Forms of Government in Europe 1871-2022
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- Опубликовано: 22 янв 2023
- Forms of Government in Europe 1871-2022, republics, constitutional monarchies, absolute monarchies, one party states, dictatorships, colonial states
Music:
Satiate-only strings - Kevin MacLeod
"Satiate - only strings" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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I created a Twitter page for more direct and frequent communication. I invite you :) twitter.com/Costas_Melas
Want to honour your work. The concept is genius. A few colors moving on a map, and 2 min 41s and the level of understanding has gone from no idea to actually being able to visualize and grasp it. I started at school in the early nineties, we had a teacher pointing on a often outdated map already, trying to teach. This is like the "matrix" way in comparison, and feels like honey for my brain 🤣 Thank you so much, J.
Although Turkey became a republic before many European countries, it is very sad that it is in a bad situation today. Greetings from Turkey!
based ataturk
There is a chance to save it in May. How is it there? Do you think the opposition has a chance or is it likely Erdogan and AKP wins again?
Based on what? Your wallet?
@@LordKrhiyos
Saved from whom? The minority? Your understanding of democracy is your wallet. AKP will probably win again, so your dreams to make it worse for Turkish people will fall in water
@@LordKrhiyos It all depends on the candidate that the opposition will announce in February. If the candidate is a person like Kılıçdaroğlu, as it will be, Erdogan will most likely win again; however, Erdogan has little chance of winning if the candidates are strong people like İmamoğlu or Yavaş. However, even if the opposition wins, I don't think it will contribute much to Turkey other than democracy. A Kemalist revolution seems like the only option for the country to develop properly. I hope Turkish people will get rid of this conservative society in the future and adopt Atatürk's thoughts.
Εξαιρετικός, όπως πάντα! Συνέχισε έτσι:)
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
I do not understand why Germany under that certain leader is considered dictatorship/authoritarian while USSR is considered one party state?
Bec hitler banned all other parties
Metoo
What's the problem?
Because the communist party still had substantial power outside of Stalin, meanwhile Hitler was the absolute authority in Germany
@@fearmor3855 literally untrue. Hitler had many disputes with the DAF or other institutions and offices. Because he had not the absolute power. That's why the form of governance is described as Polycracy.
In order to financially support my work, I have released a new ebook on Amazon called Civilizations of the world: Major Cultural Spheres. It is based on the material I have collected for my work on the channel but also on the valuable feedback I have received in the comments section time to time
Thank you very much for the support. www.amazon.com/dp/B0BRVN1M21/ref=sr_1_4?qid=1673178756&refinements=p_27%3AKONSTANTINOS+MELAS&s=digital-text&sr=1-4&text=KONSTANTINOS+MELAS
Can you make history of ethnicity of Istria?
@@imperitalica Maybe inside a video about the Balkan Peninsula
@@CostasMelas oh thanks, you know, I'm istrian... Italian... In Istria in 50s append a genocide of Italian majority... What a terrible thing... My grandpa resist to the terrific job of Tito
@@CostasMelas I expected you to mark Russia in 2022 as dictatorship.
yo that is so cool that you wrote your own book
Sequel idea: Types of Government in a little more detail, post WW2 only. Such as Presidential Republic (eg Russia, (arguably), Türkiye), Parliamentary Republic (eg Germany post WW2), Semi Presidential Republic (eg France), Collegial Presidential Republic (eg Switzerland).
Another idea: systems of election for main de facto executive body. Such as Single Member Electoral Districts only (UK), MMP (Germany), Party List PR, two round voting (both France as France is both a Parliamentary-Presidential system). It might be a little harder, but Europe is good for such maps as The Americas the system is almost all a Presidential system (ex Canada), though there Congresses/Parliaments are elected by different methods.
I live in Switzerland, this is not a presidential country. While the honourary title of "president" exists, the country is ruled by a council of 7, overseeing a semi-direct system.
@@Argacyan I think our disagreement might only be over semantics.
A "Presidential system" is a broad-brushed pigeonholing of systems where the appointed or elected _de jure_ Executive branch of Government *is* also the _de facto_ Executive branch of Government. This is distinct from the Parliamentary system, where the _de facto_ Executive branch of Government is completely separate to and *not* also the _de jure_ Executive branch of Government, but the _de facto_ Executive branch is comprised of a Prime Minister (or Chancellor or Taoiseach) and Cabinet of Ministers who have the confidence of the Parliament/legilslature (or at least the Lower House of a Parliament where money bills are constitutionally bound to originate from).
I understand that Switzerland is the former type of system, as I understand Switzerland has no members of its legislature who hold _de facto_ Executive powers. Is this correct? If so, then it would be considered a Presidential system, even if its equivalent of a US style Executive "Presidency" is shared among a heptarchy of indirectly elected executive Federal Council members.
The title of "Presidential system" is of course a silly term and we have to thank the US for it as the term President is more of a chairman or convenor of a committee/body (just as the Swiss President is merely the convenor/head/chairman of the Swiss Federal Council), so the US President would be more appropriately titled a Governor General (which need not be a viceroy as the term is traditionally used), or even more appropriately should be titled an Executive Monarch.
The term "Presidential system" should be called a " _de jure_ Executive as _de facto_ Executive system" or something like that, though it doesn't roll off the tomgue so easily.
Of course these systems have a separate legislative branch of Government, but semantically that doesn't make them Parliamentary systems.
Germany is a federal republic.
@@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714 it is both a Federal Republic and a Parliamentary Republic.
@@Banana_Split_Cream_Buns Yes. Where Latvijas is a unitary parlamentary republic.
Would you do Absolute monarchies vs Constitutional monarchies vs Republics in Europe since 1789 ?
What's the difference between one party state and dictatorship/authoritarian?
Typically, an one-party state has elections to elect its governing bodies
Switzerland: what is a government change
Belarus is a dictatorship since 1996. Muscovy is a hardening dictatorship since 2004.
Ireland from 1922 - 1944 was no longer a colony of britain / monarchy but a free state that became republic in 1944. Small error but its a complex map and i forgive the mistake.
I noted the border changes in 1922, but it remains under Monarchy until 1937, so it remains blue
@Costas Melas as an irish person we would depict ireland as occupied till 1922 then a Republic in 1944
@@nia.d3356 Nothing changed in Ireland in 1944
Oh my good lord. Read the history before speaking so confidentally. Ireland was occupied by britain for hundreds of years and our people and culture opressed. The reason ireland became a free state in 1922 was due to Irish people rebelling against the atrocties commited against them by the british governance and occupation. We rebelled for the right to rule ourself and remove our occupiers. Which lead to the free state (Irish governing irish) and eventually the republic.
@@ramirosotto re-read the comment you are replying to. It is not what they said.
You could languages of asia, like the one for europe, with iranian, indo aryan, slavic, semitic, dravidian, turkic, mongolic, sinitic, tibeto burman, tungusic, uralic, austronesian, kra dai, austro asiatic and tibeto burman. Probably some others as well.
Also for africa, showing semitic, cushitic, chadic, egyptian, berber, niger congo, nilotic, saharan and such. Maybe just a video about the afro asiatic family as well.
Check his new video for Africa. He did one for Asia recently too.
There are 12 sovereign monarchies in Europe, with vastly differing powers and capabilities. In Sweden for example, the king has no political powers at all, not even in emergency reserve powers. In other countries the monarch is powerful on paper, but by tradition he or she stays away from partisan politics and follows the advice of the prime minister.
On the other hand, in Monaco, Liechtenstein and the Vatican, the monarch has extensive powers and he active in day to day politics.
How is Smetona in Lithuania more authoritarian than Stalin or Putin ?
Very weird choice.
Excellent video again 👍
Thank you
I love the videos! is there any way you can make the colors in the key match the map better? sometimes I have a hard time telling. other than that they are AMAZING
Thank you
Albania was an Italian Protectorate between 1939 and 1943. In that period it was called Kingdom of Albania and the king was Victor Emmanuel III
There should be a difference between unitary and federal republics.
Make same of Asia, América, etc pleasee
I would like to create series
Tengo un video similar a este sobre Iberoamérica en mi canal Genes del Sur. Desde el año 1900 en adelante.
Belarus and Russia should have been labeled dictatorships. Belarus post-1995 and Russia post-2012 or so
The other day I was literally wondering if someone would make a map video on this exact topic 😂
Thanks for doing this work, I liked your video and it helps visualize political history.
A couple of minor gripes. Belarus was unambiguously authoritarian by the 1990s, and certainly shouldn't be shaded as a 'semi-authoritarian' republic. It is just authoritarian, period. Similarly, Russia should be shown as authoritarian, and the transition from republic to authoritarian regime should probably be placed around the mid to late 2000s. It's worth keeping in mind that most modern dictators do everything in their power to maintain a facade of democracy/republicanism, so the mere presence of republican institutions does not mean that the regime is not a dictatorship [Source: Spin Dictators, Sergei Guriev & Daniel Treisman].
Hungary under Viktor Orban is also not a republic. It is a semi-dictatorship, semi-republic at best, though I would argue that it is simply a dictatorship. Orban controls almost all of the media in Hungary, has packed the courts, has manipulated electoral rules to maintain overwhelming majorities, and clearly never intends to give up power. Again, Hungary has a republican facade but currently functions primarily as an autocracy. Orban maintains a republican facade for the same reasons that Putin pretends to be a democratic president -- democracies and republics have more legitimacy in contemporary times than dictatorships do, so they pretend to be democratic leaders rather than dictators.
Overall though, thanks for doing all this work. It must have taken a lot of research. Liked and subscribed.
Thank you
reddit wank lol
In 1996 - Belarus has been transformed into dictatorship following unfair referendum.
What programs do you use to make your videos?
mainly paintnet and blender
@@CostasMelas can you tell me all?
One mistake: The Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917) was a Constitutional Monarchy as it used the old Swedish Constitution of 1772 all the way to 1919. It was by no means an absolute monarchy.
Wasn't it a puppet of Russia or something?
@@gustavosauro1882 personal union but still counted as distinct from russia according to 1905 constitution
@@gustavosauro1882 Was part of Russian Empire. Autonomous Grand Duchy.
And again amazing work
Thank you
Yugoslavia held multi-party elections in 1935 and 1938 but it was not a full democracy
I just hope that one day everyone realize that constituional monarchy is diferent that parlamentary one
Rebuplics could be devided into parlamentary and presidential. And constitutional monarchy could be devided into parlamentary and dualistic
Besides parliamentary and presidential, there are also semi-presidential republics
Thank you! Awesome work!!! But i can t agree that Russia is a republic during to putin's era.
You're absolutely right, it's a republic in name but not in substance.
Same with Belarus
Exceptional idea.
Finland was constitutional monarch by 1905
Russia should be maroon, especially now.
And Belarus too. Both are dictatorship states.
Wasn't Italy under Mussolini a dictatorship (not just one party state but dictatorship)?
Political scientists classify Mussolini's fascist regime as "authoritarianism" and not as "totalitarianism" like Nazi Germany or Stalin's Soviet Union. Benito Mussolini was a dictator but he never had complete control of the Italian state and society, both due to the presence of institutions and powers he was unable to control (monarchy, Catholic Church, big industry) and due to the character of the Italian people, from always unruly. An Italian historian, Indro Montanelli, defined fascism as an "Italian style dictatorship"
I noticed the Turkish occupation in Northern Syria is missing.
There's a bit of a framing error with the categories too, this can be seen most notably with "authoritarian" here as on the map it seems to mostly show nazi dictatorships while states filed under other categories acted deeply authoritarian as well. This causes perplexing things later down the line as well with for example Belarus being striped-brown in 2020 even though little if anything changed that year in Belarus from how it was already run before that year. Even in a broader scope that framing error extends with some countries during this timeframe acting one way in Europe on part of their population & an entirely different manner globally or onto other segments of their population.
What exactly should be the difference between One Party state and dictatorship? Isn't any One Party State automatically a dictatorship? It is not like there needs to be a leader cult for dictators, as every one party state has one.
I think the difference is that the dictatorship has only one person ruling the country while the party can still elect after some years another governor
@@Italian_Mapper can they? Stalin? Nazis could have "voted" for a successor too probably
@@MemeMan69 In communist countries, people can elect members to parliament, although the candidates are chosen by the government so it still isn't a real democracy.
@@lroutledge5322 and in fascist countries as well
@@MemeMan69 not necessarily with fascist counries. Communism is a government system wile fascism is simply the idea that the group is more important than the individual. Facist regimes can have different government systems.
Political scientists classify Mussolini's fascist regime as "authoritarianism" and not as "totalitarianism" like Nazi Germany or Stalin's Soviet Union. Benito Mussolini was a dictator but he never had complete control of the Italian state and society, both due to the presence of institutions and powers he was unable to control (monarchy, Catholic Church, big industry) and due to the character of the Italian people, from always unruly. An Italian historian, Indro Montanelli, defined fascism as an "Italian style dictatorship"
So it is marked with stripes
@@CostasMelas "Governing the Italians is not impossible, it is merely useless" (Benito Mussolini)
Since you're Greek, may I ask you a question?
Were the Thracians(odryssian) Greek?
They spoke Thracian languages, but hellenized gradually after 4th century BC due to the Macedonian conquest of Thrace and the influence of the Greek coastal colonies.
Love the details in 2022 with respect to the Russia-Ukraine war. Politics aside, I'm a bit excited to see where history takes us
Grand Duchy of Finland has always been a constitutional monarchy
Yperoxo video, euxaristw ! Zhtw oi Dhmokraties!
Παρακαλώ :)
oh his name is Konstantinos Melas
cool
Where did you get the source for these "Forms of Government". 5th grade textbook? This would cut as some amateur mod for a Paradox game. Not for anything more serious.
Algeria was actually considered a part of france during the colonial era unlike Tunisia and Morocco
Switzerland is cool.
Bro, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the Federation
From 1919 to 1944 Hungary was a constitutional kingdom, with a multi-party parliamentary system, and not a half-dictatorship. Of course the country was in a difficult situation due to Hungary lost 2/3 of its former territory in the wwi. On the other hand in 1919 the Soviet Republic of Hungary was a nightmare for the Hungarians, and the government tried to prevent its return, and the government also tried to prevent a nazi takeover of power.
Μπράβο σου που έβαλες το Κοσσυφοπέδιο ως κατοχή! Σεβασμός στα αδέρφια μας τους Σέρβους!
Unrecognized state ειναι το Κοσοβο. Καμια κατοχη.
Nice
Thank you
Yes Russia is identificate asi Republic, but Russia is one party state, or no?
Not legally (de jure). That must have been the criteria this channel used.
Could you please clarify how exactly you define what falls under the category of "occupation and unrecognized state"?
For example, you put Kosovo under this category. Many countries really do not recognize Kosovo as a country, but at the same time many do.
During the Second World War, you don't show many areas that were occupied by Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union as occupied areas, but simply as either a dictatorship or one party state ( I also do not agree that Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were somehow different in terms of their political system at that time, both were totalitarian dictatorships). Then you show the areas that were occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941-1944 still as half-Soviet Union, half-occupied area, including those areas that were first occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940.
During the Cold War, you show the Baltic countries as part of the Soviet Union, not as occupied territories. They did not join the Soviet Union voluntarily, and a large number of countries did not recognize their annexation as legal (at least de jure).
I generally follow a fixed rule except in the case of WW2 where I found it wouldn't help to color the entire map as "occupied"
@@CostasMelas Yes, but could you please explain this rule a bit, at least for the examples I asked.
@@erikprank4611 Generally referred to as recognized states, the states recognized by the Great Powers before WWI, by the League of Nations after WWI and by the United Nations after WWII
Very interesting
Thank you
Good job but unfortunat,Two quastions first why did you not mantion thath thath Germany become one parthy state in summer 1933 and second Austriawasoneparthystte in1934 and once more 1938and third the central =esterneurope become one parthy sttes in 1947 and 1948 so by thewadspite thath a good wark,Greathings.
Thank you. Because their one-party states are considered to have devolved into authoritarian regimes
cool video
Thank you
@@CostasMelas you're welcome
🇹🇷: 👁️👄👁️
Why is italy not red in the fascist period
UK never changed at all :D Actually I apricate UK because their government style can adapt the conditions of the every age.
Constitutional monarchies largely endure because they have no power and people get comfortable with them. Unless you are a country that sought and gained independence from them like Ireland.
lol not very well...
Switzerland didn't either
make democracy - autocracy video
Cool video, but Algeria officially changed and adopted its new constitution in 1989, 1992 was when the first elections were held
Сhecnya left chat
things went really wrong after the great war and the breakdown of the old concert....
Wait, Soviet Union wasn't dictatorship? And Nazi Germany wasn't one party state?
Yes to the first question, no to the second
One state party and Dictatorship? Whats the difference?
Seriously?
under single party, the members of the party are voted in and there are still regular elections (sometimes)
One party states aren't dictatorships
Ireland is colonial of United Kingdom
Fascist itsly was a dictatorship bruh
¡FREEDOM!
Excellent, as always, but sad that you didn't show the civil war in Russia, while, for example, the civil war in Spain was shown.
You're right. I had to mark it too
A republic isn't a form of government.
Everyone knows what is meant. See: "Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term was used to imply a state with a democratic or representative constitution (constitutional republic)..." Easily contrasted with constitutional monarchies and dictatorial republics
@@ignotumperignotius630 tell me, a Democracy can be statal form, but also a form of government. While a Monarchy can be governed democratically, a Democracy can be governed in a dictatorship. While dictatorship is only a form of government, a republic is only a statal form. The video is just mixing forms of governance and forms of states.
If you want to equivocate, then that is fine.
calling belarus a republic was the best joke
Legally speaking, yes, they are. It's an authoritarian republic with rigged elections, but a republic nonetheless. Our opinions don't matter as much as what it says on paper. Costas is just showing us the De Jure situation.
Republic just means there's no monarch. But if the rumours are true and lukashenko's son becomes president after him it becomes a de facto monarchy (like north korea)
it is funny to see that Russia from 1991 is 'republic' I think that 'one party state' would be more accurate
Estonia was barely authoritarian in 1938-1940. At least if the other category isn't "democratic", then you could definitely consider Estonia at least a "republic" for 1938-1940 as it was under a stable, non-repressive constitutional rule.
Beły
kinda pointless to have a one party state and dictatorship as seperate things
the authoritarian category holds many issues in this video. several countries shown here as republic or monarchies were /are deeply authoritarian.
They are different things
@@buurmeisje nazi germany is shown as a dictatorship and the soviets are shown as a one party state even tho they are interchangeable
@@germangamer5652 They are exact opposites.
@@buurmeisje both states had only 1 party and both states where dictatorships pls do some research and 5then come back with some arguments
russia and europe
Russia became a dictatorship again in 1994 when Yeltsin blew up the legislature (literally) and declared 'special rule'/himself a king before passing the crown to Putin. And Turkey has not been a democratic republic since Erdogan came to power. Difficult project to attempt; so many semantic things to parse out.
After 2020 (covid restrictions) even stable European democracies (like Germany, France, the Netherlands) made steps to dictatorship, if not to count 2001 (starting "the war on terror") and 2022 (the Russian invasion into Ukraine) due to security reasons (pure democracies, at least nowadays, are defenseless towards dictatorships, especially at their borders so such states, e.g. Poland or Latvia, have numerous actual limitations).
@@user-tq4dq5lo5g for real, when in danger, countries should go to the authoritarian model because if they stay democratic, under heavy pressure people tend to disagree a lot and divide themselves, making the country weaker.
@@salvadorhenriquez4091 usually you pass Prolongation of Parliament Acts
@@salvadorhenriquez4091 thats what emergency powers are for. Doesnt mean democracy isnt maintained still.
Germany, Italy and Spain at WW2 was a one party state too. Belarus was a dictatorship since 1994 and Russia since 2000's.
Belarus and Russia should not be considered republics. Otherwise we may as well say that North Korea is a republic as well since that's what they call themselves as or the communists in China are not a one party state but a different form of republic (as they advertise to foreigners). As China does allow for multiple parties (or really multiple factions within the party)
Maybe you should learn what a republic is. Along with the author of this video.
@@sert87 The nazis held elections in 1936, are they not then still a republic?
The DPRK, (north korea), similarily holds an election on whether you want to vote for big G kim jong-un or not. It's totally 100% legitimately a republic and not a dictatorship.
Btw Belarusian Lukashenko openly admitted to being europes last dictator. He rigged his elections time and time again. That's a republic to you?
@@sert87 Belarus and Russia should both fall under the 'authoritarianism' category. They still hold elections but they are rigged. They both rely on authoritarianism to rule the country both legislatively as well as judicially. They are by any measure, authoritarian states. Russia only becoming more and more disgusting and nazi-like by the day.
Republic = no monarch as head of state
@@jessez_fin5971 Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea = hereditary president of divine lineage 🤣 but definitely a republic bro. Trust Kim-Jong Un. The people love him so much he gets re-elected every election with 99.9% of the vote. No better republic than DPRK. True Korea is best Korea.
Independent State of Croatia 💪🏼
Based
Što volim ove klince od 12 godina kad idu pisati o stvarima o kojima nemaju pojma.
@@professionaldriver77878 sprdan se kralju, a i kladin se da si ti jako ponosan na dražu mihailovica i slične tako da
@@luka2134 Pa svakako je bolja opcija od partizana
@@luka2134 Što se mene tiče, slavi što hoćeš, samo nemoj biti partizan ili komunist
Πρασινησε ο τοπος
People are far too sensitive these days. Mistakes in this video are one thing, but these commenters who think they drank all wisdom of the world are next-level ignorants.
Interesting, very interesting but it doesn't show nor express a real situations or tendences in some countries(especially in eastern Europe). It shows only what is officialy written in each countries' constitutions, but from this film we won't know what is really happening now e.g. in Russia, Belarus, Hungary or just my country - Poland where rulers are going to make a dictatorships or maybe they even already made it...
One day the Kingdom of România will return 🇷🇴🇷🇴🇷🇴
Let's hope not.
You are a monarchist? Didn't expect that. But you're right.
@@noahkidd3359 Why not?
The best and most simple form of government: Absolute Monarchy
Sorry if this is cringe but arent all european countries occupied after ww2
Where do you draw the line between dictatorship and one-party state? Germany was dictatorial, as was the USSR, but they both maintained the illusion that they were freely chosen one-party states. I'd have put Poland and the Spanish Republic as one-party states (if not dictatorial), and the USSR and most communist countries as dictatorial
türkiye in its early years was one party too but not dictatorial democracy ruled the country from atatürk to inonu until 1946
Agree. Sometimes the choice was difficult, so I followed the more mainstream view
@@CostasMelas sometimes i dont agree with mainstream but ok
lol in what universe was Franco 'freely chosen' he was every bit as dictatorial as Stalin even if he didn't kill as many of his own people
The bolsheviks were in a coalition government with the Left SRs for some time in 1917-1918.
in russia from 2012 in russia they have resputin
#BringBackBlue
Беларусь ды Расейя - дэмакратыі... Ха-ха-ха-ха-ха-ха-ха-ха)
P.S: No.
russia is republic??? 😂😂😂😂
Russian Federation
De jure it is, de facto it's not.
Is a communist republic
I don't see any reason to call the Soviet Union anything other than a dictatorship. And I would rather call today's Russia and Belarus also dictatorships.
After Khrushchev beat out his rivals for the First Secretary role, its powers were curtailed until Brezhnev (now it was called General Secretary.) In fact, the Collective Leadership that might stop it from being called a full dictatorship after Khrushchev came at a bad time for the reforms the country needed.
Because the Soviet Union wasn't a dictatorship
@@buurmeisje Most Soviet leaders ruled until they died. There was even a cult of personality for some of the leaders. All ideologies other than the official state ideology (Marxism-Leninism) were prohibited. Most of those who thought differently and dared to say it out were either killed or imprisoned. There were no free elections, there was no free press, many books were banned. The borders were closed, making it almost impossible for its own citizens to leave the country. Large-scale crimes against humanity were also committed under Stalin. I would say that this is a textbook example of a totalitarian dictatorship. Have you lived in the Soviet Union?
First
2022 Ukraine One Party State or Dictatorship.
Nice
Thank you