How Powerful Are FALLOUT 4’S Energy Weapons? (Because Science w/ Kyle Hill)
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- Опубликовано: 11 ноя 2015
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Fallout 4 is full of awesome weapons, but some of the most powerful ones are the energy weapons. But just how powerful are they to be able to disintegrate things? Kyle changes life in the vault on this week's Because Science!
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Artist: Andrew Bowser
Learn more:
• So you’re ready to vaporize a human: nerdi.st/1MS2VGb
• Complete vaporization of a human body: nerdi.st/1kkGE7t 
Развлечения
"War Never Changes" doesn't refer to how wars are fought. War never changes, because in the end, war is people killing people. Whether you use a flint spear or an atom bomb is irrelevant. In other words, the way we fight wars change, but war itself never changes.
Shalashaska9mm I always thought that the outcome of the war and how it started is the thing that doesn't change
peace is NOT a possibility
correct..........however if we build drones, and use the drones to do the fighting, well then war changes right? people dont die just machines....then ofc if the drones are ai then we will have skynet, then war never changes lol just gets worse
I learned something from Thor today. Awesome
+PikePiegal you learned something wrong....
+PikePiegal Thor, Thor never changes.
+Shawn Man X That was too funny.
+PikePiegal oh
+Shawn Man X Well, except when he slams his cane into the ground.
This reminds me of when gametheory wasn't clickbait
lol
True fam
Word.
+"Once There Was An Ugly Barnacle, He Was SO Ugly That Everyone Died, the end" -Patrick Pinhead Star game theory is shit. mat says that Jurassic Park is impossible in one video, then says it's possible in his other channel. he even made autistic videos about Star Fox. I can't help feeling that most of his problem will be resolved if he actually asks for other people's opinion on his script before making his videos
+"Once There Was An Ugly Barnacle, He Was SO Ugly That Everyone Died, the end" -Patrick Pinhead Star yeah some of them just think they smart when they don't so their video is ugly too
you do not need to break the bond to vaporize the definition of vapor is water in a physical state of gas. the change is physical not chemical
yup but water vapor would stay inside and just warm the body just like a microwave. You'd be cooking them.
+Ahmed-Urock elBadaoui If all the water in your body turned to steam, every cell in your body would burst and you would explode into a pile of goop.
Which is what happens with plasma weapons. SCIENCE!
As usual they need to freshen up their Chemistry....
you convince the elements that are bonded together that they would be better off on their own and cause them to have a huge argument with lots of screaming at each other and slammed doors
Since there's a big ol' pile of glowing ash left over, I don't think it's really disintegration. I think it's more likely a combustion process, which may just take a little push to set off an exothermic chain reaction using the body itself as fuel. That would also explain why it doesn't always happen even though the output of energy is seemingly uniform. On the other hand, it's a video game.
+IVIegadude I've always thought the same, myself; it's not so much disintegration as it is instantaneous combustion. Of course... That still doesn't explain just what the hell happens when you gooify someone with a plasma based weapon.
Since the pile is glowing I don't think it's any form of combustion, whether complete or incomplete.
Jozef Brudnicki Why is that? You've never put out a campfire and been left with glowing embers?
IVIegadude No I have but by glowing I'm assuming like a greenish glow.... Combustion reactions don't ever produce something like that, in fact the only solids and liquids they'll ever produce are carbon(which is the ash) and water vapour that will cool.
+Jozef Brudnicki wel ash is not realy carbon its mostly minerals and stuff. when you burn wood completly al the carbon gets turned into carbondioxide and what remains is mostly inflamable residue and salts.
What if the disintegration effect we see in the game isn't the vaporization of all the water in the body, but since it only happens every once in a while and sometimes only after multiple shots maybe it's some kind of chemical reaction that causes the staggered combustion of all the hydro carbons in a persons body and the resulting heat causes the water to boil off. if that where the case the effect we see would be largely fueled by chemical energy and the power output of the handheld laser weapons would be far more believable.
like a microwave and burning a hotdog
+MrGochira He did a video on lava's effect on the body, and that goes well with your idea. The energy emitted is enough evaporate all water in the body, and the rest is easily turned to smolders. Separating the bonds is overkill.
November is Fallout month! Two more videos to come. Oh, and my save file is currently 39 hours.
I just would like to know how to write backwards perfectly like that! like holy shit!
It's actually not that hard! I'm not trying to be cheeky but really if you sat down and practiced at it its pretty easy to pick up... I had to do it for a college presentation and was expecting t to be really hard but I picked it up pretty quickly
omg they flip the video, he writes normal
zomg spoiler, it's done in post.
+Sick Nature are you talking about yourself?
+Seth Hall if they flipped the video is mouth wouldn't be synced with his arm he writes backwards
But what if the vaporization is, rather, VAPOR-ization? How much energy would it take to create a laser (or magnetically bottled ball of plasma) that could boil off all the water in a body, a-la a Martian Heat Ray? Wouldn't that also create a pile of ash? Or what about just straight up combustion? How much energy would it take to push the combustion reaction fast enough for 'instant' ash-piles?
+Earthenfist I tried this. Maybe 142 million Joules to bring all the water in your body to a boil and then to transform it into vapor.
+Kyle Hill That seems a more reasonable quantity. By which I mean it's still ri-ding-dang-diculous how much that is and I would never, EVER want to exert that much mechanically, but it's considerably less.
+Earthenfist It does not matter. The act of boiling the water in the body would cause it to explode. There would be no ask pile just guts all over the place.
+Earthenfist Technically no, it wouldn't create an ash pile. The act of "boiling" it would cause enormous pain and blisters etc.. over the entire body with "steam" literally rising out of the skin; and then eventually after the water vapor has risen out of the skin (some of it might get trapped within the skin and literally INFLATE you like a balloon actually lol) it would eventually just create a dry corpse with the skin and remaining muscle tissues etc.. shriveled up and tightened to the bone. Basically it would make you into a literal Mummy; fully preserved and shriveled just like any mummy you see at a museum.
xXDarkxIdealsXx
True enough there- but is there a point where so much energy is going in so rapidly that it's more explosive or, well, rapid.
I never understood how he was writing in these videos. If it's on a clear sheet of glass, it would appear backwards to the camera and he writes too naturally for him to be writing backwards.
+thedreadedzero Well, don't know if they do it, but it's the most likely :P
He just writes on the glass like he normally would and the footage captured is just inverted in the editing process :)
+AgentBO Check the text on the markers. You'll need to watch it slowed down in HD. You'll see you're right.
Kyle is made of science MAGIC.
+Nerdist Science magic? Did he cringe at this? lol
*****
Not everyone realizes that men's shirt buttons are on the right and women's are on the left, nor do they know the reason for that.
I remember seeing a 1 MW laser pistol. it fired a high energy laser for a fraction of a second. at it's current power it could punch through some styrofoam. fallout laser weapons work similarly, firing high energy lasers for only a fraction of a second.
You just melted my mind without the use of the damn energy gun. Thank you
I'm sure someone has already mentioned that, but what he has calculated is the energy required to ATOMISE all water in a person. To VAPORISE water you just need to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction that the molecules exert on each other (due to polarity of the water molecules which results in partial electrostatic charges on oxygen and hydrogen atoms). But still cool video :)
Hey Grognak started making videos about Fallout
His new name is Grognak the Educated
Atomic Robo Tesla Thorgnak smoaks, it brings all of his lookalikes into one name
Brandon Scales We have achieved Grognak's true form! He is now the perfect man! Behold his magnificence!
War doesn't change the weapons, warfare, and tactics change.
Going back to war, war is a conflict between different nations or states or different groups. So the premise in war doesn't change because it's still about being superior over the other nations or states or different groups weather it be armed or verbaly
I always thought of "vaporisation" as "turning the other guy into vapor".
What you describe here sounds like atomic bond disruption to me.
What is being described is not vaporisation energy, but ionisation energy. Ionisation is the breaking of chemical bonds to produce the component ions, which would be 2H+ and O2-. Viewing the disintegration effects as I have in the last few days, I would not disagree with you if you told me that it was an ionisation process, but only vaporisation is required in truth; vaporisation being the overcoming of intermolecular bonds, not ionic bonds. Assuming room temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, the 53 kg of water in the average person's body needs to rise 80 degrees Celsius/Kelvin. Water has a heat capacity of 4.18 J/K/g, meaning that for every gram of water you need 4.18 J to rise it's temperature by one degree (this is where the calorie comes from). 53,000 g, 80 degrees, that comes out to roughly 18 megajoules. Which is roughly the same amount of energy as would be expended by walking 100 kilometres.
Of course, that's your average Raider. Super Mutants or Synths, on the other hand...
Ionization is what is required to knock electrons off of a molecule or atom. He's talking about bond dissociation energies, here which are much stronger. And which...yeah...is still not vaporization, so...wamp wamp.
I have a possible video idea for you: Star Trek went into detail (sort of) about Romulan ships and how they use harnessed artificial singularities as a power source. How would one go about harnessing such a thing and what would the energy levels be?
Great series, by the way. I'm thoroughly enjoying it.
I always assumed the nature of Fallout's energy weapons caused some kind of chain reaction.
yeah a molecular reaction that produces ash would make more sense than carrying around what is effectively a non radioactive highly focused nuclear bomb ,also it might just be game mechanics and in reality it would just be a hole punched clean thru the enemy. not so good for large 'meaty' targets but good for 'armoured' targets that would be harder to crack otherwise
please Kyle, Warhammer 40k has taught me a laser rifle is not much better than a flashlight
+Field Marshal Fry the more i play fallout, the more i see warhammer inspiration
YOU AGAIN! WHERE DO POP OUT OF DAMNIT!
Jarrod Byrne
who, me?
+Field Marshal Fry what do you call a las rifle with a flashlight attachment
TWIN-LINKED
+naruto hatake I actually laughed out loud. The Emperor's holy Inquisition will get you for making mockery of the Imperium.
Keep in mind that it's not normally a one shot kill and normally takes about 3 - 5 hits before someone becomes and ash pile which by the way doesn't happen a lot. So I guess that means fusion cells don't provide a fixed amount of energy, or the weapons using them don't draw the same amount (most likely) or that maybe more energy might be lost during the projectiles flight depending on how lucky you are.
I love these videos so much. I love seeing people get so excited over science, and interesting science. It makes me remember why I took a chemistry undergrad and why I'm struggling through the special hell that is my PhD. Thank you so much for that.
And thank you for teaching me new things about everything! :)
+Katie Williams That was wonderful to hear, thank you
+Katie Williams Excuse me, but I am confused. When he describes breaking apart the bonds joining the water molecules together isn't he talking about water electrolisis? I ask because you seem to have the credentials to answer this question. Thanks.
+Katie Williams I always thought vaporization had more to do with raising the kinetic energy of water molecules to the point where they would "dissolve" into the air. So to speak.
How'd your PhD stuff go? What are you doing now?
This videos are so awesome! I do have a question; what if the guns weren't destroying atomic bonds, but they were destroying molecular bonds?
Great video Kyle! Keep em coming!oh and like some of the others said... Maybe the laser sets off a chain reaction, using the body as fuel, somehow. That would also explain how a single shot with a small beam can set off the entire body + leaving a glowing pile of ash, as the mass is still burning as its turning into ash.love your videos! 😁
I've been watching a lot of videos by you guys (or guy, I'm not sure how many people's effort go into these videos) so I figured I'd subscribe. Great videos man idk how you learned to right backwards so smoothly but I gotta give you props...and a like. I'll be back!
@Nerdist (Kyle Hill): I believe the statement of 'War Never changes' is more of a statement that there will always be war, and in war you will have death. So, while we may change how wars are fought; 'War', itself, 'Never Changes'
I find this series fun, I wish i had found it sooner.
Regardless of how we interpret the "disintegration" or "gooification" the energy requirement would be extraordinary.
Still getting zapped by lightning would be quite... electrifying.
Proposal for future episode: the leap of faith from the Assassin's Creed series. Just how much hay would be required to fully cushion the fall of a 200 pound man diving three stories to the ground?
I had no idea that the 3 amps to separate h2o would scale up so much for only 18g of water. Thanks again for a great video Kyle
5:09 - Microfusion cells are more.
Bethesda "streamlined" the various energy weapon ammo into "fusion cells," though Gatling Lasers use "fusion cores."
Dude, you were MADE for this kind of stuff! God bless you
I want to show this to my chem professor, so maybe he will make class a bit more exciting than "legs on a spider", and experiments about water vapor pressure.
1:03 ahhhh.... The memories
love your work by the way
This guy is definitely my favorite person on this channel
I'm not sure if anyone pointed this out yet or not but vaporization simply means to take a sample of material and change its state of matter to gas. This means you need only provide enough energy to allow all molecules to move freely relative to other molecules (i.e. ice or liquid water would need to become water vapor or steam). There's no inherent requirement of forcing the decomposition of water into it's components of hydrogen and oxygen, though I'd imagine some water decomposition simply due to the rate at which energy is transferred. Also, how much energy would simply be reflected?
In french, the line is "La guerre ne meurt jamais" (war never dies) which actually makes so much more sense..
Could you reduce the energy requirements to one lightning bolt (equivalent) by only breaking one of the O+H bonds?
What about the explosive nature of O+H? Once you break down some part of the bonds, you might then leverage the O+H2 recombinations, reducing your over all energy requirement.
I don't think to "vaporize" a complex pile of molecules we necessarily mean "break all the bonds" (seems like the water would just immediately re-form anyway). I think we mostly mean boil off all the water and burn everything that's left to ash or excite the remaining whole molecules to a gas (a fine mist will do), which ever comes first. Boiling off all the water would be quite sufficient although much messier.
It's not how war changes but the facts that we as humans never stop causing and fighting in war
please do the science behind power armour like the amount of energy it takes to run how much force is exerted an so on
You should cover the science behind power armor soon! That would be most awesome Kyle Hill. (Yoda Voice) Power armor, explain you should.
If only my chemistry and physics classes were this engaging and intriguing.
"War never changes" is a metaphor for the events that happen after the bombs. The only difference is instead of running around with rating and sticks, it's pipe guns
Nice way to brush up on my gen Chem during summer haha
So that explains why the musket rifle with the 6 crank shot sounds like a lightning bolt.
I mentioned this ashing effect at the first sight. It would be more realistic if the bodies will disrupt in several pieces.
That was the most dissapointing moment in F4 except for time scaling problems.
Question,when splitting water molecules, you can use electrolysis. Does that take the same amount of energy
The way we fight war's advances but the concept, the reasons we fight Never changes.
The idea in the statement 'War never Changes' is not about the method of going to war (atomic weapons vs swords and shields) but WHY people go to war.
The whole point of "War never changes" is that the OUTCOME of War never changes: Death and Destruction, desolation and rebuilding. It doesn't matter how it is achieved, the outcome is always the same.
I have to agree with a lot of the commenters on the state-change reaction - but I also need to point out that Hydroxide gas is HO, a single hydrogen oxygen pair that quickly reacts with CO2 to create bicarbonate ions, meaning to vaporize water into a gas you only need to break ONE hydrogen oxygen bond per molecule (you only need to break both if you want to separate the hydroxide gas) resulting in the creation of bicarbonate ions from atmospheric CO2 reaction to hydroxide gas, and hydrogen gas, as well as halving the total energy required.
"War totally changes. Because science."
That's not what "War never changes" means. When they (and by 'they', I mean the great Ron Perlman and some schlub nobody ever heard of until a few months ago) say war never changes, they mean the concept of war. Sure, the technology may change, the sides, players, cultures may shift, but war itself, the reasons for war, the horror, the destruction...THAT never changes.
calm down. dont cry yourself to sleep, it wasn't a serious statement. xD
It's also mostly a critical hit when it vaporizes the target. So more damage and energy. To vaporize the enemy.
I remember Star Trek TOS they were vaporizing people left and right. What could they have done with all that surplus energy if they just turned down the phasers? In one episode called "The Omega Glory" Capt. Ronald Tracey had the stones to ask Kirk for weapons and then he vaporized Kirk's redshirt! And Tracy gets upset when he runs out of ammunition fending off a primitive tribe of Yangs. Maybe if he limited his phasers setting he wouldn't had been captured by the tribe.
I like that he works the out the math as he nerds
3:40 his face w/o image mirroring
doesn't vaporization just mean to quickly turn something in to a gas?
That's sublimation.
The methods of killing change. War itself doesn't change.
+Martin Drkoš War itself does change. The differences between say, a world war and a tribal war, are vast. Their aims are different, their flash points are different, and especially the repercussions due to the scale and impact of how different their methods. And then there are "cold" wars... Yup, war changes, quite a lot. But it doesn't make a for a cool opening cinematic to a game to try to explain that violence between humans is not the same thing as war.
+CanadianWolverine war (a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state.) never changes, and a "cold war" is not a real war (cold war -noun a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular.)
What I want to know is where does the energy come from, how can it be generated? I would like to see a video explaining that please :)
I would really like to see an episode of how deadly fallouts radioactivity would be 200 years after the war
Kyle, stupid question, but isn't there energy being released when atom are being split? That would potentially assist in vaporizing the rest, building up exponentially, thereby reducing the total amount of energy needed from an outside source.
Or am I just totally wrong? It has been a while since I had my last physics lesson
Holy smoke! just realized that this is a legit Chemistry class on youtube, and i just finished the whole video without noticing what i just learnt, wow, this is crazy, should be what our future education tunes like!!! Thumb up for your work,Nerdist !!!
the enthalpy of vaporization is only the enthalpy of phase change, not breaking the bods of molecules.
OK that covers turning you into Ash, but what about Liquefying a body that (Plasma weapons) do??
Separating the bonds in a water molecule isn't the same as boiling water. That would be roughly 4,000 joules per kilogram, or roughly 400,000 joules to boil a kilogram of water.
Maybe you should talk about the science in big hero 6 if you haven't already done so, it's pretty cool
I feel like I'm missing something. The video starts out on the subject of "vaporizing" a human, but then all of the calculations are based on splitting water molecules into the base oxygen and hydrogen. However, water can be vaporized without splitting it into its component elements (and with a lot less energy). While I enjoyed the math and the calculations in this video, it seemed rather superfluous because once you consider the actual enthalpy of vaporization of water (roughly 40 kJ/mol in comparison to the 460 kJ/mol to split the covalent bonds of the molecules themselves), it seems obvious that a body would boil (water molecules vaporizing into a gaseous state) long before there would be any splitting of the molecules themselves.
This is the best show on nerdist.
"Grams of the...stuff"
-Kyle Hill 2015
War doesn't change, just the style and fashion in which it plays out.
I like how this guy showed me basic chemistry in just 6 minutes, unlike my Chem teacher did in a month
Why do you need to break the water molecules? Correct me if I'm wrong but to "vaporise" something it's enough to just heat it above its boiling point fast enough or to burn it completly so you are left with gases only .
The vaporization process would be so fast and violent, the person effected would actually explode!
What if it just melts everything in them that's a solid, and boils everything that's a liquid. It would only need the energy of the average upwards faze change and 1atm (we fan assume) times the mass of the human body, or, well the behomoth body.
Plasma weapons seem to work like that. And laser weapons are not applying energy that breaks bonds they are just applying heat.
Hey dude, just gotta mention, you don't need to break the bonds of water to vaporise it, water molecules can be turned to steam (which can be seen rising from ashy remains) for a lot less energy
the phrase "war never changes" doesn't refer to how wars are fought, but the causes of them and the fact that they are consistently fought throughout history; and also refers to the effects and products of war (death, suffering, etc.)
i like your topics, and i learn stuff....like your really good at writing backwards
First time watching this guy... subbed
so, how does the material these weapons are made of still maintain their molecular structure after multiple firings and constant usage in field conditions? and how does the person using the weapon survive the amount of heat such a discharge would produce?
Dude you look like Thor. A really smart science Thor!
I really enjoy your vids. they're great. keep it up!
What about using the energy based weapons as a catalyst for the phenomenon of spontaneous combustion?
can you do a video on the possiblity of power armor like fallout
War never changes, however the way to conduct war definitely does
in the sense that war is people killing each other, at that basic level war doesn't change, but the way we fight wars does...
you forget: the energy to break a covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen increases after the first hydrogen has been stripped away. so the amount of energy is even higher than what is stated in this video.
War does change but the whole meaning never changes
War never changes is more philosophical, than practical sentence. Yeah, war technically not happening the same way as before, but the reasons behind war, humanity haven't changed. Greed for power and wealth and aggression collides in death and destruction.
so 2.42 jigawats
You would need a lot less energy than you think as you'd only need enough energy to quickly evaporate the water content and the residual heat from the interaction would now immolate what is left of the body.
Also wouldn't energy weapons have the same side effect of lightsaber contact so every hit on a person would cause a steam explosion?
Dude, in your S.P.E.C.I.A.L tree, your Intelligence must be a 10.
You've made science cool :)
+Jaco Bronkhorst Thanks you so much! (And in my current Fallout 4 run, it is at 10.)
+Jaco Bronkhorst he made science wrong
His charisma is like 7.... At most
+[TGR] Clockwork He can just drink some booze
Actually his intelligence would be closer to 7 and his charisma would be 9 or 10.
At pulsed laser energy levels that would not break the hydrogen/oxygen bonds, a chunk of you would get pulped from a steam explosion as the water in your body near the beam's point of impact flash boiled before you were set alight, basically leaving you with a lightly singed hole in your body instead of setting you on fire or causing vaporization. Setting someone on fire with a lower-powered but continuous beam would be your best bet to actually turn someone into ash without requiring the power of two average lightning bolts to completely atomize them near-instantaneously.
Saw this fallout vid... Had to watch
This would make sense as a the laser weapons are powered by miniature fusion reactors.
Correction (or confusion on my part):
At 2:23, Kyle says that in order to vaporize water, you have to break both O-H bonds.
Here, vaporization merely means BOILING the water. As we all know, water boils at 100 degrees C.
From chemistry class, we know that boiling the water means breaking the bonds of the IMFs, or Intermolecular Forces. In water, because it is comprised of O-H bonds, two water molecules exert Hydrogen Bonds between them. However, hydrogen bonds are NOT ACTUAL COVALENT BONDS.
Kyle is talking about breaking the ACTUAL covalent bonds between the Oxygens and Hydrogens, thus creating separate atoms, but we know this ISN'T true, since boiling water creates water VAPOR (in the form of gaseous H20), not H+ and O2- ions.
What "bonds" we are actually breaking are merely FORCES exerted between two hydrogens on adjacent water molecules.
Just thought I'd point that out since I'm studying AP Chemistry...I believe that the actual energy needed will be much less, in that case, or a clarification will be needed if the numbers are, indeed, correct.
He overlooks that you don't need to break apart the atoms , just the molecules. Breaking 2 water molecules apart is much easier than seperating a molecule into individual atoms. You just need to make the substance hit it's boiling point. Still tough, but much easier
This maybe a dumb question but what if the amount of energy from the energy weapon is only needed to break down the FIRST atomic bond? could the weapons be designed in a manner that it only needs to break apart the first bond and the others break down in a chain reaction? Normally in fallout you see the person start to break apart in a split second. The arms then legs and body but not so much ALL at once.
Avagadro did not discover the constant he only proposed that it could exist
Kyle good day. I have been wondering if it's possible to actually create a plasma weapon, cause in my understanding it should be way to heave to even try to handle.
of course, with liquid water you also have to expend additional energy to break the hydrogen bonds between the dipoles. that's why water is such a good heatsink