Positive discipline in my daycare with toddlers and preschoolers

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  • Опубликовано: 4 июл 2020
  • Working with young children can be challenging. Here are my favourite tips and tricks using positive discipline in my classroom.

Комментарии • 143

  • @TracyHastingsII-mf6ps
    @TracyHastingsII-mf6ps 8 месяцев назад +29

    I have 3 great expectations in my classroom
    1. Be Safe
    A. Keep our hands and feet to ourselves
    B. Keep our feet on the floor
    2. Be Responsible
    A. Clean up when we are told to
    B. Take care of our belongings
    3. Be A Friend
    A. Help our friends up if they fall or get hurt
    B. Give hugs when a friend needs it

  • @altheazane3173
    @altheazane3173 2 года назад +117

    1. Set boundaries/expectations
    2. Repeat
    3. Model
    4. Managing conflict
    5. Communication
    6.Routine
    7. Problem solving

  • @kaw8473
    @kaw8473 4 месяца назад +3

    I'm in the process of opening a daycare and this video was extremely helpful. My favorite rule you demonstrated was "no, but..." toddlers have a hard time understanding why they can't do something.

  • @jadepierce8356
    @jadepierce8356 6 месяцев назад +7

    I'm a toddler lead teacher. We don't use the word whinning as its hurtful to children. We say no yelling and have a calm down area for them to use for any type of emotion. We encourage their use of their emotionas and focus on labeling the emotions and modeling aprioriate behaviors for those emotions as well as labeling other teachers and friends. Whinning is okay because it comes with being tired or angry and sad and we need to know which one is the source of the "whinning" to better help each child. I want emphasis whinning is an okay word. We just sont use words like that at our center. We also dont use the word "No". We give the reason not the statement. My We also don't make them hold our hands outside as children learn best exploring nature and the world around them and we buggy them if we're traveling distance. We never walk -2 by hand near road ways. They buggy up or are on a schoo bus. I work at a center not in home. We're modeling behaviors and how to be appropriate during play as well as focusing on social emotional development at that's 0-5s primary focus. We use the creative curriculum. I agree with some of these and support them as I've worked in all ages of early learning. I work at a 5 star facility through quality stars and OCFS regulated. A lot of our rules and standards are the same. An I agree with most of the rules here butthe rest is based on training and education.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  6 месяцев назад +1

      Sounds like a wonderful place to work! Thanks for watching!

    • @keciaaskew5166
      @keciaaskew5166 7 дней назад

      I was working at a daycare. And the daycare I used to work with is based on the directors rules is that none of the teachers couldn’t take the kids outside, we weren’t allowed to communicate with the families, make incident reports if a child gets hurt, and the teachers had to keep the television running for the kids to watch kid shows throughout the day on RUclips kids. Also, my center I’ve worked at didn’t have teacher meetings, teachers were allowed to leave children unattended in the classroom, and be on their cell phones. Also, at my other daycare I used to work with, I had to keep the toddlers in the high chair all day until they go down for nap time.

  • @jamestalkscomics
    @jamestalkscomics Год назад +11

    thank you for this video! i'm new to childcare at a preschool with very high expectations from the teachers, and i feel so behind on how to get these toddlers to listen and get along with each other better. it's a lot! i've been told a lot of different things by my coworkers, and this approach fits my personality best. i'll test this out!

  • @priscille1577
    @priscille1577 2 года назад +8

    Seems like such great tips to raise up sweet sweet kind children!

  • @gigglezillakids7379
    @gigglezillakids7379 2 года назад +16

    I love the stepping back tip. It's good to let kids try to resolve their problems first then ask an adult for help. Great video!

  • @marirocha3694
    @marirocha3694 2 года назад +6

    Your tutorial is so helpful, it is always great to set those points when dealing with the little ones! Thank you so much! Loved it!

  • @Shenanigans_Afoot
    @Shenanigans_Afoot Год назад +4

    I love using timers in my classroom for sharing toys.

  • @ninaedwards7941
    @ninaedwards7941 2 года назад +17

    Wow, Krista (I hope I spelled that right) this video was amazing. These are great universal tips to use for any situation involving youngsters. I will be babysitting a little angel (outside of my family) for the first time and I needed some tips on how to do it with excellency, so this really helped. Thank you so much.

  • @rebeccanjue1097
    @rebeccanjue1097 2 года назад +6

    I just come across this and for sure it's very helpful..I love it thanks for the insight.

  • @Biggilluminati
    @Biggilluminati Год назад +4

    I really appreciate this not only did this help with my 2 year old but I start teaching prek tomorrow this is exciting!!

  • @sonia2326
    @sonia2326 Год назад +4

    Wow so many good tips ty so much u must be a great teacher for ur kids

  • @minerva4202
    @minerva4202 Год назад +1

    Thanks very helpful

  • @dailyoccasions9539
    @dailyoccasions9539 Год назад +5

    Hi, this is Diane from Diane’s Daycare!!! I closed during Covid to care for a family member. I am going reopen my daycare this year2023!
    Thank you for this video!! Love your channel and IG too!

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +1

      Fresh start, how exciting!

    • @user-hb1vf9wh3p
      @user-hb1vf9wh3p Месяц назад

      Hi Diane. This is Dian from Dian’s Daycare, up here in Canada. Love that we have the same name. I reopened my Daycare in 2022 after a 5 year hiatus. It’s good to be back.

  • @erikapena-terrero5272
    @erikapena-terrero5272 Год назад +2

    I love watching your videos - thank you for the time, effort, and planning you put into them. 💕

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +2

      Thank you so much! You’re the sweetest!

    • @erikapena-terrero5272
      @erikapena-terrero5272 Год назад

      I have a family child care home myself (and three kids of my own ages 6, 3, and 1) and I know the trials and time it takes to manage it in a way that it’s done with intention, love and passion as you do. I run my child care very similarly to what is shown in your videos. I even have the same red and green choices you mentioned from TPT! Your positivity in your videos adds light to my days. Really happy to hear from you! It added to my bucket :-) Hope you have a great rest of your week!

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +1

      Great job girl! Childcare is such an important role!

  • @celiajones9253
    @celiajones9253 2 месяца назад

    Love love love your advice! As a teacher I used a lot of these myself, I have a harder time defining expectations for my own kids. There are so many scenarios I haven’t pre-planned an expectation, or I waiver on my expectations as I consider pros and cons of each. Like letting toddlers ride in the basket, or run ahead, or eat at their kid table instead of the counter… yadda yadda. I haven’t defined some boundaries so I get frustrated… this was a good reminder

  • @rachelbolick
    @rachelbolick Год назад

    Thank you for these tips it will help me in my before and after school program.

  • @keciaaskew5166
    @keciaaskew5166 7 дней назад

    I’ve started my new job last week. And I had 11 toddlers. The children I had were extremely hard and challenging. And I have 5 kids that hit, bite, push, kick, and climb on tables and shelves. I was struggling in that classroom.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  7 дней назад

      That sounds challenging! Stay calm you got this!

    • @keciaaskew5166
      @keciaaskew5166 7 дней назад

      @@Playing_with_a_Purpose That’s what I’ve been doing is staying calm and do my best when it comes to the children.

  • @angela3524
    @angela3524 10 дней назад

    Thank u SOOOO MUCH for this!!!

  • @kristabruner6298
    @kristabruner6298 25 дней назад

    Hey!! Just found your video! My name is Krista too! I’m just starting a daycare job and nervous about it! Thanks for the tips!!!!

  • @MaanzTraventure
    @MaanzTraventure Год назад

    Thanks for the tips,very helpful :)

  • @isaacdillon630
    @isaacdillon630 Год назад +4

    This was really helpful. This week, I got the chance to volunteer at a daycare I will be working at this summer and just based on some situations that occurred (mainly due to some children not listening), I need all the tips I can get :)

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +1

      You got this!

    • @sarahk.3845
      @sarahk.3845 Год назад +1

      Just remember that if you ever get frustrated with a child, it is ok to step away for a second, compose yourself, then step back in and address the situation. You got this!

  • @Mimicri
    @Mimicri Месяц назад

    Im going to start working with preschool aged kids this summer as a counselor. This video was very helpful!

  • @user-er1ls3ix6m
    @user-er1ls3ix6m 6 месяцев назад

    Thank you so much these tips are so helpful

  • @lilliehauptman
    @lilliehauptman 2 года назад +112

    I’ve been put in the 1s room and I’m struggling with getting them to not fight or cry. One major thing is them climbing on tables and shelves! Please help me with understanding ones!!

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 года назад +66

      I find the best thing to do is get down to their level to communicate. Speak with a gentle tone and BE consistent! I had a one year old that tore my daily schedule Down multiple times every day. I continued to say no, these stay here. Once I took the time to talk and explain the schedule to him he stopped doing it. This definitely took time. It doesn’t happen overnight with this age group. :)

    • @falconeddie4109
      @falconeddie4109 2 года назад +32

      I feel your pain, and I also feel that more children today carry the baggage from having dysfunctional home lives and that carries over when they’re at school. If the parents took the time to work on teaching the child why it’s important to use their words instead of their fists (or why we don’t destroy school property),than the advice in this video would actually work. It’s no wonder teachers are quitting in droves, the behavior plans and techniques the experts today want us to use doesn’t work on even the average kid these days. You can’t reason with a toddler, but you can combine the calm words (reminders) when they act out with some tough love discipline. All kids need to see that if they commit the crime, they need to do the time

    • @jayakumarirai199
      @jayakumarirai199 Год назад +1

      I let the clim on the table for a while and they get down themselves.

    • @Cupid230
      @Cupid230 Год назад +7

      @@falconeddie4109so my autistic toddler is one of those kids who can be loud, climbs on tables, counters and touches everything. I know he's a handful some days more the others but is there anything I can do to make it easier on the teachers? Is it weird to tell them when my son may be having a bad week where he's more moody then usual of anything like that. I also do try to help him but it's not easy, sometimes I'm so overwhelmed and I don't even know how to help him.

    • @bebetheuniquestylist54
      @bebetheuniquestylist54 Год назад

      I go though as
      Me
      As well trying to find stuff make it stop

  • @gugrace1715
    @gugrace1715 8 месяцев назад

    Very useful

  • @ryusujeong8422
    @ryusujeong8422 9 месяцев назад +1

    thankyouu kristaaa😭😭😭 thankyou for all the advice!😭 its really overwhelming when kids in class start to hitting their friends😭😭 your advice really helpful! will definitely try these on mondayy!❤️ thankyouuu!❤️ pls keep making videossa

  • @kaylingreaves7911
    @kaylingreaves7911 Год назад +8

    Here’s where I struggle with the physical alterations. I redirect the kids about why they shouldn’t throw blocks or hit friends and no matter how many times I tell them. They still do it. Is there another way because I don’t think that one is helpful for me. 🥺

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +5

      It can definitely be frustrating at times. Just look at them in the eye and genuinely talk to them and say I can’t let you hurt my friend, remove them from the area as well as the toy and say you can try again tomorrow.

  • @thetea4340
    @thetea4340 Год назад +5

    Think you I just started working at a daycare and it’s hard

  • @dancygil8498
    @dancygil8498 Год назад

    Excelent vídeo

  • @Lala123Oh
    @Lala123Oh 10 месяцев назад +4

    I tried this and the kids just do not listen no matter how calmly i speak and express to them them the “why” it’s like some have a kind of their own and just won’t even listen… I’ve been told “no” I’ve been told “I’m not doing that” and also I’ve been told “shut up” when talking to them calmly.
    So my next question will be, how do you deal with disrespectful children?

  • @nosferatussister4903
    @nosferatussister4903 2 года назад +8

    This is so helpful. Sometimes we use avoidance to keep problems from happening but the problems are learning opportunities. How will they learn if we don’t give them a chance?

  • @ascensioncano3606
    @ascensioncano3606 Год назад +6

    I like the idea of: "Eeny Meeny, Miny, Moe
    Catch the tiger by the toe
    if he hollers let him go"
    I am goint to impliment this startegy in the kindergarten.
    Please, can you write down the title of the books that you mentioned in the video???Thanks.

  • @nuramirahmdjailani7470
    @nuramirahmdjailani7470 2 года назад +1

    Hye, it's a great video by the way🤭 May i ask you a tips for this kind of situation? When these 4 years old 2 kids are fighting over a toy and one of them start crying, what should i do?😭

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 года назад +3

      Sometimes I ask them to help me come up with a solution to the problem. It really depends on the children. If the two-year-old is quite verbal and their comprehension is high I would have a discussion with them asking them for solutions. They often will surprise you. If it’s a matter of frustration because there’s many children wanting the same toy and they don’t ever get a chance with it then sometimes I like to have multiples of the same toy.

  • @ThuyLe-rj7ig
    @ThuyLe-rj7ig Год назад

    Hay quá

  • @miaadam1574
    @miaadam1574 10 месяцев назад

    Thanks for the video! How would you respond to a child that takes things they should be in a non threatening way?

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  10 месяцев назад

      Acknowledge their feelings & and give them language- “I see that you want a turn with that toy, let’s ask ______ if we can have a turn”. Then help them respond. If their peer says no, then say “______ isn’t finished yet, let’s find something else to play with until their finished.

  • @allanacanofrenshipgmailcom
    @allanacanofrenshipgmailcom Год назад +3

    How do you deal with 9mo-18mo biting, biting, pushing, etc their fellow classmates?? It’s so difficult sometimes

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +4

      I typically only have children starting at 12 months. Biting is certainly difficult. At that age I would redirect and keep much closer eyes on the biter. You can also begin to read books such as “teeth are not for biting”. Comprehension is very different for children so it may take time.

  • @ivyynicolee8206
    @ivyynicolee8206 Год назад

    what would you do with a school age child that is very disrespectful, uses inappropriate language, doesn’t listen, and is hyperactive?

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +3

      If a child is disrespectful, try to give them language that you would prefer to hear. For example, if a child says.” This activity is dumb.” You could say some thing like, “i’m hearing that you’re not enjoying this activity. Perhaps you can give us an idea of some things that you would enjoy doing and we could try and incorporate next time. It’s important that we speak respectful to each other. Can you think of a better way to tell us that you didn’t enjoy the activity.
      Set clear expectations with positive reinforcement & consequences,model being a good listener and give simple instructions.
      Often when a child is hyperactive it is a sign they need more unstructured time especially outside. If possible incorporate more time for them to spend time outdoors :)

  • @ericacochran6998
    @ericacochran6998 2 года назад +4

    I have two fosters in my class. They misbehave, throw stuff, hit me and other kids, scream, cry and spit. I don’t know how to stop this behave and manage it. I also don’t know how to get them to have a good day without acting out and having their guardian pick them up.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 года назад +3

      Awww. Often children who don’t have a stable home life act out. Give them time, consistency, and loving boundaries. Most important is love. They need discipline to make them feel safe. Try and have good communication with the foster parents so you work together as a team. It’s so important! You got this. I believe they are in your class for a reason and you have an important life changing role to play I. Those littles lives!!!
      I would love to hear how they are doing in a couple months :)

    • @magdailaroman3023
      @magdailaroman3023 2 года назад +2

      @@Playing_with_a_Purpose Sorry to hear that! However these kids' behaviors are demonstrating how much love they need. Try to have one-on-one conversation with them to find out the triger and work on thier strenght instead of thier weakness. Good Luck!

    • @sumanlata-tr3un
      @sumanlata-tr3un Год назад

      I have one in our class room, Same sometimes my are up!!

  • @cheyennemarcum5869
    @cheyennemarcum5869 2 года назад +16

    I teach 2’s and 3’s, there’s been quite a few teachers in this class before me. One of which walked out. I need to know how to be authoritative. These kids walk all over me and laugh in my face when I tell them to stop doing something. I don’t like being the mean teacher, but time outs just aren’t working anymore. It’s gotten to the point where they like being disciplined. What do I do in this situation

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 года назад +13

      Keep building positive relationships with them. Have Fun. When a child isn’t listening be sure to get down to their level and talk to them. Explain to them that you can’t allow that behaviour in the class because ________. Often children need to know the why. Be consistent and follow through with what you say. You’ll get there! I know you will. :)

    • @phoebehmtan
      @phoebehmtan 2 года назад

      @@Playing_with_a_Purpose hi, could I ask what should I do if we did get down to their level and explained to them calmly but they can’t stop crying?

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 года назад

      @@phoebehmtan How old is the child? Are they new to the program?

    • @phoebehmtan
      @phoebehmtan 2 года назад

      @@Playing_with_a_Purpose about 20 months and yes they are new to the program, about 2 weeks in.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 года назад +4

      @@phoebehmtan She’s probably still adjusting to the change. It can be very tiresome to listen to crying children all day. The best thing you can do is keep your voice gentle reassure the child give them lots of love and attention. Try to engage them in some fun activities. If you feel frustrated, take a moment for yourself to regroup. Hang in there you got this 😊

  • @ettaheisler1506
    @ettaheisler1506 5 месяцев назад

    Hi! Any chance you can fix the settings on this video so that the Closed Captions in auto-translate are working? The CC in vietnamese is making it not work appropriately. Thank you!

  • @AnAGaming1000
    @AnAGaming1000 2 месяца назад

    can i ask, do you have any advice for a new daycare worker tasked to keep a child away from their blanket ? (except for nap time) she screams and cries all day. i’m talking 8-5pm. she’s starts crying hard when you look at her and has physical fits when you tell her no or try to change her. she can’t engage in any activities or learning.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  2 месяца назад

      I’m assuming this is a fairly new child. Personally, I would allow the comfort item until a trust relationship begins to form. Slowly over time you can work towards only using at nap time. Hope this helps!

  • @kimdaley9149
    @kimdaley9149 3 дня назад

    Where is the red light green light information? I was looking for the link.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  3 дня назад

      www.teacherspayteachers.com/browse?search=red%20and%20green%20choices%20pocketful%20of%20preschool

  • @brandicampbell
    @brandicampbell Год назад

    I am in the toddlers and how do you help them understand that pushing is not nice and to be nice to their friends

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад +1

      Hi Brandi, you can start by reading lots of stories. A good one is hands are not for hitting. If you see a child hit another child, get down to their level,look them in the eye and say, hitting hurts. Please stop. If they continue say, I can’t let you hurt others and remove them from the area. It can be a process.

    • @brandicampbell
      @brandicampbell Год назад

      @@Playing_with_a_Purpose okay thank you

  • @ecoknitty
    @ecoknitty Год назад

    what are the name of the books you mentioned ? Thanks

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад

      www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=DChcSEwjf3vf-z_L8AhUUicgKHVlUAjcYABASGgJxdQ&ae=2&ohost=www.google.ca&cid=CAESbOD2KTM3EpTaO-ZHYK0_GVGIOaAtcAkJjcAdCYsp2WL9McuaANYTeJxrMITjc-6E7yelXK74awib6I2OOGyAXaENnlXX0NViNi05OFtReFmGSjmYPqvn1GTJI8SiO0FM8D8P_JY6ukxRd62hgA&sig=AOD64_2NRGb5axmozmeRGlKUkkA7ZkafYA&q&adurl&ved=2ahUKEwjLhe_-z_L8AhXEEGIAHeMHA7kQ0Qx6BAgJEAE

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад

      www.amazon.ca/Fill-Bucket-Guide-Happiness-Children/dp/0996099972/ref=mp_s_a_1_3?crid=3K01DH6118ZMK&keywords=have+you+filled+a+bucket+today&qid=1675196223&sprefix=h+as+ve+you+filled+a+bucket%2Caps%2C111&sr=8-3

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад

      See a couple of my favourites :)

    • @gkarenstratton
      @gkarenstratton 11 месяцев назад

      ​@playingwithapurpose178
      Ooooops link does not work anymore. Does it have a different one?

  • @MichelleMyBelle2121
    @MichelleMyBelle2121 Год назад +3

    I’m in a twos room and I’m feeling very frustrated

  • @dataworld-information
    @dataworld-information Год назад

    Pls show something that u use recycling material and you make your theme.

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Год назад

      I used some packaging from my washing machine in the block centre for an igloo!

  • @sharlinyanel3656
    @sharlinyanel3656 Год назад

    hi could you help me with some answers for these question?
    what why you do if a kid was kicking another kid?
    what would you do if a kid was talking over you and not listening?

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  11 месяцев назад

      I would calmly take the child away and say “ I can’t let you hurt (friends name). My job is to keep you all safe. Remove them from that area and say you can try again later

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  11 месяцев назад

      Sometimes children are t ready to listen have them go to a calm down corner and once they are calm try talking about it. It’s better to say very little when they aren’t ready to listen otherwise they will try and gain control over the situation

  • @tatianalevchenko437
    @tatianalevchenko437 10 месяцев назад

    How to set expectations if the teacher doesn't speak native language of the students? Should I ask others to translate?

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  10 месяцев назад

      It’s very important that everyone has a clear understanding of what the classroom expectations are both teachers and students :)

  • @jaffnatown4578
    @jaffnatown4578 11 месяцев назад

    Respected teacher to them
    My name is Esther
    I am twenty one
    I live in Sri Lanka
    I am educated in Child Care Course (NVQ 4 LEVEL) through Sri Lanka Vocational Training Authority in Sri Lanka.
    Are there any other ways to work in childcare in the UK? Thank you teacher if you let me know it will help.

  • @user-ej5dh1co4c
    @user-ej5dh1co4c Месяц назад

    If we are _____ with expectations you won't find the children ___ the ____nearly as often. fill the blank

  • @user-if9ou5zu5j
    @user-if9ou5zu5j 5 месяцев назад

    I have an autism child in my class who like to throw toys and he nonverbal so I don’t know how to get him to stop throwing the toys and I don’t know if he knows what I am saying

    • @chelinka777
      @chelinka777 4 месяца назад

      Maybe replace the roys with foam items, make aure hard object away from him, he finds the throwing fun and he probably does know whay u r saying

    • @Playing_with_a_Purpose
      @Playing_with_a_Purpose  Месяц назад

      Try using less words and hand over hand to correct him

  • @dorineamondi6764
    @dorineamondi6764 10 месяцев назад

    BC GGG

  • @ismailgharbiyeh7743
    @ismailgharbiyeh7743 Год назад

    TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT