explosion because it both liquid and gas
Next time you buy a blast shield, go to user reviews. I had to send one back to China once, it took forever.
My Science Class < The Action Lab
This was neat! See, I always thought water just wouldn't freeze under "unlimited" pressure, aka pressure from a very rigid container. But according to you that's actually not the case which is fascinating.
The pressure exerted on the inside of the container is 114,000 pounds per square inch
That's what happens when you use cast-iron caps, the carbon reduces its strength when frozen. Try machined caps next time.
The same brittle effect can happen when welding cast-iron too.
Reminds me of when I was a kid and an unopened can of soda got left in the car overnight during a freeze. Came back the next day and it was all over the inside of the car. 😆
God welcome to Wyoming
Did this but in a freezer. Mom not happy.
Went on a field problem in Kansas came back after a blizzard to the motor pool lot and buddy had Diet Coke 12 pack attack in his new ford
@@bcc5701 Good thing it was diet at least. no sticky sugar
That’s actually a really cool failure point. Cause in case this does happen in theory it’ll break at the ends instead of anywhere random.
I want to see this experiment with Beyond the Press's 2" thick steel box...
It would likely still explode (depending on volume.) 620 mPa is over 89,900 psi. I've been looking for about 30 minutes, and the best equipment I could find (comparable in the size used in the video, assuming 2" pipe,) is *HiP Series "R" Reactor* vessels, which have 5" 4340 Alloy Steel walls for a 2" inner diameter container (overall diameter of 12".) This is rated for 100,000 psi.
I can't wait for the day you get enough gear to produce an unusual species of water in your garage.
I knew it would break, i didn't know it would break so softly, i was almost certain it would be a pipebomb. Thank you for the video.
Ice states work by having so much pressure that it remelts the ice. That's also how glaciers move.
You should team up with Destin from SmarterEveryday and record your experiments with his slow motion camera.
Water: why u bullying me
That shield came in just in time...!!! Great video.
Ohh exploded. Don't mess with nature!! Thanks man , learned something.
Tree roots shred sidewalks and bow basement walls. Nature wins every time.
@@VoltisArt Yes. We are byproduct of nature.
Interesting connection here makes you appreciate how much pressure 6000 ATM really is. That is about how much pressure that caused the incident with the SLAP rounds on the KY Ballistics youtube channel.
Shorts are cool but I have the attention span to be able to watch your longer videos. Keep them up
3:30 that "blast shield" looks flimsy af
It's most likely made of a polycarbonate which is a very durable material.
this is my first video which I have watched at the time of releasing!
3:30 "Explodes a little bit"... I'm on the floor over here...lol
I listned to a podcast where this got brought up and its where I learned that there are actually multiple types of ice. If the pressure and temperature get to the right place, the water will turn into ice II, which actually gets SMALLER when it freezes. So you will have a certain portion of the water as "regular" ice, and a portion of it as ice II
Try the same but put it in a container in the regular freezer. That way you don't expose the metal to potentially big temperature differences. If I remember correctly most iron alloys become brittle when below -25 C which it may very well have been in your experiment.
In a regular freezer and especially if you up it to -10 C that'll not be an issue and everything will fall in temperature very uniform and it'll ice inside the container much differently from the top down (because ice floats).
I would imagine it just melting again from the pressure, or like the state not changing, because water has different melting and freezing temperatures at different pressures too right.
Sure, it turns into ice 2 with a different crystal structure at some point,(4000 bars i think) but the container will fail much earlier.
You can also do this with gallium and reach pressures of 10000bars: ruclips.net/video/Yc3Ga7b1nRU/видео.html
There is *yet again* a “self promoter” above me
Yeah there are several different types of ice
@@ThePrufessa oh yeah I forgot that. I was thinking of like a theoretical situation where you keep lowering the temperature and the container is unbreakable.
@@saims.2402 per the video the technical term is different phases of ice.
You can find liquid water inside ice at the north and south pole. The pressure of the ice around it keeps it from freezing. That is one of the main reasons core drilling for samples is so dangerous. The water expansion destroys the drill.
If you see the phase diagram, my idea is. it either generate enough pressure enough to keep it liquid OR blow or change the steel container's shape. If it ever freeze, it's going to take lower than 0 °C.
Edit: he infact brings the PD. This video is a great demo of phase diagram and water anomaly.
Omg what a coincidence. I was literally reading about this topic a few days ago, and i was so mind blown about the power of water. To think that expanding water can break anything which comes in its path, even steel and rocks which r so rigid. I was in so much disbelief that i took a 1 L steel water bottle and filled it upto the brim with water and then left it overnight in the freezer. And the next day, i was just shell shocked when i saw that the water had literally teared up a hole in the bottle. Then i did a whole research and found that by tweeking the temperature and pressure, scientists have created 15-16 different species of ice. Wow.
But i have a doubt. If i take a bottle made of diamond and then do this experiment, will the water break the diamond too?
It depends on how thick the diamond is. It would either break the diamond, or freeze into a different form of ice that is denser than usual ice.
Diamonds are not very resistant, it's only very hard. If you scratch a diamond with anything but an other diamond, it will stay intact, but if you hit it with a hammer, it will break in a million fragment.
So no, it will not work with diamond if it do not work with steel.
@@pierrotA actually i just did some research on diamonds now. What i concluded was that diamonds are very brittle and can be shattered to pieces only if the impact is very sharp. They have to be hit on their pointed tips to be shattered, but in case of expanding water, the impact is not sharp. The pressure exerted by the water slowly rises and is uniform in all directions, so i think that the diamond should be able to withstand that pressure, and the water should freeze into a different species of ice
@@pierrotA I'm not so sure. If the diamond is thick enough, it might work. It is very brittle, but it's also very hard. You would just want a thick diamond bottle to contain the pressure.
@@DANGJOS I cannot be sure because I find no similar experiment anywhere, but i'm still pretty sure it would failed.
The diamonds we can buy are very precisely cut to remove the imperfections. If you take an enormous diamond, it will be full of imperfections that will break pretty easly. If the diamond is too small we seem to agree it would not work.
If we could create a perfect diamond bottle with very thick walls, then maybe it would be possible... but even then i'm not sure the diamond would not break on a weak point (like the top screw) and explode in a billions pieces.
Action Lab: "We will not allow water to expand."
Water: "I don't ask for permission."
"it's close to freezing it's 6 to 10 degrees Celsius" me in the Netherlands it isn't summer yet is it?
me in Texas: Oh, like that one week we had in winter.
Meanwhile in Singapore: I wonder what that feels like..
How about -62C (-80F). That is the coldest wind-chill temp i had been in.
In Finland: "Hey, it's summer!" ;-)
SCNR, I've been to central Finland in summer and we had unexpectedly 25+ C... (I'm from Germany)