Mythbusters - Cooking Lasagna with Dishwasher
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- Опубликовано: 8 авг 2013
- Alright, after an unexpected problem which someone notified me after all this time, can't believe the video has no freakin' sound at all when my copy has. Anyway, a reupload this time and with me double checked it. Hopefully this will put the complaint to an end.
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Pfft, now try washing dishes in an oven.
+djseraphis well some dishwashers do have a clean cycle...
+redmike 1617 what about an oven.
+Jason Truong i think he meant oven considering if a dishwasher didn't have a clean cycle it'd be useless
Hayley Williams
i did, was tired when i made the original comment
+djseraphis Heating dishes in a pan of water? Should loosen up gunk rather nicely.
College students: take note.
+falcon lover is awesome As a parent of college students I can tell you they do not know how to operate a dishwasher.
hahaah
lol college students don't have a dishwasher
You buy degrees in America. Not earn them
@@zachhaus8488 No sir. I believe we buy and earn our degrees. Unfortunately, it's such a steep price that a lot of us don't bother/can't afford.
Adam expertly inserts the probe.
"Let the probing begin!" - The Tick
FraggedDabloons that's what she said eh
*E X P E R T L Y*
Sounds like a porn
PERFECT!
5:43 jamie: "It's not exactly crispy on top"
*WW3 Starts*
"Don't try this at home!" - What!? I'm not supposed to make lasagna at home anymore?!?
+Hairysteed Homecooked lasagna kills 200 people a year. DO NOT TRY!
+MrQuader4 Do you know how many people choke on lasagna each year?!
Wolo lo but they used a “water oven”
Don't try cooking lasagna at home using a dishwasher.
Do it the right way: make your own tomato salsa, pre-cook and sear the meat, and bring the meat in the sauce to a boil. And use home pasta or cook the pasta to aldente before assembling the lasagna. Then in the dishwasher. the oven only ends the cooking, the washer does the same.
The real reason dishwashers don't have glass fronts:
That's where you hide your dirty dishes.
+cougarhunter33
Tru dat!
+ChickenOfSpeed dirty clothes go in the corner. git gud
+ChickenOfSpeed It's harder to tell how dirty the clothes are... Dishes have all kinds of junk on them after use, so it's easy to visually inspect for dirty dishes...
5 years later and he is still spitting facts
It should have one of those glass doors, where normally its blurry, but with some electricitiy run through it, it turns clear.
Alton Brown has the perfect energy for this, he's basically a culinary version of Adam
Most of the celebrity visits did feel pretty forced but Alton Brown is one of the few who fit in perfectly.
I'd say the other way around. Alton has been doing this since '99.
When other kids were watching bill nye I was watching Alton brown
There was a episode on TLC's 'ultimate Cheapskate' series where a woman put Lasagna in a Dishwasher.
I saw that, one. 🤢 I understand if you have no choice, but in an emergency situation
The myth they should have tested was whether she was saving money doing that instead of doing the dishes by hand and using the oven.
She pre-cooked the meat. All the dishwasher was doing was heating it up (and getting it wet)
Uncle Roger brought me to that video and Niece Stephanie gave Uncle Roger and everyone else so much trauma that Uncle Roger was forced to apologize to Jamie Oliver because he found something more disgusting than his egg fried rice.
yeah lmao it was just a waste of water
You might have lost a lot of heat through the glass that the door would have held in.
Right. I only mention it because the cook was concerned about reaching a critical temperature for food safety. They were two or three degrees short. With the door in place they likely would have hit it.
+Greg Scott Yes, but as the meat was pre-cooked (and should be for lasagna) the main concern was hitting a temperature for making the vegetables soft, not so much for safety.
Point well taken. Fortunate that I happen to have a piece of glass closing my dishwasher! My lasagna will be perfect.
+Qermaq actually, even with precooked meat, any temperature below 140 degrees you are actually incubating bacteria and not cooking/killing bacteria. When you also add in that the humidity in their cooking chamber was literally sopping wet and that all major biological functions, like mitosis, need water present, what they have is a great place to grow bacteria. I think that the myth buster guys completely screwed this one up. I agree that the glass probably let out most of the heat and think they should have used a wireless system to monitor the heat in the machine. it's not like they haven't gone a bit overboard on other thing in the past so why not this one. LOL
+Greg Scott It doesn't get hot enough for long enough. when you cook lasagna you put it in a 200 C oven. This boils the sauce which cooks the noodles and thickens the sauce further. A dishwasher though will only go up to 80C not enough to make the lasagna boil ego not hot enough to cook.
Imagine someone doing this on kitchen nightmare, wonder how Ramsey will feel about that, haha 😂
TheMiddle007 i think gordon would have a stroke
Ramsay is immortal at this point. He ages in forehead wrinkles every time he busts a vein from yelling so much. Or puking from sniffing rotting meat in a freezer. He even cut his fingers before dragging them through the grease trap on a kitchen stove, bled all over, survived.
I can see this being a thing on Cutthroat Kitchen though
I'm pretty sure Gordon Ramsey and Alton Brown know each other.
You fooking donkey
Alton and Adam are like two cousins who grow up in two vastly different households and yet are really chill with each other
I agree with Alton and Adam, I would pull up a chair and watch my dishes get cleaned if I had a glass-front dishwasher. General Electric, Whirlpool, GET TO WORK.
they have to make sure that they don't lose any heat through the glass. the door is actually made for a tight fit seal to keep heat and water in of course. I'm sure they can work out the details but I will be screaming take my money if they ever came out with one.
Maybe a window on the door rather than a full glass front
@@zee30000 my ovens got a window and its entire job is to hold heat in at a far greater temp than a dishwasher.
@@TheRussell747 True... I am a dumbass
Boy have I gotta link for you ruclips.net/video/OLP62oiUUY0/видео.html
All these comments asking "Why would you do that?"
It's Mythbusters. They try to test the plausibility of myths. That's why.
+Alexstrazsa but why?
+LmfaoAFrog To test the possibility of myths.
Dawg Chicken Why would they want to do that?
+LmfaoAFrog Because it's fun, interesting, and awesome, kinda like imponderables.
Remy Xu Why?
I would definitely pull up a chair and sit in front of the dishwasher if there was a glass cover and I could see everything. Why are we not funding this?!
Ditto!
+TheLast2nd The show 30 Rock even stated this idea. A show that enjoyed poking fun at GE. Yet no see through dishwasher. WHY NOT?
+TheLast2nd because the glass lets out all the heat and you can't use a sani-rinse feature. So instead of one person having a flu bug in the house, the entire family gets it and anyone that might come over for the next month or so gets it also.
+John Miranda
How about Double-glazed vacuum sealed glass for insulation.
OK but you just added about 4-5 hundred bucks to the retail price. All so some one can see their dishes being cleaned.
*SohTay the sausage*
I’ve seen u before
The gentle commenter shall no longer suffer from the noxious greed of verified accounts,We will dismantle oppression board by board! We'll saw the foundation of big business in half, even if it takes an eternity! With your support, we will send the hammer of the people's will crashing through the windows of verified accounts' house of servitude!
@@macaarrooon preach🤧
responded a year too late.
Lăvə lămp
The heater in the dishwasher is relatively low power. The front is normally insulated. The glass probably cut the max temperature down a bit.
I was thinking that too but 130-140 is the normal heat range it aims for. So even though it's losing heat faster its just going to have the heating elements on more than normal to compensate
tested this. can confirm the results.
also tested steak done with a shirt-iron. results; doable, but you can't have too thick steaks. something a bit pressed perhaps?
also tested instant ramen with coffee percolator. doable aswell, but the mixing was a problem.
DONT LAUGH AT ME! I'M BORED!
had to ditch the first set of lasagne cuz i fucked up the covering part. mine had an opening, you deffo want something like that alu-tape
What about grilled cheese with an iron?
Hot dogs with a coffee maker?
Cooking bacon with the things in the back of a fridge?
Get on my level.
Cooking eggs on my computer's CPU while trying to play crysis as we speak.
can i get a how to? how long do we cook it with the insulated door?
imstill notusingmyname I make grilled cheese sandwiches with a shirt iron... pro tip: WRAP IT WITH FOIL or buy a new iron because.... crumbs..... You can steam the sandwich if you want it chewier if not, just don’t use steam!
Wait... you're supposed to COMPRESS the lasagna?!?!
All these years, I've been doing it wrong. Even on a Mythbusters video, Alton Brown is still teaching me how to cook. Amazing!
9 year old comment reply:
I'm no chef, but I think they did that to make the lasagna more compact and thinner in order for the heat to reach the middle easier :)
@@mrchopsexactly
@@mrchops Yeah, otherwise there's no need to compress it. Lasagnas ain't air tight.
In a normal lasagna you would have no foil covering and cheese on top, you don’t compress it
@@MikehMike01I feel it’s up to the person making it. My mom would make lasagna with layers of JUST meat, and no sauce, and it would drive me crazy, because reheating it, it’s basically a dry sponge between squishy and crunchy pasta.
I’ve always made lasagna as noodle base, sauce and veggie, noodle, ricotta with a thin band of sauce in the middle, noodle, your meat and sauce, noodle, sauce and cheese for crust.
I guess you could compress it, then do your top layer - I might try it next time.
5:43
Jamie: “It’s not exactly crispy on top...”
Adam: “It was never gonna be crispy... THIS IS WHY WE CANT HAVE NICE THINGS” 🙄😂😂
Lul
Or a good time!
I love how OFFENDED Alton is 😂
3:04 "Alton Browns the meat" has me laughing SO HARD
Easily pleased.
ALUMINIUM TAPE????!!! I've never even heard of such thing. This is the best day EVER.
***** It's mainly used in conjunction with Ceramic squares/shapes for welds in my experience.
roetemeteor It's also used in HVAC for taping up ductwork. (Oddly enough, standard "duct tape" is actually awful for ducts.)
+Damon Lam It's good stuff. My house has a fireplace that was poorly built so you couldn't burn in it without smoking up the house, the flu was also broken so all it did was let a cold draft in. So I took a thin piece of sheet metal, the bottom out of a cookie tin actually, cut it to size to sit over the chimney opening and covered it in aluminum tape. It's been several years and it is still good. :-)
Because duck tape is not good enough to withstand heat and U/V. Now back in the 1970's it was made better and super sticky because a lot of the ductwork in my house does have duct tape on it, as well as an old dresser. That tape was put on in the 1970's and you could not scrape that off with a bulldozer today 40 years later. Now modern duct tape? It falls off if you spray it with a hose.
Best use of aluminium tape was when my boss picked up his band new X5.
He parked it outside the work with the passenger side facing away so I took the tape and a sharp blade then cut a really thin strip to stick to tge side of his car. It wasn't until later in the day when he had parked somewhere else that he noticed it. It 100% looked like someone had badly key'd his car and his heart sunk. I seen him after it and we all got a good laugh at his expense but he was still kind of sad after having ruminated over it for half the day.
Mythbusters: *making a lasagna*
Also Mythbusters: "DONT TRY THIS AT HOME"
Easily the best non-fiction/culinary/amateur-expert crossover episode of all time… Alton is the ultimate OG and has had *some* influence on practically every foodtuber out there right now and I’m here for it
How many other examples can you come up with? lol
So Adam Savage and Alton Brown aren't the same person?
Word has it they are two halves of an ancient god
just when i was wondering who was stooge #3
@@DJXQuestriaMusic That makes sense, a sort of Ying and Yang type dealio, seeing as how Adam is extremely left-wing and atheist, while Alton is right-wing and a Christian.
@@Birdy890 Alton is not Right-Wing...he left his church because they were anti-Gay.
Myth busted.
1:50 The two lads sitting there watching the dishwasher run with Jamie coming along and peering in asking about the temp is ridiculously funny to me for some reason.
Loose so much heat with the glass panel.
Good point. The door has insulation; the glass does not.
That's THE FIRST thing that came into my mind.
This is Mythbusters. All they do is forget basic physics.
Like your oven does?
you mean lose?
It's kind of weird that Adam and Jamie have never actually had a meal alone together, like not even an after show beer. This is the closest they ever got to having a meal alone together.
Yeah its super weird actually
It's not that weird. I've worked at jobs for years and never had a lunch with a coworker
it's pretty normal actually
They were never friends, didn't run in the same circles and tended to annoy each other. Discovery took pains to conceal this on camera.
@@harveywallbanger3123 They were not friends, but they respected the FUCK out of one another as colleagues.
Jamie is obviously responsible for bringing the fun to the Mythbusters episodes
"This recipe is amazing how did you cook it?"
"In the dishwasher"
Alton and Adam should have their own show together at some point. They have a great chemistry. Alton wants to make something specific, and Adam plans and builds it, and then they enjoy the food together.
I am so glad there is someone else that has wanted to watch a dishwasher during its cycle.
umm why didn't they just turn up the heat on their hot water heater? Default temp setting on hot water heater is usually 140 degrees, but I know I can turn mine up to be much hotter.
Good point. But I was also wondering about the drying cycle. They seemed to be trying to cook the food with the washing water heat, but does the myth say you can't use the dishwasher's drying cycle? I'd think that would be hotter and more like an actual oven.
A dishwasher uses cold water only and heats it up with an internal element... I assume you would know this if you had ever plumbed a dishwasher. I have plumbed a dishwasher.
Not always true though, we plumbed ours with a hot-cold water mixer to use water pre-heated by solar panels and save energy that otherwise will be used by the dishwasher itself to heat :P
Matteo Chiurlo using solar panels to pre heat water sounds like it will cause more energy waste as there's no such thing as 100% heat insulation so that energy is just drifting off into the air. At least with the element, you're only heating the water you are using
Andrew I don't get why there will be more energy waste. Obviously i'm not trying to say that using hot water inlet for a dishwasher could be a good idea to cook something in it, but i think i mistyped my comment before so let me clarify. I meant that at home we have solar water panels that heat water at a certain temperature (depending on season) and that water is being used by all the radiators and sanitaries going first through the central heating (doing so if it's not hot enough can be heated more) and then being able to mix it with cold water with individual hot-cold water mixers. Dishwasher and washing machine are no exception so you can adjust the right temperature for every washing cycle and the machine doesn't have to heat water from cold to ie 60 °C.
So in the end i think there is less enery waste given that solar water panels do most of the job especially in summer when you have an outlet temperature of almost 90°C so you only mix it with cold water.^^
Im going to cook with my car and dishwasher
+Daxterbeer jakbeer well you can cook food using the heat from the engine/exhaust in cars motorcycles and snowmobiles.
Myth busters plus Alton brown is a combo I didn’t know I needed but I love it
The whole time I was watching this i was thinking about the extreme cheapskates episode when a lady did the same thing for her husbands friends
this is the crossover I had no idea I needed
You know other dishwashers have a heat dry....
And then you might Aswell just use the oven. Youre missing the point of this myth entirely.
@@markky3050 No, it doesn't matter HOW it's done in the dishwasher, as long as it's cooked in the dishwasher lol
HOLY HECK! They actually have shared a meal together!!! This completes a little part of my childhood.
The scene at the end where they bickered about the crispynes really made them seem like a married couple
I’m watching this while cooking Mac n cheese in a coffee pot, life is magical.
I actually saw a glass front dishwasher at an appliance store in Texas in the Dallas Fort Worth area when I was a kid in 1994. At the time, I thought it was pretty cool, but I didn't realize it was unusual. I didn't know it was a special display. I thought it was just a normal dish washer. I thought they made ones with transparent doors.
could have reserved more heat by trying it with the insulated door on it instead of the transfering glass/lexan..
Robus1022 well that wouldn't have made very good TV now would it. besides it wasn't needed, it worked!
Martisan Cameras are totally not a thing
Looks like Alton's Dishwasher Lasagna is the Perfect recipe during the pandemic
I miss your videos soo much... stuff I grew up on that shaped me as the person I am today.. thank you guys and gal.
Should have tried the heated dry cycle also. I never use the heated dry cycle because I always end up melting the plastic dishes...
Most automatic dishwashers no longer have exposed heating elements in them
I think Alton Brown and Adam Savage are actually the same person.
Tested channel, Adam and Alton ComiCon 2015
+DracoRogue1218 Oh my goodness thank you for telling me about this magic. That was wonderful.
It’s been mentioned before I’m sure but that thin glass panel absolutely did not insulate the dishwasher as well as the intended door. In addition the literally holes they cut to insert the thermal probes while small also likely contributed. It was necessary for TV because looking at a closed dishwasher isn’t interesting but if you tried this at home with this same dishwasher, unmodified, I’m certain it would get much hotter than their max of 136 degrees.
His face after Jamie said “It doesnt look Crispy”
There's a lady on extreme cheapskates that actually cooks her lasagna like this while washing dishes lol
Now try cooking spaghetti in a laundry machine
With the dishwasher needing the door for the buttons to work, I'm surprised they went along with that instead of modifying their own.
So glad you uploaded this! It was cut from the episode that aired.
This clip makes me so happy to see Alton Brown and the Mythbuster guys together
Alton is a natural mythbuster.
Finally, some good fucking food.
I feel like they ought to have added a salmon in there as well. Salmon is basically one of the best case scenarios for dishwasher cooking. Even if you mess up a salmon. It is still good.
I love that Alton Brown is an much a nerd as Adam is. They've gone to Comic-Con together dressed up as different characters so you know they're getting a kick out it.
Alton Brown was easily the best guest star they ever had. Most felt like they were there just for the celebrity points. But Alton Brown actually had the energy, charisma and scientific knowledge to stand on equal par with Adam and Jamie.
gordan ramsay be like " ITS RAW"
THIS LAMB IS SO RAW, ITS FOLLOWING MARY TO SCHOOL!
LOL IM FUCKING DYING
+Clazified IM DYING BECAUSE THE RAW FUCKING FOOD GAVE ME SEMINOLE!!!
THIS SQUID IS SO FUCKING RAW IT'S STILL YELLING AT SPONGEBOB TO FUCK OFF!!
imagine washing dishes while making a lasagna at the same time, so by the time the dishes are done you have a fully prepared lasagna every time
Alton Brown and the Mythbusters is something I never thought I wanted
"As Alton Browns off the meat"...I see what you did there...
Alton Brown and Adam Savage just need to have a show together.
Aw man. I miss being a kid and watch this with my dad.
Alton disrupts the shaky power balance between Adam and Jamie, allowing Adam to run rampant. I love it.
When I saw this video all I could see was Mythbusters-cooking lasagna.
Alton looks like a mix of the both of them
Can I just ask who was just like let me cook my lasagna in my dishwasher
Why am I so amazed by a damn glass front on a dishwasher. I want one too!
A pseudo sous vide, really.
Basically, yeah.
My thoughts exactly
It’s the poor man’s sous vide - not as sophisticated, but entertaining to watch.
As quoted by the once grate George Carlin.
"An oven can exist only in 2 states, heated and unheated, there is no such thing as a preheated oven"
A preheated oven is just a heated oven... When you put food into a preheated oven, you heat the oven before you put the food in... Now, i know that you know what a preheated oven is, but what's the point of making this comment?..
You answered your own question with your first sentence. A preheated oven is just a heated oven. Adding the prefix pre to heated is an unnecessary complication. Place the dish in a heated oven. Place the dish in a preheated oven. They both mean the same thing, so you don't have to say pre.
Even in a cooking context, you can instruct someone to preheat the oven to 450 degrees or instruct someone to heat the oven to 450 degrees. Either sentence is accurate, so again pre is unnecessary.
George Carlin incorporated a lot of these odd english word constructions into his act, basically pointing out how we accept things that when examined make no sense.
Pre-heated is used to imply that you must put the dish in while the oven is already heating up, instead of turning it on when you put said dish in. Basically, if one dish needs 2 hours at a certain temperature to get ready you could turn on the oven before the dish enters, so it "pre-heats" because you're not actually cooking anything, the oven is just getting hotter. This is important because there is a difference between taking 2 hours to cook something and taking 2 hours to cook something at a constant temperature.
Once great? The man will always be a legend and my personal hero
@@kingtiger533 You're right that there's an implication, but it's still not necessary. The instruction "heat the oven to 450", is the same as "preheat the oven to 450". In a recipe that calls for preheating, even they said "heat", you would still be instructed to heat it before putting the food in. Say, in a recipe, it says "Put the tray in an oven preheated to 375". If the recipe said "Put the tray in an oven heated to 375", that does not mean put the tray into a cold oven, and then set it to 375. No, that means, put it into an oven, that has already been heated. There's no issue with omitting the "pre", and it still means the same thing. In any recipe that doesn't involve "pre"heating, the recipe would say "Put the tray into an oven, and then set it to 375".
I love how you guys just look at it like moths to a light
That chef understood the assignment completely!
I'm Italian and saw how they made the lasagna it make me cry....unbelievable
Si fra cazzo è inguardabile
Now this is what I call _'Slow cooking'_
This would probably work even better in reality; without heat being lost through the glass door, hole in the side, and the water being circulated out of the dishwasher and pumped back in
the chef actually makes a good mythbuster i wished they featured him a second time
now they should see if u can wash dishes with an oven
Guess why washing machines have these glass "windows": Because people like to look at what's happening. There's no reason for having them other than that.
Corristo89 why dont they have it for dishwashers dl;askdjfa;lskjlkdfgj
+peronvey Still better than 90% of what's running on TV though xD
+Corristo89 I realize your comment is half a year old but. My cat, loves my front loading washing machine. Just watches the clothes go round and round and
These guys probably got to do more cool things with science than anyone else on the planet.
I never thought that I wanted to see a dishwasher with a grass door. I am amazed.
Won't the temperature of the water inside the dishwater depend on what your hot water heater is set to? I assume that the dishwasher isn't heating the water itself - that seems like it would be inefficient.
What about cooking salmon in a dishwasher? I remembered one episode of Home Improvement, in which Tim and Al filled in for a home show that uses different objects like using dental floss as a cheese slicer, but they explained that you can cook or steam a whole salmon fillet in a dishwasher. Is that true or just some crazy idea?
+CooperGal24 Well, technically you can. I think. IDK how high the temperature must go in order to cook salmon but you can try at least.
+CooperGal24 Sorted food on youtube tried to cook a bunch of diffrent sorts of food in a dishwashed, including a filé of salmon :)
How'd that turn out?
+CooperGal24 salmon doesn't "cook" it just gets soft when heated. and salmon is safe to eat even when raw.
+deathofpreyor NO. This is true for SMOKE salmon only. Please don't go serving people raw salmon unless it is correctly prepared (cooked, or frozen for an adequate amount of time). Also, I wouldn't try that with anything I didn't buy from a fishmonger, fresh and local.
"It's not crispy on the top"
Perfect joke. No notes.
We had a dishwasher that had an actual heating element just like an oven for the dry cycle, I can see this working.
this is how garfield makes lasagna
Should have used the heated dry part of the cycle. Would have gotten a lot hotter.
Adam has always been the glass half full type, while Jaime is the Glass half empty.
I've had foil wrapped salmon from a dishwasher. It was great!
when Alton and Adam have better chemistry than Adam and Jamie
Adam and Jamie actually hate each other in real life.
@@pickeljarsforhillary102 That's not true, they are co-workers who don't hang out outside of their jobs. Their creative differences actually enhance the show because they approach problems very differently
I remember watching one episode of Extreme Cheapskate where a lady was using her dishwasher to cook her lasagna...
I love how you can cook and clean with the same tool.
Wow I never even thought about a wishwasher being able to cook food but it makes sense.
great! Being italian I find this actually quite cool. And in the summer month, USEFUL. I dont have to heat up my house with an oven, just plan dinner earlier than usual and let it cook like a thanksgiving turkey for several hours :3
But, can you bake a cake in the dishwasher?
That's a good question, actually. It might be plausible if you had the cake pan sealed off well like they did here. Granted, that's theoretically speaking, and it also depends on the dishwasher's max heat/time...
I'd say try it for shits and see what happens! Worst case, the batter goes everywhere, best case: CAKE! 83
Nope. It would never rise and bake properly at such a low temperature.
Am I the only one that got this video recommended after watching Graham's video?
Holy crap I'm cleaning the same model dishwasher used in the episode at the moment. Browsing RUclips as I wait for a rinse to finish, and third recommendation is this video.
RUclips...how did you know I was cleaning my dishwasher? It was so damn spontaneous of me to even clean it!
On an episode of extreme cheapskates someone did exactly this. they cooked a lasagna in the dishwasher and fed it to their family and friends. good stuff.
Only on dry cycle.
only on dry cycle
Want brown on top? Sprinkle some parmesan cheese on top, then hit it with either a hair dryer or, better, a heat gun from the hardware store used to strip wallpaper off. Few seconds until browned, serve
"it's not exactly crispy"
At that moment, Alton thought of how he could get away with killing Jamie with the spatula.
An old guy that used to be on CNN 25 years ago had a dishwasher fish recipe in his cookbook.I tried it while washing a load of dirty dishes. 1cycle, it works great. Foil packet on the top rack with flakey white fish, onion, garlic, carrots and or fennel. I think his name was Bert Wolf.