Confirmation Bias: Your Brain is So Judgmental | Heidi Grant Halvorson | Big Think
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- Опубликовано: 26 сен 2015
- Confirmation Bias: Your Brain is So Judgmental
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Don't trust your first impressions... Your brain is working to lead you astray.
Social psychologist Heidi Grant Halvorson explains how to make up for lazy shortcuts made by your brain as well as how to guide other people around their first impressions of you.
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HEIDI GRANT HALVORSON:
Dr. Heidi Grant Halvorson is a social psychologist who researches, writes, and speaks about the science of motivation. She is the Associate Director of the Motivation Science Center at the Columbia Business School, Senior Consultant for the Neuroleadership Institute, and author of the best-selling books:
Succeed: How We Can All Reach Our Goals, Nine Things Successful People Do Differently, Focus: Use Different Ways of Seeing The World for Success and Influence (co-written with E. Tory Higgins), and The 8 Motivational Challenges.
Halvorson is also a contributor to the Harvard Business Review, 99u, Fast Company, WSJ.com, Forbes, The Huffington Post, and Psychology Today.
In addition to her work as author and co-editor of the highly-regarded academic book The Psychology of Goals (Guilford, 2009), she has authored papers in her field’s most prestigious journals, including the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, European Journal of Social Psychology, and Judgment and Decision Making. She has received numerous grants from the National Science Foundation for her research on goals and achievement.
HGH is a member of the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, and was recently elected to the highly selective Society for Experimental Social Psychology. She gives frequent invited addresses and speaks regularly at national conferences, and is available for speaking and consulting engagements, primarily in education, marketing, and management. She received her PhD in social psychology from Columbia University.
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TRANSCRIPT:
Heidi Grant Halvorson: So there are lots of biases that you can basically count on your perceiver being subject to. They’re going to interfere with the way this person sees you. The first and probably the most common is the confirmation bias. So confirmation bias is the brain’s tendency to once you start to kind of go get a sense of what someone is like, so you show in an initial interaction you start to feel like this is a funny person or this is a smart person or this is someone I can trust. And once you start to have that initial hunch your brain naturally looks for information that confirms that initial hunch and kind of ignores everything else. Psychologists also refer to this tendency to really latch on to early information about a person as the primacy effect. And basically what that means is the information we learn first about another person disproportionately shapes our understanding of them afterward. And so, you know, in a way I sometimes feel bad talking about that because I’d love to be the person that came and said you know how everyone tells you that first impressions are so important. Don’t worry about it. They’re not that important. If anything, what the science shows is that they’re really more important than you even think they are because that first impression is those - the initial information that other person gets about you will have a really major effect on everything else they see.
So, for example, if in your initial encounter with someone you come across as kind of a jerk and you know it. You realize afterwards that you didn’t come across the way you intended to. And so the next day when you come in to work, let’s say, you bring them a cup of coffee and you think well that’ll be nice, a nice gesture. It’ll show them that I’m not a jerk. What’s actually more likely to happen is that they’re going to interpret you giving them coffee with the lens of understanding of how you were a jerk before. So they’ll say oh, can you believe this jerk who’s trying to manipulate me by he thinks just giving me some coffee is going to somehow get me on his side, right. So they’ll feel manipulated by the gesture. They’ll interpret the gesture in a way that’s consistent with what they already think of you. And that’s really the challenge...
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Confirmation bias is one of the first and strongest hindrances to critical thinking that exists.
+doodelay Yep, just ask any theist how hindered their critical thinking is. Better yet, ask a critical thinker how hindered any theist's critical thinking is, so you get an unbiased answer.
+doodelay Are you absolutely sure about that ?
Paul L yes. Because its the largest factor in every decision that is made from big to small. If you dress a certain way and everyone tells you that it looks terrible besides one person, you're likely to continue dressing that way. And if you and millions of others worldwide pray daily that god heals the sick and feeds the poor and it doesn't work, you will still conclude that god exists if you happen to pray for a new phone and then get one.
+doodelay Don't forget Dunning-Kruger effect.
witeken Dunning-Kruger effect is the bane of my existence. Both versions of it cause me trouble. I repeatedly encounter people who clearly don't know what they need to know, and I also repeatedly struggle to remember that people don't know what I know. This results in me having to backtrack often in order to make any progress.
I always try to swallow my confirmation bias of another person. I know that people are always more complex than what we see at a first impression. I am always open to changing my perspective of a person.
I was just thinking about this the other day. I hate when people tell me what they think of someone before I meet them because it is really hard not to let that sway your first impression of them.
"The information we first learn about a person disproportionately shapes what we learn about them afterwards."
Overwhelm them every day for months?
I'd rather stop caring what that person thinks of me.
Andrew Fender Use common sense: Don't be a jerk on your first day!! (If one finds himself constantly needing to amends with people, then it is better to begin looking at preventative measures!)
As for a loved one, if you genuinely love them, then overwhelming him/her with love will probably be quite easy, anyway. But if you're only kidding yourself that you love them, then you deserve them believing you're a manipulator. It's only fair!
Now, admittedly, it's true; I do struggle to maintain an ideal of not caring what people think. Nonetheless, I still make the effort to remind myself not to care. It's a daily effort-that's key!
(PS, I don't actually mean you [+Andrew] when I use the word "you." I'm only using "you" hypothetically!!!)
+Bez29
Oh come on. Can't you just take the original comment for the casual laugh that it is? You all need everything so thought out.
Look, if your intentions are good and people aren't perceiving that, then I'm sorry. You can only control people to an extent when it comes to their bias. You must also consider that your boss may be psychotic.
I had a boss that hated me. And I quit trying to make him like me, because I began to suspect it was impossible.
One day he took out a large knife and, in order to teach me how careful I should be with it, he used it make a long, shallow slice on his forearm. It bled, of course.
That's when my suspicions were confirmed--some people are psychotic and they will never, ever like you. Psychotic people have a way of becoming bosses. Just look at Michael Scott.
+thedanperezvids That's what cool people do.
So what she's saying is:
to convince a person you're not a manipulative jerk, you have to become a manipulative jerk.
Makes sense to me.
I love how she explained that if you are in a bad mood when you first meet someone, chances are they will immediately pigeonhole you as being a jerk and then if you try and make it up the next day they will probably assume you're trying to manipulate them because you're already labeled a jerk in their eyes ,and if you're acting nice you must be up to something. That really explains a lot that has happened to me and she really helped clarify a lot for me. I would have appreciated it if somewhere through all of my public education and college years I would have come across that bit of human psychology, but of course I didn't.
This doesn't just apply to people. It applies to everything!
Thank you, the first 50 secs of this video is more easily understandable than a shit ton of other visually informative videos out there.
This video solved a question I've had for years!! Can't thank you enough!
thanks you for making my question every friendship I've ever had...
Confirmation bias is so rampant on the internet it's scary especially since it affects everyone.
Insightful. Thank you.
Super helpful thank you.!
Thank you!
I really love to listen to this woman :)
First impressions really do mean a lot
Thanks you
I personally think that there's another method: you have to rewire the other person's brain for them to think they're (re)meeting you again (or getting to know a new you). If you were a jerk on the first time, you have to meet them under another context, roles and subjects. This has worked for me really well. It's kinda like the second way that she said, but it's even shorter.
+Ivan Chagas How would you suggest going about meeting that same person through a different context? Or does another person have to be the middle-man to provide both of you with a new situation to be involved in.
+jlee222ballin It's quite easy jlee but also very situation dependent. For example you might start a new job with a lot of new colleagues. One person might not take a liking to you (for whatever reason), and you start on a bad note. In this case you could arrange an outside of work function for your new team (making sure you invite the one who didn't like you) and present yourself differently to how your 'first day at work self' came across. Of course this takes effort on your part, but it's certainly beneficial to show different aspects of your personality and hopefully they can see you're nice after all.
+Jivya Jinn Thanks for the advice Jivya! What would you recommend if it's someone that has no specific kind of relation to yourself? Perhaps someone that you met at an event?
jlee222ballin Oh yeah, you have to arrange that. You could try to get to know where the person will be later the week or next week, for instance in an event; and then you go to this event and you pretend you don't know him/her and re-introduce yourself, etc. There are multiple ways. Dont need to be work-related. Most of the times I pretend I don't know the person haha
Ivan Chagas Interesting. Thanks Ivan! I wonder if this concept will work with attracting someone you like lol
Good video, thank's
I really liked this video. Does anyone know of any similarly themed videos from this channel or similar?
Creating value truly does change ones perception of you. If you ask a girl to dance or go out on a date you have to create value why should she say yes? If a girl would like to be asked to dance or go out on a date she would need to create some sort of value or why should he ask her?
Anyone who says every once in a while "I could be wrong" is the perfect candidate to be my friend.
Very interesting
bias save time ... decision taking is hectic work when it come to day to day basis problem... so it can be helpful for those who don't want to juggle 2 mch
This is why, my friend, in order to move forward and evolve into an honest, fully informed and open-minded society, we collectively need to constantly set a rational falsifying criteria to negate our first impression aka prejudice to counter our confirmation bias
You're asking people to contend with having to face the VERY REAL prospect that they could be completely wrong on any given issue. Yeah - good luck with that one.
I made a bad first impression once. Now I’m a sociopath.
Spending 2 months being overly nice to someone seems like a waste of energy.
If they cannot have a conversation to overcome differences, it seems quite fake to get them to like you by pretending to be nicer than you are.
Be yourself. Some people won't like you and that's okay.
Sounds like being judgmental is an adaptation to prevent people from getting their feelings hurt or form social groups who have the same viewpoints.
You mean judgment and what's better for the group? Because I see that a lot especially in our society
Now that many people are aware of this, is the next step to analyze someone's first impression? I will be able to analyze a scope of person's well-being, by their effort put into their first impression, that the interlocutor is already aware that I'm paying attention to.
To be fair, giving someone a coffee to make up for being a jerk to them the day before IS kind of manipulative. Why not just be an adult about it and just explain to them that you were in a bad mood, that the bad mood was entirely unrelated to them and that it was no excuse to be as short with them as you had been? And then just… apologize for it? I can’t be the only person who would handle a situation like this in this way…
So is it normal to be nervous when meeting new people because they are probably the type of person to judge someone and pigeonhole them really quick, so I overthink everything I do and say and then become stiff and nervous and then they predictably pigeonhole me as a nervous and weird person?
It's like, if you come off a certain way when a person meets you, there's a good chance you were like that for an indeterminate amount of time before they met you as well. it's not that irrational imo (at least in this social circumstance she's talking about)
How does not going up to them and saying, "I think we got off on the wrong foot, I'd like to start over." now work? I noticed this was all about action, what about conversation?
she looks like my family doctor :P must be the look of success
The title cards in the beginning are very distracting. Can't focus on what the speaker is saying with all that giant text popping and flipping on screen.
It's just subtitles for her first two sentences plus her name job and book. Not that distracting.
So much more helpful than all these $X self help lectures
I would be wary of anyone who tried day after day to woo me to believe they were not a jerk especially if once they won me over the wooing stopped. How dishonest and desperate! Why should they care what I think of them! Just be yourself!
+isiart.net beauty and lifestyle It's just that you can sometimes accidentally make a bad first impression, and it then becomes really difficult to dig yourself out of that hole.
For example, I had a coworker who came to my company as a manager. Instead of dedicating his time early on to getting to know his team and earning their trust, he quickly focused on the performance aspects of his role. He then spent entire months trying to form relationships with his team, which had by now assumed that he was a boring, impersonal and stereotypical manager type, even though his intentions were good (but he lacked experience). At the same time, managers who had invested time in their people much more quickly earned their trust and cooperation, and they all enjoyed their job much more.
+isiart.net beauty and lifestyle what if they liked you and considered you of value? if you were to have a negative first impression of them, how would they be able to convince you that they are not as you saw them? they would lose that, potential positive relationship, as a result of avoiding the resolution.
I was really hoping she was going to discuss confirmation bias in academia. *sigh* I guess that was too much to hope for.
People use their own psychological baggage to feed their confirmation bias, they rarely use objectivity. So her solution of pandering to people is useless as you will be made a slave by others proclivities, also human beings are notorious for being fickle and insatiable. My own solution for combating confirmation bias is mindfulness, it demands you observe without judgement, almost like from a third person perspective. I'm not saying it's perfect but it works.
Of course you're going to come across as manipulative if you specifically bring someone a cup of coffee in order for them to see you as nice. If you're really nice and they just got their first impression of you on an off-day then they should eventually come around, while if you actively have to work to be nice then you are denying them the image of the 'real' you. This is not to say that you shouldn't try to be nice, but more that you might not be operating in the right space if it takes you that much effort to be nice.
It sounds to me like she is self conscious about the fact that she quickly forms judgments about people, and she is trying to alleviate her guilt by saying that everyone behaves this way.
+Eugene Khutoryansky Is that your first impression of her?
+Eugene Khutoryansky Whether you do it consciously or unconsciously, i can promise you that you are unreasonably judgmental. General looks/impression, speech and body language will massively affect how you interpret what is being said, whether you like it or not.
I have yet to see the video btw, don't have time now. Will get back to it tomorrow.
+Ragnarockalypse lol
+Eugene Khutoryansky Usually most of the people have a quickly judgement about others. Oddly it is said that espcecially men should judge in an empiric way, even if I don't believe that this is true.
+Jesse Kim why would anyone sue you? I think you missed the point of the video. It's educational. It tries to inform you. What you do with that information, is up to you. It's not judging.
The next day, why can't you just apologize for giving a bad first impression? (assuming you know you gave a bad first impression) And start the connection over. This way you don't have to waste all that time playing mind games and trying to get things right again.
Don't believe in your first impressions. Don't second guess yourself. Basically, you'll never be right about anything. GG.
so my first day of work I should bring coffee and donuts
Feelz
never judge a book by its cover
The Ben-Franklin-Effect
I found video very interesting and informative. But I do have a question. How about if you ever come off in a way that was not intended. instead of cognitive manipulation. We say hey, I want to apologize for the way I came off before. That was not my intention and I am sorry. Do you forgive me?
Bengt brought me here
Oh
I've always said team sports is essential to becoming a well rounded individual.
i really hold on to features i find annoying, abusive and pedantic. stain my judgement like shitprints.
The outcome dependency seems like horrible manipulation and gaslighting
Interesting that the video doesn't mention how to reduce the bias in yourself. If possible please ask this question Big Think.
You don't get a second chance to make a first impression.
Its reverse for me, i search for bad things
I'm not a psychologist, but I think that mind biases aren't carved into the brain, but rather they appear when a person is exposed to a certain type of environment / culture. I was grown in a very open way, no one forced me to think in a certain way, and now I'm able to go around prejudices easily and to change my opinion if my previous thoughts proved to be wrong. I know that personal experiences cannot be considered scientifically viable, but the fact is that a lot of people grow strongly influenced by culture.
Isn't that catering to the subconscious tho? If I was a jerk to someone I met for the first time because I spillt coffee all over myself and hit my toe a few times and was thus in a bad mood, wouldn't it be a more sensible approach to openly confront the slighted person, apologize and verbally make clear that you didn't intend to be an idiot? While the methods mentioned here make sense and probably work, isn't it a bit underhanded to 'fool' a person's brain into re-evaluating you without them noticing, rather than using verbal communication to fix the problem faster?
+d3rrial
"isn't it a bit underhanded" - it's worse... it's straight out manipulation, and thus not an honest way of dealing with people (I could quote the Kantian "categorical imperative" here to drive home that point...).
I suppose you are male?
+PyrrhoVonHyperborea No I'm not but why is it relevant?
fuck comment-ghosting -.-
how can psychologists be unbiased while they are being taught how to think with a fixed mindset, and glamouring/ claiming that they are the ones who can think critically, while science/engineering students were taught how to analyse and think about how they think, and they just simply say science is biased without even investigating, just as they are just looking through the glass and just say that table was made of wood, whereas scientists/engineers would actually go and investigate which material it met or which material was it made from.
psychology is a social science. it has theories, methodologies and experiments as well, but it is definitely more of a fuzzy science considering the complexities of the human mind it studies. I doubt many psychologists would refer to their practice as unbiased though.
Whoah easy there +Justin Chan, at what point in this video were psychologists claimed to be unbiased, or science as a whole claimed to be biased?
This way of thinking is far more present in the female brain .Caring about what people think of you socially and changing your ways in order to gain popularity and acceptance .If you can not be yourself in order to get along with someone then you are some what shallow and feeble-minded .
We talk about C.B. as a huge negative. But aren't there good, peer reviewed theories which suggest that C.B. might've been one of the reasons we progressed from starving apes, to tool using hominid communities?
I'm repeating half remembered bits and pieces here (please be patient), but maybe decisiveness, progress, even imaginative, forward thinking (the interposition between stimuli and response) required us to be somewhat wilfully ignorant at various junctures.
Now of course, it's more complex. But it's interesting that various aspects of our behaviour, which we now see as complete no-no's, were perhaps once the fuel which propelled us from a meaningless mammal. Unless you're a fundamentalist Christian.... in which case God did it all. About 6,000 years ago or something.
Then why do so many women end up dating jerks and ignoring and/or friend-zoning the nice, polite guys?
Because the nice guy doesn't take the next step
+edymasta That doesn't explain it at all. He meant that some women's first impression of guy can be that he is a jerk, and (as explained in the video) she will continue think of him as a jerk (whether he is a jerk or not), YET she is attracted to said guy.
Granted, it's a different topic altogether.
+GaborBartal yes, it's all whole new topic onto itself, but it's not the asshole that women like
+Bradley J. Timm have you never heard of the "fix em up" type of women?
+Bradley J. Timm
My advice is to avoid the women who are still interested in the jerks - even if you do manage to hook up with one, it's likely to be a painful experience. Been there, done that.
Was the BTK killer a nice guy to most people? Just asking.
And yet the only way to progress in this area is spiritually. Trying to avoid conformation bias by logic and brain is like trying to use the ego to judge people. Which is doomed to fail. Psychology fails again. :P
Why would I go out of me way to impress someone who doesn't like me in the first place?
There is something called dignity.
2:21 - 2:58
that's ridiculous
not only would this mean
[1.] a tone of effort being invested in every single person who ever got a not-so-good first impression off of you, but it would also
[2.] put people off who are mistrustful, and often not just them (same applies as she said before, that it may raise mistrust; overloading their perception with kindness may just work the same way, as you start appearing - little by little - as purely manipulative) - and
[3.] many people may not ever be worth that effort, and
[4.] honest, straight-forward people would start despising themselves for that manipulation, whilst they are issuing that onto others ...
there are many more things wrong with this idea, but let's stick to the most important ones.
That resolve just isn't working; it only works before the first encounter: always try to be your best if you meet new people, to avoid making bad first impressions. There are many people who behave like that anyway; not necessarily the most interesting, strong-minded, intelligent folks, but still; even entire cultures can be build around making a perfect first impression (or, in general, a perfect outside appearance regarding manners, confining more personal, straight-forward expressions to a minimum, or even eliminating them entirely)... but that means making a really bad compromise, in favor of appeal, and in disfavor of honesty and freedom!
No matter how polite and perfect a society as such (which was fully comprised off of those perfectionists in terms of first-impressions) might seem, I don't think it would be worth living in... I'd feel like being among aliens, or even robots, amidst such [a] people
3:00
so... your second solution is yet more target-oriented manipulation? - huh... says a lot about your character, honey!
Manipulative people like that disgust me!
there are other means of dealing with this sort of thing, which are much more upright; she does not even consider that, either because she is way too dependent on the acceptance of others, or she is a narcissistic manipulator, who constantly seeks taking advantage off of her environment, tending to always keep a highground with which to work, to achieve that goal at any given point in time...
All that she is really good for - besides giving people a good reason to mistrust her character for what her preferred resolutions say about that - is giving the piece of information, that judgments are constant, and first impressions weight heavily; how we deal with that piece of information is up to us, much more than she seems to be aware of (lacking the objectivity, openmindedness to do so).
E.g. one might simply go about one's business, and don't give a fuck that some people are less intelligent and open-minded and cannot look past their prejudices? - that way you may sort out the few people who are actually worth your time and effort, other than the many who are not... a "fuck your small-mindedness" attitude might be considered arrogant; but at the end of the day, you can't appeal to everyone, and you cannot change human nature as a whole, and accepting that fact sets free a lot of time and energy that could better be invested elsewhere!
"Schmale Seelen sind mir verhasst;
Da steht nichts Gutes, nichts Böses fast.
[...]
In jener Gegend reist man jetzt nicht gut;
Und hast du Geist, sei doppelt auf der Hut!
Man lockt und liebt dich, bis man dich zerreisst:
Schwarmgeister sind's -: da fehlt es stets an Geist!" (F.Nietzsche)
"Diesen ungewissen Seelen
Bin ich grimmig gram.
All ihr Ehren ist ein Quälen,
All ihr Lob ist Selbstverdruss und Scham. Dass ich nicht an ihrem Stricke
Ziehe durch die Zeit,
Dafür grüsst mich ihrer Blicke
Giftig-süsser hoffnungsloser Neid.
Möchten sie mir herzhaft fluchen
Und die Nase drehn!
Dieser Augen hülflos Suchen
Soll bei mir auf ewig irre gehn." (F.Nietzsche)
all in all, the best advice is: you can't appeal to everyone, and so you should not waste so much time and energy on such a hopeless endeavour, unless you really, *really* have to in a special case; making yourself over-dependent on the approval of others will just make you unhappy, and the actions and decisions that derive from that desperation may even put off some of the most interesting encounters you may have had in your life...
If I'd have to judge her own -confirmation bias- prejudice on viable solutions (the prejudice of only considering the option of having to manipulate the other, as if everyone has to be won over; by force (manipulation), if it need be), the mildest outcome might be: "that's just a typical women's prejudice!" - the Venus-symbol is not shaped like a hand-mirror "by accident"!
There really is a male perspective missing in this! If we all just listen to her advice, _our society_ will inevitably become emasculated, shallow and weak (all too "nice", if you will) - w/o any original, strong characters to it; or maybe it already is, and that's why this can be presented here w/o raising a few eyebrows . . . quaeritur!
Want an easier way to avoid confirmation biases? Don't judge people based on their looks. This is something from the bible! Pretty hard to do but it can be done.
or you could just explain to them what confirmation bias is.
Urketadic They could find it out easily in Wikipedia.They explained it clearly and we'll understand why they still don't change their mind about us.That's because they use their confirmation bias no matter how much they know you more.They still believe what they thought it's definitely true.
What if you are a jerk ?
so youre basically manipulating a person into believing youre not manipulating them?..
Why would anyone put so much effort into making someone like you and surpass confirmation bias ? people are biased and they are going to be that way forever, you either live miserably trying to make people llike or just simply ignore what they think about you and live on with your life.
COMM 105 Gang
So if u have a job interview u have to be perfect 🤨
not perfect but honest
I knew i'd hate this video.
This process of creating, maintaining and reinforcing beliefs is a much more potent compromiser of truth than what this petty little video talks about, and is something that compromise the truth in many facets of life that are much more serious than someone thinking "you're kind of a jerk". Religion is one that springs to mind. These social constructions literally have the power of influencing how billions of people view reality, as a direct result of early information they have gained in childhood about certain a certain god or god. These very same individuals grow up and for the rest of their lives continue to confirm their existing beliefs about man-made omnipotent creatures and discard or reinterpret disconfirming evidence. This process is what Michael Schermer calls belief-dependent realism and includes, apart from the confirmation bias, biases such as the authority bias (in this context, religious parents, priests, the president, etc.) and the sunk-cost-fallacy (in this context letting go of a religious belief one has invested in means having spent years of investment in something untrue).
It's quite unsettling just how little rationality and critical thinking we ascribe to the information we receive. Whether it is a glance we receive from a person whom we then deem an arrogant prick, or a fairy tale story about a deity that we go on to believe in. First, we grow our opinions and then, as Nietzsche said, "mental sloth lets these rigidities into conviction", which is as he famously said "more dangerous enemies of truth than lies". The solution isn't for one to become some fake people pleaser, but for the one to achieve a restless lively mind, not to be fanatical about an opinion about another person or an idea and think you have achieved some absolute truth about that someone or something. We should be traitors to our opinions and convictions, and constantly be willing to change them.
Religion isn't the only idea that is subject to confirmation bias... Check out America, [insert country here] foreign policy, ourselves, nearly all statements from other people (including Nietzsche)...
Dont judge book by the cover ups🤭
Actually, mostly mentally lazy and conceited people suffer from that! Whenever I realize someone does not dig my style if keep away as they show me that I wouldn't even like them as friends anyway.
You might be suffering from confirmation bias right now...
thou shall not commit logical fallacies.
So she's promoting manipulation.
big bully. copstop
Conformation bias = Conspiracy theorists