Spread of Metallurgy
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- Опубликовано: 26 июл 2024
- Spread of Metallurgy, prehistory, Chalcolithic (copper age), Bronze Age, Iron Age
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Dark Memory - Silent Partner
Double Drift - Kevin MacLeod
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Very minor detail, but the natives of Greenland actually had some very basic iron metallurgy due to the Cape York meteorite which they used as a source of iron.
aye meteorites were the gifts of gods
Ancient Egypt had a few royal items made from meteoric iron. They still remain largely uncorroded today because of the high nickel content.
In addition, copper tools were widespread-albeit-rare across Northern North America. the Ahtena and Eyak people along Alaska's Copper River Basin had access to some of the world's most easily accessible copper, which was traded down along North America's Pacific and east along its Arctic coasts, as far east as Greenland.
Ironworking was also quite common on the western coast (modern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California) starting around 1000 AD, as large amounts of iron manufactured in East Asia got carried to the shore by ocean currents which could then be exploited by various native groups
Iron floated through the Pacific??
@@geo6306 No, but fishing boats containing iron sure did!
One of the ultimate goals in Civ. Allows you to build cannons
Cannons? I think **guns** are more important.
*Ottomans noises*
Bronze canons were used until 20th century.
@@lucasmisael7507 *european noises intensifies*
Allows you to build steam engines, once you got how to make, use and improve them, your civilization will grow up exponentially.
I had no idea that native Americans had copper metallurgy as far back as 4000 BC. very interesting.
It's only metallurgy by the most generous definition. It was little more than banging bits of native copper with rocks to make them a different shape.
Massive native copper deposits in Michigan certainly helped a lot
Wowowow, wait, the native Americans had the technology of refining copper???
@@nampham162 No what is being passed off as metallurgy was not much more than picking up a chunk of native copper and pounding it with a rock.
@@emilkarpo A chunk of native copper that can be used without any refining...? Is it even possible?
I love how when large patches connect, the spread becomes faster! This is why globalization is good for the development of technology.
Fun fact: Woolly mammoth was still around when the Pyramid of Gaze were being built and Bronze age had begun.
Fun fact: north africa skipped the bronze age and went straight into the iron age around 1000 BC
Based Africa
so did west africa i think
You got it backwards. North Africa as well as parts of the Horn of Africa had a Bronze Age that followed Europe and Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa is the area that skipped the Bronze Age and did so much earlier than what this video portrays. So early in fact that archaeologists are divided on the accuracy of the excavations and whether or not iron technology was independently invented there.
@@FromNothing when was north african bronze age?
@@nazeem8680 The ancient Phoenicians were initially a Bronze Age civilization as well as Egypt and Nubia. Collectively these would cover the whole of North Africa from coast to coast. The Sahara is a bit tricky though since it was only sparsely inhabited, and only by nomads but they most definitely traded with the aforementioned civilizations during their migrations.
Interesting video. Might be interesting to add some additional steps lime steelmaking as well.
It is also noteworthy that tech spread got ever faster.
I think that bronze metallurgy existed in pre-Columbian Central America in the Purépecha Empire during the late Postclassic period.
They and some coastal Mesoamericans reached very close to bronze a bit before the Spanish conquest
@@CostasMelas It was bronze, but arsenical not tin. Then again, you might only be calling Tin Bronze, Bronze. However, this was just the majority of them as some like the South Andeans had Tin bronze. Aztlan historian has two videos on it on youtube.
@@CostasMelas It wasn't just 'close to bronze', the Purepecha Empire had bronze mettalurgy... You are aware that mettalurgy spread from the Andes to Mesoamerica via land and sea trade yes? Bronze & bronze technology is thought to have traveled to western Mesoamerica via coastal ports.
Great, this video reminds me of the spread of agriculture. Perhaps you could make a video about it. Maybe combine it with the domestication of livestock. I see an obvious connection between metallurgy and agriculture.
Thank you, I have made such a video: world history the rise of the civilization
3:13 bronze age collapse right here
was quite surprised not to see steel metallurgy
And again great work. Thanks
Thank you
Πολύ ωραίο βίντεο!
Μία ιδέα που είδα τελευταία είναι να κάνεις βίντεο για την οικοδομική ανάπτυξη μίας πόλης, από την αρχαιότητα ως σήμερα (πχ Λονδίνο, Νέα Υόρκη, Παρίσι, Αθήνα κτλ)
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
Αθήνα belongs to türkiye
@@turkish-democracyathens belongs to turkey?? what?
That's some rediculous nationalism if I've heard any. Athens has literally been a center of greek culture for thousands of years...
@@clouds-rb9xt Ok. What I mean is that turkey will soon start a peacemaking special operation for denazification of greece. allah akbar :)
@@clouds-rb9xt So has Constantinople...
There are things in history that you just have to ask “How did someone think to try this?”
Grape juice turning to wine makes sense, and smoking what was previously a medicinal leaf or bud makes sense, but metallurgy is crazy. Someone saw copper ore and thought “What would happen to this special rock if so tried to melt it?”. Not only that, but someone had to had to think to mix tin to form bronze. Was it a lucky guess? A desire for beauty? Experimentation? I really wanna know.
we can find remains of campfires on the ground, it is thought that pottery developed along those lines
you should know that all stones melt and most likely that person or several just threw them into a furnace or a fire, and also easily used things from them without much amazement, these people did not receive Nobel prizes or super-riches for these discoveries, but simply continued to live on
@@dewastator9176Not all, but indeed most. Iron could not be melted without fossil fuels or charcoal at first, because no wood fire could burn hot enough to melt iron ore.
I am very impressed. But a few notes:
1. Western Mexico had a bronze mettalurgic tradition
2. Northern Colombia/Panama had a bronze Mettalurgic tradition
3. Ecuador had a Platinum mettalurgic tradition
4. Why is copper mettalurgy not shown a solid in Mississippian civilization regions? Mississippian civilization used copper to a massive degree, for art & tools and had states & large towns (atleast 1 city), so why only lines?
5. what about the Northwestern US Copper tradition?
Thank you for the additional information. Feedback is very helpful. I considered that the copper used on a small scale by North American cultures, so i put stripes
@@CostasMelas No problem! But I think its important to note that durring the Mississippian period copper was not used on a small scale, it was traded extensively from the great lakes to Georgia and Mississippi. All the towns used it to create a wide variety of art, and construct tools. I urge you to search, "Mississippian Copper art".
@@CostasMelas it did not replace the use of stone tools, because copper is not as hard as granite. However, I doubt whether there is really a separate "copper society" or "copper age", so the solidity in the Old World is also unclear to me.
Copper, bronze and iron metallurgy in Eurasia both started in Anatolia and India roughly at the same time, interesting....
That is indeed a very interesting phenomenon, it almost seems paralleled.
Metallurgy in India is started by Indo-Aryān's 💪🇮🇳
And maybe by Hittites in Anatolia
Notice how the spread of Metallurgy almost perfectly goes hand in hand with Indo-European expansion?
After the 600s AD:
- I believe in the iron supremacy.
Love your videos from Sakartvelo, or Georgia.
I wonder if you could make a video about the Caucasus region with ethnolinguistic details? Thank you!
Thank you. I have made a video about the Caucasian groups (History of the Caucasian Languages)
Hello, could you make the formation of haplogroups and their theoretical expansion in the world?
I have to say,
You're definitely one the coolest youtubers out there, the videos are fascinating and so informed
Thank you
ALTERNATIVE TITLE: How Iron conquered the world
History began at the foot of the Kurdish (Zagros) mountains.
🦚❤☀️💚🦚
O glorious Kurdistan!, the gift of the Tigris and Euphrates
that's impressive
Kurds stole the Assyrian homeland. Long live Assyria.
@@stephmod7434 Assyria stole the Akkadian homeland. Long live Akkad!
@@king_halcyon Akkad stole the Mesopotamian homeland. Long live Mesopotamia! (Jokes aside, Assyrians still exists).
Mesopotamians stole the Ubaid culture homeland. Long live Ubaid people
It's not accurate for most of Sub Saharan Africa. It was independently developed in Western Africa then spread as far as southern/eastern Africa thanks to the Ubangian and Bantu expansion
Same for China I think. People didn’t live between Tibet and Gobi before, at earliest, 2000 BC.
It is accurate. They were very primitive compared to the big urbanized states of the Middle East and the metal-savy European tribes.
Excellent video
Thank you
The Vikings were technically the first civilisation to use iron metallurgy in the Americas
Not true, iron tools--while quite rare--were nonetheless traded across the Pacific and Arctic Coasts, some made in Greenland from meteoric iron, and some made from the remains of shipwrecked Japanese fishing boats which were blown to North America via the Kuroshio current.
@@p00bix Are you shure, that this was not only the use of iron tools? And the use of iron metallurgy (melting iron ore to iron) in America was first done by the vikings?
Thank you Costas you are doing interesting job and have deep knowledge about it. Keep it up
Thank you very much
Both of you are rabble-rousers
Great video! You missed some early iron metallurgy in Sub-Saharan Africa, though.
Thank you. Is there an earlier iron culture than the Nok culture?
@@CostasMelas Yes, one in the Nsukka region of Nigeria around 2000 BC.
And from 2030, from a cave in the Himalayas, the spread of Mithril Metalurgy will begin
By and large a fantastic video, but most archaeologists & historians now believe that Ironworking was developed in West Africa independently of Anatolia no later than around ~1000BC, most likely in modern day Burkina Faso. We also know with high confidence that ironworking was very common along the Congo River annd East African coast between 300 BC and 1 AD, which is not portrayed here.
Thank you for the additional information. Feedback is very helpful to improve
Source?
@@hispalismapping155 your mother
@@charlesuzozie5747 My mother isnt kang.
@@hispalismapping155 then you should work on that. smh, everyone was a kang once in their life time fr fr.
funny how the north american great lakes nations had copper since the start
Thank you very much for the video. Its very common for people to skip the Americas entirely. Good to know you did your research, mate.
Thank you
He did not depict it very well.
Maybe steel could have been its own category?
If you zoom in the on the map enough, you should still see a white area around the Andaman Islands
Loved this! Just like all your videos. Fantastic stuff.
Thank you
Extremely nitpicky but they found Gold in the Andean region around 2000BCE so gold should have been up there
Interesting how in North Amercia they were among the first to use copper but it didn't spread and didn't lead to any other metallurgical advancements
one obvious reason is that shallow copper is too readily available
Wouldn't "aluminum metallurgy" and "tungsten metallurgy" be separate advancement stages?
Interesting! I was also recently into metallurgy and how it spread from the West to East and this showed how, so thanks! Btw, I didn’t know people lived in the inhospitable terrains between the Tibet and the Gobi desert before 2000-1500 BC or so... did they?
Thank you. Probably for the Tibetan Plateau I should move the dates a bit later
@@CostasMelas And probably the path of metallurgy's spread to China is wrong too. I think the Himalayas were the path; or simply China independently started using copper from the ground (more likely in my opinion).
Possibly Tocharian expansion?
@@joelkurowski7129 that's after the supposed expansion of copper metallurgy to China actually :)
@@king_halcyon Where did you get the information that it spread from the Himalayas to China? I thought the more common theory is the one shown in the video.
Guys it's the rare world map evolution from Costas!
I'm curious, metallurgy in North America was as old as in Eurasia, but how come it did not develop for thousands of years until the european colonization.
Maybe inadequate furnace technology to reach the higher temperatures required by iron? No idea, just guessing
There's been theorising around this question for a long time with various reasons argued. One argument of lacking tech the other guy already wrote randomly guessing, another theory is that there was simply not enough of a need to invest ressources into it despite knowing about it /ie having "the tech", another is that other more abundant ressources were prioritised due to them being more readily available.
One theory I saw was that copper was extremely abundant in that area, to the point that the peoples there never actually learnt to mine metals, as they could simply pick the copper they found. Since they didn't know how to mine metals (and didn't have any incentive to do so), they didn't learn how to work any metal besides the readilly available copper.
Bronze tools never had any significant efficiency jump from obsidian in Mesoamerica. Obsidian work was developed enough to be more cost effective, at least in that area. Also, the New World in general had fewer population as whole than the Old World, and was poorly connected. That means less people to do technological advances, and less comunication between them for said knowledge to spread.
👏👏👏 wonderful video. It would help a bit if you use BC and AD in years.
Thank you
What programme do you use to make these videos?
Maybe I'll create a tutorial in the future
@@CostasMelas You should, soon.
when balkans were the most progressive european region
Nice video.
Thank you
Very nice
Thank you
Hey can you make a video on altic languages please?
Source?
So I gather the lined areas are assumed areas while the filled areas are the ones defined as certain by archaeology?
I think the filled areas are simply meant to represent the highly populated areas, while the lined ones represent the scarsely populated ones.
Yes. The sparse lines also show some very few artifacts
@@minimodecimomeridio4534 Nope. Central Asia, Mongolia, Tibet, Sahara, Arctic Canada and Siberia are very sparsely populated but are completely filled with color. It rather indicated how much metallurgy of that metal/alloy is being used.
great video. I never saw anyone do this
Thank you
@@CostasMelas you're welcome
@@micahistory The video is missing Bronze mettalurgy in western Mesoamerica, platinum mettalurgy in Ecuador, distinct near Bronze level mettalurgy in Isthmo-Colombia, and the decision to cross-hatch mississippian copper mettalurgy is quite disingenuous.
@@heremapping4484 ah ok
The purple infestation consumed the American continent in no time.
ya quisiera ser metalero
How do you research your videos?
I have a collection of books about the world history as well as scholar articles from scientific journals
Sorry but you got Africa completely wrong. Copper tools were found in West Africa dating back to 2000 BCE and iron was in use in several places throughout West Africa as early as 800-1200 BCE including Igbo-Ukwu of Nigeria, the Niger River area, and the Nok were as early as 800 BCE as well as the Urewe Culture of the African Great Lakes just to name a few. In fact, there is evidence of iron smelting in Oboui, Central African Republic dating back to over 3000 BCE. Lejja, Nigeria has sites dated to 2000 BCE. Hell high carbon steel was being produced as far south as Tanzania as early as 0 CE. Iron tools reached the southern coast of Africa by 400 CE. I also don't see how Kongo is only partially iron age even in the 1500s! The Kongo Kingdom was already a large, advanced, well-ordered iron-age civilization when the Portuguese first contacted them in the 1400s. This video shows Europe being nearly entirely fully iron-age just as the technology is barely scratching the surface of Sub-Saharan Africa which is completely false. Also I'm pretty sure that the Siberians of the far East were still using stone tools when the Russians first invaded. Lastly in the Americas I'm not sure why you have the Innuits of Yukon country being partially iron age long before Europeans arrived. Where did you get that information from? The Vikings never made it that far and I don't think Natives adopted metallurgy from them. Then you have the Amazon rainforest as fully iron-age even though the area is sparsely populated and there are isolated tribes there that are well-known to be uncontacted so I highly doubt they have any iron tools. Sorry it just seems like some parts of the video are blatantly incorrect or rushed. It seems like the focus was almost entirely on Europe, East Asia, and the middleeast. While there is definitely more info on these parts of the world, there is plenty of info from other parts that you either overlooked or simply did not include.
TND
Still unconfirmed because there is no historical records
@@scarymonster5541 There are no historical records of the earliest iron in Eurasia either, that's why we invented this neat little practice called archaeology and according to the archaeological record, West/Central Africans invented iron as early as 2000 BCE.
Will you do a spread of Altaic languages?
No, it's been discredited and cognates between said languages aren't valid either and just mutual borrowings.
It's currently just a hypothesis, not an established fact.
Unfortunately the iron age timings for Africa are completely wrong. Iron working has been radiocarbon dated below the Sahara for hundreds and thousands of years earlier than in North Africa, where it was imported in the 5th-4th centuries by the Phoenicians. The idea that iron spread from North Africa through the Sahara and then to the rest of Africa is an old idea that European anthropologists took for granted, because Berbers were seen as closer to being white, but the evidence we now have shows that model was wrong.
And i know this sounds like a "conspiracy theory", but if you look up the latest evidence there are dates for iron working in Africa below Sahara that actually predate the Middle East.
In order for bronze metallurgy to exist,there first had to tin metallurgy. SO WHERE WAS TIN METALLURGY?
4999. Some bloke discovering copper around the Great Lakes region, calling his mates in the Balkans and the Near East:
_Guys guys guys, did you see this?!
Remember that video you made showcasing all the different language families in Europe? Perhaps one for Asia as well, with semitic, sinitic, austroasiatic, turkic, iranian, etc
I would love to make it
who was out there working copper in 5000bc north america?
Old copper culture west of the Great Lakes
Chinese metalworking is quite young compared to Europe and the Middle East
Zoom in on the Sentinel Islands and watch it go from white to iron right after that ship wreck
I can't understand why did you used that eerie music at the beginning of the video
by end of ww1 iron age has completely ended and new process are being developed we are in middel of it. when i say end of iron age im speaking from global perspective not europe or middel east.
Oooooo im gooooooooona irooooooon ooooooooo
Is there any evidence of Iron metallurgy in India as early as 14th century bce?
I believe the indo aryans brought it with them around that time
Black and red ware culture (1450-1200 BCE) phase feature Iron metallurgy near modern day Delhi area around Yamuna. river.
@@remington2216 Probably not.
If that is the case, the Europe should have that also
Indo-Aryān's 💪
Iron metallurgy mentioned in Rig veda 👍
Iron dominates the world 😁
Please use bright colors like neon red and hot pink and luminescent green and intense purple and electric turquoise , that really pop out instead of camouflage khaki and savanna beige etc
Technically the Hittites invented iron, what they teach us in school about them ? Nothing .
They don't want to teach history outside of Europe, especially Turkish history.
Because Europeans are the best. Got to keep that illusion alive.
@@Valkyraw Turkish history is crap ! Who wants to know about rape , pillaging and destruction ? Hittites have nothing to do with Turks , Hittites were an European speaking culture .
@@etherospike3936 genetics say otherwise.
@@Valkyraw What wise ?
@@etherospike3936 we are anatolian by genetics, so you can cry as much as you want, it wont change it. genetics dont care about your feelings.
I want to be a metallurgist
Iron Win.!!
You need to start citing sources, I think atleast
I think you show southern Britain as mixed Copper + Bronze Age for too long. Cornwall has been a center of tin mining since some time between 2400-2100 BC. If they were providing much of the tin for the Bronze Age in other regions, it seems probable that they had access to bronze themselves.
Interesting. The area SW from the Great Lakes is coloured since the beginning of the video. That's a mistake, isn't it? Also interesting if you would show the spread of steel and maybe even concrete, as they both define the technological progress in modern times.
The Great Lakes' area belongs to Old Copper Culture, an early copper culture of America with a limited use of copper artifacts
@@CostasMelas That's interesting! Never heard of it.
*_1:28_**_ You can briefly see Kurdistan_*
Make spread of nomadism
In term of mettalurgy America was 4000 years late :/
Enoch II "1. And Azâzêl taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments,
Genesis, Chapter 4: "Lamech took two wives, one called Ada, and the other called Zilah. Ada gave birth to Jabal, forefather of those who dwell on tents, among cattle. (...) Zilah, from her side, gave birth to Tubal-Caim, forefather of all those who work the copper and the iron"
@@darktyrannosaurus22 2nd witness. Enoch and Genesis
I wonder if the Polynesian seafarers had anything to do with the spread of this technology to South America.
The owner of the channel he superficial and content with very little research
Аратта
Kurdistan based. Doing metallurgy before all. Turks cry in comments
Nah Hellas had it way prior to this
Hellas as civilization didn't exist in early Bronze age
@@minimal8187 Flourishing as a complex and greatest civilization it represents, not yet. But remnants of civilization oh it did. Period. 🇬🇷💪🏻
Metallurgy. A Mesopotamian Semitic invention
Not Mesopotamian but Caucasian. The ancient Greeks wrote that metallurgy was invented by the Alarodians, namely the people of Khalib, even the word metal in Greek will be - halibas, from the name of this people who lived in the Caucasus.
@@Caucasioni_ Greek mythology doesn't interest me.
@@noahtylerpritchett2682 This is not a myth, but a proven fact!
@@Caucasioni_ the oldest metal object was found in the Turkish Syrian border.
I think the "Semitic speaking cultures" are more capable than Greeks or Caucasians of the mountains.
@@noahtylerpritchett2682 Turkey and Syria is already Mesopotamia ?? The age of the discovered objects of metallurgy in Anatolia and Syria is 7-6 thousand years BC. during this period there were no Semites in this territory!
Aborigines be like: WTF is metal, mate?
Always SurAmerica backward, never first world
Also, is the disappearance of copper in early Europe have something to do with the Cucuteni culture?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture
The Vinca culture used copper from the 6th millennium but disappeared by the mid-5th millennium
@@CostasMelas ah, yes, the Vinca, forgot about them. Very good video btw