HHO High Voltage Resonance
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- Опубликовано: 30 ноя 2022
- Input 12VDC, 1.5A. Resonance 350VDC, 1200Hz
Circuit diagram: i.imgur.com/pzoyKkY.png
I am experimenting with a new circuit along with the series tubular setup. The more resistive the water, the higher the voltage. You don't want current leakage, and you won't get any HOH with brute force DC electrolysis. The gas produced in this video can only be generated with high voltage resonant spikes, which occurs from a back EMF due to the collapse of a magnetic field.
The resonance builds up from the impedance-matching circuit, including a BJT and bifilar coil, triggering in a timely fashion with the LC circuit's resonance frequency. This frequency varies from inductance and capacitance of the water fuel cell. Depending on the type of water used, the frequency will change drastically.
In this circuit, it gets a little more complicated, because the tank circuit is resonating off AC, sparking across a module, inducing a short on the primary of the two MOTs, and raising the voltage almost by 30x the input across the cell. You will get much higher voltage with AC tank circuits, but the WFC can only work with DC. For this, the spark modules are used to isolate the circuit, bring the voltage up with the MOTs, and finally rectify to DC.
Distilled water, no electrolyte as always!
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I'm going to give you a few pointers on cell design. First thing to plan for and put into your designs is at no time shall any other metal, other than stainless steel, make contact with the water. Copper, silver, and a whole lot of other metals will leach ions into the water when a current is run through them thus making the water conductive which destroys the dielectric properties of water.
Use SS springs just as Meyer did to make contact with the electrodes and keep everything that comes into contact with the water stainless steel and make sure to passivate the SS prior to use. It's best to use a citric type passivation solution as it's far less toxic and really cost effective.
If you can get a 3d printer and print out your designs for the WFC if you don't have access to the proper cutting tools and machines to make a WFC. Remember this isn't a Micky Mouse program so keep safety in mind at all times.
On the Overunity site I posted a lot of information on just how Stanley Meyer's technology actually works and even gave the specs to Meyer injector transformer which can be used to make a design for the WFC but know it has to be a lot larger as the WFC has a much larger capacitance than his injectors did and the choke coils must be able to charge the increased load on the system.
On the OverUnity site I am known as H20power, plus I have some links posted on some pinned post on some of my videos on my RUclips channel that go into the science behind the technology.
P.S. You are going to have to get yourself a Differential Probe as it's a must have tool for being able to take readings directly from the WFC while in operation.
And another thing, there is no need to condition these cells as what must be done to the Stainless Steel prior to use is to passivate all SS that comes into contact with the water, for me that's the springs, screws, and the electrodes. I don't know who came up with the need to condition a WFC but that's not the way this technology works as this isn't electrolysis.
It's vacuum access through cavitation, high voltages pulsed at 50 khz, through the cell produces Water plasmids as well as hho. True Browns gas over unity and NOT fake. Ohmasa Gas is the component that makes Browns gas, Electrically Expanded water, truly significant. And yes not electrolysis person, more of creating charge water clusters using charge clusters formed inside cavitation which then collapse with enough force to form a high charge density but neutrally charged water plasma or plasmoid. I think the connection between shoulders evos and Browns Gas and ohmasa gas is crystal clear.
Basically everything you said is correct. There is still a lot to be learned, and I am not doing a tutorial for anything until I've reached a conclusive point.
nice large bubbles jumping up when you had the impedance matching circuit on. how many volts does the cell hold when disconnected? your having a good time over there👍
Do you have the 2 manuals from WFC? Water Fuel Cell Dealership manual + The Birth Of New technology? A must have set of 2.
There must be a positive and negative electrode separation to produce the gas.
This is testament to how poor the school system is wherever this guy grew up.
Atleast the kids not doing drugs. What more do you want?
Youre basically making a chemical resistor with distilled water, which is an insulator without impurities. Add sodium or petasium hydrozide til the voltage and amps level off and flow measure as you go. Also the anode could use a torus top for dispersal.
its actually a water capacitor
What you have got is an electrolizer thats producing HHO at the standard efficiency of a standard electrolizer .
u didnt use inductors before cell
Been looking at a similar design but either microwave magnetron, acoustic, or zero point concepts seem most interesting.. but medical is being a priority lately.
I once watch a video from Stanley Meyer and his brother, im pretty sure they claim it is important to use exactly 6 cells. And i think they said that if you use 6 cells it will use less power than if you just use 4. Something is supposed to happen when you add no 6 because of the resonance. You can test it if you like...
Hey man.
Congrats.
Cell conditioning is usually Private information.
How did you find about it?
Also , the setup of the cell is wrong. Buy with 10% some stainless steel places , and place them in parallel.
That high voltage should produce hydrogen from every plate.
I subbed to your channel.
Best regards.
The cardboard is a questionable fabrication choice as it is probably conductive
have you ever done electrolysis? and the way you said the cells were wired up was very confusing and it looks like it's doing what you said it would based on what you showed. because how does it go from center conductor to each pipe? that's random af and i thought it looked like what you said maybe was out of order, unless they were in series somehow, but what's the point of that
Series was a big mistake. You *will* leak current. Better to go with parallel on a wider gap with center negative. Center positive was another mistake, because the resistive barrier won't form easily without sanding the inside of the tube, and that's much more difficult than sanding the center tube. Hydrogen generates on the negative. Making each tube concealed cavity-like is also super important because it will create an intense voltage field without finding a path of least resistance to another cell. Series is horrible unless you do a straight line instead of a circle, and the water has to be pure, but even the best pure water won't fix this in series. Update coming soon.
😂 why urine lol. That’s was just so nonchalant 🎉
So, yer capacitors are in series.
Bro doesn't know you need an electrolyte
Have you been generating alot of hho using high voltage, high frequency and low current?? I'm still waiting for your answer
It's less about quantity than quality. The gas production is little, but it burns better.
@@weighta6630 Oh right, that's good you make a little of gas. Have you thought about making a PCB board to generate the frequency by install python software on the board that will take the reading of the voltage then it would calculate it to generate to make the high frequency??
@@weighta6630 ionize dehumidified air and mix it with the hydrogen gas? Prevents water from forming out of the hydrogen so you can run a large quantity of gas at once.
Impedance matching circuit?
Your frequency generating circuit? Please explain, show schematics
Sure. Impedance is matched based on the resistive property of the water and how that is effecting the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. As you may know, the water cell IS the capacitor when the water has a high impedance. Because no water is the same dielectric value, you are stuck constantly tuning into resonance with incoming pulses that have to match manually. This circuit utilizes a trigger winding or pickup coil that opens a bjt right when pulses occur automatically tune to resonance. "impedence matching" is a broad term, because what it really is just coping with the tank circuit's resonant frequency. I updated the description with the circuit schematic.
@@weighta6630 thanks allot for the schematic, wow that's brilliant, I shall try it. I use a dry hho cell.
I can read the schematic and follow it, but it leaves me with a couple of questions. Could you use a mosfet instead for efficiency.
I suppose with mosfet I may need more turns on base coil depending ov trigger level of the particular mosfet.
Interestingly you mentioned urine. Well I'm experimenting with that. You don't need acid. Also the hho produced with h2n is safer as it don't have oxygen so is not explosive on its own. It's also noteworthy that urine hho production is with less voltage from 0.3-0.4 volts as opposed to 2-2.4 volts with acid. Also it doesn't make the car ECU to demand more fuel thus eliminating gain.
The inductance of the coil and capacitance of the cell is important to figure out the resonance?
I played with similar circuits but don't think I had any resonance achieved.
Still I'm intrigued that you mentioned this and am eager to work with this.
I noticed the diode, which tells me the cell gets the current from the collapsing magnetic field of the coil.
At 12 volts the circuit would draw about 4 amps at part of the cycle.
Kudos!
@@weighta6630 what kind of coil did you use? 3.4 ohms is allot, my coils are 0.32 ohms. And what kind of core? For high frequency.
Maybe that's why I couldn't get resonance, not enough inductance
@@ThePaulbilek Manual resonance is almost impossible, and I'm not even joking. I had zero success on my own, and even frequencies close to resonance had me confused on if the voltage was actually rising or not. You need at least 3 or more tubular cells connected in series for higher voltage. With only a small gap in the water, you'll hardly notice a thing.
And you're also right about the voltage dropping with urine. There's such little impendence with it, and you're basically back to doing electrolysis. It's still fun to do however. For the coil, yes, you will need 0.5 - 8 ohms. Try with 200 wraps (bifiler) on a 1" diameter plastic casing that can have a ferrite rod slide through. You don't have to worry about getting the inductance exact because the BJT will automatically handle the opening/closing of the tank circuit's natural resonant frequency. You are just adjusting a rod so that you can get ~1000hz.
This circuit is my favorite because it's utilizing the sharp voltage collapse of the magnetic field like in meyer's patents, and it's an excellent beginner circuit for conditioning/resonating a cell. Don't expect a mad output of hydrogen initially, it takes around a month to get almost 10x more than initially seen. Power input won't change.
@@weighta6630 it works! I tried it with 1:1 ratio and also a transformer secondaries works upto 2khz, also with dual coil subwoofer the best was lowest frequencies ~300hz that gave me most output for the hho cell. No peak current yet, didn't hit the resonance yet, have to experiment more with the circuits using mosfet and also bifilar coil hooked up like the joule thief. Thanks for the simple circuit to get me inspired!
I'm using dry hho cell, with 3 neutral plates (series), two such cells in parallel, using 12vdc
check out the EthanCrowder channel videos
Add potassium hydroxide, and it will kick in!
I am wondering if anyone can give me an idea of how I can use the Stator and Driver for a mechanical shear/ ultrasonic cavitation homogenizer. At low RPM it produces rather large cavitation bubbles, but crank it up to 30 000 rpm and the beaker begins to look carbonated with millions of tiny cavitation bubbles.
The generator unit is ss316 and the center shaft that turns the rotor and the stator are Electrically isolated. Energizing the exterior is easy, but energizing the center shaft while still allowing the 1000w motor to spin this up to 30,000RPM. It's a .25 mm gap between rotor and stator.
"CAT Scientific offers a broad selection of rotor-stator assemblies to increase the utility of CAT homogenizer drive units. Using supplied tools generators can be quickly switched out to handle other tasks.
Depending on configuration CAT's interchangeable rotor/stator homogenizer design subjects the media to a combination of sonic energy and mechanical shearing. The extremely high circumferential speeds attained by the rotors of the homogenizer create ultrasonic cavitation, which assists in very fast, efficient homogenizing
Lol. Urine a class of your own.
the high voltage must be coming from inductor spike.that is pulse by 555 timer or TL494 ic.not from high voltage transformer ..thats why u need inductor before cell. 1 inductor per cell is the proper config.not like this.watch RAVI RAJU video 15 years ago.thy repkicated this long ago
Great vid, but it is a little nauseating to watch with all the camera movement. I actually had to shut my eyes and listen, fyi. Other that that, amazing!!! Thank you!
oh dang, sorry about that
Your body’s blood has metals in it and so does your peeeeeeee lol. Some say there might be gold in your pee 😮
distilled water will not conduct. thats why the voltage is going high.
10 meg ohm high purity distilled and deionized water will conduct only a little bit. Any impurities in there such as what dissolved out of the cardboard or the surface of the tubes or wires or anything else placed in there will increase conductivity. You're absolutely right about the voltage being high when the current is close to zero. Just like a solar panel. Highest voltage is when there's 0 current. Highest current is at 0 volts.
WHY URINE
you should get no bubbles w distilled water
the voltage overcomes that eventually and pulls current
@@weighta6630 distilled water doesn't conduct electricity. Believe me
There's stuff dissolved in that water, and it likely came drom the cardboard, hot glue, dried sweat on the pipes, and any other impurities that went in. Pure water reads around 18 megohms. That's not what's in the distilled water bottles at Kroger.
Remove electrons and switch off the bond. The Voltage Polarisation Process..
When the gas processor ionises the air to remove electrons. This air is mixed with water to make water fuel. When this water fuel is ionised. The processed air with missing electrons gives the oxygen a very strong electron gravity and is used to remove electrons from the water molecule. Causing a polarity flip and so splitting the molecule.. It’s a triggering process! He said, This is the voltage polarisation of the water molecule.. The covalent bond is equal to the two shared electrons and if you remove these electrons. The oxygen atom will flip back to a positive charge instantly repelling the atoms.. Processing the air in his air gas processor he removes up to 4 electrons from the oxygen in air and uses this as a tool by dissolving the processed air into the water in the way air is dissolved to keep fish alive in a fish tank.. This is what he called his water fuel.. If you don't make the water fuel first then all of his inventions will not work as described.. I hope this is helpful to you.
so he didn't use just regular water, he used super charged up water instead of baking soda, I'm sure that scientists working for the government have gone far beyond SM by now
I've been studying the difference between HHO and Browns Gas, Electrically Expanded Water, Water Gas, Ohmasa Gas, and also ically HHO.
As hard as it is to believe, please hear me out. You had to choose to believe over unity hydrogen production is possible. So keep an open mind maybe more open than normal. If you reply to the comment I can offer you peer-reviewed papers, videos, and other projects that all support what I am going to say. It's also way more exciting than low-power high volume HHO production.
I will state firmly, running a car or other engine on just Browns / Water Gas, meaning Stan Myers's water car did work (no opinion on conspiracy). Not only did Myers's water fuel car work, but his results via other means have also been replicated by others since, most notably Dr. Ohmasa.
Dr. Ohmasa developed and patented a process for producing High-Quality Browns Gas he is the first to discover Browns Gas is HHO but also H, O, and from his two-stage process, 20-30% of the total Gas he produces is what I call Anamonly Gas, and he rightly calls it Ohmasa Gas and once again. I have to state, it's 100% real, it can run a two-stroke with no oil or fuel (video several), a car (video Japanese news report), but with just 10% petroleum fuel and 90% Ohmasa Gas.
They can get incredible fuel savings and efficiency gains in all types of internal combustion engines.
The properties of the Ohmasa Gas plus only 10% hydrocarbons, resulting in a cooler combustion or implosion and 100% conversion of fuel, plus something extra, into pressure, but not heat.
The cooler and complete combustion provides engines with increased horsepower and torque. It uses less oil and cleans the cylinder seals, valves, and tailpipe emissions can pass California air quality goals for 2050. EVEN running Diesel in a 15-liter Engine, produces nearly 0 carbon byproducts, or particulates, and only slight amounts of nitric-based compounds, (Research gate, peer-reviewed papers on HHO and hydrocarbon fuel efficiency in gasoline, Diesel engines.)
Great so like, what? In case it's not clear, Browns style, Myers, Bob Boyce, and others, for producing HHO is not standard electrolysis. A highly reactive and potent Gas, besides HHO, H, or O, exists. It's called Ohmasa Gas as made and isolated by him. It liquefies colder than oxygen but warmer than hydrogen. (Link to hrs long lecture going over all ohmassa results over 10 years)
Note Ohmasa is still in business in Japan. He has installed 10/90% power generation plants all over Japan that has been running for years. (Company catalog and phone number).
I want to get your cell to produce a gas Torches flame that will not IR read over 600 C possibly not over 200 C if you innovate on my suggestions. The flame won't burn Teflon, but titanium will melt through at (500c I have links to FLIR volumetric video proof) in under 1.8 seconds.
The key to the generation is Cavitation, High Voltage, and Low Amperage. Ohmasa machine restructures the water, with ultrasonic cavitation and Pd plates, as it pulses a rapidly cycling pulsed EM wave across the positive and negative terminals.
I saw your oscilloscope, though you want a pulsed DC square wave in, on the oscilloscope reading both the +&- terminals on the cell will show a sin wave. As the + cells reach their maximum voltage so do the - electrodes. This is controlled by the PWM putting out a 50hz signal (You will read a high voltage in the cell with distilled water because it's a capacitor, you said it yourself. It's storing all the voltage you send it, the moment you add electrolyte you drop the capacitance. Hence voltage drop. Ur so close.
Stan Meyer used a 60hz car alternator in his earlier design I believe that has to do with the 50hz PWM settings, getting the cell in resonance voltage and amps should climb as well as power consumption, once it hits resonance it should drop to .5A and power consumption vs Gas production...it will foam out of our current cell.
Other advice 1mm gap. between electrodes, let as little voltage and power leak into the distilled water. The final step is to get the tube to resonate physically so can increase cavitation between them ultrasonically. Again 50-60khz and the gas production will be vigorous and I hope if you set up a few flashbacks and get a torch setup.. buy an infrared camera and see the flame temp yourself..then imagine what the world could, how shit can change...just promise to give away all you learn i dont need or want credit. No hidden frequencies misdirection. Everyone who has ever went to sell this tech gets buried look at history...better give it away and build and install them for lazy ppl. Lol
THIS IS HOW WE WIN. This is how humanity does not go extinct. I hopefully
Hey, fyi tldr... do you have discord?
EbenEliasjr, I need help. May you walk me through the cavitation resonance with the papers and videos you mentioned, I would like to do a lower power high volume hho production on my channel.
@@weighta6630 certainly, here is the scientific explanation of theory. Notice the omasa gas, in this video its important. ruclips.net/video/iHjR_FnG3yA/видео.html
Now to see what high voltage cavitated electrokisis produces, ohmasa gas visited in detail in person by another utube channel. Mfmp fleischman memorial project
@@weighta6630 ruclips.net/video/OOcWAcecPxE/видео.html
ruclips.net/video/n0wjZTGfDAA/видео.html
Good luck, make sure to post to your chanel.
Needs salt
get snow and melt it🤓
I did, releasing tomorrow
Hydrogen technology 🚓🚕
HHo gas help the combustion process to run engine more efficieently. carbon-free fuel burnning.
HHO gas burn a lot faster then gasoline or petrol. Hydrogen power miracle gas remove carbon build up in the combustion chamber and boost engine power and torque. restores better fuel economy.
Hho car kit prolonging engine life and engine oil life.
Like a new car
Engine runs smoother and cleaner to make your car 0 carbon emissions Boost engine power and torque Better acceleration .
An efficient hho car kit lower the engine temperature more then 100 degree F. Hho car kit reduce car maintenance charges.
Cleaner engine running. Reducing engine noise due to the faster fuel burning. Hho car kits works nicely requires no modifications in the car engine. No side effects on car engine.
Engine start quickly safe your car battery. No more petrol or diesel smoke or smell. Hho system is very simple. It keep catalytic convertor cleaned.
Hho kit installation time is about two hours to make your car a low cost hy-brid.
Cell insulation in this design us poor. when you add a conductive electrolyte current begins to skip other cells taking a shorter path were it does not have to do as much work and so the voltage drop across the cells in serries will be uneven with the largest drop at yhe begining and ending, because current is flowing through the cells unevenly skipping the center cells.
Reguarding electrolysis, there is nothing magical about resonating an LC circuit. It does not more efficently break water apart and is far from molecular resonence. Forfet all the psudo science nonsense. Even if you could reach molecular resonance with water, you'd just heat up water like a microwave oven needlessly flipping the waters molecular dipoles, and do doing nothing for electrolysis. The except beibg where voltage at a plate is sufficent to split hydrogen from oxygen 1.24v and a little more to do the work of push pushing ions through an electrolyte.
Keep it simpke. Use DC. And apply only as much voltage as needed to push current density you're aiming for. Stainless steel max should stay under 1 amp per square inch. 0.5amps per sq inch will keep the electrodes in good shape much longer. Wire all the cells in a wet cell in parallel forget the serries nonsence. Serries is gine for dry cell design or were cells are well isolated from others. Increase the conductivity of the electrolyte with a 6 mol solution of potasium hydroxide to 100 ml of water. Reguardibg your source of potasium hydroxide, Be aware of percentage of potasium hydroxide hydrates like KOH•(H2O) to get a good number on the number of moles you're adding to each 100 ml of water.
The rate of hydrogen production is all (only) about amps that flow. water's splitting voltage 1.24v × the amps that flow = watts of energy being stored chemically. The 1.24v doesn't change but you can change the amps with over volts or voltage over the previosly stated 1.24. These volts push ions that bouncing off and heatswater molecules. Thats why you minimize the distance between plates and use a good electrolyte to lower the resistance of ions flowing between plates and add plate surface area to conduct more current.
Salts in urin largly (NaCl) contain chloride ions that are bad for stainless steel. Stick to sodium hydroxide or better yet potasium hydroxide and cover it to prevent atmospgeric carbon dioxide from converting it to potasium carbobate and bicarcarbonate.
Dont bother with PWM either to limit the average power going into a hho cell. Instead you may use cheap pwm to drive the duty cycle on a buck converter. So that you can control the voltage to a more efficent voltage and the cell produced only have the time and contrast wuth pwm without buck conversion producing inefficiently and only during duty cycle.
Correct. The resonance is honestly no good here. The amps break the bond, but i would still like looking into hv with a good emf to split it like meyer did
@@weighta6630 considering that the bonds take energy to break, it's actually 1.24v × amp × time that produce some unit of hydrogen gas from water. Have you heard some HHO enthusiasts refer to mmw mililiters per minute per watt? That is is each 60 watt seconds produced a milliliter of hydrogen and a certain amount of heat. At roughly 13.4v an HHO cell produces roughly 1mmw and a bunch of heat. (13.4v-1.24v) × each 60 amp seconds, and is less significantly less efficent than another cell supplied a much lower voltage but producing at the rate of 6mmw.
If one supplied 2.5v to a cell then the difference 2.5v-1.24v=1.26v overvolts that when we multiply by the amps that is flowing = power converted to heat energy with ions bumping into molecules.
You seam like your failure with electronic components so I'll offer this. You can simulate electrolysis fairly well in a circuit simulator with a resistor and a 1.24v zener diode. If you pulse width modulate power going into an electrolysis cell, then you'll notice high inrush current because capacitance between the plates and water's dielectric properties. That energy consumed by realign water molecules in an electric field. So you can model this too with a capacitor and resistor (dielectric heating) in serries but in parallel with the resistor( electrolyte resistance) and zener diode.
For each amp second × the 1.24v drop across the zener diode represents the work needed to produce a certain unit of hydrogen. While the same amp second flowing through the resistor ohms = a unit of energy converted to heat. If you or anyone not familiar with a zener diode, idealized, think of it as a resistor that changed its internal resistance in a way that the voltage drop across it always the same reguardless of the amps flowing through it.
Myer didnt really know what he was talking aboit, and worse, a fraudster. but by all means explore what interest you. I though I'd just help you see a little better through the muck starting with rf energy heats water like a microwave oven does.
Because water molecules look like a boomerang, and hydrogen shares its electrons with oxygen it froms a edipole (+h )(--o )(+ h) with the hydrogen atoms forming an angle of about 104 to the oxygen atom. Alternating RF energy rotates water molecules to align with the external E-field and may even slightly alter the bind angle. Doing this repeadedly with RF energy is called called dielectric heating causing the molecules to heat up and vibrate more. But lets ask "what does water molecular resonance mean" . A pendulum resonates and if we add energy at its resonate freqency then the input energy phase is constructive interference and the adding to the amplitude of the pendulum swing. I don't see rotating water molecules as helpful to breaking water molecular bonds, but maybe we can might consider trying resonance in a biased electric field. The bias helps keep The oxygen atoms always pointing to the anode and the two hydrogen pointing to the cathode. Do this with cold water to minimize disturbing this the alignment. Then maybe if you oscillate the strength of the biased field you can cause vibrations in the hydrogen bond angle, shrinking the angle between them and relaxing them at a rate whose input energy constructively interferes. Maybe at a high enough freqency you can find this resonanc, but I suspect that's just too high to engineer and the vibrations you do generate will just create heat. But, who knows maybe you'll see something interesting.
@@weighta6630 About me. Obviously, I'm a poor speller. But more relevant, i worked at a company that made HHO generators. I designing their controls using a siemans logo programable logic controller (plc) to take input on fluid levels and temperature sensors to control pumps and fluid valves and fans and I used the PLC to create a pwm signal that buck converted the voltage down. Because the PLC uses physical relays i modified it to switch power mosfet part of the buck converter to regulate the power flowing into the cell there by regulate temperature with the addition controlling the pumping the electrolyte through a radiator and use powe to a fan. The fluid level sensors kept the plc informed of when to let new electrolyte in and when to stop refilling. I have a strong background in electronics, and radio communications from the military and intense interest in physics and chemistry and so much more that's unrelated here. 😁
@@kreynolds1123 I hear graphite foil or carbon works amazing for plating but what spacing is good for 1.24v, like 0.0625"? I mean koh will drop the voltage sure.
Most of everything mentioned I was figuring out more and more because it seems like I was getting nowhere with thinking outside the box with this. I still have ideas, yes, but i can incorporate them with the setup you're talking about.
@@weighta6630 Current will not flow at 1.24v per cell. And koh doesn't drop voltage, ratherly it reduces resistance within a range of concentrations to allow one to apply a lower voltage to achieve a given current denisty. But you need overvolts to push current. How much overvolts you use depends on an engineering compromise between production rate, plate durability, plate cost, and sufficent efficiency.
Conductivity between plates and through an electrolyte is analogous in part to conductivity in a wire.
First, a wire with twice the cross section area has half the resistance or is twice as conductive.
Second, a wire that's twice as long has double the resistance or is half as conductive.
Thirdly, Bubbles are not conductive and reduce the conducting cross section of plates and in solution, the effective cross sectional area of conducting electrolyte. It's like nicking a thin wire and it gets hot when you push current through it because your causing electrons to speed up through the narrower cross section in the nick and the electrons bounce harder off metal atoms making up the wire.
As to point 2 and 3 you can reduce the path ions flow to reduce the resistance to ion flow, but. For a given current X, you'll produce Y amount of bubbles. If you half the ammount distance you half the volume and consequently double the bubble density in solution. So it might help to pump your electrolyte and help remove the bubbles from the plates and out from between your plates.
I'm not an expert on what's best electrode materials or what catalyst helps reduce the over potential needed. i can recomend a maximum current density for these electrode materials
1) platinum, the maximum recommended current density is typically between 0.5 and 2 amps per square centimeter.
2) Carbon, it's between 0.2 and 0.8 amps per square centimeter.
3) 316 stainless steel, it's between 0.5 and 2 amps per square centimeter.
4) 304 stainless steel it's between 0.3 and 1.5 amps per square centimeter.
5) Mixed metal oxide, it's between 0.3 and 1.0 amps per square centimeter.
6) And for nickel, it's between 0.5 and 2.0 amps per square centimeter.
Remember that all electrodes wear, and faster the higher the current density and the higher the electrolyte bath temperature they are operated at, and most (maybe all) of the erosion will happen at the anode. For longevity, it's better to operate at the lower end of the recommended max current density.
Although asid like Hydrocloric acid and sulpheric acid are more conductive than alkaline KOH, they'll corrode and wear away stainless steels and carbon and probably the other plate materials as well. Use KOH as it is more conductive than sodium and lithium hydroxides.
Google image search these term "electrolyte conductivity graph koh". You'll find KOH is most conductivr at about 6 molar concentration per liter of water. It's the the most compatible with stainless steel. Dont forget to factor in KOH•H2O hydrate contamination from your KOH suppliers. The typical level of hydrated potassium hydroxide is...
- Most suppliers provide potassium hydroxide in the form of flakes or pearls with a typical water content of about 30% to 35% By weight.
- However, some suppliers offer dehydrated potassium hydroxide with a water content of less than 5%. And dont forget to keep it sealed as much as possible to avoid atmospheric Carbon dioxide reacting with it making potasium carbonate.
garbage. fake.
sad but true. You wanna see the real thing? We all do. It's a mystery