"War Never Changes" doesn't refer to how wars are fought. War never changes, because in the end, war is people killing people. Whether you use a flint spear or an atom bomb is irrelevant. In other words, the way we fight wars change, but war itself never changes.
correct..........however if we build drones, and use the drones to do the fighting, well then war changes right? people dont die just machines....then ofc if the drones are ai then we will have skynet, then war never changes lol just gets worse
Since there's a big ol' pile of glowing ash left over, I don't think it's really disintegration. I think it's more likely a combustion process, which may just take a little push to set off an exothermic chain reaction using the body itself as fuel. That would also explain why it doesn't always happen even though the output of energy is seemingly uniform. On the other hand, it's a video game.
+IVIegadude I've always thought the same, myself; it's not so much disintegration as it is instantaneous combustion. Of course... That still doesn't explain just what the hell happens when you gooify someone with a plasma based weapon.
IVIegadude No I have but by glowing I'm assuming like a greenish glow.... Combustion reactions don't ever produce something like that, in fact the only solids and liquids they'll ever produce are carbon(which is the ash) and water vapour that will cool.
+Jozef Brudnicki wel ash is not realy carbon its mostly minerals and stuff. when you burn wood completly al the carbon gets turned into carbondioxide and what remains is mostly inflamable residue and salts.
you convince the elements that are bonded together that they would be better off on their own and cause them to have a huge argument with lots of screaming at each other and slammed doors
But what if the vaporization is, rather, VAPOR-ization? How much energy would it take to create a laser (or magnetically bottled ball of plasma) that could boil off all the water in a body, a-la a Martian Heat Ray? Wouldn't that also create a pile of ash? Or what about just straight up combustion? How much energy would it take to push the combustion reaction fast enough for 'instant' ash-piles?
+Kyle Hill That seems a more reasonable quantity. By which I mean it's still ri-ding-dang-diculous how much that is and I would never, EVER want to exert that much mechanically, but it's considerably less.
+Earthenfist It does not matter. The act of boiling the water in the body would cause it to explode. There would be no ask pile just guts all over the place.
+Earthenfist Technically no, it wouldn't create an ash pile. The act of "boiling" it would cause enormous pain and blisters etc.. over the entire body with "steam" literally rising out of the skin; and then eventually after the water vapor has risen out of the skin (some of it might get trapped within the skin and literally INFLATE you like a balloon actually lol) it would eventually just create a dry corpse with the skin and remaining muscle tissues etc.. shriveled up and tightened to the bone. Basically it would make you into a literal Mummy; fully preserved and shriveled just like any mummy you see at a museum.
What if the disintegration effect we see in the game isn't the vaporization of all the water in the body, but since it only happens every once in a while and sometimes only after multiple shots maybe it's some kind of chemical reaction that causes the staggered combustion of all the hydro carbons in a persons body and the resulting heat causes the water to boil off. if that where the case the effect we see would be largely fueled by chemical energy and the power output of the handheld laser weapons would be far more believable.
+MrGochira He did a video on lava's effect on the body, and that goes well with your idea. The energy emitted is enough evaporate all water in the body, and the rest is easily turned to smolders. Separating the bonds is overkill.
+"Once There Was An Ugly Barnacle, He Was SO Ugly That Everyone Died, the end" -Patrick Pinhead Star game theory is shit. mat says that Jurassic Park is impossible in one video, then says it's possible in his other channel. he even made autistic videos about Star Fox. I can't help feeling that most of his problem will be resolved if he actually asks for other people's opinion on his script before making his videos
+"Once There Was An Ugly Barnacle, He Was SO Ugly That Everyone Died, the end" -Patrick Pinhead Star yeah some of them just think they smart when they don't so their video is ugly too
I'm sure someone has already mentioned that, but what he has calculated is the energy required to ATOMISE all water in a person. To VAPORISE water you just need to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction that the molecules exert on each other (due to polarity of the water molecules which results in partial electrostatic charges on oxygen and hydrogen atoms). But still cool video :)
What is being described is not vaporisation energy, but ionisation energy. Ionisation is the breaking of chemical bonds to produce the component ions, which would be 2H+ and O2-. Viewing the disintegration effects as I have in the last few days, I would not disagree with you if you told me that it was an ionisation process, but only vaporisation is required in truth; vaporisation being the overcoming of intermolecular bonds, not ionic bonds. Assuming room temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, the 53 kg of water in the average person's body needs to rise 80 degrees Celsius/Kelvin. Water has a heat capacity of 4.18 J/K/g, meaning that for every gram of water you need 4.18 J to rise it's temperature by one degree (this is where the calorie comes from). 53,000 g, 80 degrees, that comes out to roughly 18 megajoules. Which is roughly the same amount of energy as would be expended by walking 100 kilometres. Of course, that's your average Raider. Super Mutants or Synths, on the other hand...
Ionization is what is required to knock electrons off of a molecule or atom. He's talking about bond dissociation energies, here which are much stronger. And which...yeah...is still not vaporization, so...wamp wamp.
It's actually not that hard! I'm not trying to be cheeky but really if you sat down and practiced at it its pretty easy to pick up... I had to do it for a college presentation and was expecting t to be really hard but I picked it up pretty quickly
I never understood how he was writing in these videos. If it's on a clear sheet of glass, it would appear backwards to the camera and he writes too naturally for him to be writing backwards.
+thedreadedzero Well, don't know if they do it, but it's the most likely :P He just writes on the glass like he normally would and the footage captured is just inverted in the editing process :)
War doesn't change the weapons, warfare, and tactics change. Going back to war, war is a conflict between different nations or states or different groups. So the premise in war doesn't change because it's still about being superior over the other nations or states or different groups weather it be armed or verbaly
I remember seeing a 1 MW laser pistol. it fired a high energy laser for a fraction of a second. at it's current power it could punch through some styrofoam. fallout laser weapons work similarly, firing high energy lasers for only a fraction of a second.
I have a possible video idea for you: Star Trek went into detail (sort of) about Romulan ships and how they use harnessed artificial singularities as a power source. How would one go about harnessing such a thing and what would the energy levels be? Great series, by the way. I'm thoroughly enjoying it.
I love these videos so much. I love seeing people get so excited over science, and interesting science. It makes me remember why I took a chemistry undergrad and why I'm struggling through the special hell that is my PhD. Thank you so much for that. And thank you for teaching me new things about everything! :)
+Katie Williams Excuse me, but I am confused. When he describes breaking apart the bonds joining the water molecules together isn't he talking about water electrolisis? I ask because you seem to have the credentials to answer this question. Thanks.
+Katie Williams I always thought vaporization had more to do with raising the kinetic energy of water molecules to the point where they would "dissolve" into the air. So to speak.
Keep in mind that it's not normally a one shot kill and normally takes about 3 - 5 hits before someone becomes and ash pile which by the way doesn't happen a lot. So I guess that means fusion cells don't provide a fixed amount of energy, or the weapons using them don't draw the same amount (most likely) or that maybe more energy might be lost during the projectiles flight depending on how lucky you are.
Great video Kyle! Keep em coming!oh and like some of the others said... Maybe the laser sets off a chain reaction, using the body as fuel, somehow. That would also explain how a single shot with a small beam can set off the entire body + leaving a glowing pile of ash, as the mass is still burning as its turning into ash.love your videos! 😁
Could you reduce the energy requirements to one lightning bolt (equivalent) by only breaking one of the O+H bonds? What about the explosive nature of O+H? Once you break down some part of the bonds, you might then leverage the O+H2 recombinations, reducing your over all energy requirement.
@Nerdist (Kyle Hill): I believe the statement of 'War Never changes' is more of a statement that there will always be war, and in war you will have death. So, while we may change how wars are fought; 'War', itself, 'Never Changes' I find this series fun, I wish i had found it sooner.
I'm not sure if anyone pointed this out yet or not but vaporization simply means to take a sample of material and change its state of matter to gas. This means you need only provide enough energy to allow all molecules to move freely relative to other molecules (i.e. ice or liquid water would need to become water vapor or steam). There's no inherent requirement of forcing the decomposition of water into it's components of hydrogen and oxygen, though I'd imagine some water decomposition simply due to the rate at which energy is transferred. Also, how much energy would simply be reflected?
yeah a molecular reaction that produces ash would make more sense than carrying around what is effectively a non radioactive highly focused nuclear bomb ,also it might just be game mechanics and in reality it would just be a hole punched clean thru the enemy. not so good for large 'meaty' targets but good for 'armoured' targets that would be harder to crack otherwise
I mentioned this ashing effect at the first sight. It would be more realistic if the bodies will disrupt in several pieces. That was the most dissapointing moment in F4 except for time scaling problems.
I've been watching a lot of videos by you guys (or guy, I'm not sure how many people's effort go into these videos) so I figured I'd subscribe. Great videos man idk how you learned to right backwards so smoothly but I gotta give you props...and a like. I'll be back!
5:09 - Microfusion cells are more. Bethesda "streamlined" the various energy weapon ammo into "fusion cells," though Gatling Lasers use "fusion cores."
I don't think to "vaporize" a complex pile of molecules we necessarily mean "break all the bonds" (seems like the water would just immediately re-form anyway). I think we mostly mean boil off all the water and burn everything that's left to ash or excite the remaining whole molecules to a gas (a fine mist will do), which ever comes first. Boiling off all the water would be quite sufficient although much messier.
Correction (or confusion on my part): At 2:23, Kyle says that in order to vaporize water, you have to break both O-H bonds. Here, vaporization merely means BOILING the water. As we all know, water boils at 100 degrees C. From chemistry class, we know that boiling the water means breaking the bonds of the IMFs, or Intermolecular Forces. In water, because it is comprised of O-H bonds, two water molecules exert Hydrogen Bonds between them. However, hydrogen bonds are NOT ACTUAL COVALENT BONDS. Kyle is talking about breaking the ACTUAL covalent bonds between the Oxygens and Hydrogens, thus creating separate atoms, but we know this ISN'T true, since boiling water creates water VAPOR (in the form of gaseous H20), not H+ and O2- ions. What "bonds" we are actually breaking are merely FORCES exerted between two hydrogens on adjacent water molecules. Just thought I'd point that out since I'm studying AP Chemistry...I believe that the actual energy needed will be much less, in that case, or a clarification will be needed if the numbers are, indeed, correct.
Why do you need to break the water molecules? Correct me if I'm wrong but to "vaporise" something it's enough to just heat it above its boiling point fast enough or to burn it completly so you are left with gases only .
What if it just melts everything in them that's a solid, and boils everything that's a liquid. It would only need the energy of the average upwards faze change and 1atm (we fan assume) times the mass of the human body, or, well the behomoth body. Plasma weapons seem to work like that. And laser weapons are not applying energy that breaks bonds they are just applying heat.
I feel like I'm missing something. The video starts out on the subject of "vaporizing" a human, but then all of the calculations are based on splitting water molecules into the base oxygen and hydrogen. However, water can be vaporized without splitting it into its component elements (and with a lot less energy). While I enjoyed the math and the calculations in this video, it seemed rather superfluous because once you consider the actual enthalpy of vaporization of water (roughly 40 kJ/mol in comparison to the 460 kJ/mol to split the covalent bonds of the molecules themselves), it seems obvious that a body would boil (water molecules vaporizing into a gaseous state) long before there would be any splitting of the molecules themselves.
This maybe a dumb question but what if the amount of energy from the energy weapon is only needed to break down the FIRST atomic bond? could the weapons be designed in a manner that it only needs to break apart the first bond and the others break down in a chain reaction? Normally in fallout you see the person start to break apart in a split second. The arms then legs and body but not so much ALL at once.
I have to agree with a lot of the commenters on the state-change reaction - but I also need to point out that Hydroxide gas is HO, a single hydrogen oxygen pair that quickly reacts with CO2 to create bicarbonate ions, meaning to vaporize water into a gas you only need to break ONE hydrogen oxygen bond per molecule (you only need to break both if you want to separate the hydroxide gas) resulting in the creation of bicarbonate ions from atmospheric CO2 reaction to hydroxide gas, and hydrogen gas, as well as halving the total energy required.
Regardless of how we interpret the "disintegration" or "gooification" the energy requirement would be extraordinary. Still getting zapped by lightning would be quite... electrifying.
I want to show this to my chem professor, so maybe he will make class a bit more exciting than "legs on a spider", and experiments about water vapor pressure.
War never changes is more philosophical, than practical sentence. Yeah, war technically not happening the same way as before, but the reasons behind war, humanity haven't changed. Greed for power and wealth and aggression collides in death and destruction.
You would need a lot less energy than you think as you'd only need enough energy to quickly evaporate the water content and the residual heat from the interaction would now immolate what is left of the body. Also wouldn't energy weapons have the same side effect of lightsaber contact so every hit on a person would cause a steam explosion?
I remember Star Trek TOS they were vaporizing people left and right. What could they have done with all that surplus energy if they just turned down the phasers? In one episode called "The Omega Glory" Capt. Ronald Tracey had the stones to ask Kirk for weapons and then he vaporized Kirk's redshirt! And Tracy gets upset when he runs out of ammunition fending off a primitive tribe of Yangs. Maybe if he limited his phasers setting he wouldn't had been captured by the tribe.
so, how does the material these weapons are made of still maintain their molecular structure after multiple firings and constant usage in field conditions? and how does the person using the weapon survive the amount of heat such a discharge would produce?
Kyle, stupid question, but isn't there energy being released when atom are being split? That would potentially assist in vaporizing the rest, building up exponentially, thereby reducing the total amount of energy needed from an outside source. Or am I just totally wrong? It has been a while since I had my last physics lesson
"War never changes" is a metaphor for the events that happen after the bombs. The only difference is instead of running around with rating and sticks, it's pipe guns
"War totally changes. Because science." That's not what "War never changes" means. When they (and by 'they', I mean the great Ron Perlman and some schlub nobody ever heard of until a few months ago) say war never changes, they mean the concept of war. Sure, the technology may change, the sides, players, cultures may shift, but war itself, the reasons for war, the horror, the destruction...THAT never changes.
Hey dude, just gotta mention, you don't need to break the bonds of water to vaporise it, water molecules can be turned to steam (which can be seen rising from ashy remains) for a lot less energy
Holy smoke! just realized that this is a legit Chemistry class on youtube, and i just finished the whole video without noticing what i just learnt, wow, this is crazy, should be what our future education tunes like!!! Thumb up for your work,Nerdist !!!
Wouldn't you just have to gasify all of the molecules to vaporize (turn to vapor) an enemy? For the water, you would have to bring it to only 100˚C. What you described is turning the person to plasma as opposed to gas (vapor). It would still take a ridiculous amount of energy, but not nearly as much. Also, I want to mention the crank laser. What it looks like is a HeNe laser (Helium-Neon), which has a glass tube with a visible red beam inside and could conceivably be powered by a hand-crank generator. The only issue is that HeNe lasers are about as powerful as a decent laser pointer (5mw or so), making it useless as a weapon.
Separating the bonds in a water molecule isn't the same as boiling water. That would be roughly 4,000 joules per kilogram, or roughly 400,000 joules to boil a kilogram of water.
I was waiting for you to talk the duration of vaporization. or how long you spent vaporizing the raider, thus reducing how much energy would be required from the weapon. Think of electrolisis, those hydrogen oxygen bonds can be broken with very little wattage over a long time. I assume the figure you came up with would be instantaneous vaporization? follow up video explaining energy sources and this kinda stuff? Please!
you wouldnt need to break the bonds between oxigen and hydrogen to vaporize, just provide the energy for the heating up and phase transition of water to vapor
So would I be correct in assuming that since that much heat would be coming out of the energy weapon that it would be lethal to the user of the weapon?
Doesn't the second O-H bond require a larger (increased) amount of EoE to break, as the bond has an increased polarity charge from the decrease in the dissemination of the Oxygen's electronegativity?
The whole point of "War never changes" is that the OUTCOME of War never changes: Death and Destruction, desolation and rebuilding. It doesn't matter how it is achieved, the outcome is always the same.
Kyle good day. I have been wondering if it's possible to actually create a plasma weapon, cause in my understanding it should be way to heave to even try to handle.
You talked about fallout weapons and food but what about medicine like Medx Stimpacks Mentats Psycho Addictol Radx Radaway Daddyo Xcell and such medicines effects when diluted
you forget: the energy to break a covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen increases after the first hydrogen has been stripped away. so the amount of energy is even higher than what is stated in this video.
At pulsed laser energy levels that would not break the hydrogen/oxygen bonds, a chunk of you would get pulped from a steam explosion as the water in your body near the beam's point of impact flash boiled before you were set alight, basically leaving you with a lightly singed hole in your body instead of setting you on fire or causing vaporization. Setting someone on fire with a lower-powered but continuous beam would be your best bet to actually turn someone into ash without requiring the power of two average lightning bolts to completely atomize them near-instantaneously.
hay i had an idea of how it could be done with less energy. you could evaporate all the water from a person body and then vaporize the rest. would this take less energy or more?
Kyle, you forgot to take into account that not every shot vaporizes your opponent, suggesting that the energy fired from the weapon may or may not be derived from an unstable source, namely the ages old microfusion cells that have been exposed to 200+ years of weathering and decay. While a brand new cell may theoretically produce that many kJ per shot, note that not every enemy is vaporized when killed. Perhaps critical shots, however, deliver a large enough "dose" (for lack of a better word) due to the cells' unstable nature to vaporize any given enemy after sufficient bombardment to their molecular bonds. #BecauseScience
Keep in mind, the energy source the weapons use is nuclear fusion, i.e. Fusion cells/ Mirco fusion cells. Imagine the amount of energy stored in each cell, and how many times you can shoot from that cell. Like the laser musket in Fallout 4, you can use up to (I think) 6 fusion cells per shot, which would mean one shot would instantly deplete 6 cells...
walking around with a pocket-sized reactor is probably not very healthy on the reproductive bits of those wandering about the wastelands looking for less waste landy places to live
of course, with liquid water you also have to expend additional energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the dipoles. that's why water is such a good heatsink
I think you mean disintegration when breaking covalent bonds. vaporization implies the water is turned to steam, which requires far less energy (~4.2 kJ/mol) than breaking the H-O bonds
It would technically take 920 kJ to split one mole of water into separate oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but these recombine automatically into dioxygen and dihydrogen, and these transformations bring energy. If you take them into account, it takes "only" 241 kJ to split one mole of water. Great video though !
:D it was funny at the end , but there is a lot of meanings in this "war never changes" ... doesn't matter what is the war .. swords or nuclear , its all about killing people ..... thats never changes ... and this is so true ... every time I heard this my skin crawl ^^
![Diggy Graves - Red Vineyard [Official Lyric Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/8Ro085T0mnQ/mqdefault.jpg)
"War Never Changes" doesn't refer to how wars are fought. War never changes, because in the end, war is people killing people. Whether you use a flint spear or an atom bomb is irrelevant. In other words, the way we fight wars change, but war itself never changes.
Shalashaska9mm I always thought that the outcome of the war and how it started is the thing that doesn't change
peace is NOT a possibility
correct..........however if we build drones, and use the drones to do the fighting, well then war changes right? people dont die just machines....then ofc if the drones are ai then we will have skynet, then war never changes lol just gets worse
I learned something from Thor today. Awesome
+PikePiegal you learned something wrong....
+PikePiegal Thor, Thor never changes.
+PikePiegal oh
+Shawn Man X Well, except when he slams his cane into the ground.
Thor.........Thor never changes.......
Since there's a big ol' pile of glowing ash left over, I don't think it's really disintegration. I think it's more likely a combustion process, which may just take a little push to set off an exothermic chain reaction using the body itself as fuel. That would also explain why it doesn't always happen even though the output of energy is seemingly uniform. On the other hand, it's a video game.
+IVIegadude I've always thought the same, myself; it's not so much disintegration as it is instantaneous combustion. Of course... That still doesn't explain just what the hell happens when you gooify someone with a plasma based weapon.
Since the pile is glowing I don't think it's any form of combustion, whether complete or incomplete.
Jozef Brudnicki Why is that? You've never put out a campfire and been left with glowing embers?
IVIegadude No I have but by glowing I'm assuming like a greenish glow.... Combustion reactions don't ever produce something like that, in fact the only solids and liquids they'll ever produce are carbon(which is the ash) and water vapour that will cool.
+Jozef Brudnicki wel ash is not realy carbon its mostly minerals and stuff. when you burn wood completly al the carbon gets turned into carbondioxide and what remains is mostly inflamable residue and salts.
you do not need to break the bond to vaporize the definition of vapor is water in a physical state of gas. the change is physical not chemical
yup but water vapor would stay inside and just warm the body just like a microwave. You'd be cooking them.
+Ahmed-Urock elBadaoui If all the water in your body turned to steam, every cell in your body would burst and you would explode into a pile of goop.
Which is what happens with plasma weapons. SCIENCE!
As usual they need to freshen up their Chemistry....
you convince the elements that are bonded together that they would be better off on their own and cause them to have a huge argument with lots of screaming at each other and slammed doors
But what if the vaporization is, rather, VAPOR-ization? How much energy would it take to create a laser (or magnetically bottled ball of plasma) that could boil off all the water in a body, a-la a Martian Heat Ray? Wouldn't that also create a pile of ash? Or what about just straight up combustion? How much energy would it take to push the combustion reaction fast enough for 'instant' ash-piles?
+Earthenfist I tried this. Maybe 142 million Joules to bring all the water in your body to a boil and then to transform it into vapor.
+Kyle Hill That seems a more reasonable quantity. By which I mean it's still ri-ding-dang-diculous how much that is and I would never, EVER want to exert that much mechanically, but it's considerably less.
+Earthenfist It does not matter. The act of boiling the water in the body would cause it to explode. There would be no ask pile just guts all over the place.
+Earthenfist Technically no, it wouldn't create an ash pile. The act of "boiling" it would cause enormous pain and blisters etc.. over the entire body with "steam" literally rising out of the skin; and then eventually after the water vapor has risen out of the skin (some of it might get trapped within the skin and literally INFLATE you like a balloon actually lol) it would eventually just create a dry corpse with the skin and remaining muscle tissues etc.. shriveled up and tightened to the bone. Basically it would make you into a literal Mummy; fully preserved and shriveled just like any mummy you see at a museum.
xXDarkxIdealsXx
True enough there- but is there a point where so much energy is going in so rapidly that it's more explosive or, well, rapid.
What if the disintegration effect we see in the game isn't the vaporization of all the water in the body, but since it only happens every once in a while and sometimes only after multiple shots maybe it's some kind of chemical reaction that causes the staggered combustion of all the hydro carbons in a persons body and the resulting heat causes the water to boil off. if that where the case the effect we see would be largely fueled by chemical energy and the power output of the handheld laser weapons would be far more believable.
like a microwave and burning a hotdog
+MrGochira He did a video on lava's effect on the body, and that goes well with your idea. The energy emitted is enough evaporate all water in the body, and the rest is easily turned to smolders. Separating the bonds is overkill.
This reminds me of when gametheory wasn't clickbait
lol
True fam
Word.
+"Once There Was An Ugly Barnacle, He Was SO Ugly That Everyone Died, the end" -Patrick Pinhead Star game theory is shit. mat says that Jurassic Park is impossible in one video, then says it's possible in his other channel. he even made autistic videos about Star Fox. I can't help feeling that most of his problem will be resolved if he actually asks for other people's opinion on his script before making his videos
+"Once There Was An Ugly Barnacle, He Was SO Ugly That Everyone Died, the end" -Patrick Pinhead Star yeah some of them just think they smart when they don't so their video is ugly too
I'm sure someone has already mentioned that, but what he has calculated is the energy required to ATOMISE all water in a person. To VAPORISE water you just need to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction that the molecules exert on each other (due to polarity of the water molecules which results in partial electrostatic charges on oxygen and hydrogen atoms). But still cool video :)
What is being described is not vaporisation energy, but ionisation energy. Ionisation is the breaking of chemical bonds to produce the component ions, which would be 2H+ and O2-. Viewing the disintegration effects as I have in the last few days, I would not disagree with you if you told me that it was an ionisation process, but only vaporisation is required in truth; vaporisation being the overcoming of intermolecular bonds, not ionic bonds. Assuming room temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, the 53 kg of water in the average person's body needs to rise 80 degrees Celsius/Kelvin. Water has a heat capacity of 4.18 J/K/g, meaning that for every gram of water you need 4.18 J to rise it's temperature by one degree (this is where the calorie comes from). 53,000 g, 80 degrees, that comes out to roughly 18 megajoules. Which is roughly the same amount of energy as would be expended by walking 100 kilometres.
Of course, that's your average Raider. Super Mutants or Synths, on the other hand...
Ionization is what is required to knock electrons off of a molecule or atom. He's talking about bond dissociation energies, here which are much stronger. And which...yeah...is still not vaporization, so...wamp wamp.
I just would like to know how to write backwards perfectly like that! like holy shit!
It's actually not that hard! I'm not trying to be cheeky but really if you sat down and practiced at it its pretty easy to pick up... I had to do it for a college presentation and was expecting t to be really hard but I picked it up pretty quickly
omg they flip the video, he writes normal
zomg spoiler, it's done in post.
+Sick Nature are you talking about yourself?
+Seth Hall if they flipped the video is mouth wouldn't be synced with his arm he writes backwards
I never understood how he was writing in these videos. If it's on a clear sheet of glass, it would appear backwards to the camera and he writes too naturally for him to be writing backwards.
+thedreadedzero Well, don't know if they do it, but it's the most likely :P
He just writes on the glass like he normally would and the footage captured is just inverted in the editing process :)
+AgentBO Check the text on the markers. You'll need to watch it slowed down in HD. You'll see you're right.
Kyle is made of science MAGIC.
+Nerdist Science magic? Did he cringe at this? lol
*****
Not everyone realizes that men's shirt buttons are on the right and women's are on the left, nor do they know the reason for that.
War doesn't change the weapons, warfare, and tactics change.
Going back to war, war is a conflict between different nations or states or different groups. So the premise in war doesn't change because it's still about being superior over the other nations or states or different groups weather it be armed or verbaly
I remember seeing a 1 MW laser pistol. it fired a high energy laser for a fraction of a second. at it's current power it could punch through some styrofoam. fallout laser weapons work similarly, firing high energy lasers for only a fraction of a second.
Hey Grognak started making videos about Fallout
His new name is Grognak the Educated
Atomic Robo Tesla Thorgnak smoaks, it brings all of his lookalikes into one name
Brandon Scales We have achieved Grognak's true form! He is now the perfect man! Behold his magnificence!
I have a possible video idea for you: Star Trek went into detail (sort of) about Romulan ships and how they use harnessed artificial singularities as a power source. How would one go about harnessing such a thing and what would the energy levels be?
Great series, by the way. I'm thoroughly enjoying it.
I love these videos so much. I love seeing people get so excited over science, and interesting science. It makes me remember why I took a chemistry undergrad and why I'm struggling through the special hell that is my PhD. Thank you so much for that.
And thank you for teaching me new things about everything! :)
+Katie Williams That was wonderful to hear, thank you
+Katie Williams Excuse me, but I am confused. When he describes breaking apart the bonds joining the water molecules together isn't he talking about water electrolisis? I ask because you seem to have the credentials to answer this question. Thanks.
+Katie Williams I always thought vaporization had more to do with raising the kinetic energy of water molecules to the point where they would "dissolve" into the air. So to speak.
How'd your PhD stuff go? What are you doing now?
November is Fallout month! Two more videos to come. Oh, and my save file is currently 39 hours.
You just melted my mind without the use of the damn energy gun. Thank you
Keep in mind that it's not normally a one shot kill and normally takes about 3 - 5 hits before someone becomes and ash pile which by the way doesn't happen a lot. So I guess that means fusion cells don't provide a fixed amount of energy, or the weapons using them don't draw the same amount (most likely) or that maybe more energy might be lost during the projectiles flight depending on how lucky you are.
This videos are so awesome! I do have a question; what if the guns weren't destroying atomic bonds, but they were destroying molecular bonds?
I always thought of "vaporisation" as "turning the other guy into vapor".
What you describe here sounds like atomic bond disruption to me.
Great video Kyle! Keep em coming!oh and like some of the others said... Maybe the laser sets off a chain reaction, using the body as fuel, somehow. That would also explain how a single shot with a small beam can set off the entire body + leaving a glowing pile of ash, as the mass is still burning as its turning into ash.love your videos! 😁
Could you reduce the energy requirements to one lightning bolt (equivalent) by only breaking one of the O+H bonds?
What about the explosive nature of O+H? Once you break down some part of the bonds, you might then leverage the O+H2 recombinations, reducing your over all energy requirement.
please Kyle, Warhammer 40k has taught me a laser rifle is not much better than a flashlight
+Field Marshal Fry the more i play fallout, the more i see warhammer inspiration
YOU AGAIN! WHERE DO POP OUT OF DAMNIT!
Jarrod Byrne
who, me?
+Field Marshal Fry what do you call a las rifle with a flashlight attachment
TWIN-LINKED
+naruto hatake I actually laughed out loud. The Emperor's holy Inquisition will get you for making mockery of the Imperium.
@Nerdist (Kyle Hill): I believe the statement of 'War Never changes' is more of a statement that there will always be war, and in war you will have death. So, while we may change how wars are fought; 'War', itself, 'Never Changes'
I find this series fun, I wish i had found it sooner.
I'm not sure if anyone pointed this out yet or not but vaporization simply means to take a sample of material and change its state of matter to gas. This means you need only provide enough energy to allow all molecules to move freely relative to other molecules (i.e. ice or liquid water would need to become water vapor or steam). There's no inherent requirement of forcing the decomposition of water into it's components of hydrogen and oxygen, though I'd imagine some water decomposition simply due to the rate at which energy is transferred. Also, how much energy would simply be reflected?
I always assumed the nature of Fallout's energy weapons caused some kind of chain reaction.
yeah a molecular reaction that produces ash would make more sense than carrying around what is effectively a non radioactive highly focused nuclear bomb ,also it might just be game mechanics and in reality it would just be a hole punched clean thru the enemy. not so good for large 'meaty' targets but good for 'armoured' targets that would be harder to crack otherwise
I mentioned this ashing effect at the first sight. It would be more realistic if the bodies will disrupt in several pieces.
That was the most dissapointing moment in F4 except for time scaling problems.
I've been watching a lot of videos by you guys (or guy, I'm not sure how many people's effort go into these videos) so I figured I'd subscribe. Great videos man idk how you learned to right backwards so smoothly but I gotta give you props...and a like. I'll be back!
5:09 - Microfusion cells are more.
Bethesda "streamlined" the various energy weapon ammo into "fusion cells," though Gatling Lasers use "fusion cores."
I don't think to "vaporize" a complex pile of molecules we necessarily mean "break all the bonds" (seems like the water would just immediately re-form anyway). I think we mostly mean boil off all the water and burn everything that's left to ash or excite the remaining whole molecules to a gas (a fine mist will do), which ever comes first. Boiling off all the water would be quite sufficient although much messier.
You should cover the science behind power armor soon! That would be most awesome Kyle Hill. (Yoda Voice) Power armor, explain you should.
I had no idea that the 3 amps to separate h2o would scale up so much for only 18g of water. Thanks again for a great video Kyle
Correction (or confusion on my part):
At 2:23, Kyle says that in order to vaporize water, you have to break both O-H bonds.
Here, vaporization merely means BOILING the water. As we all know, water boils at 100 degrees C.
From chemistry class, we know that boiling the water means breaking the bonds of the IMFs, or Intermolecular Forces. In water, because it is comprised of O-H bonds, two water molecules exert Hydrogen Bonds between them. However, hydrogen bonds are NOT ACTUAL COVALENT BONDS.
Kyle is talking about breaking the ACTUAL covalent bonds between the Oxygens and Hydrogens, thus creating separate atoms, but we know this ISN'T true, since boiling water creates water VAPOR (in the form of gaseous H20), not H+ and O2- ions.
What "bonds" we are actually breaking are merely FORCES exerted between two hydrogens on adjacent water molecules.
Just thought I'd point that out since I'm studying AP Chemistry...I believe that the actual energy needed will be much less, in that case, or a clarification will be needed if the numbers are, indeed, correct.
Why do you need to break the water molecules? Correct me if I'm wrong but to "vaporise" something it's enough to just heat it above its boiling point fast enough or to burn it completly so you are left with gases only .
Question,when splitting water molecules, you can use electrolysis. Does that take the same amount of energy
What if it just melts everything in them that's a solid, and boils everything that's a liquid. It would only need the energy of the average upwards faze change and 1atm (we fan assume) times the mass of the human body, or, well the behomoth body.
Plasma weapons seem to work like that. And laser weapons are not applying energy that breaks bonds they are just applying heat.
please do the science behind power armour like the amount of energy it takes to run how much force is exerted an so on
I feel like I'm missing something. The video starts out on the subject of "vaporizing" a human, but then all of the calculations are based on splitting water molecules into the base oxygen and hydrogen. However, water can be vaporized without splitting it into its component elements (and with a lot less energy). While I enjoyed the math and the calculations in this video, it seemed rather superfluous because once you consider the actual enthalpy of vaporization of water (roughly 40 kJ/mol in comparison to the 460 kJ/mol to split the covalent bonds of the molecules themselves), it seems obvious that a body would boil (water molecules vaporizing into a gaseous state) long before there would be any splitting of the molecules themselves.
This maybe a dumb question but what if the amount of energy from the energy weapon is only needed to break down the FIRST atomic bond? could the weapons be designed in a manner that it only needs to break apart the first bond and the others break down in a chain reaction? Normally in fallout you see the person start to break apart in a split second. The arms then legs and body but not so much ALL at once.
Dude, you were MADE for this kind of stuff! God bless you
I have to agree with a lot of the commenters on the state-change reaction - but I also need to point out that Hydroxide gas is HO, a single hydrogen oxygen pair that quickly reacts with CO2 to create bicarbonate ions, meaning to vaporize water into a gas you only need to break ONE hydrogen oxygen bond per molecule (you only need to break both if you want to separate the hydroxide gas) resulting in the creation of bicarbonate ions from atmospheric CO2 reaction to hydroxide gas, and hydrogen gas, as well as halving the total energy required.
This guy is definitely my favorite person on this channel
Regardless of how we interpret the "disintegration" or "gooification" the energy requirement would be extraordinary.
Still getting zapped by lightning would be quite... electrifying.
1:03 ahhhh.... The memories
I want to show this to my chem professor, so maybe he will make class a bit more exciting than "legs on a spider", and experiments about water vapor pressure.
War never changes is more philosophical, than practical sentence. Yeah, war technically not happening the same way as before, but the reasons behind war, humanity haven't changed. Greed for power and wealth and aggression collides in death and destruction.
It's also mostly a critical hit when it vaporizes the target. So more damage and energy. To vaporize the enemy.
What I want to know is where does the energy come from, how can it be generated? I would like to see a video explaining that please :)
You would need a lot less energy than you think as you'd only need enough energy to quickly evaporate the water content and the residual heat from the interaction would now immolate what is left of the body.
Also wouldn't energy weapons have the same side effect of lightsaber contact so every hit on a person would cause a steam explosion?
I remember Star Trek TOS they were vaporizing people left and right. What could they have done with all that surplus energy if they just turned down the phasers? In one episode called "The Omega Glory" Capt. Ronald Tracey had the stones to ask Kirk for weapons and then he vaporized Kirk's redshirt! And Tracy gets upset when he runs out of ammunition fending off a primitive tribe of Yangs. Maybe if he limited his phasers setting he wouldn't had been captured by the tribe.
so, how does the material these weapons are made of still maintain their molecular structure after multiple firings and constant usage in field conditions? and how does the person using the weapon survive the amount of heat such a discharge would produce?
OK that covers turning you into Ash, but what about Liquefying a body that (Plasma weapons) do??
Kyle, stupid question, but isn't there energy being released when atom are being split? That would potentially assist in vaporizing the rest, building up exponentially, thereby reducing the total amount of energy needed from an outside source.
Or am I just totally wrong? It has been a while since I had my last physics lesson
"War never changes" is a metaphor for the events that happen after the bombs. The only difference is instead of running around with rating and sticks, it's pipe guns
In french, the line is "La guerre ne meurt jamais" (war never dies) which actually makes so much more sense..
"War totally changes. Because science."
That's not what "War never changes" means. When they (and by 'they', I mean the great Ron Perlman and some schlub nobody ever heard of until a few months ago) say war never changes, they mean the concept of war. Sure, the technology may change, the sides, players, cultures may shift, but war itself, the reasons for war, the horror, the destruction...THAT never changes.
calm down. dont cry yourself to sleep, it wasn't a serious statement. xD
Hey dude, just gotta mention, you don't need to break the bonds of water to vaporise it, water molecules can be turned to steam (which can be seen rising from ashy remains) for a lot less energy
Holy smoke! just realized that this is a legit Chemistry class on youtube, and i just finished the whole video without noticing what i just learnt, wow, this is crazy, should be what our future education tunes like!!! Thumb up for your work,Nerdist !!!
doesn't vaporization just mean to quickly turn something in to a gas?
That's sublimation.
If only my chemistry and physics classes were this engaging and intriguing.
Wouldn't you just have to gasify all of the molecules to vaporize (turn to vapor) an enemy? For the water, you would have to bring it to only 100˚C. What you described is turning the person to plasma as opposed to gas (vapor). It would still take a ridiculous amount of energy, but not nearly as much.
Also, I want to mention the crank laser. What it looks like is a HeNe laser (Helium-Neon), which has a glass tube with a visible red beam inside and could conceivably be powered by a hand-crank generator. The only issue is that HeNe lasers are about as powerful as a decent laser pointer (5mw or so), making it useless as a weapon.
The idea in the statement 'War never Changes' is not about the method of going to war (atomic weapons vs swords and shields) but WHY people go to war.
So that explains why the musket rifle with the 6 crank shot sounds like a lightning bolt.
Separating the bonds in a water molecule isn't the same as boiling water. That would be roughly 4,000 joules per kilogram, or roughly 400,000 joules to boil a kilogram of water.
I was waiting for you to talk the duration of vaporization. or how long you spent vaporizing the raider, thus reducing how much energy would be required from the weapon. Think of electrolisis, those hydrogen oxygen bonds can be broken with very little wattage over a long time. I assume the figure you came up with would be instantaneous vaporization? follow up video explaining energy sources and this kinda stuff? Please!
you wouldnt need to break the bonds between oxigen and hydrogen to vaporize, just provide the energy for the heating up and phase transition of water to vapor
Maybe you should talk about the science in big hero 6 if you haven't already done so, it's pretty cool
So would I be correct in assuming that since that much heat would be coming out of the energy weapon that it would be lethal to the user of the weapon?
What about using the energy based weapons as a catalyst for the phenomenon of spontaneous combustion?
Doesn't the second O-H bond require a larger (increased) amount of EoE to break, as the bond has an increased polarity charge from the decrease in the dissemination of the Oxygen's electronegativity?
This is the best show on nerdist.
The whole point of "War never changes" is that the OUTCOME of War never changes: Death and Destruction, desolation and rebuilding. It doesn't matter how it is achieved, the outcome is always the same.
Kyle good day. I have been wondering if it's possible to actually create a plasma weapon, cause in my understanding it should be way to heave to even try to handle.
the enthalpy of vaporization is only the enthalpy of phase change, not breaking the bods of molecules.
You talked about fallout weapons and food but what about medicine like Medx Stimpacks Mentats Psycho Addictol Radx Radaway Daddyo Xcell and such medicines effects when diluted
you forget: the energy to break a covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen increases after the first hydrogen has been stripped away. so the amount of energy is even higher than what is stated in this video.
At pulsed laser energy levels that would not break the hydrogen/oxygen bonds, a chunk of you would get pulped from a steam explosion as the water in your body near the beam's point of impact flash boiled before you were set alight, basically leaving you with a lightly singed hole in your body instead of setting you on fire or causing vaporization. Setting someone on fire with a lower-powered but continuous beam would be your best bet to actually turn someone into ash without requiring the power of two average lightning bolts to completely atomize them near-instantaneously.
hay i had an idea of how it could be done with less energy. you could evaporate all the water from a person body and then vaporize the rest. would this take less energy or more?
Kyle, you forgot to take into account that not every shot vaporizes your opponent, suggesting that the energy fired from the weapon may or may not be derived from an unstable source, namely the ages old microfusion cells that have been exposed to 200+ years of weathering and decay. While a brand new cell may theoretically produce that many kJ per shot, note that not every enemy is vaporized when killed. Perhaps critical shots, however, deliver a large enough "dose" (for lack of a better word) due to the cells' unstable nature to vaporize any given enemy after sufficient bombardment to their molecular bonds. #BecauseScience
Keep in mind, the energy source the weapons use is nuclear fusion, i.e. Fusion cells/ Mirco fusion cells. Imagine the amount of energy stored in each cell, and how many times you can shoot from that cell. Like the laser musket in Fallout 4, you can use up to (I think) 6 fusion cells per shot, which would mean one shot would instantly deplete 6 cells...
walking around with a pocket-sized reactor is probably not very healthy on the reproductive bits of those wandering about the wastelands looking for less waste landy places to live
I feel reproductive problems would be the last of their worries...
Why not look at that it turns the water content of the body into water vapor? Then it's a heat aspect, with leftover material smoldering
i thought vapourising just referred to changing something state to a gas not breaking the bonds within molecules
First time watching this guy... subbed
It's not how war changes but the facts that we as humans never stop causing and fighting in war
of course, with liquid water you also have to expend additional energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the dipoles. that's why water is such a good heatsink
I think you mean disintegration when breaking covalent bonds. vaporization implies the water is turned to steam, which requires far less energy (~4.2 kJ/mol) than breaking the H-O bonds
It would technically take 920 kJ to split one mole of water into separate oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but these recombine automatically into dioxygen and dihydrogen, and these transformations bring energy. If you take them into account, it takes "only" 241 kJ to split one mole of water.
Great video though !
can you do a video on the possiblity of power armor like fallout
Dude, in your S.P.E.C.I.A.L tree, your Intelligence must be a 10.
You've made science cool :)
+Jaco Bronkhorst Thanks you so much! (And in my current Fallout 4 run, it is at 10.)
+Jaco Bronkhorst he made science wrong
His charisma is like 7.... At most
+[TGR] Clockwork He can just drink some booze
Actually his intelligence would be closer to 7 and his charisma would be 9 or 10.
So that accounts for the water in the person, but what about their equipment and armor?
:D it was funny at the end , but there is a lot of meanings in this "war never changes" ... doesn't matter what is the war .. swords or nuclear , its all about killing people ..... thats never changes ... and this is so true ... every time I heard this my skin crawl ^^
3:40 his face w/o image mirroring
The way we fight war's advances but the concept, the reasons we fight Never changes.
Nice way to brush up on my gen Chem during summer haha
Kyle, just curious... ¿how do you draw in the air so that the camera notices? ¿do you see the stuff you draw? duuude this got me thinking...
Do an episode of if a mole-rat is a mutated mole or a mutated rat.
love your work by the way
Is the science pretty different for the gooification caused by the plasma casting weapons in the fallout games?
in the sense that war is people killing each other, at that basic level war doesn't change, but the way we fight wars does...