Languages of the Iberian Peninsula
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- Опубликовано: 2 окт 2024
- Languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Iberian Language, Aquitanian Language, Tartessian Language, Lusitanian Language, Celtic Language, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, Basque, Gothic, Elbe Germanic, Iberian Romance, Gallo-Romance, Arabic, Old Castilian, Spanish, Galician, Portuguese, Asturleonese, Aragonese, Mozarabic, Catalan, Occitan, French
Music:
Ignosi - Kevin MacLeod
A Tale of Vengeance - Aakash Gandhi
Το κομμάτι Ignosi από τον καλλιτέχνη Kevin MacLeod έχει άδεια με βάση τη Άδεια Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. creativecommon... incompetech.com... incompetech.com/
I can say that Basque is one of the most incredible linguistic cases.
Indeed, it's been around for so long that Castilian and Aragonese as well as Occitan, especially its Gascon and Aranese dialects, have a huge phonetic Basque and Aquitanian substratum, chiefly because of geographical proximity.
Also, Basque and Aquitanian are believed to be related to Iberian and to the rest of the pre-Indo-European languages spoken in the Peninsula, such as Tartessian, therefore it could be vaguely said that Basque is the language of the ancestors of present day Iberians as a whole.
when the others were expanding during reconquista times and colonial times, basque was colonizing in latin america and reached the philippines early as the first conquistadors there. today, most legit spanish families in the philippines seem to have basque surnames
It's really awesome that they outlasted later groups that arrived in the region like Celtic, Phoenician, Greek, Arabic and so on.
As a native Basque speaker I agree with you, since I can confirm that it has nothing to do with Spanish and other surrounding languages. Eskerrik asko eta ondo izan
@@larra.kamikaze97 It's true, it's not related to any (living) language, but Basque has influenced its neighboring languages: Castilian, Aragonese and Gascon Occitan have a considerable Basque substratum.
That the Basques have survived all this time and so many invasions is incredible. It is as if in Iraq there were a small corner where Sumerians still lived speaking their original language despite having passed through Persian, Greek, Parthian, Roman, Arabic, Turkish and British rule.
i mean, it's not exactly what you're describing, but assyrians do exist. either way basque history is incredible
@@borealis_3882yep
@@borealis_3882 i mean it is exactly what he's describing, sumerian isn't semitic, its a language isolate
@@subterraneanphantasm4868 modern assyrians speak aramaic, which is semitic
@@borealis_3882 yeah but sumerian isnt semitic 😭 and assyrians are NOT sumerians unless you want to talk genetics which is a debate of its own
Greetings from a native aragonese speaker!
By the way, there are some wrong frontiers, but very cool!
I included all of historical Aragon. Linguistic borders did have some differences indeed.
@@CostasMelas yes i know, but i was referring to some minorities, like for example there is a gap in aragon where catalan is spoken, in valencia in the most interior parts catalan is not spoken, in miranda do douro in portugal asturleonese is still spoken, etc. But you did a great work, probably you are the first to include the brittonic language in north galicia during the high medieval ages, it is very unknown here in Spain that the celts repopulated that zone in medieval ages
No sabía que todavía quedase algún rastro del aragonés.
@@danielescalantedemedeiros. lo sé, quedamos muy pocos nativos, a mi me lo enseñó mi abuelo cuando era muy pequeño jaja
Portuguese speaker from Brazil
I’d been waiting for this video for so long. Thanks ❤
You're welcome :)
It's pretty incredible just how long Iberia was divided between such different cultures.
Is*
@@antoniomari4126 ahora todo es castellano y un poco de portugués bro
@@DaGreatestAlexander-Nelvy Torna a mirar el video.
@@DaGreatestAlexander-Nelvyno hables si no sabes
@@antoniomari4126 nadie habla catalán excepto en 4 pueblos de cataluña central y en las instituciones públicas, y si ya se hace poco con el catalán aún menos con los otros idiomas
Please don't include medieval latin. It confuses the eyes
A Castillian/Spanish speaker from Dominican Republic, saludos a todos 🇩🇴👋
Fuera de España se dice Español es ridículo decir Castellano a no ser.a.lo.sumo que seas Español y hablés la " variante" llamada Castellano
@@Benito-lr8mz Yo diría que es castellano porque es la lengua de Castilla. Lenguas españolas hay muchas.
@@ElHeraldoHispanoAmbos nombres son correctos, pero el nombre internacional es español.
🇪🇸 Español/Castellano, ¡Tanto monta. Monta tanto!
Thank you for posting this amazing video! I'm really happy that you showed how the languages of the Iberian peninsula changed in time.
Thank you
Nice video. However, there are a few mistakes that I have noticed:
1. The catalan language in rosellon wasn't shown in the video, and the catalan language in the aragonese franja is also missing
2. Galician is missing from asturias (eo navia)
3. Catalan in valencia is shown in a incorrect way
4. Astur-leonese is missing in Miranda do douro (mirandese)
Thank you for the comment
@@CostasMelasSpread of Foods
Plant
Rice
Barley
Wheat
Corn
Potato
Sweet Potato
Bean
Onion
Carrot
Cabbage
Pumpkin
Melon
Watermelon
Tomato
Chilli
Black Pepper
Cacao
Coffee
Tea
Apple
Greapes
Tobacco
Animal
Dog
Cat
Chicken
Pig
Cow
Duck
Goose
Horse
Donkey
Turkey
Sheep
Goat
MacDonalds
Burger King
KFC
Starbucks
Also Galician in León
You forgot mirandés in Portugal that is a dialect of asturleonese and euskera nowadays is speak more in the south
Emperador!
The Basques inhabiting the same corner since 2000 b.C and even more: 🗿
The populations are more or less the same, is just languages that change. The genetic differences of places didnt vary much. (In almost every place in the old world).
That part of the video is innacurate, we know that Basques used to live furthern north-east into the Pirinees and migrated to the current Basque Country at the start of the Middle Ages.
🗿
Here's a bit more of related info:
According to Thucydides, the Sicani from Sicily were Iberian in origin, they migrated to Sicily following an invasion by the Ligurians
Also according to Javier de Hoz, the Iberian language originally was only the language of the Contestani, but it was a prestigious language, and therefore it was later used by other groups (the reason might have been trade, because after the Tartessians, the Contestani became a favored link between the greeks and the other indigenous groups). The Iberian language might have arrived to the northern regions later, being the previous inhabitants speakers of an unknown Indoeuropean language from the Urnfield culture as attested by the local anthroponyms
More information in the book El euskera arcaico Extensión y parentescos (2004) by Luis C. Núñez
Espetacular ❤
Круто,но нельзя забывать,что сдвиг в государственной границе это не значит,что язык и культура тоже переносятся.
Grea job! A basque speaker here
Thank you
This is a great initiative! Thank you! However, there are a couple important inaccuracies in the video, particularly surrounding the Crown of Aragon.
During the Reconquista, what today is Valencia was split between Aragonese and Catalan regions for settling after wanting to integrate and later expel the Mozarabics. The divide was pretty strong, and lives today in the linguistic extent of the Catalan-Valencian language.
Then, Spanish in the 16th to 18th century in Catalonia was pretty much a language of prestige, with very few people from the lower classes being able to speak it until the first drafts were imposed in the 19th century, when men started learning Spanish in the army, and through the late 19th and early 20th century, with internal migrations from Castille and Aragon.
This is not necessarily wrong in the video, but the same phenomenon of diglossia happened in Aragon with Catalan in the 13th and 14th centuries. Catalan became the prestige language in the Crown of Aragon, and Aragonese became a vulgar language. This is part of the reason why today there are so many Catalan speakers and so few Aragonese speakers. It didn't happen right at that moment, but it set the ground for a lower class less favorable to keeping their traditions. I know it's a hard decision (I've also made maps and sometimes you have to do some triage with information) but I would at least try to be consistent between the two.
Finally, at some point in the High Middle Ages, past Occitan dominance, the court of Navarre adopted Aragonese as its prestige language, and it even reached some popular usage. Some sources go as far as to call the medieval language Navarroaragonés in the same way as Galaicoportugués in premodern Portugal and Galicia. It was lost as such when Castillian became the dominant language in the area.
Thank you for the additional information. Feedback is helpful to improve
No se dice aquí Catalán -Valenciano es un error y queda como "imperialista" y suena a la barbaridad radical Catalanista de los " Países Catalanes" de hecho en ningún sitio oficial o académico está esta denominación solo Valenciano (.Hay Academia Valenciana de la lengua propia y diccionario) las comarcas del interior de Valencia con la expulsión de los Moriscos en el 17 fueron repobladas con Aragoneses
@@Benito-lr8mz El término Catalán-Valenciano es bastante usado en lingüística para referirse a características comunes de ambas hablas. Tienes razón en qué existe una Academia Valenciana. Te recomiendo que mires la definición de la palabra "valencià" en su diccionario.
" m. LING. Llengua romànica parlada a la Comunitat Valenciana, així com a Catalunya, les Illes Balears, el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals, el Principat d'Andorra, la franja oriental d'Aragó i la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer, llocs on rep el nom de català."
Al final, existe un continuo dialectal desde el Rosellón hasta Alicante, y hacer el corte según fronteras modernas no tiene sentido. Sobretodo cuando, en las tierras del Ebro, se parece mucho más el habla de Tortosa al habla de Castellón que cada una a otros dialectos de sus respectivas regiones. Con el resto de lenguas romances de la península, esto es más raro.
Existen las dos denominaciones porque la correlación Lengua-Nación-Región en España es relativamente nueva. Lógicamente, antes del crecimiento del primer nacionalismo (durante el siglo XIX) era mucho más común que hubiera muchos glotónimos muy específicos. El nacionalismo valenciano creció relativamente separado del nacionalismo catalán, por eso se usan ambos términos hoy en día, pero siguen siendo, si no una misma lengua, dos hablas muy íntimamente relacionadas.
La lingüística moderna acepta que los glotónimos son términos más políticos que otra cosa, y por eso surgen denominaciones como Catalán-Valenciano, Astur-Leonés, Galaico-Portugués o Navarro-Aragonés. Describen realidades y continuos lingüísticos más que identidades nacionales, y nadie los usa como identificatorios.
Incluso percibiéndome más como catalán que como español, concuerdo contigo en que la idea de unos "Países Catalanes" es ahistórica y surrealista, pero la realidad lingüística es distinta de la política.
Respecto a la repoblación del interior de Valencia en el siglo XVII, tienes alguna cosa que pueda leer? Así que se pueda acceder fácilmente, Wikipedia dice que esa teoría es minoritaria, pero no entra muy en detalle. Es un tema interesante y me gustaría aprender más.
I love these maps. And I like that before the Indo-European migrations to West Iberia you represented it assuming there lived people related to Proto-Basques, because it's actually the most plausible thing to believe. I myself think that before the arrival of Indo-European peoples, there was a single language family spoken in Iberia: I'm a supporter of Basque-Iberism.
The three initial families may be related but in fact we know little about the Iberians and Tartessians to know to what extent they are related to the Basque language
@@CostasMelas I know a 2016 study from the Paleo-Hispanist Luis Silgo Gauche, a specialist in Iberian language. The name of the study is “Léxico Ibérico”, it is very detailed and in it he specifies where the inscriptions were found. He found out many Iberian words are close to present-day Basque, as well as cognates. Here I provide you a list comparing them:
*Iberian* // *Basque*
*Aloŕ* (cultivated field) // *Alor* (cultivated field)
*Aŕebe* (sister) // *Arreba* (sister)
*Aŕki* (light) // *Argia* (light)
*Aŕs* (city or castle) // *Ertz* (border)
*Bai* (river) // *Ibai* (river)
*Bekoŕ* (female horse) // *Behor* (female horse)
*Belaś* (sparrow-hawk) // *Belatz* (hawk, kestrel)
*Bels* (black) // *Beltz* (black)
*Beŕi* (new) // *Berri* (new, recent)
*Bios* (heart) // *Bihotz* (heart)
*Bolo* (head) // *Buru* (head)
*Ekiar* (to make) // *Egin* (to make)
*Eskeŕ* (left) // *Ezker* (left)
*Kalir* (wheat) // *Gari* (wheat)
*Kaŕi* (stone) // *Harri* (stone)
*Iltiŕ* (city) // *Hiri* (city)
Not only that but they also share certain affixes corresponding to, apparently, the same grammatical cases, for example, _usekerteku_ (of Osicerda) or _iltiŕkesken_ (of the Ilercavones), where “-ku” and “-sken” would be the Genitive suffixes, analogous to Basque “-ko”, and its plural variant “-en”. For example, Bilboko (of Bilbao) or Zumaiaen (of Zumaia, plural).
But even having said all this, there’s still another coincidence between Iberian and Basque: the numerals. This is a comparison of both Basque and Iberian numerals:
№ Iberian // Basque
1 ban // bat
2 bi~bin // bi
3 irur // hiru
4 laur // lau
5 borste // bost
6 śei // sei
7 sisbi // zazpi
8 sorse // zortzi
10 abaŕ // hamar
20 oŕkei // hogei
They also have the same way to form greater numbers, such as:
- 12 would be something like "abaŕ-ke-bi" in Iberian, while in Basque is "hamabi". They both mean "10 and 2".
- 32 would be something like "oŕkei-(a)baŕ-bi" in Iberian, while in Basque is "hogeita hamabi". They both mean "20 and 12".
Unfortunately, very few records have been found for Tartessian, but I myself believe it was also related to both Iberian and Aquitanian (Proto-Basque).
Dude you have to set up a good legend, no one can understand a shit about all the differently shaped dottled lines
hold on euskara!
This is one of your most inaccurate in a while. You overelied on historical borders, but these very often did not correspond to linguistic reality. Catalan wasn't spoken in the whole of the Kingdom of Valencia, in fact some northwestern parts were Aragonese speaking, while other inland areas were Castillian. Catalan also extended into a big chunk of Murcia, and by 1500, Castillian was the predominant language in Zaragoza or at least in its southern outskirts. Also largely omitted the Asturleonese of Cantabria (montañés).
Besides, while incorrectly stating all of the inland Kingdom of Valencia as Catalan-speaking, he omitted Catalan from both the Western Strip and Northern Catalonia (incorrectly stated as Aragonese/Spanish and Occitan/French-speaking). That's wildly inaccurate.
Yeah, and Asturleonse was once spoken in some areas o Castile, as well as Cantabia and it's also currently spoken in some areas of Tras-os-montes (Portugal) and Extremadura. Also in Asturian is quite alive still when it showed almost dead like it is in León.
Just a hypotethical question, do you think that the heir of aquitanian is basque? Because in this video around AD 400 you just swaped the languages for the same colour on the same territory. Thanks for your answer!
The Aquitani lived north of the Pyrenees and the Vascones south, but many scholars have noted many similarities between them. Thus they consider that they probably belonged to the same linguistic substratum of the region.
Euskalduna naizen aldetik, nire arbasoei erakutsi zenituen zure bideoa onartzen dut. Nire jendea, oro har, Lurreko zaharrena da.
Nuestros ancestros, los de todos los españoles y portugueses, muy seguramente estaban relacionados con los aquitanos (protovascos) y hablaban una lengua similar, tal y como se muestra en el vídeo.
Lurreko means Earth? Amazing how different this language is from any other.
@@thiagoulartIt means "of Earth". The suffix "-ko" indicates the singular Genitive case.
Jo parle Valencia i m'agradaria molt aprendre Euskera i els altres llenguatges de Espanya ; salutacions
most muslims in Iberia spoke latin languages and not arabic. this seems wrong
The arabic was only spoke by the ruler elite. Most of people that lived in the occupied zone spoke Mozarabic (literally a romance language with arabic influence, extinct nowadays). The 80% of people of the Muslim Iberia were Hispano-Romans that were converted to Islam.
@@samuelsz1422 exactly idk why he made arabic look so dominant on the map
@@samuelsz1422 El mozárabe fue hablado principalmente, aunque no únicamente, por los cristianos que vivían en territorio musulmán. Los musulmanes aprendieron árabe.
Existen monedas acuñadas durante los años 720 y 730 en donde aparecía la frase "No hay más dios que Ala" tanto en árabe "لا إله إلا الله" como en latín "non est deus nisi Deus".
Más tarde, durante los años 40 de ese siglo se comenzaron a acuñar monedas donde la inscripción estaba solo en árabe, lo que da a entender que la enseñanza del idioma en la población conversa fue bastante rápida.
🇪🇸 Nada tiene que ver la acuñación de monedas sólo en árabe, idioma de la élite gobernante con los ciudadanos de a pie, donde el gran % era el pueblo años antes conquistado. Al principio los gobernantes árabes permitieron la convivencia de las tres religiones, indudablemente la mayoritaria era la cristiana, años más tarde se prohibió y los cristianos tuvieron forzosamente que adoptar la religión islámica.
Great! From Portugal.
Thank you
@@CostasMelas
Mirandese was missing but i guess it would be too small for an otherwise confusing map
Still, great stuff
When will you do Afroasiatic languages? You did indo-European very well so I’m looking forward to you doing the 2nd largest family!
native deep basque speaker here 😮
GREAT video as usual! It is nice for all who don't know about Spain and Portugal.
But (unfortunately for linguistic survival) you overestimated the extent of some regional languages:
a) Catalan-Valencian doesn't cover all the Valencian Region, with several inner regions that have spoken Castilian for several centuries to now.
b) Aragonese doesn't cover all Huesca province either, since it pitifully disappeared in the south over the last decades.
Thank you very much
There is an error in your comment. You wrote "pitifully", the right word is "fortunately"
@@anon-rf5sx No, there is no fortune in the loss of cultural diversity.
Dudo mucho que los visigodos extendieran su idioma por toda la península...
Θα ήθελα ενα βιντεο για τα βασκανία
Cant you please..... make languages of the levant?
He estudiado latín y castellano antiguo y la verdad es que una de las cosas en las que muchos mappers fallan es en no distinguir el castellano actual del antiguo, y poca gente se sabe las fechas en las que eso sucede. Has hecho muy buen trabajo.
Y no poner Valenciano
¿"Mappers"? Joer con los anglicismos 🤡🤡
@@masn9997 Dime tú el término romance entonces
@@Benito-lr8mz eso ni siquiera es un idioma, es una bobada creada por independentistas de independentistas
@@praetorius.A los que hacen mapas se les llama "cartógrafos". Si no te gusta, siempre tienes "analistas", "historiadores", etc.
Celts in Gaul before 1000BC? From everything I’ve read they didn’t spread out from Southern Germania until around 800BC to 1000BC
like Lusitanian, there were a lot of bell beaker pre celtic languages which seem to come from this area. Its still up for debate if they were a related group (which later assimilated) or a mix of local and pre celtic or downright celtic in origin. Evidence seems to point to too many similarities between these and celtic but we just dont have that much direct linguistic evidence to definitively say.
2:54 an Iranian language in Iberia. the Alans I assume?
Yes :)
Why so
@@qaz1001 Migration. They established a kingdom in Africa the next decade
Couple of issues at the start.
The map opens at 2000B.C
At this point, genetic data corresponds with the the Indo-European languages having already been introduced in the peninsula, finishing the process by 1800.
In this map they seemingly only even begin being introduced, in the form of Lusitanian, which is likely the case, in the 1800's.
Then Celtic follows by 700B.C
This is only possible if one assume the theory of the Celtic languages having been developed in Hallstatt, which is outdated and completely incompatible with modern knowledge of genetics, linguistics and archeology.
Among the only two acceptable theories on the origin of the Celtic languages it would not have been any sort of migration carried out by Hallstatt-people, but a natural development of the Indo-European language first introduced in the 2000B.C.E invasion.
The two theories diverge on where this took place, one placing it in the Atlantic coast, another in South-Central Gaul, nevertheless this split and spread would have taken place in the period between 1800B.C.E and 1200 B.C.E and gave rise to the Q-Celtic languages.
By the time of the development of the Hallstatt culture, the Celtic language had mutated into what would have been a more recent branch of P-Celtic, which would have spread into Western Europe by the 700's bce, introducing the art into the already Q-Celtic speaking populations.
Places that were highly replaced such as the British Islands, therefore became overwhelmingly P-Celtic speaking, as is Welsh and Cornish today.
Gaul had the two types living side by side.
Iberia, which was invaded to a relatively lesser extent, retained mostly Q-Celtic, albeit P-Celtic was also attested.
Ireland, being the most isolated fringe of the pre-Halstatt Celtic world, remained untouched by either Hallstatt art or P-Celtic languages.
So although there was indeed a P-Celtic introduction in 700BCE as the video shows, the video largely ignores the already existing Q-Celtic languages in the peninsula, likely arriving at the same time as Lusitanian or being a direct descendant of Lusitanian, which is also linguistically likely.
1200CB Phoenicians already had founded Lisbon.. This is one of the most importante details regarding Portugal, Lisbon and Phoenicians and Iberia as it is the oldest city in all of western europe..
And not only that as the Lusitanians are direct descendants from Bell Beakers people which goes back to 4000bc during the megalithic timeline
And Portuguese is centuries older than Spanish lmao
The Bell Beaker culture only started at around 2800 BC and it was initially non-Indo-European, though Indo-Europeans would start arriving in Iberia at about 2500-2000 BC, alongside steppe ancestry and R-M269
Make Languages of Middle East (Iranian Plateau and Arabian Peninsula)
Great video! But I’d like to say that you seem to have forgotten the Xalimego language, Galician-Portuguese language spoken in Val de Xalima.
Also, in the end of the video you seem to imply that mirandese is no longer spoken, which is false, as i am a speaker of mirandese myself, + if you plan on highlighting the regions where Portuguese is spoken in Spain, also highlight Olivença
Excluding that, great video!
Thank you very much. I included them in Galician and Asturleonese, but I could have highlighted them separately
@@CostasMelasfor as much as I think they’re separate languages, there are people who consider them dialects, so it’s more the fact they’re not included than the fact they’re considered dialects, since Mirandese isn’t dead and I didn’t see xalimego (is it represented?)
Sí, la fala de xálima. Tiene algunos rasgos del asturleonés y el castellano también, al fin y al cabo es un dialecto de transición.
@@ElHeraldoHispano no es bien una habla de transicion, es una lengua galaico-portuguesa con influencia asturleonesa, y mas tarde, castellana, pero todas las otras lenguas de españa también tienen influencia castellana 😅
Perdón por mío español, no soy nativo
@@M_dMV Tu castellano es muy bueno, no te preocupes. Ojalá pudiera dominar yo así el portugués. Y efectivamente, llevas razón, es una lengua aparte descendiente del galaicoportugués, no un dialecto. Pero por alguna razón aquí se le llama "dialecto de transición" aunque no sea en realidad un dialecto, es verdad, pero se le dice así porque antaño representaba una transición en el continuo dialectal romance, algo así como el eonaviego más al norte.
I hope that the Asturian and Aragonese languages can be reestablished as they were 500 or 600 years ago...
Like If you want Basque to be the national language and not Spanish: v
Lovely video, Costas. I always enjoy your uploads. Excellent work!
Thank you
Tartessos will rise again!
its a joke? Your country is 100% pure lol🤣
I have found several errors in this video. What is today the Spanish Basque country, in the provinces of Vizcaya, Álava and Guipúzcoa, in all three of them, the language belonged to the Indo-European Celtic group, like the rest of northern Spain, the Cantabrian Coast. Then it seems that in what is now the region of Navarra, a minority part of the population was of Aquitaine language, but with Romanization and Latinization under the Roman Empire the entire peninsula was completely Latinized, it was from the centuries VI and VII AD, when due to displacements of Aquitaine groups from the south of France they crossed the Pyrenees and colonized areas of northern Spain, importing their Aquitaine language, this is the origin of the different dialects today called Basque. Thank you
Thank you for the additional information. Another user wrote to me about the similarities between Basque and Iberian. The view of the indigenous origin of Basque generally prevails
@@CostasMelas Thank you for your answer, about the language today called Basque, the most recent consensus in archeology and science considers that it comes from Ancient Aquitanian, in the southwest of present-day France, this Aquitanian in the early Middle Ages came into contact with Latin and suffered a strong Latinization, evolving into the different dialects of the Basque language. In the current Spanish region of the Basque Country this language was not present until the 6th and 7th centuries AD. Previously being a Celtic space and later 100% Latin as in the rest of Spain with Romanization. To the south of the Pyrenees, in the current Spanish regions of Navarra and Aragon, it seems that there were Aquitanian-speaking settlers in the Roman period, although in a minority, being mostly an Iberian and Celtiberian-speaking population area, the arrival of the Basque to this The area also arrived in the 6th and 7th centuries AD from Aquitaine, present-day southern France. Thank you
@@nachopichu6594 It's me who he refers to. You see, the most recent findings actually say otherwise. Archaeologists have found a bronze gauntlet from the Iron Age near Pamplona, with inscriptions in Northeastern Iberian script, in which several words correlated to present-day Basque: the Irulegi Hand (la Mano de Irulegui). Not only that, but there are also inscriptions from the same age which seem to be Aquitanian in Sierra de la Demanda (between Burgos and La Rioja) suggesting that it was probably spoken further west than Navarra before the Indo-Europeans (Celts and Lusitanians) arrived (and who knows, maybe it was spoken in pretty much all of northwestern Iberia, in the Cantabrian Sea zone all the way to Galicia, just like in the video). So, we have two possibilities here. Either it's proto-Basque (Aquitanian) and it was also widely spoken in Iberia, thus debunking what you are stating, or it's actually Iberian and it means Iberian has a strong connection with Basque (which most likely does, as many other evidence suggests).
Now, what I do not deny is the fact that the Basque speakers in present day Basque Country were practically null by the time the Romans came, since they were assimilated and replaced by Celtic-speaking peoples like the Autrigones, Varduli or Caristii. It is also true that during the times of the Visigoth Kingdom and much more during the Reconquista, the zone was repopulated by settlers coming from Aquitaine which reintroduced Basque to the zone, as you say. But that doesn't mean that proto-Basque (Aquitanian) wasn't spoken in present-day Basque Country (and perhaps in northwest Spain as well) before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans.
@@ElHeraldoHispano le vuelvo a repetir, la arqueología y la ciencia más lo que nos cuenta las piedras y los hallazgos, en las actuales tres provincias del país Vasco, en Vizcaya, Álava y Guipúzcoa no se ha hablado aquitano hasta los siglos VI y VII D,c. Ésta fue zona indoeuropea celta. En cambio sí se habló algo de aquitano entre algunos de los grupos tribales denominados por los romanos como vascones, éstos estaban en el valle del Ebro, actual Aragón y Navarra, aunque en esta zona fue mayoritariamente ibera y celtíbera. Gracias
How much Portugues and Spanish have relations from Lusitanian and Iberian, Aquitanian?
Galician probably retains some Lusitanian elements
All are really beautiful sounding languages but I think Catalan has the most charismatic modern language spoken in Iberia
Qualsevol d'Espanya es bonic ( Valencian speaker)
Dunno how I missed this video. Good to see the evolution of my native language, Portuguese!
Happy new year!
Finally, some love for the Basque
Good job, Costas! Your take on this topic is much much better than mine! Keep up the great work!
Thank you very much
Catalan was also spoken in some parts of Murcia for a century. Catalan, although is not an official language there, is still spoken in eastern Aragon. In the Valencian Country, Aragonese was also spoken in most regions that are close to Castile and where nowadays they speak Spanish. Also, the Spanish being spoken in Catalonia in any measure since 1500 is the most inaccurate thing I've seen. The reality is that a century ago more than 90% of the population were Catalan speakers and in that time most didn't speak Spanish. I'd put the Spanish language with little influence in Catalonia from the XIX century. You could even choose the XVIII century when the Castilians with the help of France conquered us (and they still do) and in that century only literate people could learn basic Spanish at the university.
Valencian/Catalan is still spoken in some parts of Murcia today. For example, in El Carche. And also in East Aragón. There's even a transition dialect of Aragonese and Catalan: Ribagorçan. And we could also mention Algherese, which is spoken in Sardinia.
About the 18th century thing, yeah, that's what happens when you put a French king in the throne. All regional languages and autonomy, gone. I mean, you can clearly see in the map how Catalan is much less spoken in France (Rosselló) than in Spain today. The Bourbons turned the Hispanic Monarchy into an absolutist and centralist state. I don't know what was Charles II thinking of when choosing Philip as his successor, but fortunately the situation is much different today than when the Nueva Planta decrees were enforced. Today Catalan as well as many other languages apart from Castilian are official, and Spanish regions have plenty autonomy from the central government, for that reason they are called, well, Autonomous Communities.
Para empezar, por culpa de los lideres catalanes, casi nos invaden Francia, porque querian separse de la Corona de Aragon!! Y pidieron ayuda a los Franceses, y dejaron entrar a Napoleon!!!
Eso de que se habla catalan, en Valencia, Murcia, y este de Aragon!! No se, no se!!! Porque cataluña,no existia!!! Era el condado de Barcelona, yotros condados mas pequeños!!!
El Reino de Aragon era mas grande, y despues heredo el Reino de Navarra que era de su Primo!!!
Aparte Alfonso el Batallador, tubo el reino de Valencia antes de morir, al cabo de poco tiempo fue de los arabes otra vez!!! Conque se debia hablar aragones o navarro aragones!!
Cuando se junto el reino de Aragon, con el condado de Barcelona por matrimonio!!! Digo yo que se debía de hablar en el idioma del reino que tenia mas poblacion y terreno!!!
Conque el catalan debe de venir del aragones o navarro aragones,!!!
"Valencian country"? That didn't ever exist 🤡🤡
Edit: OK, you are just a Catalan separatist. Folks, don't believe him, he's just lying 🤣
Minor mistake: the town of Olivença, in the border between Spain and Portugal, was de facto Portuguese until the Napoleonic era. This area spoke Portuguese until then and kept speaking it until the cleansing by the Franco government. Nowadays there's still a small Portuguese speaking community in Olivença.
Thank you for the comment. Feedback is very helpful to improve
Franco no hizo ninguna "limpieza", sencillamente la gente abandonó el portugués porque no servía para nada y necesitaban comunicarse con el resto del país. Y no: hoy día en Olivenza nadie habla portugués salvo algunos ancianos.
@@masn9997 franco did it, as he did with Galician, Catalan and Basque. He wanted to wipe the cultural differences
@@masn9997 in the past, communicating with the neighbour town on the other side of the frontier was much more important than the weak connection between the centralised power in the capital and the most isolated regions of the country
Great video! Fascinating how many cultures and languages have inhabited Iberia in its history.
Thank you
You used some weird borders for Catalan. Inner Valencian Country should have been Aragonese and, later, Castilian. And Catalan arrived to Murcia around 1300-1600 after disappearing
País Valencia? Sona a la merda imperialista dels Paísos Catalans ; Valencia a lo máxim fou históricament un regne no un "país" vasall de Catalunya
"Valencian country"? That didn't ever exist 🤡🤡
The north in ancient times is a complete mystery, we don't know if the old proto-Basque was an independent language or if it was related with the Iberian and its dialects.
I believe Aquitanian was related to Iberian. And it is plausible to believe that in the west similar languages were spoken before the Indo-European migrations.
These videos always have to rely on one or another established hypothesis, because it's just impossible to add all uncertainties to the map.
Are you going to make a video of Middle East languages?
As an Euskara speaker I approve
Thank you. You speak one of the most ancient languages
Your language most likely descended from the languages of Neolithic farmers of ancient Europe
Map is wrong. Celtic is oder in the Iberian Peninsula than the rest of Europe. For example, just in the center is found text from 3000 b.c.
This info is not actualised.
That doesn't make much sense considering Celtic is an Indo-European language, and the IE homeland was probably the Pontic Steppe, meaning that Celtic would have first appeared in Central Europe since Central Europe is much closer to the Steppes than Iberia.
@@Nastya_07 That's a old interpretation. Now, the researches have more information. It,s a mithos that celtic is coming from "central Europe". In Spain there are Celtic language, buildings and culture found between 3000-4000 b.c., more than 1000 years before than Helve and Center Europe (between 2800-2000 b.c.). That's the thing.
Pd: celtic language is not indoeuropean but after that, and sometimes at the same time.
Take actual books and researchings.
Regards
@@napster1987 How is Celtic not Indo-European?
It's core vocabulary is clearly Indo-European.
Irish, Welsh, Spanish and Persian word for 'mother'
Irish: máthair
Welsh: mam
Spanish: madre
Persian: mâdar
Can you give your sources for early Celtic texts in Iberia?
Can you do a languages of Crimea video?
interesting idea
Why do people think the Lusitanians arn't Celtic?
We don't really know if they were Celtic. They were Italo-Celtic, for sure, but many scholars believe they were a branch of proto-Italo-Celtic people who migrated to Iberia even before Italic and Celtic split, thus being "para-Celtic". Liburnians, Venetics and Ancient Ligurians are also believed to be para-Celtic.
The power of Rome is terrifying! The Celts and the primitive barbarians of Iberia both submitted so completely to absolute power that they abandoned their native languages. Even the civilized coastal Greeks could not escape Latin expansion. The Basque language is still alive today simply because its speakers are lucky enough to enjoy geographical protection, something very similar to the Albanians.
Living in an empire that is culturally superior to everyone around it has never been easy for minorities. The last Crimean Goths and their language would probably have survived at least into the 20th century if the Slavs had not tried to genocide them.
Hopefully your next video will be about the languages of the British Isles. I really want to see how the Anglos wiped out the Celts and Picts.
🤣🤣🤣 Signed a Román warrior ; bybthe way the old languages of U.K NOTHING practically ; the English is Germanic languag with the Anglos and Saxons invasions of U.K by the way in U.K the old etnicity practically desapeared with Anglo-Saxon masive invasión in Spain the Iberians and Celts.;Tartessians in lesser extent by the way the roots of etnicity ( practically no culture) largely follow
The Iberians barely fought with the Romans. They signed treaties with them and became federated tribes of Rome, similar to what some tribes in Italy had done. Later, seeing that the colonies founded by the Romans had better infrastructure and technology, the Iberians abandoned their settlements and moved little by little to the Roman settlements. To give an example, the current Andalusian city of Córdoba was an indigenous settlement called Corduba that existed since at least 3,000 BC. When the Romans arrived, they signed an agreement with this city to annex it and founded a colony near there, which adopted the name of the indigenous settlement: Corduba. For about 250 years, both cities coexisted and even actively traded with each other, until the great growth of the Roman city caused it to absorb the smaller and more primitive Iberian city, merging both into one.
The Iberians were a fairly civilized and peaceful people for the time. They had traded with Phoenicians and Greeks for centuries and exported oil, vines, precious metals and livestock throughout the Mediterranean. Many tribes saw Rome as basically a new market to trade with. They quickly learned Latin precisely so they could better trade with the Romans.
There were a few pockets of Iberian resistance, but quite small and regional. The Roman provinces of Betica, Cartaginese and Tarraconense, which occupied the ancient Iberian territories, ended up being some of the most developed provinces of the Roman Empire, especially Betica.
The Celts were totally different, much more violent and warlike. It took the Romans 200 years to subdue the entire peninsula. The area of Asturias was a nightmare for Rome due to its mountainous geography, the extremely humid and cold climate and above all the hostility of the Celtic tribes of the Galicians, Asturians and especially the Cantabrians.
I think it's really cool to see how at about the year 200 bc there were so many langueges and then latin came and ate them all and how the aquitanian was so large spread and then the part that survived Latin became basque. Amazing video, keep it up with the good stuff!👍👍❤❤❤
Thank you
I can see you used current provincial boarders leading to several imaccurscies but good video and very orientative
I wont call it "Spanish" is Castillan. Castellano. Spanish for me is any language spoken in Spain, where the frank language is Castillan. For me is a big mistake calling castillan Spanish because it maked seem like other language are less Spanish, while Spain is the union of the Iberian Kingdoms (minus Portugal), which had their different languages. In fact Spain also united New World territories, everything was Spain, and then you had the subdivisions.
You dont have in Switzerland high german being called Swiss, per example, despite being more or less the main language there, thats what I mean.
Yo habló castellano y catalán, lenguas de España.
Swiss German is actually called Schwyzerdütsch.
Para tí, pero que sepas que las dos formas estás aceptadas por la RAE y todo el mundo utiliza la palabra español porque está más internacionalizado. Decir Español y castellano es lo mismo
@@raulalcalamunoz4524 Sisi, para mí, ya lo sé jaja
Es verdad y no soy un radical se dice Castellano más correctamente que Español eso es si es de fuera de España a lo sumo se podría decir de un hablante de Español nacido aquí y este fuera ( podía decirse Castellano o Hispanohablante indistintamente ; no si el nativo no ha nacido y no habla la " variante" del Español en España el Castellano) y no soy un independista .
From sicily thank a lot reconquista. Romance languages brothers 1492(Isabella e ferdinando)real european monarchy
Sicilia fue " parte " de España siglos ; saludos
Amazing though I'd have liked to see the north-east part of Catalonia and Minorca
Why did Portuguese become it's own language and identity?
Because the Portuguese have its standard orthography in 1100s based on Occitan/Gascon/Provençal, by King Dom Dinis, while Galician doesn't have a Standard written until XIX century.
Because Portugal became a nation-state before the other Iberian kingdoms merged into what we call "Spain" today.
Political separation of the lands north and south of the Miño due to the creation of Portugal eventually led to linguistic divergence.
Portuguese evolved on its own, I guess following the language spoken in Lisbon (the capital, where the court was). Meanwhile Galician also evolved and it was influenced by Spanish.
To this day Portuguese speakers in the north of Portugal still have an accent similar to Galician, compared to standard Portuguese.
Valencia no es Catala te una Academia de la llengua y diccionari propi
It's interesting to know that it's actually Catalan that rules the Balearic Islands, not Spanish
Ahora las lenguas de Hispanoamérica, Brasil e indígenas en cada uno.
Hello, when using different colours, please don't make the lines so thin. Make them thicker.
Berber was also spoken in Al Andalus
🤣🤣🤣
@@Benito-lr8mz los soldados beréberes hablaban Berber es una de las causas por las que cayó el califato
Please do Italy.
Would love to see a languages of the middle east :)
I gonna ask all my Iberian friends to speak to be in Iberian not Latin pls.
Армысыз! Здравствуйте! Hello! Costas Melas
Hello :)
@@CostasMelas Жаңа жыл құтты болсын! С Новым годом! Happy New Year!
What evidence do you have for this reconstruction? In my experience, linguistic assumptions about the past are usually wild speculations.
why do you think that?
@@skinkroot Not saying its wrong, I'd just like to know how we know. Some long-held assumptions about "anglo-saxon" for example are now looking very shaky indeed. Instead of it becoming the dominant language in the dark ages and temporarily being eclipsed by the Normans, it now looks like almost nobody spoke it until around or post 1066. Most of southern England already spoke French and Latin before 1066, some of the north must have spoken Norse and there were plenty of Romano-British enclaves throughout the whole country - the last report being from East Anglia in the early 18th century. The reason we can be so wrong is because nobody ever really looked for the evidence.
I think this video takes a lot of its evidence from the borders of actual nations (that had such languages spoken/official) and drew it like that. It may lose credibility that way, but it's the best we got so far.
Can you please make about mazdek religion mazdeheism
Merry Christmas!
Merry Christmas to you too
Познавательно!
Interesting video! Such a land with so many language changes along the years!
I m Romanian so I speak a Romance / Latin-based language. However, did not expect Spanish to have variations like other languages have :-)
Thank you
wake up babe new Costas Melas vid just dropped
Greetings from mozarab speaker! 👋
Lo dices a buenas o con ironía?😂
@@Benito-lr8mz Con ironía 😂
Where is the "Franja de Poniente"?
I think you should do an every month more detailed version. It will get a million views for sure.
Feliz navidad! Que bonito verte pasándola bien con tus padres 😊
Can you make history of sinitic languages
I have made it. See the older videos
@@CostasMelas oh i remember
Why does latin only disappear in the 18th century?
It was a co-official language of the Spanish Empire but was gradually abandoned after the 17th century
I wanna see the making process genuinely
A lot of imagination, but very little knowledge on the matter. These maps have no historic rigour. No one has never posited that Aquitanian was spoken in half Iberia. Even well-known current facts as the division of Catalan- and Spanish-speaking territories in Valencia are not depicted. The artistic effects are very good, but the historic and linguistic rigour is shameful.
Iranian?🤔
The Alans briefly established a kingdom in Iberia.
Ossetians. They live in Caucasus now. Funny enough, two other countries from Caucasus claim to be relatives to basks - Armenians and Georginas.
@@meme-potentialsearch8010 Armenians are Indo-European, so they cannot be related to Basques.
Georgian could be considered a Paleo-European language like Basque, but this is only a designation for European languages prior to the expansions of IE and Uralic, no genetic connection between the Paleo-European languages has been demonstrated.
@@Nastya_07 Armenians have heritage from Urartu. Most of EI words are coming from the Iranians
@@meme-potentialsearch8010 While there was contact between the Proto-Armenians and Urartians, they were not the same, Armenian is a Indo-European language (usually considered an independent branch) while Urartian was a Hurro-Urartian language.
Se dice castellano, no español
Estoy de acuerdo. Españolas son todas las lenguas de España, después de todo.
Exacto, es un error garrafal, para la unidad de España y su cohesión llamar al castellano "español", porque esa era la lengua de Castilla, al igual que el Catalan la de la Corona de Aragón o el Vasco la de Navarra. Todas son lenguas españolas, y tenemos el castellano como lengua franca.
Tío, que no pasa nada
@@m.g949 y pasa algo si lo digo? Es mejor decirlo bien
Es correcto se dice Castellano para España y Español para fuera de ella en lo referente a la lengua es algo que no saben la mayoría de extranjeros
Nice video
Thank you
Amazing map, As a Spanish language speaker I also understand Portuguese and Catalan to some degree
Thank you
Sólo te falta así como lenguas más habladas el Gallego ; el Euskera y el Valenciano aunque.entederas bastante ya ; salutacions desde Valencia
Why don't the colours match the ones labelled?
The color of areas where there are stripes of a different color may appear different
Amazing video!
I am a native portuguese (European) speaker
Thank you
No es correcta la zona del Reino de Valencia, la comarca de Requena siempre habló castellano y nunca catalán y las comarcas churras hablaban aragonés y no catalán. Pero además de que el árabe de allí desapareció en 1611. Por otro lado, el Reino de Granada no tuvo Cádiz salvo en épocas tempranas.
Ik libe dy
pobre españa vivio mucho
Well spot on at 3:27.
Another error that I have discovered in this video is introducing the Occitan language in Catalonia in the 7th century AD, already at that time in the form of the current regional map. Occitan entered what is now northern Catalonia centuries later, in the Hispanic March, the southern half of current Catalonia was Arabic until the 12th century, and therefore the Occitan language was not established in these territories until these dates, then centuries of coexistence of this Hispanic Occitan with Castilian-Aragonese evolved into the set of dialects today called Catalan. Thank you
este mapa no es del todo correcto, el valenciano es anterior al catalan, en la marca hispánica se hablaba lemosin. Los textos más antiguos en valenciano son anteriores a los escritos en catalan.
Los políticos catalanes se han gastado un dineral en difundir el bulo de que el valenciano, el mallorquín, el ibicenco y el catalán son la misma lengua, pero como tú dices el valenciano es anterior al catalán y, de hecho, existe un siglo de oro en la literatura valenciana, pero no en la catalana. Fue el PP el que vendió el valenciano a cambio de una legislatura en los años 80, me parece.
La expulsion de los Moriscos en las tierras del interior de Valencia que quedaro casi despobladas fueron repobladas con Aragoneses luego la definicion de Catalan- Valenciano no es correcta es Valenciano a secas vivo aqui y en ningun sitio oficial o academico ( tiene Academia de la lengua propia y diccionario ) pone juntos Catalan-Valenciano es una especie de apropiacion para que oase su discurso de los Catalanes radicales .