Diesel Fuel Injection Principles, Troubleshooting and Timing

The fuel injection system in diesel engines has five main functions:
Filtering and measuring the correct quantity of fuel to be injected.
Controlling the rate of fuel injection and timing the fuel injection perfectly.
Atomizing the fuel into fine particles for complete combustion and properly distributing the fuel in the combustion chamber.
Supplying fuel under high pressure to the injectors through high-pressure pipes.
Delivering fuel to the cylinders.
The quality of the air/fuel mixture is crucial to the combustion process in diesel engines, which affects engine performance, fuel consumption, exhaust-gas composition, and combustion noise 1. The fuel-injection parameters that are decisive on the quality of the mixture formation are primarily:
Start of injection
Rate-of-discharge curve and injection duration
Injection pressure
Number of injection events
Until the 1980s, injected fuel quantity and start of injection were controlled on vehicle engines by mechanical means only. However, compliance with prevailing emission limits requires the high-precision adjustment of injection parameters, adapted to the engine operating state. This is only achievable using an electronic control unit that calculates injection parameters as a factor of temperature, engine speed, load, altitude (elevation), etc. Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) has generally become widespread on diesel engines.

[@giasmmr]

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