I've read that the search for cold fusion has produced great improvements in the field of heat-flux measurements. A bit ignominious, yet quite valuable.
@@profribasmat217 You're trying to be cute but you fail because apriori assumptions about simple logical concepts (see: elementary math) are needed before we can even begin to do science. When you get tired of being a jokester and want to have a grown up conversation you'll need to step out of the kiddy pool where it's only 2 feet deep. Failure is the backbone of the scientific method.
You know what I love best about your videos Joe? It's your certainty about uncertainty. I like the idea that you take a stand on things with great confidence but at the same time you make it clear that there always could be something different or better. This is what I love best about your channel. We need more people like you.
I'm gonna highjack this compliment. Thank you! lol With my twitter page, I do mycological photography, and it's often hard to be certain about what you're looking at. I almost never just put the species name of what I'm photographing, because I'm not a scientist. I'm not smart enough to say that stuff with certainty. I find it's best to say, for example "This is what I think is probably a Russula xerampelina" as opposed to "Wonderful specimen of Russula xerampelina", etc.
@@KendrickMan idk- it's a bit of a different situation here. Like when I looked for other YT videos about thorium energy after seeing Joe's- I found discussions filled with fringe political comments overwhelming technical discussion- Personally I think a simple lack of financial incentive and even just social inertia explains the lack of development on thorium nukes better than conspiracies. So this is more than being open-minded- it's about refusing to get dragged into fringe politics. I'm very glad you're doing you mycology with humility, but when you have nearly 500,000 subscribers like Joe- there's a lot more pressures to take certain directions.
This is pretty off-topic but I just discovered your channel recently and I've been completely addicted ever since. I'm literally making it my mission to watch every single episode on your channel and I'm past halfway there. Basically, you're awesome, there aren't many RUclipsrs like you, and you have been doing this for a long time. You deserve a ton of respect and you certainly have mine. You've taught me so much more in about a month than the past 3 years of school I've had combined
I remember when the controversy was raging, a reporter asked a scientist, "Cold fusion would be the biggest invention since....?" And the scientist said " Fire"! 😮
@@GamingKeenBeaner Not really. Unless you're talking about corpses 'traveling' deep space. There's more to traveling than just the energy required to move a mass from A to B. Unless you're at a constant state of acceleration/deacceleration to mimic gravity, your body wouldn't survive more than a few years, tops. Trying to mimic gravity by rotational force brings a new set of problems unless the scale of engineering begins to rival O'Neil cylinders that are kilometers across, to have a chance at minimizing the associated coriolis forces acting on the otolithic structures of the human vestibular organs (inner ear). Avoiding the worst of these problems would require a different approach, like modifying the human genome with a sophistication and to a sufficient degree that it rivals science fiction, in order to 'harden' the genes and organs that would otherwise be unable to withstand a lifetime of deep space travel without a constant source of artificial gravity or ability to shield harmful radiation. Lots to solve, beyond simply the energy source, for deep space travel.
Owned a similar in-series Nokia 3000'esque. Can confirm it extends to a lot of that series. It isnt a joke that some of them have been used as ISIS bomb detonators and remain usable for a second bomb afterwards.
On the subject of phones as bomb triggers did you know only that generation of phones is capable as the voltage output on the vibration mechanism is too low in subsequent models.
My great grandfather worked on the manhattan project and later worked on cold fusion. He wrote a couple books on it. I remember visiting an old shed of his as a kid after he died and my family found a ton of yellowed files on sciencey stuff, machines and a lot of other things I didn’t understand. It felt like going through a science museum.
It's probably true that scientific consensus is usually right. However "You're wrong because you go against scientific consensus." is not a valid argument.
@Pham Nuwen while that last statement is technically correct, I'd argue that it's also functionally meaningless and irrelevant. If someone were to say something like that, they are most likely trying to say "You are probably wrong if you go against the scientific consensus" which is an accurate statement and is really just a re-worded version of what you say at the beginning of your comment. People don't always say precisely what they mean.
Joe: "you're young aren't you?" me: "nah I'm not young I'm a grown ma..." Joe: "Senior citizens my age and older remember back in 1989... " Me: "Oh then I'm young yes"
@@bluon259 lol did the math? pray tell what you mean... An regardless that would make him around 16, something tells me a 16 year old pre internet era would not be keeping up with theoretical scientific arguments. Edit: after doing a quick search, it appears he is 44. Which would make him around 14. Just not seeing this as plausible. Though it was likely just hyperbole, making this entire argument rather moot.
@@zephirol4638 well I will say that I was 12 when the world trade centers were attacked, and I still very much remember seeing that live on TV. My older brother remembers watching the OJ Simpson stuff, and he was under 10 at the time.
I was about three years into a BS in Physics and had recently changed majors, a change which required a number of chemistry courses. When 1989 rolled around I had a reasonably good background in both physics and chemistry. The 1989 Cold Fusion methodology did have some instances of reproducible but unpredictable anomalies that seemed to indicate that Deuterium was fusing to produce Hydrogen. Because Pons, et.al., including the University of Utah especially, seemed more interested in getting the credit, the fame, the money and the prestige for a potentially substantial discovery, they rushed everything. All the principles involved were like a meteor. They burned brightly and garnered a lot of attention and then were gone and forgotten. Because of the debacle and premature announcement, most serious scientists and research groups won’t give this niche in science the time of day. The reason why the effect cannot be had on command is still an unknown and because of the pariah status this topic has garnered, very few, if any are willing to put the time and money into the research to fully understand any sort of truly novel phenomena that is the mechanism of action behind what is going on. Because science does not fully understand what is behind the intermittent, anomalous observations, what has been observed is not understood. To write it all off as miscalculation and/or poor experimental design is lazy. I get it that research scientists are like a room full of Axl Roses when it comes to ego and no one in this cohort wants to be seen or heard speaking positively of “Cold Fusion” because of the hit to their reputation and ego. I for one would encourage anyone who has the capacity to study this to do so and try to explain the rise in temperatures in a closed system where the energy introduced is wholly lacking in explaining the 150% rise in temperature, the rise above background level in neutrons, λ & α radiation detected and the trace amounts of helium detected. These are the anomalies that have been noted from a combination of the original experiments and the attempts to reproduce the original experiments. I’m not saying I believe in Cold Fusion. I am saying that these various anomalies need to be explained. Isn’t that what science is all about? There may well be some reasonable, alternative explanations for the observations I mentioned. Then again it might be a set of indicators that nuclear fusion is occurring on a Chem Lab bench top somewhere.
5:12 "surface of the sun hot" - Nuclear fusion reactors on earth run at around 100mn degrees Kelvin which is around 15000 times hotter than the surface of the sun
@@mal2ksc Temperature at center of the Sun is 15 million degrees. For fusion reactor, we need about 100 million degrees because we cannot get as high pressure and we don't have time to wait 10 000 million years for our fuel to fusion.
Great summary Joe! I was taking classes in the Chemistry Building at U of U in 1989 when this thing hit and remember it vividly. You did an excellent job of capturing how this went down. I had never heard a good explanation of how the deuterium was fusing, so really nice to finally get some clarity on that.
"high temperature" there is relative, I think it was around -50ºC or something like that, and if that's not all, it had to be under extremely high pressures. Maybe we have achieved "warmer" temperatures for superconductivity, but I doubt something has been done to do it at normal atmospheric pressures.
Gordon is right, depending on the material it can happen around -70 to -60ºC, something did came up last year in india for room temperature, but it turn out to be a error
Yeah... "high temperature" superconductivity. Superconductivity is routinely witnessed at temperatures barely above absolute zero. "High temperature" superconductivity on the other hand occurs with a few special ceramics at around 100 Kelvin, -170 degrees centigrade. So instead of needing liquid helium to get it to those temps you can get away with liquid nitrogen. Still freak'n cold.
"And it's very cold, in space" That was the best of all of the Star Trek movies last three Kelvin Timeline Movies included. Ricardo Montalban, nailed that shit. "From hells heart I started stabeth thee, for hates sake I curseth thee, with my last breath I spit my last breath at thee" chills.
So, a chemistry professor my friend had was having efficiency(~30%) issues in his experiment and had the class he was teaching run the experiment in lab. All but one student got the same reaction rate. That one student got a significant reaction rate (~80%). The student had accidentally clipped a bit of the glove she was wearing, adding it unknowingly to the reaction. In that instant, the project broke its months long dead end. Science is cool for these kinds of random events.
@@ZackLeath im a chemist, and off the top of my head I can't think of a reaction that would be catalyzed by nitrile or latex polymer from lab gloves. While science and chemistry in particular, is full of funny little anecdotes like this one, this one is probably not 100% accurate. But the message of the story holds true: sometimes you need an outside perspective when you're stuck during research.
@@GumaroRVillamil And, of course, the discovery of penicillin was just such an accidental thing. The history of science is littered with such incidents.
A fusion reactor is not just "surface of the sun" hot. To begin, there is zero fusion at the surface of the sun. It only happens at the much higher temperature core of the sun. Then you have to compensate for the lack of pressure present in the core by raising temperature even higher. Surface of sun approx. 3000 Kelvin. Fusion reactor approx. 1 mio. Kelvin. So significantly hotter.
@@SuppersReady8880 So what you are saying is that at a place not on the surface of the sun, the temperature is different than at the surface of the sun? How does that have anything to do with a fusion reactor being much higher temperature than the surface of the sun? (to be precise, the photosphere of the sun is effectively 5,777 K, easy to measure due to Stefan-Boltzmans law).
@@dunn0r yeah, I don't recall where I got that number from, might be a typo. Double-checking it looks like we are in the hundreds of million K (JET up to 300 MK).
What I find slightly funny is that even if we get a working fusion reactor, we'll still be basically using the heat to turn a turbine to make electricity. The future is steam powered.
I can't believe this channel has been going for 5 years and I only just came across it about a week ago. I watch videos like this on RUclips all the time so I'm surprised none of your videos were ever recommended for me. I just wanted to say that I love what you're doing here. I've been binge watching your videos for the last week, this is my new favourite channel now!
I have an idea of COLD fusion in every sense of the word. If the fuel is more stable and easier to fuse if it isn't moving on the atomic scale(stationary targets) would that make Fusion easier. Take tritium stored at very high temperature and shoot it at Deuterium in the form of Bose Einstein Condensate that is at a very low temperature(near 0K). would that increase the likelihood of the two fusing? Would storing Muons at NanoKelvin make them last longer before blinking out of existence?
I see two big problems with this idea. Firstly, to create the BEC, as well as to bring the Tritium to speed, a lot of energy is required. This makes it probably not feasible. Secondly, and more importantly, a BEC is made out of a very low density gas, which leads to less collisions per volume, actually reducing the likelihood of fusion.
No, this has like 40 different problems with what your idea, I don't even know where to start. The other comment sums up a few of the biggest problems. This isn't a criticism of you specifically, but it always blows my mind how often non-experts seem to think they have some amazing idea that nobody else has ever considered. Almost every single time, it turns out that yes, many people have thought of that already, and there's a good [and usually very obvious] reason why it doesn't work (or even more commonly: nobody has thought of that idea because it doesn't even make sense in the first place, but the person who came up with it knows so little about the topic that they don't realize how far off base they are). To me, it speaks to the overwhelming arrogance of your average human being to think that they've somehow effortlessly cracked the code that countless others [much smarter than any of us] have spent their entire lives trying to solve (in vain). Like.. really? you thought you were _that_ smart? What could have possibly led you to that conclusion? I guess it's probably a good thing, since otherwise nobody would ever try anything, and we'd not have many of the wonderful technology we have today. I just wish people were even remotely honest with themselves in regards to their own capabilities. No, Steve the Line Cook, you didn't figure out how to make a perpetual motion machine... you just did way too much blow. Go take a nap. Sorry, just venting. Hope you have a really awesome Christmas (or whatever you celebrate)! :)
@@idontwantahandlethough at least you not like most people that are brutal and defamatory, but perhaps BEC research will create other breakthroughs. I lack such a deep background in physics mostly due to the cost of years of university, though don't worry im not a line cook lol, I'm an Instrument Technician. I'm very interested in Fusion as it is what is required to save my city, my province, and most of my country. It gets extremely cold here in the winter, and up north its pitch black for months.Purely Solar and wind will fail due to low daylight hours and calm winds that accompany large polar high pressure areas(its used to offset fossil fuels but can't replace them). Hydroelectric would have to be transmitted up to 5000 miles over trundra and frozen seas for it to reach some areas. And when its as cold as -40 degres(same in both scales) your typical heat pump has very diminished efficiency and require another source to take up the slack, which is either Natural Gas or an energy intensive electric heater. Fusion is the only source that can put out the needed supply on a calm and extremely cold winter night. Nuclear fisson never amounts to anything due to all the risks of radiation and nuclear waste and thus fails to pass. If a solution isnt found there are going to be a 2nd type of climate refugee, someone who fled an area where the climate prevents human habitation without the use of fossil fuels, or comes at a cost so extreme that most people can't make progress in their lives and leave. An example is pretty much every Inuit community in the high Arctic
Hi Joe, I'm a science fiction writer but I tend toward "hard scifi" which means I attempt to always stay within the laws of physics. I have written books in which cold fusiion is not only a theoretical reality but a common place and even scalable to be used in spacecraft to provide the power necessary for the Alcuberrie/White drive to be practical. My novel LIGHT SPEED uses a cold fusion reactor to power the ship. You probably have little time for reading but I'd be happy to send you a volume. Or you can just search Amazon on Rob Dorsey. BTW- I'm from Athens, Texas live in KY. All the Best, Rob Dorsey
@Muttley I like how Isaac Asimov described the difference. Although, I can understand how the line gets blurred if you're talking about theoretical stuff so advanced it is indistinguishable from magic. Then there is the argument that there is no such thing as magic, only science we don't understand. I suppose the real dividing line is that in which known science and mathematics do not object as being possible. Outside of that, would be fantasy. On the other hand, Heinlein is regarded as a hard scifi author, but he certainly skirted fantasy at times.
The greatness in most science fiction is that it describes future inventions that are POSSIBLE. And it's why Star Trek : Discovery is just not Canon, it's full of garbage that is just stupid and crazy, like gigantic tardigrades that can travel faster than light. It's science moronicity, not science fiction.
I remember the Pons-Fieishman thing vividly. What made it so memorable was both the fact that actual scientists made a mistake, and the vitriol with which the community rounded on them. People have no problems at all believing that a ball of cold silver metal can spontaneously explode and level a city. But they have a hard time believing that nucleii can fuse in small numbers in a liquid. Your video captures all this brilliantly.. well done.
we could but the numbers would probably be rather small the LHC can basically do alchemy, and just make gold atoms but it would take like *nani* i knew it was a long time but my googlefu said "3 million years for 1 gram"
The goalpost is set at making a profit in around 15-30 years, not including subsidy. It should be able to run for at least about 60 years, designed for 150 years, and expected at 100. If it needs new fuel elements every 6 months, costing millions of $, or new neutron absorber linings (for fusion), that cost is factored in. You can generate about a gigawatt per reactor building with modern fission designs, but only a couple hundred watts to megawatts of net energy output with magnetically bottled fusion (ITER/Stellarator/JET). No magnetic confinement reactor has generated more energy output than was pumped in to date (tmk). There are impactor/ laser inertial confinement systems that have generated more energy out of a pellet than what got absorbed into the material, but overall they still operated at a net loss of energy. The thing is, gravity is the free-est energy source that exists for us. We might never escape it. The sun uses it to conduct fusion and some fission only via its hydrogen's effort against being crushed by this free gravity. All of the energy from fusion or fission comes from turning the limited amount of mass we have in this universe into energy, be it particle velocity (heat), electroweak interactions (light, electricity), or some weird stuff we haven't figured out yet. Edit: Spelling.
@@Baigle1 In the sun, the chances of two hydrogen atoms fusing is actually extremely low. Fusion happens very sparsely in the sun. In fact, per kilogram, your body outputs more heat than the sun does...per kilogram. But the sun is fricken huge. It has a crap load of hydrogen atoms that overwhelms those extremely small odds of two hydrogen atoms fusing. The sun is not very energy dense (in terms of heat output). But it makes up for that by having lots and lots of hydrogen atoms. So the key to the sun's "success" in fusion is not gravity...the sun's secret is the sheer number of hydrogen atoms it has available to play the odds. If you replicated the sun's fusion here on earth, with a gravity producing device that's able to produce gravity identical to that inside the sun, and then applying that gravity to some hydrogen atoms, the fusion produced by that device would output less energy per kilogram than a human body does. So the sun's version of fusion is not viable. The power output per kilogram we're trying to achieve with fusion, here on earth, far surpasses what goes on in the sun...by several orders of a magnitude. It's not an easy goal to achieve.
Cold fusion, like everything, is worth research *but* people absolutely need to follow the proper steps in research and publication, especially for a topic this volatile.
BTW that is something that all those fringe-science guys have in common: They have extraordinary claims with little to no "evidence". Their experiments are either ill described (so no one can test their ideas themselfs) or their results are not repeatible. And then they cry all day long about how they're ignored by real scientists... I wonder why...
@@armageddonsengineer3182 turns out, you can just google 'crispr babies' and up comes the youtube video by the Chinese scientist who did it. It was only two babies though, at least, that's all I've found. He gave them a resistance to aids for some reason. How they gonna test if it worked? Try give them aids? Weird gene to choose.
If you really have cold fusion, you can skip all proper steps. If you had viable exothermic cold fusion, steps and process are ridiculous. Did the first high temp superconductor really need process? No -- some ceramic went critical and levitated a magnet at liquid nitrogen temps. No paper needed, but many followed.
LAST! Ahhh I remember that Cold Fusion era and the great hype. I even remember that Keanu Reeves movie where he discovered cold fusion could by done by harmonics, right?
I thought it was bogus until in a graduate-level class on fuel cells, the professor brought in a guest lecturer for a full day about his ongoing cold fusion research. This was at a relatively well known university, and this professor said they could now reliably generate the excess heat, but no one would fund the work. There's a nearly 2 hour long talk by MIT associate professor Peter Hagelstein that goes into most all the work on cold fusion. I can't link it, since links tend to get auto-deleted, but its on youtube if you search: Cold Fusion Real But Is It Ready
If it were real it would take a minor demonstration in front of a mediocre financier to get sneak this tech into a steam plant somewhere. Either the tech is bunk or the proponents are hopelessly incompetent. Feasible tech would have found its way to at least one moderately competent proponent and had it plugged into every electric plant everywhere after 30 years. You can claim that the patent would have been stolen (then subsequently presented to the world by the thief). Or being repressed by entrenched interests (the greater the repression the greater the eventual profits by the one who sneaks out from under the repression).
@@CarFreeSegnitz Watch the talk I mentioned. The fact that cold fusion is real is distinct from it being commercially viable. You make it sound like a demonstration would be like that scene from the first spiderman movie where Dr Octavius flips a switch and gets the thing glowing like the sun. All the current demos of cold fusion just involve a temperature sensor reading being elevated compared to a predicted baseline. You really think that any financier would start sending money over a temperature readout with something as badmouthed as cold-fusion?
Nuovoswiss , this appears to be where MIT is currently. I am unable to find a more recent and credible article. Links are obviously postable, please provide yours.
As an engineer, the opposite of scoffing 'fringe thinkers' was basic business 101; non-technical managers, telling the technologists to "don't tell me the physics, just do it anyway". If that doesn't work, yell louder. Just like having your chocolate milk, and a side of goat too.
Joe, this was one of the best episodes so far, simply because of your posture about science and truth and your calm but steady elaboration about cold fusion. I would definitely try the "Double moonshot" drink if it becomes a thing. Thanks for the quality content.
To me, Cold Fusion has more been the RUclips channel with the super soothing voice talking about technology developments more than the actual act of fusing atomic nuclei at room temperature.
Loved the editorial note. It's a fair description of how I feel about the sciences myself, and I've found the shift in perspective to be both humbling and enlightening. Also, I was an embryo in 1989. Took the Berlin wall coming down for me to get off my ass and be born.
Yeah, he really need to read a lot more on this before discussing hot fusion :). Fusion reactors lack the pressure at the Sun's core, so they need to make it up in temperature. That, and also the rate of fusion needs to be way higher. So no, center of the Sun hot is not nearly hot enough :))
I always find the instances where there are semi-consistent anomalies in science to be the most interesting. It usually at least asks questions that open the door to innovation.
Multiple Bubble Sonoluminescence next? It used to be called "Bubble Fusion", or "Star-in-a-Jar", until it wasn't, because there wasn't any detectable fusion happening. But it still makes some light, and some heat, and some plasma! I like to think of them as Plasma Energy Cells, because it sounds tech as :)
I have always appreciated your videos. There is so much to learn outside of the main subject matter. Like explaining the stigma around fusion, and how the context of the time shapped that. So thank you for the work you do.
Joe, I agree with all you're saying about the scientific consensus and whatnot. You don't need to convince us that you like to explore niche or fringe ideas without it effecting your scientific scepticism. Why are you approaching this so cautiousl- "Today, I'm going to talk about cold fusion." OOooooooooooooooooh, ok then. that makes sense
That is maybe because those noble scientists were ridiculed, yet today we tend to be at least indirectly, on their side; just like for Nikola Tesla. The world we live in officially accepts T.A.Edison, and rejects the two cold fusion researchers, dismiss or ridicules anyone brings novel innovative idea like Elon Musk dealt with at first.
@@BB992 No, the joke was understood, unfortunately some people think skepticism and cynicism are synonymous. They are not. It is one thing to entertain an idea but needing evidence for hard consideration, and eye rolling dismissal as soon as something is mentioned. Those are very different attitudes even if they do sometimes (or even often) end up on the same opinion about something. A skeptic would at least hear arguments as to why they should change their mind, open to the possibility of new information that might justify such a change.
A true sceptic is someone who has an open mind to everything, Someone who says “that could be possible” and “could not be possible”. But also someone who is willing to change their mind. Some people who claim to be open minded are often stubborn and refuse to believe anything other than what they want.
You're just making that up. "Some people who claim to be open minded..." Who is that? Isn't it everybody? Do you really know people who claim to be open-minded who really are? Is that really a distinct set of people? Aren't you just making something up and saying it applies to a group of people who don't really exist? Just to make yourself seem smart? Why are you posting? Don't hate on me, bro. I'm only being truly open-minded.
@@squirlmy I think Tim means the so-called skeptic movement when he says some people. And I made the exact same argument he made to people who identify themselves as "skeptics", in the sense that they subscribe to the ideas of the skeptic movement.
Can you imagine what would've happened if they actually kept researching this topic since then? We might have actually gotten results from them instead of calling the whole thing off when there were results even though rarely
wolfie Butler true, but we'll need immense amounts of energie to achieve that, not to mention cold fusion being a lot more mobile compared to hot fusion
Love your disclaimer! Although I would caution -- as someone who works in academia, such a realm is often the greatest bastion for established intellectual hierarchies. Essentially, you'll find some of the most brilliant (and arrogant) minds in the world. Prestige, power, and the almighty God, Money, seem to have this strange effect on monkey brains.
Anything can be taken too far. Humans are flawed creatures and always make what is near perfect on paper far from it. However plenty of wild ideas from the earth orbiting the sun, too, plate tectonics, too general relativity got lots of pushback and even were completely shut out for a time. However eventually the scientific method wins out.
The problem scientific consensus is that it involves scientists i.e. humans. Scientific consensus very often seems to agree with the agenda of those providing the funding.
@@JamesDannySheives Have you ever read _Bad Science_ by Ben Goldacre? That book is all about how science can be corrupted by outside influences, with examples provided from all over the place (especially the pharmaceutical industry). Highly recommend it.
Let's try a thought experiment. Let's say you're a Roman Catholic, and you have faith in God. What is it you have faith in? Is it a conception of God as the Lord of Creation and Supreme Law Giver that you came up with yourself? Did someone tell you about this Jesus guy, and you went and researched his speeches and had a moment of serendipity? Of course not. You received the belief from priests or other similar persons, and you accepted it on the basis of their authority, the conviction that they have a greater knowledge of the Universe and a closer connection to God than yourself. Please explain to me how this is different from accepting the pronouncements of "the scientific consensus" without a critical examination? The truth or falsehood of their statements is irrelevant if you have no confirmatory tools, you're simply accepting the further proposition that they DEFINITELY know better than you do. The entire reason an appeal to authority is considered fallacious is precisely because it is nothing but faith in the unsubstantiated opinion of another.
@@archenema6792 one argument could be that there are precedents of scientist "beliefs" becoming true, while there are no evidence of any religious beliefs ever becoming true.
@@modernkennnern The "scientific consensus" doesn't publish papers whose results can be checked. Individual scientists and teams do. Appealing to their authority is just as fallacious, however, because as hedge funds and mutual funds are legally required to state in their advertisements, "Past success is not an indicator or guarantee of future success".
I did some work experience at a fusion plant (CCFE) and it was so interesting! Honestly beyond cleaver how they build the tokamak, even ‘minor’ things like fixing it has to be completed with specially made ‘robot’ arms which are controlled from outside the tokamak! They also fund projects like AI and VR, super coollll
That should be the whole point of science though, right? Exhaust all possibilities to make sure you are exactly correct in a line of thinking. Proving say Einstein's theory of relativity for the 1000th time is always nice, but at the same time science should be trying to disprove things also many, many, many time over and over again just to make sure our theories are 100% correct (or as close to it, because you can never be 100% sure with proving things) and that no little things are hiding in the unexplored cracks of fully explored territory
The thing I find the most regrettable in the entire story is it was there, it actually existed, we just don't know why. Then the media blew the whole thing way the hell out of proportion, expecting results yesterday, and when it didn't happen, shamed the science community, prompting it to cease all research on the subject. That's not the right way to do science.
@@DeeSnow97 What? Nobody can say that it existed because there is no usable evidence. Like, haven't you watched the video? Most peers were not able to replicate the experiment which, in plain language, means that the experiment is useless as it is. It's not about the "why" if you have all means of answering it but just can't because it doesn't work with the parameters that someone else conducted it by accident. Or, which is more likely, it was a simple calculation or measurement error that was not impossible to achieve, hence the reason why a few others could replicate it. It has literally nothing to do with "media" pushing the scientific community for an answer. It was just a few black sheep that abused the political situation to gain a) fame and b) money (funding). If there is anything about cold fusion, we will sooner or later discover it. But since hot fusion will be there in a few decades, there is little reason to even invest in cold fusion.
@@PrismoRUclips The duty of peer review is to find a way to disprove the argument a study is making. Without peer review, there is no science, and no conclusion, positive or negative. If none of these studies went through peer review then there is literally no science on the topic. Only conjecture.
Quick clarification. Stars do not fuse atoms past the barrier you describe like we have to make them do in fusion reactors. Instead, stars get atoms close enough to where quantum tunneling takes into effect for a small number of them, bypassing the electrostatic barrier entirely (you hint at this at 15 mins in on Cold Fusion). This is why fusion reactors need to be many times hotter than the core of the sun, as we essentially need sheer force to make up for a tiny amount of material we're working with. Otherwise, we'd never get enough atoms to create a reaction through tunneling alone. This is also why Cold Fusion is ridiculous (most likely) because that electrostatic barrier is just not going to happen at such low temperatures and pressures.
very very well explained about Scientific consensus. There are hundreds if not thousands of people who have dedicated their lives to understanding each particular niche subsection of science, and if they have reached a consensus it's usually correct. spot on.
And yet scientists are susceptible to the same sorts of social and psychological phenomena that all people are. As he pointed out, the initial report of the method had some serious inconsistencies, which explains why most of the subsequent attempts failed. After that massive pile of negative results, it was forever more labeled as 'bunk'. However, if you look at some of the more modern cold fusion work you'll see that they've managed to get a reliable way to show it. Just search: Cold Fusion Real But Is It Ready
@@MrBuzben Thats actually a myth, even the ancient greeks had shown the earth to be a sphere. If you mean human consensus PRE-Science, thats a different thing entirely that didn't use the scientific method.
15:22 Slight error - the extra mass doesn't "push" the nuclei closer. The extra mass of muons mean that in order to hold the same angular momentum as electrons in atoms they have to stay much closer to the nucleus than the electrons do. This means that when a muon molecule of hydrogen forms the nuclei of the atoms stay much closer to each other compared to electron molecules since the space occupied by muons in between the two nuclei in the molecule is much smaller than that occupied by electrons. This closeness of the nuclei increases the likelihood of the nuclei fusing together and that is how the muon catalyzed fusion happen.
Cool joke. But the topic is serious, so here's a serious thought. There were several scientific teams that replicated far more heat than could be explained W.O. some kind of fusion. If there were only one who replicated it, Maybe it could be called a measurement error, but there simply is no way that several could have made a mistake in something so easy to measure. So, why the ignoring of the hard evidence? Why the refusal to consider that there could be variation in results of something so difficult as 'cold fusion'? How many dollars spent, and YEARS spent on Hot Fusion? My researched conclusion is that an electricity generator so potentially portable and inexpensive would simply be way too disruptive to society. Think... Hippies could live off the grid, away from control... And so could Christians. And they would be happy, and thrive. Look at world history - the powers will not let that happen.
well, another great work by Joe! thanks very much! I'm not a physicist of any kind, but from what I can remember from my physical metallurgy course years back, diffusing so many deuterium atoms into the Pd crystal would be next to impossible. You can think about it as a dissolution problem, it's fairly easy to dissolve the first spoon of sugar into your coffee but can you dissolve 10000 spoons in the same cup? maybe extreme conditions like RF currents would work, but the energy put into making it happen would exceed the output as with other methods as Joe mentioned. Now, I'm not a physicist as mentioned earlier, but as a researcher of nanomaterials, I wonder if they have been looking into the possibility of utilizing the more open surface lattice structure of nanostructured Pd... although I kind of feel like it would increase the chances of getting the spikes, but the repeatability and energy economy would indeed remain problematic. Let's use SOLAR folks! artificial photosynthesis is a thing! we just have to make it feasible...
I like it when you keep an open mind but know the reality of what is going on. Please don't take more pessimistic stances as it could come off as nihilistic but I like the grounded way you approach it currently, as an experimental particle physics grad student, I am confident in our potentiality for success through the many numerous possible solutions to things such as energy solutions.
I think that continuing research on things that can literally change the way that we (as a species) can travel through space is ABSOLUTELY WORTH IT! I also think that scientists by the masses should be collectively working on figuring out exactly how gravity works. That is another thing that would CHANGE EVERYTHING!
Nope.. It broke when they tried to hit 3310 with it... Cant be from that... Last year Nokia 3310 fell into a 17 solar mass black hole... Black hole did not make it...
I ran over my Nokia with my car and it still worked afterwards. Found it on the driveway when I returned home. Was a bit scratched, but nothing serious.
@@danilov114 It's the only way to get away from Chuck Norris as well... Just throw it at him to buy yourself some time. Everything else just explodes on contact.
I think there is benefit in understanding ideas that you don’t necessarily agree with, because it can help with that thinking out of the box thing. Understanding an idea still doesn’t mean you have to agree with it.
The problem with the Dunning-Kruger effect is that 95% of the people who bring it up are suffering from it (Likely myself included in this very comment)
Dr Jones, my professor at the time, could fill you in on the details of why Ponds and fleischman released their information early. I was there when it happened so I'll tell you a little bit of what I know. They simply weren't ready at the time and ask Dr Jones to delay his paper once again, something he had already done twice. They were not collaborating at all! Jones was completely independent of ponds and flashmen. ponds and fleischmann didn't have anything to publish so they released a press conference to jump the gun. Dr Jones Cold fusion experiments were far different than what ponds and fleischmann when were trying to do. Dr Jones, we measured neutrons, not water temperature increases, the most we thought we could get was a trillionth of a watt of extra power, well within our margin of error. So while it was interesting, there was no chance of a power station or anything like that. Ponds and fleischmann when about to get scooped, or so they thought, and since they didn't have anything ready to publish and Dr Jones couldn't wait any longer because of his deal with nature magazine, ponds and fleischmann went out and had a press release. They deserved all the crap they got.
@@flippantfishtaco3132 The thing is they didn't have any discovery. Or they could have released their paper, but they had nothing, so what they tried to do was go public to scoop Dr Jones, Even though they had nothing but a hypothesis and no evidence from experimentation to back up their hypothesis. There's a reason things go through the scientific review process through pier review journals and not through press releases. I don't think they were under pressure from the University of Utah, but perhaps they were. Where they went wrong was asking for millions of dollars in research money to build power plants. There was no evidence, at least from what was going on with Dr Jones, that any substantial power could be generated. Again Dr Jones detected a few extra neutrons amounting to somewhere around a trillionth of a watt of possible access power. There was never any measurable temperature increase to water as far as I know. That was a long time ago and I have forgotten some of the details.
@@FrankGutowski-ls8jt I meant that the power we assumed through the production of excess neutrons was around a trillionth of a watt. That tiny power was too far within our margin of error for measuring via temperature changes. So no temperature changes could be measured, simply neutrons or detected with a very sensitive neutron detector. No discernible temperature change was measured.
Yes. With a reliably efficient scientific process, and minds that are actually interested in the minute details of the subject matter, all possibilities are worth exploring.
But not all "junk science" is "science".... the scientific method is a harsh, painfull and humbling process, through which most of junk "scientists" do not bother to go through ;)
I have watched joe for awhile and could not pin down why I liked watch him...... then it popped. He talks with his hands even tho it was mostly off screen.
1. The story arc of this channel is awesome, and it's a meta of the story arc of science. I love it. 2. Definitely, people should continue to research cold fusion! I just don't want to be the one who does it.... 🙄
Even with failures. Some unexpected results can be discovered. Material science, the process Etc. Reguardless of the subject sometimes its worth taking a look.
I was just a kid when this happened, it was my introduction to the idea that we should always wait for the peer review process before you believe any big discovery someone announces.
Surface of the sun hot? I think you mean several times hotter than the "core" of the sun. Most tokamak style fusion reactors require a temperature of around 150 million degrees. The core of the sun is around 27 million.
Dunning-Kruger effect affects not only "dumb" or "inexperienced" people. It affects everybody. Even an expert could overestimate his skills, knowledge, experience.
What Joe is talking about in the intro doesn't really sound like Dunning-Kruger. It's more your run-of-the-mill epistemic pessimism - not all things can be figured out, so why even bother trying to figure out anything that isn't half-way there already. The lazy skeptic's excuse, if you will.
SPECIFICALLY, Dunning-Kruger only applies to ignorant people. When it doesn't, than it's not called "Dunning-Kruger!!!!". You've illustrated it pretty well, actually. If you had done ANY research, you would know this, and not post that it applies to experts, BECAUSE IT DOESN'T. That's just plain overconfidence, just plain and simple. I don't think I've ever hit my forehead so hard as when I read your comment. It's just SO WRONG!
@@raggedclawstarcraft6562 that's not clarification- it's someone calling you wrong. You are totally wrong! Dunning-Kruger has nothing to do with experts being overconfident.
All things are worth investigating because the smallest chance that it could be true could change the world. And even then if it fails forever and is impossible the investigations still teach us so much. Humanity learns more from failure than from success.
@BxxDxx Hoodoo Over time, high energy neutrons, gamma rays, and other fragments create inclusions and chains of damaged misaligned crystal structure (e.g. iron, palladium, hastelloy, or inconel). I'm looking to get into this topic at some point, can you tell me where is the best place to get information on current experiments (with a full description of the theory and their empirical method all on one page)? It might benefit experiments to make a crystal structure that is mostly comprised of lightweight nuclei (neutron moderators), with selected nuclear lattice catalyst sites that only cyclicly contain deuterium tritium pairs in order to protect the active palladium. I couldn't find any simple crystal arrangements that might work besides a modified (with additional moderator crystal border) face centered cubic with tetragonal inclusions, but I bet there are some structures common with catalyst surfaces that will do. Nanorods would be an interesting advancement, if each contained active palladium (or crystal of choice), and there was sufficient coolant flow through structured microchannels.
@BxxDxx Hoodoo You should consider researching neurotoxicity, and if you aren't living under a macro site cell tower or being accidentally poisoned, you may have a genetic predisposition for frontal lobe deterioration. That or you're drinking a lot of alcohol and are on a low-fat (needed for myelin sheath) diet. Just going off of how you worded that, no offence. I found it in 10 minutes thanks to your reference! I also have a copy of the rejected paper: "A new energy source from nuclear fusion S. Focardi(1) and A. Rossi(2) (1)Physics Department Bologna University and INFN Bologna Section (2)Leonardo Corp. (USA) - Inventor of the Patent March 22, 2010 Abstract A process (international patent publication N. WO 2009/125444 A1) capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process between nickel and hydrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Experimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the effect is justified on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical results. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude neutron and gamma rays emissions." Here is a link to the critical Phys.org review: phys.org/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Commenters at the time noted that they did not have any real proof or data on the outputs of the system like they probably should have, and that equipment was not listed. "...the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.” P.S. This still looks inconclusive just from the material you mentioned, but I'm going to continue looking for the MIT IAP meetings and their conclusions over time. Maybe the ISCMNS meetings at MIT, too. Keep in mind that, like the Roswell UFO hoax, individuals that are financially vested in their claims and products are not to be given the benefit of the doubt without additional verification.
@BxxDxx Hoodoo You're proving my point, but no I'm not any kind of 'company man', and no I do not hold any official clearance, yet. I actually have helped several other people with the same neurological condition and tried to fix them over the course of several months or years. I know how the condition (neural deterioration) changes the way a person talks, how they construct trains of thought, and what is the likely cause of damage over a long period of time (mental stressors and physical damage). The only problem is they (the people I help) start fighting me once they begin to get better, their delusions do not go away, and they just fill the new space in their mind with additional falsities that support their original paranoia. They are also terrible at providing evidence or proof, weighing options, securing their property, and have spotty short term memory. Now remember what I'm writing, as you may live longer for it. Whether I am an agent or not, that is of no concern to you. You need to find the source of neurological and cellular damage and eliminate it. You need to move away from it, stop eating it (like excess soy products or lead), or shield against it (Wi-Fi or Cell Tower) with grounded metal foil or absorptive conductive nanoparticle paint (shielding/ EMI paint). You will not get better, and cannot when bombarded by non-ionizing radiation, it causes continuous and progressive anion and cellular damage, raises blood sugar, and the body's stress response. It makes you age faster, and has an almost immediate impact on cognition (a concussion-like mental fog with anxiety). It can and will cause early dementia and death. Paranoia is an excellent defense when its in moderation, it keeps us alive when challenged with life-threatening natural scenarios, but this is not natural. Right now paranoia is not helping you think clearly, its not helping you get better, its only clouding your judgement and can eventually make you act on irrational impulses. Fix yourself, and don't let your overactive paranoia get you thrown in a psych ward. P.S. Being paranoid and irrational attracts predators. Don't let new or strange people into your life until you have the mental capacity to judge whether they are trying to mess with you or take advantage of you. And don't take anything with amphetamines or opioids, generally don't do drugs while recovering or you won't get better. Anti-depressants can help regrow brain tissue over the course of a couple years. I highly recommend it. You may also consider the bulletproof coffee, which has a lot of natural fats for regrowing the Myelin Sheath on your axons. Hope you get better. - B Edit: I didn't get a notification about your first reply, about two major accidents. Sorry. Since you have to be on opioids, forget that I said to cut them out. They are far less neurotoxic than meth-like products, going off of experience of being around a lot of meth-heads (ive never done hard drugs, or used prescriptions recreationally).
I recall to you again Uncle George a Nuclear physicist PhD at UC Berkley. He was a hot fusion guy. An environmentalist. Uncle George went up to see the Pons and Fleischmenn experiment. He brought his own equipment. He spent two days and a night. He said the was substantial excess heat generated. He was adamant that it WAS not fusion because it did not produce enough neutrons.
Why? Everybody knows it's bunk - so why is it taboo to talk about it? It's an interesting piece of science's history, just like the polywater debacle...
I had precisely the same thought while watching :-) ... strange.. but I think the energetic efficiency of such reaction is low comparing with other observable ones and just hasn't drawn attention yet of astronomers?
No, because we can only observe very hot things that radiate, or cold dust that absorbs the light from very hot things behind. Therefore, if we could see cold fusion, it would be hot fusion and therefore not cold!
No. Experiments and phenomena happen all the time on Earth that happens nowhere else that we know of. Metallic hydrogen, liquid helium, the higgs, plus all the crap we've invented.
Ball lightning maybe.... it also probably happens deep inside gas giants and such. We don't know anything for sure but there are amazing possibilities!!
Bannister himself pointed out that the 4 minute mile was more of a psychological barrier than a physical one. No human, no matter how fit, no matter how psychologically strong, will beat the 1 second mile.
@@CarFreeSegnitz if you read his story, you will see that he use a scientific approach (albeit simplistic) to achieve the 4 minute mile. I understand your point, but again, you are just doing the same thing that those who said it couldn't be done said.
Please do a video on hemp. Its not weed you kinda cant smoke it, but has a huge potential for industrial applications. Btw since i heard you mention seti@home i now have many devices cranking 24/7 but different projects and have inspired many others to join there is also nasa globe observer. You do great 👍 work
I learned this as a kid watching people and reading history books. No group is immune from the curse of establishing its own dogma and doctrine. While it is good to have an identity when you give up your own existence for a cause be weary of who’s voice comes from your mouth. Just be weary of groups. I have no IRL friends xD
Heyy~ I actually agree with you In this area we fear failure I think that's the only thing that's keeping us tied down Btw I've been waiting for you video on Hoag's object
I thought you were going to talk about the Aussie YT channel called "Cold Fusion"...was a bit disappointed, but still loved THIS Cold fusion discussion.
Does science really move on though? Thousands of years of heliocentrism, spherical Earth and now there are knuckle-heads who say they "know what no one else knows". Anti-intellectualism should not be taken lightly. Everything we take as permanent knowledge can be lost.
It's always good to review the mistakes of the past, if only to avoid making the same mistakes. That, and the admittedly slim possibility of a repeatable serendipity.
All I can think of - as awesome as a clean energysource would be - what if earth changes is energyproduction to coldfusion more, or less completly. Wouldnt we be intoxicating our atmosphere with to much oxygen? We obviously need it to breath, but if we inhale to much it's dangeours, isn't it? On a smaller scale isn't there a lot of downsides with more oxygen in our atmosphere? Fires for example?
No not really, it's not a greenhouse gas, it quite literally turn into Ozone and it can ionise and fly pretty high up in the atmosphere! So we'll be good!
@@sarahg4409 Reassuring, was just thinking how a lot of one cell organism died when oxygen was introduced into our atmosphere and how more of it could have similar effects on current life - but glad that that wouldnt be a concern. Go Coldfusion then! I'm not a kid though xD
@@Kenzi0815 well considering our atmosphere was ammonia and methane rich and had a quite a different composition before large amounts of Oxygen came into the picture, all life on earth evolved to only need - or be able to survive - little to no oxygen, but when Cyanobacteria started doing this thig called photosynthesis and pumped out loaaads of Oxygen - much more than what these little guys were used to - they couldn't survive! But then this change in oxygen levels ultimitley lead to the evolution of Eukaryotes! Which further changed the very nature of our own atmosphere! A few million years later We came into the picture .... And now we have Kanye west!
Its worth investigating because our failures still uncover information.
I've read that the search for cold fusion has produced great improvements in the field of heat-flux measurements. A bit ignominious, yet quite valuable.
Excellent point, and very true. Do something, fail, learn, do something again, wash, rinse, repeat and eventually get a Nobel Prize.
Failure is a big teacher.
@@profribasmat217
You're trying to be cute but you fail because apriori assumptions about simple logical concepts (see: elementary math) are needed before we can even begin to do science. When you get tired of being a jokester and want to have a grown up conversation you'll need to step out of the kiddy pool where it's only 2 feet deep.
Failure is the backbone of the scientific method.
@@profribasmat217 I'd like to a bag holding 1000 times more science.
You know what I love best about your videos Joe? It's your certainty about uncertainty. I like the idea that you take a stand on things with great confidence but at the same time you make it clear that there always could be something different or better. This is what I love best about your channel. We need more people like you.
Ikr. That's how he is able to explain things in such an unbiased way
I'm gonna highjack this compliment. Thank you! lol
With my twitter page, I do mycological photography, and it's often hard to be certain about what you're looking at. I almost never just put the species name of what I'm photographing, because I'm not a scientist. I'm not smart enough to say that stuff with certainty. I find it's best to say, for example "This is what I think is probably a Russula xerampelina" as opposed to "Wonderful specimen of Russula xerampelina", etc.
@@KendrickMan idk- it's a bit of a different situation here. Like when I looked for other YT videos about thorium energy after seeing Joe's- I found discussions filled with fringe political comments overwhelming technical discussion- Personally I think a simple lack of financial incentive and even just social inertia explains the lack of development on thorium nukes better than conspiracies. So this is more than being open-minded- it's about refusing to get dragged into fringe politics. I'm very glad you're doing you mycology with humility, but when you have nearly 500,000 subscribers like Joe- there's a lot more pressures to take certain directions.
I see everything as a scale of probability. I can't claim to be 100% sure of anything, but I'll rely on the highest percentage potential answer.
Yes!
This is pretty off-topic but I just discovered your channel recently and I've been completely addicted ever since. I'm literally making it my mission to watch every single episode on your channel and I'm past halfway there. Basically, you're awesome, there aren't many RUclipsrs like you, and you have been doing this for a long time. You deserve a ton of respect and you certainly have mine. You've taught me so much more in about a month than the past 3 years of school I've had combined
I remember when the controversy was raging, a reporter asked a scientist, "Cold fusion would be the biggest invention since....?" And the scientist said " Fire"! 😮
true
@JEHOAKIM MENA Post your picture first. :-D
Oh it would be way bigger than fire. We could live without a star. We could travel deep space. There is so much fusion power can provide us.
@@GamingKeenBeaner Not really. Unless you're talking about corpses 'traveling' deep space. There's more to traveling than just the energy required to move a mass from A to B. Unless you're at a constant state of acceleration/deacceleration to mimic gravity, your body wouldn't survive more than a few years, tops. Trying to mimic gravity by rotational force brings a new set of problems unless the scale of engineering begins to rival O'Neil cylinders that are kilometers across, to have a chance at minimizing the associated coriolis forces acting on the otolithic structures of the human vestibular organs (inner ear). Avoiding the worst of these problems would require a different approach, like modifying the human genome with a sophistication and to a sufficient degree that it rivals science fiction, in order to 'harden' the genes and organs that would otherwise be unable to withstand a lifetime of deep space travel without a constant source of artificial gravity or ability to shield harmful radiation. Lots to solve, beyond simply the energy source, for deep space travel.
I owned a Nokia 3310, and i confirm the veracity of his statement, this device is indestructible.
I went swimming with mine for an hour and then turned it back on and called my mother afterwards to tell her about it.
Owned a similar in-series Nokia 3000'esque. Can confirm it extends to a lot of that series.
It isnt a joke that some of them have been used as ISIS bomb detonators and remain usable for a second bomb afterwards.
@@kazzsaru 😂😂😂😂
On the subject of phones as bomb triggers did you know only that generation of phones is capable as the voltage output on the vibration mechanism is too low in subsequent models.
Mentira
My great grandfather worked on the manhattan project and later worked on cold fusion. He wrote a couple books on it. I remember visiting an old shed of his as a kid after he died and my family found a ton of yellowed files on sciencey stuff, machines and a lot of other things I didn’t understand. It felt like going through a science museum.
You should post his findings
It's probably true that scientific consensus is usually right.
However "You're wrong because you go against scientific consensus." is not a valid argument.
e.g. Copernicus
@@softgoodsint yes Thomas Kunh and Paul Feyerabend had some interesting ideas and to my mind valid points...
@Pham Nuwen while that last statement is technically correct, I'd argue that it's also functionally meaningless and irrelevant. If someone were to say something like that, they are most likely trying to say "You are probably wrong if you go against the scientific consensus" which is an accurate statement and is really just a re-worded version of what you say at the beginning of your comment. People don't always say precisely what they mean.
Yeah, I made that point in the video I did, which I made not too long before this one, since I had seen it in the news.
Pham Nuwen that’s true because scientists say energy cannot be created if so how the fuck does energy exist in the first place logic 101
Joe: "you're young aren't you?"
me: "nah I'm not young I'm a grown ma..."
Joe: "Senior citizens my age and older remember back in 1989... "
Me: "Oh then I'm young yes"
i doubt he actually remembers it. he doesn't look much older if at all than 30-40
@@bluon259 lol did the math? pray tell what you mean... An regardless that would make him around 16, something tells me a 16 year old pre internet era would not be keeping up with theoretical scientific arguments.
Edit: after doing a quick search, it appears he is 44. Which would make him around 14. Just not seeing this as plausible. Though it was likely just hyperbole, making this entire argument rather moot.
*then
haha, I totally thought the same thing, born in 89 >.
@@zephirol4638 well I will say that I was 12 when the world trade centers were attacked, and I still very much remember seeing that live on TV.
My older brother remembers watching the OJ Simpson stuff, and he was under 10 at the time.
I was about three years into a BS in Physics and had recently changed majors, a change which required a number of chemistry courses. When 1989 rolled around I had a reasonably good background in both physics and chemistry.
The 1989 Cold Fusion methodology did have some instances of reproducible but unpredictable anomalies that seemed to indicate that Deuterium was fusing to produce Hydrogen. Because Pons, et.al., including the University of Utah especially, seemed more interested in getting the credit, the fame, the money and the prestige for a potentially substantial discovery, they rushed everything. All the principles involved were like a meteor. They burned brightly and garnered a lot of attention and then were gone and forgotten. Because of the debacle and premature announcement, most serious scientists and research groups won’t give this niche in science the time of day. The reason why the effect cannot be had on command is still an unknown and because of the pariah status this topic has garnered, very few, if any are willing to put the time and money into the research to fully understand any sort of truly novel phenomena that is the mechanism of action behind what is going on.
Because science does not fully understand what is behind the intermittent, anomalous observations, what has been observed is not understood. To write it all off as miscalculation and/or poor experimental design is lazy.
I get it that research scientists are like a room full of Axl Roses when it comes to ego and no one in this cohort wants to be seen or heard speaking positively of “Cold Fusion” because of the hit to their reputation and ego.
I for one would encourage anyone who has the capacity to study this to do so and try to explain the rise in temperatures in a closed system where the energy introduced is wholly lacking in explaining the 150% rise in temperature, the rise above background level in neutrons, λ & α radiation detected and the trace amounts of helium detected.
These are the anomalies that have been noted from a combination of the original experiments and the attempts to reproduce the original experiments. I’m not saying I believe in Cold Fusion. I am saying that these various anomalies need to be explained. Isn’t that what science is all about? There may well be some reasonable, alternative explanations for the observations I mentioned. Then again it might be a set of indicators that nuclear fusion is occurring on a Chem Lab bench top somewhere.
5:12 "surface of the sun hot" - Nuclear fusion reactors on earth run at around 100mn degrees Kelvin which is around 15000 times hotter than the surface of the sun
Adam Ladd thanks👍 was gonna comment this
I think he means "core of the sun hot".
Who could have meant the Corona of the sun, as the corona is much hotter than the surface. It's a common mistake!
@@mal2ksc Temperature at center of the Sun is 15 million degrees. For fusion reactor, we need about 100 million degrees because we cannot get as high pressure and we don't have time to wait 10 000 million years for our fuel to fusion.
@@jkn6644 or we could build our fusion reactors on Jupiter... 🤣😅
Great summary Joe! I was taking classes in the Chemistry Building at U of U in 1989 when this thing hit and remember it vividly. You did an excellent job of capturing how this went down. I had never heard a good explanation of how the deuterium was fusing, so really nice to finally get some clarity on that.
You briefly mention high temperature superconductivity....could you do a video explaining that?
"high temperature" there is relative, I think it was around -50ºC or something like that, and if that's not all, it had to be under extremely high pressures.
Maybe we have achieved "warmer" temperatures for superconductivity, but I doubt something has been done to do it at normal atmospheric pressures.
Gordon is right, depending on the material it can happen around -70 to -60ºC, something did came up last year in india for room temperature, but it turn out to be a error
Yeah... "high temperature" superconductivity. Superconductivity is routinely witnessed at temperatures barely above absolute zero. "High temperature" superconductivity on the other hand occurs with a few special ceramics at around 100 Kelvin, -170 degrees centigrade. So instead of needing liquid helium to get it to those temps you can get away with liquid nitrogen.
Still freak'n cold.
Did a physics lab on it recently. Try searching YBCO
@@VitorSalsicha well, it's *NOT* an error. It got proven eventually but the news flashlight was gone till then.
I once heard a saying that comes to mind. "It is fine to say something is impossible but do not interrupt the one attempting it"
"Have you forgotten the old Klingon proverb that says fusion is a dish best served cold?"
"And it's very cold, in space"
That was the best of all of the Star Trek movies last three Kelvin Timeline Movies included.
Ricardo Montalban, nailed that shit. "From hells heart I started stabeth thee, for hates sake I curseth thee, with my last breath I spit my last breath at thee" chills.
😆😆😆
So, a chemistry professor my friend had was having efficiency(~30%) issues in his experiment and had the class he was teaching run the experiment in lab. All but one student got the same reaction rate. That one student got a significant reaction rate (~80%). The student had accidentally clipped a bit of the glove she was wearing, adding it unknowingly to the reaction. In that instant, the project broke its months long dead end.
Science is cool for these kinds of random events.
@BxxDxx Hoodoo Spider man spider man foes whatever a spidercan here comes the spiderman
Fake
What was the reaction? What experiment were they running?
@@ZackLeath im a chemist, and off the top of my head I can't think of a reaction that would be catalyzed by nitrile or latex polymer from lab gloves.
While science and chemistry in particular, is full of funny little anecdotes like this one, this one is probably not 100% accurate. But the message of the story holds true: sometimes you need an outside perspective when you're stuck during research.
@@GumaroRVillamil And, of course, the discovery of penicillin was just such an accidental thing. The history of science is littered with such incidents.
A fusion reactor is not just "surface of the sun" hot.
To begin, there is zero fusion at the surface of the sun. It only happens at the much higher temperature core of the sun.
Then you have to compensate for the lack of pressure present in the core by raising temperature even higher.
Surface of sun approx. 3000 Kelvin.
Fusion reactor approx. 1 mio. Kelvin.
So significantly hotter.
You sure? Temps climb to 30,000K about 2500 Km above the surface. Discharge of electric potential?
@@SuppersReady8880 So what you are saying is that at a place not on the surface of the sun, the temperature is different than at the surface of the sun?
How does that have anything to do with a fusion reactor being much higher temperature than the surface of the sun?
(to be precise, the photosphere of the sun is effectively 5,777 K, easy to measure due to Stefan-Boltzmans law).
Core of the Sun approximately 15 Mio Kelvin
Fusion Reactor closer to 150-200 Mio K
You're off by a couple magnitudes here.
That's still not enough heat to warm a badly insulated house in the UK. Andy England 🇬🇧
@@dunn0r yeah, I don't recall where I got that number from, might be a typo. Double-checking it looks like we are in the hundreds of million K (JET up to 300 MK).
What I find slightly funny is that even if we get a working fusion reactor, we'll still be basically using the heat to turn a turbine to make electricity. The future is steam powered.
Except for wind and solar, and a few kinds of scaled-down generators, all energy is steam-powered. Always has been.
"You're watching Cold Fusion TV"
Haha i just watched their video haha
I can't believe this channel has been going for 5 years and I only just came across it about a week ago. I watch videos like this on RUclips all the time so I'm surprised none of your videos were ever recommended for me. I just wanted to say that I love what you're doing here. I've been binge watching your videos for the last week, this is my new favourite channel now!
"I do think that everything should be researched.."
Flat Earther: ..and I took that personally
I’ll try and find it when I head to Area 51 with the boys🔥
My mom said she can drive me to Area 51 or carry me home from there but she can't do both
All you will find is small .224 spears made from metal alloys moving at a high rate of speed coming at you. Please video it!!!!!!!!
Go ahead, lol. Enjoy the exclusive Metal Alloy Special! I suggest a Coke with that 😆
@@fracturedhearts3734 Do you mean bullets?
Are you a Naruto runner, a rock thrower, or a Kyle? Maybe part of the elite Tunneling teams?
They're just using Lithium crystals - they need Dilithium crystals and off they go!
At work I would say "Where is the Dilithium grease? I'm out."
Ha
Don't forget to reverse the polarity of the neutron flow.
@@sth128 LOL
Make it so, number one
I have an idea of COLD fusion in every sense of the word. If the fuel is more stable and easier to fuse if it isn't moving on the atomic scale(stationary targets) would that make Fusion easier. Take tritium stored at very high temperature and shoot it at Deuterium in the form of Bose Einstein Condensate that is at a very low temperature(near 0K). would that increase the likelihood of the two fusing? Would storing Muons at NanoKelvin make them last longer before blinking out of existence?
I see two big problems with this idea. Firstly, to create the BEC, as well as to bring the Tritium to speed, a lot of energy is required. This makes it probably not feasible. Secondly, and more importantly, a BEC is made out of a very low density gas, which leads to less collisions per volume, actually reducing the likelihood of fusion.
No, this has like 40 different problems with what your idea, I don't even know where to start. The other comment sums up a few of the biggest problems.
This isn't a criticism of you specifically, but it always blows my mind how often non-experts seem to think they have some amazing idea that nobody else has ever considered. Almost every single time, it turns out that yes, many people have thought of that already, and there's a good [and usually very obvious] reason why it doesn't work (or even more commonly: nobody has thought of that idea because it doesn't even make sense in the first place, but the person who came up with it knows so little about the topic that they don't realize how far off base they are).
To me, it speaks to the overwhelming arrogance of your average human being to think that they've somehow effortlessly cracked the code that countless others [much smarter than any of us] have spent their entire lives trying to solve (in vain). Like.. really? you thought you were _that_ smart? What could have possibly led you to that conclusion?
I guess it's probably a good thing, since otherwise nobody would ever try anything, and we'd not have many of the wonderful technology we have today. I just wish people were even remotely honest with themselves in regards to their own capabilities. No, Steve the Line Cook, you didn't figure out how to make a perpetual motion machine... you just did way too much blow. Go take a nap.
Sorry, just venting. Hope you have a really awesome Christmas (or whatever you celebrate)! :)
@@idontwantahandlethough at least you not like most people that are brutal and defamatory, but perhaps BEC research will create other breakthroughs. I lack such a deep background in physics mostly due to the cost of years of university, though don't worry im not a line cook lol, I'm an Instrument Technician. I'm very interested in Fusion as it is what is required to save my city, my province, and most of my country. It gets extremely cold here in the winter, and up north its pitch black for months.Purely Solar and wind will fail due to low daylight hours and calm winds that accompany large polar high pressure areas(its used to offset fossil fuels but can't replace them). Hydroelectric would have to be transmitted up to 5000 miles over trundra and frozen seas for it to reach some areas. And when its as cold as -40 degres(same in both scales) your typical heat pump has very diminished efficiency and require another source to take up the slack, which is either Natural Gas or an energy intensive electric heater. Fusion is the only source that can put out the needed supply on a calm and extremely cold winter night. Nuclear fisson never amounts to anything due to all the risks of radiation and nuclear waste and thus fails to pass. If a solution isnt found there are going to be a 2nd type of climate refugee, someone who fled an area where the climate prevents human habitation without the use of fossil fuels, or comes at a cost so extreme that most people can't make progress in their lives and leave. An example is pretty much every Inuit community in the high Arctic
Joe - at x0.25 speed... best drunk guy!
1.25 after a couple lines at a nightclub
I'm so glad you pointed that out.
Lol
😂 why does this work so well?!? I go halfspeed though...
Thanks. Just watched for 80 minutes!
Hi Joe,
I'm a science fiction writer but I tend toward "hard scifi" which means I attempt to always stay within the laws of physics. I have written books in which cold fusiion is not only a theoretical reality but a common place and even scalable to be used in spacecraft to provide the power necessary for the Alcuberrie/White drive to be practical. My novel LIGHT SPEED uses a cold fusion reactor to power the ship. You probably have little time for reading but I'd be happy to send you a volume. Or you can just search Amazon on Rob Dorsey. BTW- I'm from Athens, Texas live in KY.
All the Best,
Rob Dorsey
@Muttley
I like how Isaac Asimov described the difference. Although, I can understand how the line gets blurred if you're talking about theoretical stuff so advanced it is indistinguishable from magic. Then there is the argument that there is no such thing as magic, only science we don't understand. I suppose the real dividing line is that in which known science and mathematics do not object as being possible. Outside of that, would be fantasy. On the other hand, Heinlein is regarded as a hard scifi author, but he certainly skirted fantasy at times.
The greatness in most science fiction is that it describes future inventions that are POSSIBLE. And it's why Star Trek : Discovery is just not Canon, it's full of garbage that is just stupid and crazy, like gigantic tardigrades that can travel faster than light. It's science moronicity, not science fiction.
I remember the Pons-Fieishman thing vividly.
What made it so memorable was both the fact that actual scientists made a mistake, and the vitriol with which the community rounded on them.
People have no problems at all believing that a ball of cold silver metal can spontaneously explode and level a city. But they have a hard time believing that nucleii can fuse in small numbers in a liquid.
Your video captures all this brilliantly.. well done.
As a child, on a dare, I experimented with Cold Fusion. I fused my tongue to a steel light pole!
We need to scale this up and turn it into money!
@@adidas-dd4dt Alchemy.
.. but the Cold Fission process of tongue removal, is too dangerous for this to be practical!!!
@@KrustyKlown I'm willing to risk it!
@@thomasdarby6084 yes! I've watched enough Fullmetal Alchemist ti know it's possible.
Yes...I do remember the Cold Fusion craze in 1989. However, I'm only 23 years old. *cough*with 25 years experience*cough*
Subbed
Double shifts? :)
what
Hey.... Since we're running outta helium, maybe we need a hydrogen fusion reactor pumpin out us some helium, yeah?
we could but the numbers would probably be rather small
the LHC can basically do alchemy, and just make gold atoms
but it would take like *nani*
i knew it was a long time
but my googlefu said "3 million years for 1 gram"
Or we stop using balloons at birthday parties because thats just stupid
too energy intensive
The goalpost is set at making a profit in around 15-30 years, not including subsidy. It should be able to run for at least about 60 years, designed for 150 years, and expected at 100. If it needs new fuel elements every 6 months, costing millions of $, or new neutron absorber linings (for fusion), that cost is factored in. You can generate about a gigawatt per reactor building with modern fission designs, but only a couple hundred watts to megawatts of net energy output with magnetically bottled fusion (ITER/Stellarator/JET). No magnetic confinement reactor has generated more energy output than was pumped in to date (tmk). There are impactor/ laser inertial confinement systems that have generated more energy out of a pellet than what got absorbed into the material, but overall they still operated at a net loss of energy.
The thing is, gravity is the free-est energy source that exists for us. We might never escape it. The sun uses it to conduct fusion and some fission only via its hydrogen's effort against being crushed by this free gravity. All of the energy from fusion or fission comes from turning the limited amount of mass we have in this universe into energy, be it particle velocity (heat), electroweak interactions (light, electricity), or some weird stuff we haven't figured out yet.
Edit: Spelling.
@@Baigle1
In the sun, the chances of two hydrogen atoms fusing is actually extremely low. Fusion happens very sparsely in the sun. In fact, per kilogram, your body outputs more heat than the sun does...per kilogram.
But the sun is fricken huge. It has a crap load of hydrogen atoms that overwhelms those extremely small odds of two hydrogen atoms fusing.
The sun is not very energy dense (in terms of heat output). But it makes up for that by having lots and lots of hydrogen atoms.
So the key to the sun's "success" in fusion is not gravity...the sun's secret is the sheer number of hydrogen atoms it has available to play the odds.
If you replicated the sun's fusion here on earth, with a gravity producing device that's able to produce gravity identical to that inside the sun, and then applying that gravity to some hydrogen atoms, the fusion produced by that device would output less energy per kilogram than a human body does. So the sun's version of fusion is not viable.
The power output per kilogram we're trying to achieve with fusion, here on earth, far surpasses what goes on in the sun...by several orders of a magnitude. It's not an easy goal to achieve.
Cold fusion, like everything, is worth research *but* people absolutely need to follow the proper steps in research and publication, especially for a topic this volatile.
I'm assuming you have been checking out the MIT research on the subject?
@@armageddonsengineer3182 soooo, where do I find out about the crispr babies? That's very interesting!
BTW that is something that all those fringe-science guys have in common: They have extraordinary claims with little to no "evidence". Their experiments are either ill described (so no one can test their ideas themselfs) or their results are not repeatible. And then they cry all day long about how they're ignored by real scientists... I wonder why...
@@armageddonsengineer3182 turns out, you can just google 'crispr babies' and up comes the youtube video by the Chinese scientist who did it. It was only two babies though, at least, that's all I've found. He gave them a resistance to aids for some reason. How they gonna test if it worked? Try give them aids? Weird gene to choose.
If you really have cold fusion, you can skip all proper steps. If you had viable exothermic cold fusion, steps and process are ridiculous. Did the first high temp superconductor really need process? No -- some ceramic went critical and levitated a magnet at liquid nitrogen temps. No paper needed, but many followed.
Joe is the type of guy you would love to have a cold beer with
As long as it’s already been fused 🤯🍾😉
As long as that beer does not fuse to my hand.
Joe six pack.
I think hes more of an Old fashioned kind of guy!
If I drank beer with Joe he would get material for a video.
LAST! Ahhh I remember that Cold Fusion era and the great hype. I even remember that Keanu Reeves movie where he discovered cold fusion could by done by harmonics, right?
Skeptecism is always good as long as you fully look at both sides of the argument. "Good science" is taking an idea and trying to break it.
I thought it was bogus until in a graduate-level class on fuel cells, the professor brought in a guest lecturer for a full day about his ongoing cold fusion research. This was at a relatively well known university, and this professor said they could now reliably generate the excess heat, but no one would fund the work. There's a nearly 2 hour long talk by MIT associate professor Peter Hagelstein that goes into most all the work on cold fusion. I can't link it, since links tend to get auto-deleted, but its on youtube if you search: Cold Fusion Real But Is It Ready
Nuovoswiss
www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/09/nuclear-fusion-on-brink-of-being-realised-say-mit-scientists
If it were real it would take a minor demonstration in front of a mediocre financier to get sneak this tech into a steam plant somewhere. Either the tech is bunk or the proponents are hopelessly incompetent. Feasible tech would have found its way to at least one moderately competent proponent and had it plugged into every electric plant everywhere after 30 years.
You can claim that the patent would have been stolen (then subsequently presented to the world by the thief). Or being repressed by entrenched interests (the greater the repression the greater the eventual profits by the one who sneaks out from under the repression).
@@CarFreeSegnitz Watch the talk I mentioned. The fact that cold fusion is real is distinct from it being commercially viable. You make it sound like a demonstration would be like that scene from the first spiderman movie where Dr Octavius flips a switch and gets the thing glowing like the sun. All the current demos of cold fusion just involve a temperature sensor reading being elevated compared to a predicted baseline. You really think that any financier would start sending money over a temperature readout with something as badmouthed as cold-fusion?
@@bicyclebookster6510 That is hot fusion, not cold fusion...
Nuovoswiss , this appears to be where MIT is currently. I am unable to find a more recent and credible article.
Links are obviously postable, please provide yours.
As an engineer, the opposite of scoffing 'fringe thinkers' was basic business 101; non-technical managers, telling the technologists to "don't tell me the physics, just do it anyway". If that doesn't work, yell louder. Just like having your chocolate milk, and a side of goat too.
Joe, this was one of the best episodes so far, simply because of your posture about science and truth and your calm but steady elaboration about cold fusion.
I would definitely try the "Double moonshot" drink if it becomes a thing.
Thanks for the quality content.
To me, Cold Fusion has more been the RUclips channel with the super soothing voice talking about technology developments more than the actual act of fusing atomic nuclei at room temperature.
"You are watching Cold Fusion TV."
I say "lets all join together and create nuclear fusion" but that's why I was fired from Shell Oil.
Silly argument. If Big Oil found out about a replacement, they wouldn't stop it. They'd buy it out and manufacture it.
@@melkiorwiseman5234 agreed.
@@melkiorwiseman5234 Obviously.
Yeah, literally the only reason we haven't advanced more is because of oil making big money and people not wanting it to stop.
Melkior Wiseman as if restructuring your business company is like installing windows 10 on a desktop pc
Loved the editorial note. It's a fair description of how I feel about the sciences myself, and I've found the shift in perspective to be both humbling and enlightening. Also, I was an embryo in 1989. Took the Berlin wall coming down for me to get off my ass and be born.
"I refuse to live in a world with a divided Berlin"
5:07 surface of the sun hot? Make that 5 orders of magnitude higher and you are in the right area :').
yea you need hotter then the Sun to make enough energy like trillion C thats the catch lol
600C.
Yeah, he really need to read a lot more on this before discussing hot fusion :). Fusion reactors lack the pressure at the Sun's core, so they need to make it up in temperature. That, and also the rate of fusion needs to be way higher. So no, center of the Sun hot is not nearly hot enough :))
@@zariumsheridan3488 In a Plasma, yet. Protons trapped in Nickel powder, no.
Thanks, I was about to say that. 6000K isn't even close to hot enough. More like 10-20x of the sun's core temp. So we're talking roughly 200 MK.
If you're married long enough, your fusion can sometimes be pretty cold.
Subzero son
:o
I would agree with you but the wife is looking over my shoulder haha
Was Subzero, now Plain zero!
Absolute zero
I always find the instances where there are semi-consistent anomalies in science to be the most interesting. It usually at least asks questions that open the door to innovation.
Multiple Bubble Sonoluminescence next? It used to be called "Bubble Fusion", or "Star-in-a-Jar", until it wasn't, because there wasn't any detectable fusion happening.
But it still makes some light, and some heat, and some plasma! I like to think of them as Plasma Energy Cells, because it sounds tech as :)
Joe: Today, I'm gonna talk about cold fusion.
Dagogo: Who's a what now?
Love his channel.
I have always appreciated your videos. There is so much to learn outside of the main subject matter. Like explaining the stigma around fusion, and how the context of the time shapped that. So thank you for the work you do.
Joe, I agree with all you're saying about the scientific consensus and whatnot. You don't need to convince us that you like to explore niche or fringe ideas without it effecting your scientific scepticism. Why are you approaching this so cautiousl-
"Today, I'm going to talk about cold fusion."
OOooooooooooooooooh, ok then. that makes sense
That is maybe because those noble scientists were ridiculed, yet today we tend to be at least indirectly, on their side; just like for Nikola Tesla. The world we live in officially accepts T.A.Edison, and rejects the two cold fusion researchers, dismiss or ridicules anyone brings novel innovative idea like Elon Musk dealt with at first.
I guess my joke requires an annex with an explanation since it went over the head of some :p
@@BB992
No, the joke was understood, unfortunately some people think skepticism and cynicism are synonymous. They are not. It is one thing to entertain an idea but needing evidence for hard consideration, and eye rolling dismissal as soon as something is mentioned. Those are very different attitudes even if they do sometimes (or even often) end up on the same opinion about something. A skeptic would at least hear arguments as to why they should change their mind, open to the possibility of new information that might justify such a change.
A true sceptic is someone who has an open mind to everything, Someone who says “that could be possible” and “could not be possible”. But also someone who is willing to change their mind. Some people who claim to be open minded are often stubborn and refuse to believe anything other than what they want.
I couldn't agree more
A true sceptic (sic) is someone that likely needs a ton of antibiotics.
You're just making that up. "Some people who claim to be open minded..." Who is that? Isn't it everybody? Do you really know people who claim to be open-minded who really are? Is that really a distinct set of people? Aren't you just making something up and saying it applies to a group of people who don't really exist? Just to make yourself seem smart? Why are you posting? Don't hate on me, bro. I'm only being truly open-minded.
@@squirlmy Perhaps a more honest phrasing would have been, "I think it's very easy to claim to be open minded, but then I think you should avoid..."
@@squirlmy I think Tim means the so-called skeptic movement when he says some people. And I made the exact same argument he made to people who identify themselves as "skeptics", in the sense that they subscribe to the ideas of the skeptic movement.
Interesting how your RUclips award is ideally framed in the video 🤗
3:30, Joe starts talking, brain starts playing the music that usually goes with the talk. I feel like one of Pavlov's dogs >.
And here I thought you collaborated with coldfusion
Me too😂
That would be epic
Can you imagine what would've happened if they actually kept researching this topic since then? We might have actually gotten results from them instead of calling the whole thing off when there were results even though rarely
It really isn't worth pursuing when hot Fusion is better in almost every way. Will know once all the magnetic cabling is done and installed
wolfie Butler true, but we'll need immense amounts of energie to achieve that, not to mention cold fusion being a lot more mobile compared to hot fusion
Bash we could study it once hot fusion is figured out, but for now cold fusion looks like bs.
@@borttorbbq2556 How can you say that when hot fusion isn't even viable yet?
Love your disclaimer! Although I would caution -- as someone who works in academia, such a realm is often the greatest bastion for established intellectual hierarchies. Essentially, you'll find some of the most brilliant (and arrogant) minds in the world. Prestige, power, and the almighty God, Money, seem to have this strange effect on monkey brains.
Joe is just a coward that's all.
Anything can be taken too far. Humans are flawed creatures and always make what is near perfect on paper far from it.
However plenty of wild ideas from the earth orbiting the sun, too, plate tectonics, too general relativity got lots of pushback and even were completely shut out for a time. However eventually the scientific method wins out.
Politics should not be involved in science. When it is, the results cannot be trusted.
The problem scientific consensus is that it involves scientists i.e. humans. Scientific consensus very often seems to agree with the agenda of those providing the funding.
@@JamesDannySheives Have you ever read _Bad Science_ by Ben Goldacre? That book is all about how science can be corrupted by outside influences, with examples provided from all over the place (especially the pharmaceutical industry).
Highly recommend it.
Love the statement you made in the intro. That’s why it blows my mind when people say that belief in the scientific consensus is akin to faith.
Let's try a thought experiment. Let's say you're a Roman Catholic, and you have faith in God. What is it you have faith in? Is it a conception of God as the Lord of Creation and Supreme Law Giver that you came up with yourself? Did someone tell you about this Jesus guy, and you went and researched his speeches and had a moment of serendipity?
Of course not. You received the belief from priests or other similar persons, and you accepted it on the basis of their authority, the conviction that they have a greater knowledge of the Universe and a closer connection to God than yourself.
Please explain to me how this is different from accepting the pronouncements of "the scientific consensus" without a critical examination? The truth or falsehood of their statements is irrelevant if you have no confirmatory tools, you're simply accepting the further proposition that they DEFINITELY know better than you do. The entire reason an appeal to authority is considered fallacious is precisely because it is nothing but faith in the unsubstantiated opinion of another.
@@archenema6792 one argument could be that there are precedents of scientist "beliefs" becoming true, while there are no evidence of any religious beliefs ever becoming true.
@@modernkennnern The "scientific consensus" doesn't publish papers whose results can be checked. Individual scientists and teams do. Appealing to their authority is just as fallacious, however, because as hedge funds and mutual funds are legally required to state in their advertisements, "Past success is not an indicator or guarantee of future success".
I did some work experience at a fusion plant (CCFE) and it was so interesting! Honestly beyond cleaver how they build the tokamak, even ‘minor’ things like fixing it has to be completed with specially made ‘robot’ arms which are controlled from outside the tokamak! They also fund projects like AI and VR, super coollll
I say worth exploring. I'm for exhausting possibilities until sth more promising takes priority for funding.
Yes yes yes ! Wait, hold up . Research a subject til no usable data is left to gleen , like LCH , Atlas , and Alice .
That should be the whole point of science though, right? Exhaust all possibilities to make sure you are exactly correct in a line of thinking. Proving say Einstein's theory of relativity for the 1000th time is always nice, but at the same time science should be trying to disprove things also many, many, many time over and over again just to make sure our theories are 100% correct (or as close to it, because you can never be 100% sure with proving things) and that no little things are hiding in the unexplored cracks of fully explored territory
The thing I find the most regrettable in the entire story is it was there, it actually existed, we just don't know why. Then the media blew the whole thing way the hell out of proportion, expecting results yesterday, and when it didn't happen, shamed the science community, prompting it to cease all research on the subject. That's not the right way to do science.
@@DeeSnow97 What? Nobody can say that it existed because there is no usable evidence. Like, haven't you watched the video? Most peers were not able to replicate the experiment which, in plain language, means that the experiment is useless as it is. It's not about the "why" if you have all means of answering it but just can't because it doesn't work with the parameters that someone else conducted it by accident. Or, which is more likely, it was a simple calculation or measurement error that was not impossible to achieve, hence the reason why a few others could replicate it. It has literally nothing to do with "media" pushing the scientific community for an answer. It was just a few black sheep that abused the political situation to gain a) fame and b) money (funding).
If there is anything about cold fusion, we will sooner or later discover it. But since hot fusion will be there in a few decades, there is little reason to even invest in cold fusion.
@@PrismoRUclips The duty of peer review is to find a way to disprove the argument a study is making. Without peer review, there is no science, and no conclusion, positive or negative.
If none of these studies went through peer review then there is literally no science on the topic. Only conjecture.
Quick clarification. Stars do not fuse atoms past the barrier you describe like we have to make them do in fusion reactors. Instead, stars get atoms close enough to where quantum tunneling takes into effect for a small number of them, bypassing the electrostatic barrier entirely (you hint at this at 15 mins in on Cold Fusion). This is why fusion reactors need to be many times hotter than the core of the sun, as we essentially need sheer force to make up for a tiny amount of material we're working with. Otherwise, we'd never get enough atoms to create a reaction through tunneling alone. This is also why Cold Fusion is ridiculous (most likely) because that electrostatic barrier is just not going to happen at such low temperatures and pressures.
very very well explained about Scientific consensus. There are hundreds if not thousands of people who have dedicated their lives to understanding each particular niche subsection of science, and if they have reached a consensus it's usually correct. spot on.
You mean like when all the scientist consensus was the earth was flat? You base your conclusion on nothing just like scientist who need funding.
@@MrBuzben based on available evidence. as new evidence becomes available, scientific consensus can and does change.
And yet scientists are susceptible to the same sorts of social and psychological phenomena that all people are. As he pointed out, the initial report of the method had some serious inconsistencies, which explains why most of the subsequent attempts failed. After that massive pile of negative results, it was forever more labeled as 'bunk'. However, if you look at some of the more modern cold fusion work you'll see that they've managed to get a reliable way to show it. Just search: Cold Fusion Real But Is It Ready
@@MrBuzben Thats actually a myth, even the ancient greeks had shown the earth to be a sphere. If you mean human consensus PRE-Science, thats a different thing entirely that didn't use the scientific method.
Yes they use a vary scientific method to get there funding.
Joe, you're close to 500k subscribers! Who would have guessed a couple of years ago? Congrats and keep it up! 👏👏👏
And with this comment, he's now 1 closer to that goal!
15:22
Slight error - the extra mass doesn't "push" the nuclei closer. The extra mass of muons mean that in order to hold the same angular momentum as electrons in atoms they have to stay much closer to the nucleus than the electrons do. This means that when a muon molecule of hydrogen forms the nuclei of the atoms stay much closer to each other compared to electron molecules since the space occupied by muons in between the two nuclei in the molecule is much smaller than that occupied by electrons. This closeness of the nuclei increases the likelihood of the nuclei fusing together and that is how the muon catalyzed fusion happen.
Breaking: local RUclipsr (and possible crackpot) claims to have created life using a chocolate milkshake and... goat urine...
I saw that and I was amazed. Here's a link to the video
@@macmcleod1188 where? Where is the link to the video?
Not again!?
Cool joke. But the topic is serious, so here's a serious thought. There were several scientific teams that replicated far more heat than could be explained W.O. some kind of fusion. If there were only one who replicated it, Maybe it could be called a measurement error, but there simply is no way that several could have made a mistake in something so easy to measure. So, why the ignoring of the hard evidence? Why the refusal to consider that there could be variation in results of something so difficult as 'cold fusion'? How many dollars spent, and YEARS spent on Hot Fusion?
My researched conclusion is that an electricity generator so potentially portable and inexpensive would simply be way too disruptive to society. Think... Hippies could live off the grid, away from control... And so could Christians. And they would be happy, and thrive. Look at world history - the powers will not let that happen.
Pffft...Cold Fusion.
You should see my flying car that runs on cold H𝟤O.
WOW! Are you a part of NASA Eagleworks Labs? That is exactly what they intend to do. ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110023492
The Naruto runners headed for Area 51 will be powered by thorium
You guys , come one you need a flux capacitor. But really good one.
if u rly had it u d be killed by black helicopters very fast
well, another great work by Joe! thanks very much!
I'm not a physicist of any kind, but from what I can remember from my physical metallurgy course years back, diffusing so many deuterium atoms into the Pd crystal would be next to impossible. You can think about it as a dissolution problem, it's fairly easy to dissolve the first spoon of sugar into your coffee but can you dissolve 10000 spoons in the same cup? maybe extreme conditions like RF currents would work, but the energy put into making it happen would exceed the output as with other methods as Joe mentioned. Now, I'm not a physicist as mentioned earlier, but as a researcher of nanomaterials, I wonder if they have been looking into the possibility of utilizing the more open surface lattice structure of nanostructured Pd... although I kind of feel like it would increase the chances of getting the spikes, but the repeatability and energy economy would indeed remain problematic.
Let's use SOLAR folks! artificial photosynthesis is a thing! we just have to make it feasible...
All science is worth investigating. I’m still looking forward to installing a Mister Fusion unit on my pickup truck.
I like it when you keep an open mind but know the reality of what is going on. Please don't take more pessimistic stances as it could come off as nihilistic but I like the grounded way you approach it currently, as an experimental particle physics grad student, I am confident in our potentiality for success through the many numerous possible solutions to things such as energy solutions.
I think that continuing research on things that can literally change the way that we (as a species) can travel through space is ABSOLUTELY WORTH IT! I also think that scientists by the masses should be collectively working on figuring out exactly how gravity works. That is another thing that would CHANGE EVERYTHING!
Not many knows, but Thor's hammer was made out of Nokia 3310
Zorin this isn’t 2009. Every single person has heard that joke a thousand time. It’s not funny in the slightest
@@ImBigFloppa i didn't
Nope.. It broke when they tried to hit 3310 with it... Cant be from that... Last year Nokia 3310 fell into a 17 solar mass black hole... Black hole did not make it...
I ran over my Nokia with my car and it still worked afterwards. Found it on the driveway when I returned home. Was a bit scratched, but nothing serious.
@@danilov114 It's the only way to get away from Chuck Norris as well... Just throw it at him to buy yourself some time. Everything else just explodes on contact.
Waaaaatteeerrrr boooyyyyy, waaterrr booyyyy!
Excellent video as always! Especially that nice personal talk in the beginning.=)
Momma said fools ball is teh devil!
I think there is benefit in understanding ideas that you don’t necessarily agree with, because it can help with that thinking out of the box thing. Understanding an idea still doesn’t mean you have to agree with it.
Joe am not kidding i watch 90% of your videos I'm new what's up!✋
Thanks man!
Why do people get so angry about analogies on this channel? “Surface of the sun hot” is a phrase, Jesus 🤦♂️
Just wanted to write this
Like Africa hot
AIUI it's not about getting 'angry', it is just not the correct 'phrase'.
@@spc67h You're doing it again.
I dove into the comments to be a pedant about this very thing
a vid about hemp plastic would be cool. or other technology-materiel that exists but people dont believe it does
The problem with the Dunning-Kruger effect is that 95% of the people who bring it up are suffering from it (Likely myself included in this very comment)
The fact that Dunning and Kruger probably don't even refer to it as the "Dunning-Kruger effect" doesn't help matters, either...
I don’t think it’s a you have it or you don’t think through. We all have a level of it perhaps
Dr Jones, my professor at the time, could fill you in on the details of why Ponds and fleischman released their information early. I was there when it happened so I'll tell you a little bit of what I know. They simply weren't ready at the time and ask Dr Jones to delay his paper once again, something he had already done twice. They were not collaborating at all! Jones was completely independent of ponds and flashmen. ponds and fleischmann didn't have anything to publish so they released a press conference to jump the gun. Dr Jones Cold fusion experiments were far different than what ponds and fleischmann when were trying to do. Dr Jones, we measured neutrons, not water temperature increases, the most we thought we could get was a trillionth of a watt of extra power, well within our margin of error. So while it was interesting, there was no chance of a power station or anything like that. Ponds and fleischmann when about to get scooped, or so they thought, and since they didn't have anything ready to publish and Dr Jones couldn't wait any longer because of his deal with nature magazine, ponds and fleischmann went out and had a press release. They deserved all the crap they got.
Dan Kuchar thanks for sharing. I don’t agree that they deserved crap, it was a big discovery and they were under pressure.
@@flippantfishtaco3132
The thing is they didn't have any discovery. Or they could have released their paper, but they had nothing, so what they tried to do was go public to scoop Dr Jones, Even though they had nothing but a hypothesis and no evidence from experimentation to back up their hypothesis. There's a reason things go through the scientific review process through pier review journals and not through press releases. I don't think they were under pressure from the University of Utah, but perhaps they were. Where they went wrong was asking for millions of dollars in research money to build power plants. There was no evidence, at least from what was going on with Dr Jones, that any substantial power could be generated. Again Dr Jones detected a few extra neutrons amounting to somewhere around a trillionth of a watt of possible access power. There was never any measurable temperature increase to water as far as I know. That was a long time ago and I have forgotten some of the details.
Dan Kuchar
I think you meant your expected extra power would be well outside (or larger than) your margin of error, not within it.
@@FrankGutowski-ls8jt
I meant that the power we assumed through the production of excess neutrons was around a trillionth of a watt. That tiny power was too far within our margin of error for measuring via temperature changes. So no temperature changes could be measured, simply neutrons or detected with a very sensitive neutron detector. No discernible temperature change was measured.
Dan Kuchar
I vaguely recall reading about experiments along those lines.
i thought you were gonna say "do you think that's fair? tell your wives!"
It said that in the captions for me
Joe: What do you think? Junk science or worth exploring?
Me: Yes!
"Junk Science or worth exploring?" All Science is worth exploring :)
Yes. With a reliably efficient scientific process, and minds that are actually interested in the minute details of the subject matter, all possibilities are worth exploring.
But not all "junk science" is "science".... the scientific method is a harsh, painfull and humbling process, through which most of junk "scientists" do not bother to go through ;)
No it isn't, because the resources you're spending on exploring ghosts and such, is resources you're not spending exploring ways to cure cancer.
Given unlimited time, yes.
We do not have unlimited time though, so you gotta triage as best you can.
Worth exploring at very low intensity (few people / little money)
I have watched joe for awhile and could not pin down why I liked watch him...... then it popped. He talks with his hands even tho it was mostly off screen.
1. The story arc of this channel is awesome, and it's a meta of the story arc of science. I love it.
2. Definitely, people should continue to research cold fusion! I just don't want to be the one who does it.... 🙄
Even with failures. Some unexpected results can be discovered. Material science, the process Etc. Reguardless of the subject sometimes its worth taking a look.
I was just a kid when this happened, it was my introduction to the idea that we should always wait for the peer review process before you believe any big discovery someone announces.
Surface of the sun hot? I think you mean several times hotter than the "core" of the sun. Most tokamak style fusion reactors require a temperature of around 150 million degrees. The core of the sun is around 27 million.
Dunning-Kruger effect affects not only "dumb" or "inexperienced" people.
It affects everybody.
Even an expert could overestimate his skills, knowledge, experience.
It is a trend, outliers always exist.
What Joe is talking about in the intro doesn't really sound like Dunning-Kruger. It's more your run-of-the-mill epistemic pessimism - not all things can be figured out, so why even bother trying to figure out anything that isn't half-way there already. The lazy skeptic's excuse, if you will.
@@SockPuppet80 Good clarification. Definitely worth being in the comments.
Thank you.
SPECIFICALLY, Dunning-Kruger only applies to ignorant people. When it doesn't, than it's not called "Dunning-Kruger!!!!". You've illustrated it pretty well, actually. If you had done ANY research, you would know this, and not post that it applies to experts, BECAUSE IT DOESN'T. That's just plain overconfidence, just plain and simple. I don't think I've ever hit my forehead so hard as when I read your comment. It's just SO WRONG!
@@raggedclawstarcraft6562 that's not clarification- it's someone calling you wrong. You are totally wrong! Dunning-Kruger has nothing to do with experts being overconfident.
All things are worth investigating because the smallest chance that it could be true could change the world. And even then if it fails forever and is impossible the investigations still teach us so much. Humanity learns more from failure than from success.
16:53 "Propulsion without fuel". I think you meant "Propulsion without reaction mass"
I think he's trying to simplify. Might have overdone it a smidge.
Remember "Chain Reaction" with Keanu Reeves from 1996?
That involved sonoluminescance, which is an actual science.
I remember "The Saint" starring Val Kilmer. Although in that movie cold fusion actually worked!
@BxxDxx Hoodoo Over time, high energy neutrons, gamma rays, and other fragments create inclusions and chains of damaged misaligned crystal structure (e.g. iron, palladium, hastelloy, or inconel). I'm looking to get into this topic at some point, can you tell me where is the best place to get information on current experiments (with a full description of the theory and their empirical method all on one page)?
It might benefit experiments to make a crystal structure that is mostly comprised of lightweight nuclei (neutron moderators), with selected nuclear lattice catalyst sites that only cyclicly contain deuterium tritium pairs in order to protect the active palladium.
I couldn't find any simple crystal arrangements that might work besides a modified (with additional moderator crystal border) face centered cubic with tetragonal inclusions, but I bet there are some structures common with catalyst surfaces that will do. Nanorods would be an interesting advancement, if each contained active palladium (or crystal of choice), and there was sufficient coolant flow through structured microchannels.
@BxxDxx Hoodoo You should consider researching neurotoxicity, and if you aren't living under a macro site cell tower or being accidentally poisoned, you may have a genetic predisposition for frontal lobe deterioration. That or you're drinking a lot of alcohol and are on a low-fat (needed for myelin sheath) diet. Just going off of how you worded that, no offence.
I found it in 10 minutes thanks to your reference! I also have a copy of the rejected paper:
"A new energy source from nuclear fusion
S. Focardi(1) and A. Rossi(2)
(1)Physics Department Bologna University and INFN Bologna Section
(2)Leonardo Corp. (USA) - Inventor of the Patent
March 22, 2010
Abstract
A process (international patent publication N. WO 2009/125444 A1)
capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process
between nickel and hydrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Experimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained
in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the
effect is justified on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical results. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude
neutron and gamma rays emissions."
Here is a link to the critical Phys.org review: phys.org/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html
Commenters at the time noted that they did not have any real proof or data on the outputs of the system like they probably should have, and that equipment was not listed.
"...the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.”
P.S. This still looks inconclusive just from the material you mentioned, but I'm going to continue looking for the MIT IAP meetings and their conclusions over time. Maybe the ISCMNS meetings at MIT, too. Keep in mind that, like the Roswell UFO hoax, individuals that are financially vested in their claims and products are not to be given the benefit of the doubt without additional verification.
@BxxDxx Hoodoo You're proving my point, but no I'm not any kind of 'company man', and no I do not hold any official clearance, yet. I actually have helped several other people with the same neurological condition and tried to fix them over the course of several months or years. I know how the condition (neural deterioration) changes the way a person talks, how they construct trains of thought, and what is the likely cause of damage over a long period of time (mental stressors and physical damage). The only problem is they (the people I help) start fighting me once they begin to get better, their delusions do not go away, and they just fill the new space in their mind with additional falsities that support their original paranoia. They are also terrible at providing evidence or proof, weighing options, securing their property, and have spotty short term memory.
Now remember what I'm writing, as you may live longer for it. Whether I am an agent or not, that is of no concern to you. You need to find the source of neurological and cellular damage and eliminate it. You need to move away from it, stop eating it (like excess soy products or lead), or shield against it (Wi-Fi or Cell Tower) with grounded metal foil or absorptive conductive nanoparticle paint (shielding/ EMI paint). You will not get better, and cannot when bombarded by non-ionizing radiation, it causes continuous and progressive anion and cellular damage, raises blood sugar, and the body's stress response. It makes you age faster, and has an almost immediate impact on cognition (a concussion-like mental fog with anxiety). It can and will cause early dementia and death.
Paranoia is an excellent defense when its in moderation, it keeps us alive when challenged with life-threatening natural scenarios, but this is not natural. Right now paranoia is not helping you think clearly, its not helping you get better, its only clouding your judgement and can eventually make you act on irrational impulses. Fix yourself, and don't let your overactive paranoia get you thrown in a psych ward.
P.S. Being paranoid and irrational attracts predators. Don't let new or strange people into your life until you have the mental capacity to judge whether they are trying to mess with you or take advantage of you. And don't take anything with amphetamines or opioids, generally don't do drugs while recovering or you won't get better. Anti-depressants can help regrow brain tissue over the course of a couple years. I highly recommend it. You may also consider the bulletproof coffee, which has a lot of natural fats for regrowing the Myelin Sheath on your axons.
Hope you get better.
- B
Edit: I didn't get a notification about your first reply, about two major accidents. Sorry. Since you have to be on opioids, forget that I said to cut them out. They are far less neurotoxic than meth-like products, going off of experience of being around a lot of meth-heads (ive never done hard drugs, or used prescriptions recreationally).
I recall to you again Uncle George a Nuclear physicist PhD at UC Berkley. He was a hot fusion guy. An environmentalist. Uncle George went up to see the Pons and Fleischmenn experiment. He brought his own equipment. He spent two days and a night. He said the was substantial excess heat generated. He was adamant that it WAS not fusion because it did not produce enough neutrons.
Cold Fusion. I can already hear the collective gnashing of teeth and the tearing of hair.
Not as much as I gnashed my teeth at the Philadelphia Experiment video. WTF was up with that?!
Why? Everybody knows it's bunk - so why is it taboo to talk about it? It's an interesting piece of science's history, just like the polywater debacle...
@@thstroyur I assume you've been following the MIT research on the subject?
@@j.f.fisher5318 You mean on LENR, or polywater? XD Either way, if you think they're on to something, let's see some peer-reviewed results, then...
If cold fusion was a thing, wouldn't it be observable somewhere in the Universe like hot fusion is?
I had precisely the same thought while watching :-) ... strange..
but I think the energetic efficiency of such reaction is low comparing with other observable ones and just hasn't drawn attention yet of astronomers?
No, because we can only observe very hot things that radiate, or cold dust that absorbs the light from very hot things behind.
Therefore, if we could see cold fusion, it would be hot fusion and therefore not cold!
No. Experiments and phenomena happen all the time on Earth that happens nowhere else that we know of.
Metallic hydrogen, liquid helium, the higgs, plus all the crap we've invented.
Well he said that it sometimes happens in air when the hydrogen atoms share their electrons. So it is happening, we just don't know why?
Ball lightning maybe.... it also probably happens deep inside gas giants and such. We don't know anything for sure but there are amazing possibilities!!
it is good that you paint the environment of what made this such a huge announcement.
The 4 minute mile was impossible to run until someone figured out how to do it.
Bannister himself pointed out that the 4 minute mile was more of a psychological barrier than a physical one. No human, no matter how fit, no matter how psychologically strong, will beat the 1 second mile.
@@CarFreeSegnitz if you read his story, you will see that he use a scientific approach (albeit simplistic) to achieve the 4 minute mile. I understand your point, but again, you are just doing the same thing that those who said it couldn't be done said.
Please do a video on hemp. Its not weed you kinda cant smoke it, but has a huge potential for industrial applications.
Btw since i heard you mention seti@home i now have many devices cranking 24/7 but different projects and have inspired many others to join there is also nasa globe observer. You do great 👍 work
Best bit in the video, the feature of Bobby Buchet when H2O is mentioned lol 😂 "you can do it"
I learned this as a kid watching people and reading history books. No group is immune from the curse of establishing its own dogma and doctrine. While it is good to have an identity when you give up your own existence for a cause be weary of who’s voice comes from your mouth.
Just be weary of groups. I have no IRL friends xD
*wary
Burnrate Case in point.
@@FrontManagement621 weary means tired or sleepy. Wary means cautious.
Aching Bach Will it bring my dead friends back?
Heyy~
I actually agree with you
In this area we fear failure
I think that's the only thing that's keeping us tied down
Btw
I've been waiting for you video on Hoag's object
I thought you were going to talk about the Aussie YT channel called "Cold Fusion"...was a bit disappointed, but still loved THIS Cold fusion discussion.
Didn't keanu Reeves already invent a fusion reactor back in 96? Pretty sure they made a movie about it.
Sonolumenscence
Bill & Ted's Bodacious Reactor
Worth doing, even if it disproves that it works.
Scientific knowledge moves forward regardless.
Does science really move on though? Thousands of years of heliocentrism, spherical Earth and now there are knuckle-heads who say they "know what no one else knows". Anti-intellectualism should not be taken lightly. Everything we take as permanent knowledge can be lost.
It's always good to review the mistakes of the past, if only to avoid making the same mistakes. That, and the admittedly slim possibility of a repeatable serendipity.
All I can think of - as awesome as a clean energysource would be - what if earth changes is energyproduction to coldfusion more, or less completly. Wouldnt we be intoxicating our atmosphere with to much oxygen? We obviously need it to breath, but if we inhale to much it's dangeours, isn't it? On a smaller scale isn't there a lot of downsides with more oxygen in our atmosphere? Fires for example?
No not really, it's not a greenhouse gas, it quite literally turn into Ozone and it can ionise and fly pretty high up in the atmosphere! So we'll be good!
Appreciate the notion though! You seem like a pretty clever kid!
@@sarahg4409 Reassuring, was just thinking how a lot of one cell organism died when oxygen was introduced into our atmosphere and how more of it could have similar effects on current life - but glad that that wouldnt be a concern. Go Coldfusion then!
I'm not a kid though xD
@@Kenzi0815 well considering our atmosphere was ammonia and methane rich and had a quite a different composition before large amounts of Oxygen came into the picture, all life on earth evolved to only need - or be able to survive - little to no oxygen, but when Cyanobacteria started doing this thig called photosynthesis and pumped out loaaads of Oxygen - much more than what these little guys were used to - they couldn't survive! But then this change in oxygen levels ultimitley lead to the evolution of Eukaryotes! Which further changed the very nature of our own atmosphere! A few million years later We came into the picture .... And now we have Kanye west!
@@Kenzi0815 and sorry for thinking you were a child! Props to you for being as curious as one!
" watch me pull cold fusion out of my hat " - Carnac the Magnificent
The surface of the sun isn't hot enough for fusion to occur as it's only 5700 celsius.
Its the heat and pressure that matters for hot fusion, not just heat.
And theres a lot of pressure in the sun.
fusion happens in the core where it is way hotter