Languages of Italy
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- Опубликовано: 17 май 2024
- Languages of Italy, Tyrrhenian, Ancient Ligurian, Italic, Celtic, Paleo-Sardinia, Paleo-Corsican, Sicanian, Oenotrian, Etruscan, Rhaetic, Latin, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Sicel, Elymian, Venetic, Gaulish, Lepontic, Noric, Messapic, Liburnian, Greek, Vulgar Latin, Italo-Dalmatian, Sardinian, Western Roman, Eastern Romance, Gallo-Romance, Gothic, Lombardic, Venetian, Dalmatian, Gallo-Italic, Rhaeto-Romance, Tuscan, Central Italian, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Romansh, ladin, Friulian, Griko, Arbereshe
Music:
Hopeless - Jimena Contreras
Romansh not Romanch. Sorry i saw it too late
its ok over all the details you always put in your video its nothing so dont worry about small mistakes
Unforgivable...
Romansh speaker here, cool video man
@@chriswas6614 Thank you
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History of Koreanic languages
History of Japonic languages
I'd like to point out some things:
- The ancient Dalmatians likely spoke (Dalmato-)Pannonian rather than Illyrian proper, as supported by Radoslav Katičić
- The video is missing Proto-Osco-Umbrian
- South Picene probably forms a third branch of Osco-Umbrian, rather than just being Oscan and Umbrian dialects, Pre-Samnite could have also been shown as such
- In the early middle ages, Corsica most likely spoke Sardinian or a language close to it rather than Italo-Dalmatian
Thanks, Pointdexter
As a person who's been studying the languages of Italy at an amateur level, I can say your video is accurate, at least at a superficial level (going deeper would require to lose your mind into the debates such the one about the best nomenclature for Neapolitan and Sicilian languages), I have only one major correction to do: the boundaries of the Piedmontese and Lombard languages are not the same as the administrative boundaries of the regions of Piedmont and Lombardia.
The area of the Lombard is a bit larger. Thank you
Yes, the northernmost province of Piemonte (VCO) speaks Lombard not Piemontese. They voted to join Lombardy a few years ago but not enough people voted for it to count.
I have two unsolved inquiries concerning the ancient languages of Italy:
- Is it possible that previous to the arrival of Indo-European speaking population groups, the indigenous languages spoken there (i.e. Etruscan, the "Apennine substrate", Sicanian) were related and thus belonged to the same language family? Excluding Sardinia, of course, which is known to have been populated by people from different origins, so I highly doubt that there was a sole "Paleo-Sardinian" language.
- Could Ancient Ligurian and Paleo-Corsican have belonged to the Indo-European family? I know about several arguments supporting this theory and others which support the opposite view. If someone knows more about this, please do not hesitate to inform me.
There's unfortunately one big problem with those ancient languages: they're largely undocumented and have left little impact from which to understand them.
We cannot know for sure
Later Ligurian has definitely some characteristics of Celtic from what we know of. However its likely in the case of some of these that they are probably just transitioning into Indo European influence and we dont know when exactly they started speaking an Indo European language.
Yes, it is very likely.
The Etruscans were probably Phoenicians, (same clothes, same beard), and they also founded cities in the south of France, such as present-day Marseille, Sicily and Corse.
@@marksteiner507 given how the alphabet reached the romans I don't think the Etruscans were Phoenicians. If they were the latin alphabet would surely be different.
Or maybe I just misunderstood your comment, but in any case they didn't speak a semitic language
@@marksteiner507 They were not Phoenicians. They were influenced by the Phoenicians and Greeks, but they were neither of them.
The Etruscans were mostly descendants of Early European Farmers (EEF), coming from Anatolia and the Levant. By the time they entered in contact with people of Indo-European steppe-related ancestry, they were considered an autochthonous/indigenous people of the Italian peninsula.
One of the things that I'm proud about my country is its linguistic diversity 🇮🇹💙
But will italian language dominate all the other languages in the italian peninsiuela same way Roman empire destroid all the other languages in the peninsiuela, that were not latin itself.
You forgot catalan in Alguer😖, but very cool video!
Very correct note. I should have included it
How could you represent a single location? More significant would be the official use of Spanish throughout the region for a century, right?
@@SergioSovi yes, you are right. But as far i know, the tiny region around alguer still speaks catalan, so it would be like a tiny part of sardinia, but yes, spanish could have been also represented in italy
You forgot Catalan, and Spanish, as languages of the upper class in southern Italy. As well as Norman French in Naples and Sicily. Also, yesterday I was wondering about languages of Italy, and in the next day, the video was posted, perfect timing!
@@pablojosemoralesidrovo9636 yes, although aragonese should be also considered. For example, in Sicily, Siracuse was called Zaragoza de Sicilia, and there is even a Barcelona in Sicily. I dont know if catalan or spanish was spoken a lot in some locations, but Alguer/Alguero should be considered to be catalan at least since the XIV century, when it was repopulated with people from tarragona i think
Your videos are always a treat to watch. So fascinating!
Thank you
What a clusterfuck to follow, great video as always
Thank you
A very useful video! I was just interested in this topic.
Thank you
As you can see, from 3:54 the genocide of istrian and dalmatian italians began. For this we can thank Austria-Hungary, especially Franz-Joseph and later Tito. Today only about 2% of the original population remains.
Same did the italians during fascism against the slovenes and croatians.Italianization- fascism search in internet).
@@orkotron007 yes true, but in a different way. The fascists tried to forcefully assimilate the slavs by banning their language and enforcing Italian, although it was inefficient and the number of slavs increased and did not decrease during that period. Instead Tito simpy expelled the remaining italians from that land and about 15k of them were thrown into pits in the ground. Today only about 10-15k remain.
@@orkotron007 True, but long before the Slavs moved to the area there was a very strong Venetian influence along the littoral which remained well through the 19th century. There probably wouldn't even have been a Mussolini if Woodrow Wilson hadn't been determined to give the Italians a mutilated victory and then it would have been a much more benign Italian influence. Less well know is that the South Slavs were probably the most dogged fighters for A H during the war which left a bad taste in the mouths of Italians considering Italy lost 650,000 soldiers with double that amount wounded and a devastated economy. Italy also expended more per capita fighting the war than any other country. A census just after the war showed that 49% per cent of the population of Fiume spoke Italian as their first tongue not an insignificant amount. The rest being split but not evenly between Istro-Rumeno Croatian, Hungarian, and German.
Great mapping as always!!!
Thank you
I can see why it took so long to make. Excelent. No other words needed. Amazing video, keep it up! :)) ❤❤👍👍👍💪💪
Thank you
To think that before Rome, Italia was home to a large & diverse array of Paleo-European, Pre-Indo-European, Italic, Balkanic, Celtic, non-Italic Indo-European, Greek & even Semitic languages! It's quite an amazing thing but it's all the more sadder to see that they were all mostly assimilated into the greater Latin yoke when Rome became an empire; not here to hate on Rome (cuz I am a casual Romaboo) but it sux that we don't have enough evidence of what MANY of these languages truly were like during those ancient times.
It would've been nice had the Romans or Greek had taken the time to record these languages and store them somewhere where we could find them and research these lost tongues. Sadly, this isn't the case. ;(
Cultures and therefore people are wiped out very often. For them to survive and mature, develop, spread their roots is very rare and something to be treasured.
@@johnw574 Agreed! May this be a lesson ALL people who inhabit this earth!
We know that the Celtic language was of the 'p' Celtic group of languages which included Gaulish and native British. Of those only native British is still around in Britain and Brittany as Welsh,Cornish and Breton.
@@neilthornton3544 Indeed! Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish would be interesting to decipher and research but we need alot more evidence before this.
Those populations didn't leave so many written sources, and this was not because of the romans
It would be a lot of work I know, but it is difficult to distinguish which colour corresponds to which language. Perhaps adding initials to designate these? It’s especially difficult with the lines crossing.
Just a suggestion but could help take this to the next level, IMHO.
For example the “Greek” colour - while I know it’s referring to the small enclaves in southern Italy, it doesn’t seem to match the colour. Adding a “Gr” or something to the areas with that colour could be useful.
Latina Aeterna! Rome Aeterna! ❤
Fantastico!
next: overall history and evolution of Pashto from ancient avestan to bactrian and into modern pashto , please please please costas please, we can trust you regarding these topics
It's not known whether Avestan was an eastern or Western Iranian language, so Pashto can't be derived from it. As for Bactrian, it is not clear whether it is derived from it or Khwarezmian, as Sogdian is known to have developed into Yaghnobi. Bactrian is thought to be an ancestor of Yidgha and Munji, both possibly closer to Pashto than to other Eastern Iranian langauges
@@everettduncan7543 according to costas himself and other sources i have seen they say avestan was neither eastern not western iranic, it was kinda beside western branch and south of eastern branch below central asia developing in approximately exact borders of modern afghanistan from amu river up to helmand and kandahar to the south though i don't know how valid these sources are, anyway they say that avestan evolved into bactrian and bactrian into Pashto, so yes
In the north west of italy the province of Novara you show it as predominantly speaking piedmountese, but even though it is in the region of piedmont, it actually speak a variety of lombard
Another irregularity in piedmont is the fact that a lot of valley on the border with France actually spoke occitans variants and again not piedmountese
When Italic began replacing the Apennine substrate, I felt that.
Very cool. Especially the paleo European languages.
Thank you
What a beautiful video
Thank you
the Normans, even if few, saved Sicily from the Arabization. they favored the Sicilian natives who survived the Arab period (240 years) the villages in the mountains preserved the native Latin and to a minimal extent the Greek, after the conquest of 1090 the Sicilian natives who spoke the vulgar Latin influenced by Arabic, medieval French and the substratum Greeks ,mixed with a large number of southern Italian and northern Italian immigrants (vassals of normans) . between 1180 and 1240 the modern Sicilian language was born at the time of another Germanic dynasty (hoenstaüfen) in fact a minority of Sicilians on the coast between Palermo and Trapani have a more Atlantic than Mediterranean appearance. Malta is mostly sicilian in blood but not in the language(40%arab sub strate).
Fantastic work! I noticed a discrepancy regarding the linguistic classification of the Messapic language. Since 2019, the consensus has shifted to indicate that Messapic does not belong to the Illyrian branch, despite its Paleo-Balkan origins, with Illyrian being spoken across the Adriatic. Matzinger has published numerous papers supporting this updated view. However, Hyllested and Joseph, in their chapter on Albanian in "The Indo-European Language Family" published two years ago, referenced Matzinger's older works and overlooked the newer data. For example, in the development of Indo-European sonorants, PIE *n became "un" in Illyrian but "an" in Messapic. The language belonged to the central paleo-Balkan Albanian-Armenian-Messapic branch before the languages split, with Armenian-speakers migrating to Anatolia, just like the Brygians, and Messapic-speakers migrating to Italy after the Bronze Age collapse.
Thank you for the additional information
Hyllested and Joseph do add that it is uncertain if Illyrian is really connected to Albanian-Messapic.
Also, did Matzinger group Albanian-Messapic with Armenian, or is it just your view? Regarding this, it seems more much more likely that the Proto-Armenians migrated directly from the Steppe to the Caucasus at about 2500 BC, evidence for this includes the genetic evidence and the hypothesis that Hayasa-Azzi spoke Proto-Armenian.
@@Nastya_07 It’s not my view, Matzinger and Ackerman presented this last year; that the Albanian-Armenian-Messapic branch was a half-satemized branch of Paleo-Balkan languages that left the Steppes about three centuries after the Graeco-Phrygian migration and settled around where the Paeonians would later live. Illyrian, however, was part of the centum branch.
There is ample genetic and linguistic evidence supporting the inclusion of Armenian, not only as a Paleo-Balkan language but also as part of this half-satemized group. The status of Hayasa-Azzi remains uncertain, while uniparental markers such as R1b-z2103 clearly links Armenians to the Balkans.
@@Elstocks21 Interesting, if such grouping exists, I'm thinking Daco-Thracian could be in some way closely related to it, as Albanian has been linked with Dacian (Georgiev, Kortlandt) and Armenian with Thracian (Diakonoff, Blažek, Kortlandt), though I know Matzinger has rejected the idea that Albanian is a descendant of Thracian.
On the arrival or Armenian, it is true that the ethnicity of Hayasa-Azzi is still uncertain but R1b-Z2103 was the most prominent haplogroup in Yamnaya, thus it isn't excluding the possibility that Armenian came directly from the Steppe.
Great video as always, however I think you should've included the Gallo-Italic languages spoken in Sicily and Basilicata, my family from Pietragalla in northern Basilicata used to speak Gallo-Italic.
Thank you
Also, many cities in Sicily used to speak galloitalic, like Corleone, where the galloitalic language died out. Now they speak sicilian
@esti-od1mz How did Gallo-Italic speakers came to Southern Italy? What's the history behind that?
@@user-ol2fb9fo7r they ended up in Sicily alongside provençals and other latin groups to repopulated it after the muslims left. It was a policy campaign during all the norman kingdom and the Hoenstaufen dinasty. Where these groups did not find any previous sicilian population, they kept their dialects, otherwise they adopted sicilian
@@user-ol2fb9fo7r we emigrated from Piedmont and Liguria to Sicily and then Lucania/Basilicata a very long time ago, in the XIIIth century if I'm not mistaken. At the time and up to not so long ago Sicily was much richer than the north so our families sought better opportunities. My family's surnames are indeed originally Piedmontese despite we haven't lived there for hundreds of years, funnily enough now we "came back" to Piedmont in my family's case lol. Greetings from Turin!
The amount of detail you put in is unmatched by all other language maps I have seen. You take acknowledge the fact that multiple languages were spoken in a single area. The only problem I have with this video is that you forgot Catalan in Alghero, and I think it's more accurate to not distinguish between Vulgar and Classical Latin since Vulgar Latin is more of a description not a separate language.
Nice video
Beautiful
Thank you
That's very well. Can you do languages of France?
Great work as usual, but borders of regional languages are imprecise - they didn't always follow later administrative division. Northeastern Piedmont speaks historically Lombard varieties. Lunigiana (the NW tip of Tuscany) spoke Tuscan-influenced Gallo-Italic Emilian varieties, and so on.
Thank you
Love from Persia, Iran 🇮🇷💚🇮🇹
It's a common misconception to put Venetian into the Italo-Dalmatian languages, it's clearly a language of North Italy, it's more similar to Lombard than to Tuscan, the only similarity with Italian/Tuscan is the vowel system but that alone can't justify its position into the Italo-Dalmatian languages when all other characteristics are Gallo-Italic/Romance. Despite that (and the fact that you followed too much the regional borders), it's a good work
Thank you for the additional information. Feedback is very helpful for improvement
YESS FINALLY this was a gift
You should do basque and nuragic
really cool
Thnak you
@@CostasMelas you're welcome
I think some of the color choices could have been better distinguished
Notice how Venetian came into being from Latin, and not Italian. It's a language, but It's treated like a dialect in Italy today.
So sad to see that Illyrian and the other native Balkan languages get displayed by south Slavic but I'm glad it lives on in Albanian! 🇦🇱
Albanian was spoken in many different areas that some people conveniently choose to forget. And here I'm not just talking about the Adriatic coast, but in what is now considered to have been Greek speaking areas viz. Northern Greece and Macedonia. Well into the 20th century Thessaloniki/Salonika was a largely Albanian/Turkish speaking city whilst Greek was only a small percentage. There was in effect an attempt to erase Albanian in those areas. That was largely not the case in many small communities in Southern Italy and Sicily where one can still hear Albanian spoken thanks to the permissive policies of the royal Bourbon government there and later that of united Italy. Italy always welcomed different cultural influences in its society Greece most assuredly did not. More recently Italy perhaps did not welcome Albanians fleeing that devastated country with open arms, but they did not send their army to the Greco Albanian border to prevent anyone form entering Greece. There are perhaps at least one million Albanians living in Italy today and admittedly not without some issues, but they are sending money home to their families you wouldn't get one Drachma from Greece.
@@Allan-cl8ie 😀😃😄😁😆😅🤣😂🙃
"1 minute ago", huh, It Just Came out of Nowhere.
Istro-Romanian is sadly facing extinction.
good
Thank you
How did you find info on the earliest languages?
They come from information saved by ancient Greeks and Romans (Pliny the Elder, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Strabo, Diodorus of Sicily, Herodotus, Thucydides mainly for Sicily, Livius etc.
Why do you count vulgar latin and classical latin as separate languages?
Classical Latin was the formal language and varied in grammar and vocabulary than the Vulgar Latin spoken by most of the population
@@wirelessbluestone5983 yeah but they aren't two different languages. If this was the case, then every formal language would be two, as a Classic Italian and a Vulgar Italian, a Classic English and a Vulgar English and so forth
@@didonegiuliano3547 its because the two versions of the language are not mutually intelligible even tho they are related
What about spanish influences? Like sardinia and southern italy
They used Latin as the official language rather than Aragonese or Spanish. Aragonese was used in part of Sardinia. I had to note them down
@@CostasMelas yes, but spanish left a big mark in spoken sardinian nowadays…
The dialect from the province of Palermo has a definite Spanish influence.
What about Corsican? Modern Corsican I mean why isn't it listed?
It is a branch of the Tuscan Language
Брат ты делаешь очень крутые видео можешь сделать по Ингушетии чеченцев
My understanding is that Greek lasted a bit longer in the “heel” of Italy and eastern shores of Sicily, but besides that, well done!
What you are saying is correct, (I am from Messina Sicily, a city founded by the Greek Chalcidians and called like Messenia - Greek region) Currently there are many surnames of Greek origin (Latinized) such as: Polimeni, Iaropoli, and in some areas of Calabria and Puglia speak Greek dialects. ruclips.net/video/0e-aOheCFbY/видео.htmlsi=3MLBkg1tZikh8FXR. Current song sung in Calabrian Greek dialect (Southern Italy)
@@giuseppecalderone9014 yes, my understanding is that Messina and Salento still have notable communities with Greek dialects spoken today. I just felt he under-evaluated how prevalent Greek still was in Eastern Sicily, the very tip of the Italian boot in Calabria, and large swaths of Puglia all the way into the early 20th century when Fascism caused the true decline of the Greek dialects to occur in these regions. We can definitely see the long lasting impact of Greek language all over the south of Italy, even Naples is just italicized Greek for “New City”. For the most part he accurately depicted the decline of Greek dialects in Italy, but I just felt he didn’t understand that they were still majority spoken languages well into the 20th century in some of these areas where he shows it fade off much earlier or at a wider scale than my understanding on the subject has shown.
Btw, that’s a beautiful song, thank you for sharing 😁👍🏼
Ojalá se hicieran las de Hispanoamérica y Brasil desde antiguo hasta este año asi como de las lenguas chibchas (ahi está el muisca)
Corsican is considered as a language, it’s now different than Tuscan.
El catalán y el Español?
So... an Italian from Milan can totally tell if if someone is from Naples, or Sicily for example?
In almost all cases yes. And viceversa
Yeah, also because of the regionalism terms that we use. For example saying "Tengo una macchina rossa" instead of "Ho una macchina rossa" (I have a red car). Or things like "Scendo la spazzatura" wich is incorrect in standard Italian. Scendere = going down (Scendo le scale = Going down the stairs)
@@LaudGuy_yep. I can tell if someone is from Northeern Italy if they use piuttosto che as o, for example, which is an error
Ohh!! You just forgot Catalan in north-west Sicily. OMG.
You mean Sardinia
Words are toooo small. They can't be read easily
none of the colors on the list match the that color at the beginning
Venetian is Gallo-Italic related not italo-dalmatian.
Some classifications still put it in Italo-Dalmatian, and there are differences between Venetian and the narrow Gallo-Italian varieties
Venetian is considered gallo-italic/western romance, and emilian and romagnol are separate languages
Only some sources (such as Ethnologue and Glottolog) are classifying Venetian as Gallo-Italian, others group it with Italo-Dalmatian.
@@Nastya_07Venetian proper is distinctly different from older Gallo-Italic dialects of the Veneto mainland it went on to subsume after its late Middle Ages conquest, and which were closer to Lombard. Venetian sounds sweeter to the ear and closer to standard Italian.
@@stefanodadamo6809 Yeah, there are differences between Venetian and Gallo-Italian
Venetian classification is still debated
You forgot the Picene language...
It was probably an Umbrian dialect
@@CostasMelas If you have distinguished Umbrian from Oscan, you should have also distinguished Picene.
(it's the region where I live...LOL)
Languages of Iberia Peninsula the next.
It is made. Watch the older videos
Italy 🍕🍝🍅🤌🇮🇹
If only we saw malta there would just be randomly Afro-Asiatic language family appearing.
μπερδεύτηκα με της αποχρώσεις του μπλε 😢
Arabic should have been Siculo-Arabic
Algorithm comment cuz!
Molto bello, ma dal 1500 la mappa ricalca troppo i confini amministrativi delle regioni italiane.
Thank you. There are small differences mainly on the borders of the Piedmont
The south is pure Greece! VIVA LA MAGNA GRECIAAA 💙🤍🇮🇹🇬🇷
Au Val d'Aoste le français est co-officiel, la plus belle région d'Italie !
Sa limba sarda sa plus manna de su mundhu 🌿
'A lengua sarda 'a chiù rossa r'o munno
@@burundi5427 bravo
ye
Sorry, but Liburnijan culture was inherited of pre indoeuropean peoples, and we have no evidence thet liburnijan was indoeuropean languege, fantastic video
The thing is that Liburnian is usually affiliated with Venetic or Illyrian which are both Indo-European
@@Nastya_07 yes, but it should not be
The Phoenicians were an elite minority in Sicily and sardinia , in fact the majority of western Sicily was inhabited by an indigenous people, the Elymians.were of Anatolian origin but mixed more with the Greeks than with the Phoenicians. Even under Phoenician rule (west sicily), west Sicily was mostly made up of indigenous Elymian and Sicani peoples who were simply Hellenized. before the Roman conquest the art and dialects of the island were Greek. in the province of Trapani (Erice, Segesta and Selinunte were of Elymian-Greek ethnicity and language and in the province of Palermo the termini Imerese and Solunto were mostly inhabited by Greeks. Greek influence in Sicily was dominant, in fact even Lylibeo, Ponormos and Solus are Phoenician cities Hellenized by Elymians and Syracusans.
Despite Thucydides writing that the Elymians supposedly came from Troy, Hellanicus of Lesbos suggests they came from Italy instead, and modern scholars also prefer the Italic theory.
My God, this has dialects and everything. And all my love to our brothers, the Istro-Romanians!
it says "1 visualisation" but there are 3 views WTF
also, here before it blows up
Why for your greece video you start at 3000 bc and for Italy, Balkan you start 1500 big bias
Because Bronze Age Greece is better documented and has more material evidence.
@@roddbroward9876 he started the video with the paleo Balkan group why didn’t he do the same for Illyrian and Thracian languages video
@@roddbroward9876 this guy is obviously biased I know what his true intentions are when he made that video
OP is Greek, of course he's biased. He thinks the whole world is Greek and owes something to Greeks.
Awful colour palette
Greek language was actually less spoken in South Italy than is commonly thought and by 1st century A.D. only survived in Taranto, Reggio Calabria and Naples and dissapeared definitively in whole modern day Italy around 2nd century A.D. and modern day speakers of Greek language in Italy are descendants of Italorromans who where forcedly hellenized by Byzantines during Middle Ages
and pigs *can* fly!
That's not actually true
Sure, but where is your evidence?
@@ignotumperignotius630 and Scandinavia was part of Greece too lol
@@NovemberTheHacker actually is truth