Are We the Last Neanderthals?
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 11 дек 2013
- Neanderthals fascinate us: so much like us, yet not quite us. We have long known that they overlapped with modern humans in prehistoric Europe, but recent genetic evidence suggests widespread interbreeding of the two groups. University of Wisconsin biological anthropologist John Hawks is at the forefront of this species-shaking research. He presents the latest findings from the lab and field and discusses what may or may not make us uniquely human.
This program is presented in partnership with the Center for the Humanities and the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Video produced by Pentimenti Productions.
This program was recorded on November 2, 2013 as part of the 24th Chicago Humanities Festival, ANIMAL: chf.to/2013Animal
Fabulous insightful presentation.
Very good lecture. Many thanks!
They are going to find that the DOG was what gave us the edge.
Thank you for mentioning Albert Wallace, a forgotten man but a hero of mine.
Excellent presentation! Thank you for sharing!
Seldom do you get someone with this level of knowledge who can articulate it so well. Well done.
Glad I could help you out with your presentation. Very sharp guy!
excellent and so interesting!
great presentation
Be good if he compared Neanderthal to archaic homo sapiens, discussed ice age movements and the changing dynamics of plants and animals in relation to the ice ages. Instead Neanderthals are usually compared with modern humans and with little geographical or ecological context.
Very well done bravo!
He is a good speaker. Clear and concise
This is a very informative video. I haven't watched a video this good on youtube in a very long time. Thanks.
I thought it was fascinating... Thank you please post more.
I learned a lot from this. Extremely well explained.
WOW!!.....not even college person....but I really love to see or listen to this sort of stuff...2.9% neardenthal myself.....
they could have also used skulls instead of pots to cook their grains.You have fairly large cavities in the skulls of the large animals they were hunting.
You sir are as genuinely humorous as your are informed. Great presentation!
I had a DNA test with 23andme and I have 3.39% neanderthal DNA...apparently
+CurvyGamer Congrats. :) I want to get a DNA test done so bad! So jelly here.
problem with you tube is half the poeple who coment dont really understand what is being said and the other half think they know better.
artistic, buried their dead, cooked, were able to breed with "modern" humans. just a set of native people
Highly informative, one of the best presented lectures I have ever had the pleasure to listen to.
A very comfortable and effective speaker - as most of us know, having the knowledge is most often not the symbol of relaying or sharing it with audience appeal.
Quite good speaker.
A fine presentation on the subject. The DNA of the average person with European ancestry has been shown, thus far, to have 280 Neanderthal variants (mutations/deviations) within chromosomes 1-22. A high of 381 variants in one person has been discovered thus far in genome analyses as of 1/2017.
For example, I have 292 Neanderthal variants in my genome, which is at the 72nd percentile compared to the average European. The Neander Valley in Germany is indeed between Dusseldorf and Cologne, where the original Neanderthal partial skeleton was discovered and over 400 more partial skeletons since 1857.
Conversely, African subject genomes tested to date have shown almost no Neanderthal variants i.e., on average only 20 per individual versus 280 for a European. This suggests only minimal interfacing between their combined genetics across our early human variant history. Oh, now (1/2017) up to 4% of the DNA can be attributed to Neanderthal interface with modern humans.
Maybe I missed it but where does the r negative blood types fall into this? And the Basque and Saami people some of the info I was reading said both groups have pretty much always been there since before the end of the last ice age? seems odd just wondering any thoughts
Fantastic!
Very interesting, very articulate and very entertaining. Interested to know what update info exists now in 2017
neaderthals werent dump. they were an expression of their time. as are we. we shall not judge for in the end, i think the outcome will be the same
Very good with up to date science
Very informative and enlightening.A great way to understand our past.
Riveting. Thank you for posting.
Very informative! I look forward to current info. Why is Y chromosome absent from human genome?
thank you , from joe gaynor , Ireland I really must listen to your great lecture again , so much new information to me
I can almost hear Stan Gooch Screaming from the grave.
Fascinating topic ... superb presentation!
they discovered some bones with modern face and Neanderthals body shape about two months ago 11\20\2014
At 56:38 "What would the hybrids be ?"
That archaeological site is in Romania.
"Pestera Oase" (in picture) => Peștera cu Oase = "The Cave with Bones" (in Romanian)
Very enjoyable lecture. Thanks for putting it online.
The question is there, but not everybody answers it the same way. If you watch Dr Alice Roberts' BBC documentary, she does not believe in interbreeding, however in this presentation it is assumed. And this brings mi question, if anybody cares to answer: If both species interbred, then we are not either Homo Sapiens, ("only" 97%) nor Neanderthal (at "just" 3%), Would that make us a different species from both, or more like dog breeds, both of them were canis familiaris and we are all as different and similar as German Shepherds and Pyrinees Mastiffs?
I see neanderthals everyday. No surprise to me. I lived in Erkrath, Germany as an exchange student back in the 80's for a year. My host home was about a mile from the center. Very cool place to visit.
When i grow up i want to be a neanderthal!
I'm sure your parents will be proud
Me too!
"A Very Interesting and Informative Lecture on Neandertals !"
Just reading the comments and the language used, it shows me how less we've changed since...
If we know a 50% plus Neanderthal, where should we send the DNA?
So Neanderthal is like the children of the forest.
Its a fascinating hypothesis that the Neanderthals disappeared due to a larger gene pool along with Denisovans.
Thank you for posting this talk with John Hawks! This is fascinating! Even better, the sound is good.
There may still be Neanderthals in the forests of Russia. There's a talk by Lloyd Pye where he discusses sightings of Neanderthals.
There's also a talk on You Tube with a professorial man discussing how the average brain size has actually SHRUNK over the last 20,000 years by 150 cubic centimeters. The speaker looks and sounds like this man, John Hawks. I'll have to find that video again.
It's amazing how the Neandertal (ok without the "h") became smart and cultured since we know we have 3% of their genes!
Excellent lecture
what about cro magnon what new evidence do you have?
What software did he use for his presentation? It was really cool
prezi.com
Hi Paul Giomatti
they must of been human to breed with humans
it's much more fun watching a hd documentary
Anyone know the name of the science fiction novel referred to at (49:09) ?
The Neanderthal Parallax is a trilogy of novels by Robert J. Sawyer published by Tor.
Xavier Waterkeyn Looks like I have a trilogy in my future -- Thanks!
You failed to say how old "modern humans" lived to be when you told us Neandertals lived on average to be 30... I don't believe "modern humans" lived to be much if any older on average at the same time in history.
30:50 Omg my neighbor. lol SERIOUSLY !
redheads? yeah!
← 2.8% Neanderthal, 0.2% Denisovan, looking for a cave, what else ha
Don't look at the comment section., don't look at the comment section.. don't look at the... Oh snap I did it again!
yea, one friend of mine illustrates how Neandertal lives on, right? I swear he has every feature.
For some reason, the sound doesn't work on this. What a bummer! = (
Around 54:55 he says something that sounds like "cuestro fire" and then "Dances with wolves" (a movie from 1990). What is this "cuestro fire"?
"Quest For Fire" Vs. Dances with Wolves.
Opportunistic sex Vs. Consensual sex
Quest for fire
he's wrong, other animals do use verbal communication, crows have two dialects, the loud cawing most people are familiar with, but then a quieter clicking and almost whistling sounding dialect for individual to individual conversation, they are the smarted birds on the planet.
I believe my sister is a Neanderthal
Very interesting.
j'ai fait les tests DNA et j'ai important stock de néandertal et denisova et l'autre surprise: ma famille est espagnol originaire Aragon et j'ai marqueur STR/masculin est germanique-baltique et pour féminin c'est slavic et seulement 30% de l'origine iberian et 10% pour basque. L''Espagne était déjà un site très attirant pour les touristes du paléolithique et du néolithique ;-D
+martin escobar yes, aragon is so, so far away from france. You basically saying is: "no surprise there", isn´t it? Aragon is basque country and the baltic is two steps removed from that whole area. It´s not like you have native-american markers, is it?
Does this guy have a name?
leaner.. yet how did they survive ice age ? a new documentary shows the ribcage like a bell shape.
Climate change(loss of habitat)led to dwindling populations,that has been the fate of many species other than bipedal hominids,the wooly mammoth,sabertooth tiger,the cave bear,the wooly rhino,etc.What would happen to the majority of our population today if the sun entered a solar minimum for an extended period(ice age),or we entered into a volcanic winter,90% die-off within the first year.
He may have hinted at why Neanderthal's went extinct insofar as the possibility of co-sanguination of species. Just because species compete does not mean all competition is violent. If interbreeding existed between species and Neanderthal babies were more robust than Cro Magnon babies and Neanderthal females allegedly had larger birth canals interbreeding would favor babies surviving Cro magnon males-Neanderthal female unions over Neanderthal males-Cro Magnon females whereas Cro-Magnon females may not have been able to give birth as easily to hybrids and died in childbirth. Such unfavorable circumstances also could have led to a preference for one interbreeding combination and even certain cultural taboos over the opposing combination because of survivability fo the mother and the offspring. In certain cases interbreeding between male - female produce sterile hybrids, and female-male interbreeding produces more fertile offspring. Another question he touched on was how this interbreeding possible transpired. A sociological experiment once showed that humans have a tendency to be attracted to the unique/foreign traits of other races. One species may have had a attraction to the other, and there may have been cultural and sociological benefits to Neanderthal female breeding into Cro Magnon groups. If Cro Magnon were more competitive, and more productive with higher survival rates it might explain why Neanderthals were simply bred into the species but ceased to exist as a separate species. This sequence actually happened with a dog breed known as Bullenbeisser. Bullenbeisser ceased to exist as a breed because humans were cross breeding them to Bulldogs to create Boxers and not breeding for Bullenbeissers.
As I under it the key dimension for baby birthing is head size with humans and Neanderthals having almost the same size brains/heads. So either combination should work just as well. If the females stay with their species/group, then the hybrids from human females survive while the hybrids with Neanderthal mothers die out with Neanderthals. If the females move to male groups, which would be tougher since they have to learn a new language and customs, then the offspring of female Neanderthals survive.
Robert Aldrich Good question whether infant craniums for Neanderthal were larger. Given that Neanderthal brain volume was greater than Sapiens by about 200-300cc, it is likely the case that Neanderthal infants had larger craniums which is also indicated by evidence that Neanderthal females had larger birth canals. A DNA study on Basque people the study concluded Basques have the largest percentage of Neanderthal DNA of all modern breeds of human. Basques inhabit the region where the last known remnants of Neanderthals existed. Basques also hold unique anatomical features. These physical characteristics are typically associated with Rh-negative blood which in the present scenario are be regarded as also likely belonging to the Neanderthals. These include early maturity, large head, eyes, high IQ, an extra vertebra (a 'tail bone' -- called a 'cauda'), lower than normal body temperature, and low blood pressure. Basques have the highest ratio of Rh negative blood factor at 33%, also a trait hypothesized to have originated in Neanderthals. Basques hold the highest ratio of O blood type at 55% also considered a Neanderthal trait. Rh factor is a known major factor fetus survival. A Rh-negative woman (Neanderthal) who conceives a Rh-positive child with a Rh-positive man (Cro Magon) will typically bear her first child without any special complications. However, because of intermingling of fluids between mother and foetus, the first pregnancy builds up antibodies to Rh+ blood in the mother which attack the blood of her subsequent Rh+ children, causing them to miscarry, be stillborn, or die shortly after birth from infant haemolytic disease. This phenomenon is relatively unknown elsewhere in nature, except in crosses between species, as in mules and humans! So a lot of these breeding pairs probably resulted in only one offspring.The effect would be a continuing reduction in the Neanderthals as hybrid couples produced only a single child, half the nominal population-maintenance rate.
A geneticist noticed that the Basques are likely a hybrid species and that certain mitochondrial DNA were absent meaning certain females were not passing on DNA as efficiently as certain males were. .
Also my biggest lesson from this is change is important.
They made musical flutes and these have tones like modern flutes like modern recorder flutes buy made of bones.
My high school science teacher had a heavy brow ridge and a prominent jaw but he was a modern human.
People who were able to survive in cold climates and create a survival strategies, had to be smart. People who live in polar regions today are among the brightest people. Winter survival means that you have to prepare ahead, gather what can be stored for later use.
There are many things which people today scoff at, but when one considers Charlemagne, first of the Holy Roman Emperors was a giant, was close to 8 feet tall. Not that Charlemagne was Neanderthal but it shows you the variation in our genes. In an ice age condition, the traits of Neanderthal would mean survival.
I have worked with the deaf and they have a language just as rich and varied as those who hear. When one digs up any skeleton, there is no guarantee that the person could see, hear or speak. Modern man is rather arrogant and not too willing to give up on notions they like. If you find out your ancestors were intelligent or were brutes dragging their knuckles on the ground, I'd rather they were smart and clever.
DNA doesn't last that long. So being able to have a sequenced DNA from Neanderthal means that the one they sequenced cannot be older than 10,000 years for fragmentary and much less if there is a complete sequence.
What do you think about the theory, that when Neanderthals and Africans mixed, the mother and child died at birth, because of the smaller pelvis of sapiens. Only the children with small sapiens head survived, and that is why the old Neanderthals disappeared in a short time. The last ones in Spain, because the genes from sapiens reached them last. But this would also mean, that many Europeans are still more Neanderthal than Sapiens to this day.
It is actually logic and I support this. Sadly science in this particular area is restricted by political correctness.
I downloaded this hunter gatherer video ......
I don't feel safe
Mine is 2.9 I think.
I'm two years to late! I wanted to sign up for the course
well, according to my doctor, I have got more neanderthal DNA, than rest, some, of my bones are different, I prefer cold, don´t mind to live on meat and herbs, I am stronger, than my friends etc. I don´t care, wheter this is true or not, I like myself. :)
Neanderthal must be a beautiful Dahl! A girl who was sitting next to me in school said : " You have such buckled face and flat skull and your forehead is leaning backwards from your protruding eyebrows and your green eyes are very nasty. That was not kind! Skull 60,5 and teeth above the dentists scale. Thank you GOD. I´m not complaining but often astonished when people are commenting my broad grinning. A lot of Texas Bush in me! People are affected.
Why didn't he mentioned where that oldest(35000 years) Human/Neandertal hybrid was found. "Peştera cu oase"(Bones Cave) in Rumania.
Does anyone know if samples from early pre columbian indigenous americans have been tested for percent of Neanderthal or denisivon?
Native Americans and Asians have around 4% Neanderthal genes. No Denisovan dna has been found in modern humans
I knew that Asian populations were tested but I didn't know Native americans were sampled.
Actually some of the people beyond the Wallace line, Aboriginals of Australia and PNG have 6% from Denisovan.
jackchorn You're right. I don't know why I said there are no Denisovan genes today. Apparently, everyone south of Asia, the people on Indonesia and throughout Melanesia and the Australian Aborigines have Denisovan genes. It's possible Polynesians, too, since they originally came from Southeast Asia.
jim yow I think the Mayans have a pretty good concentration of Denisovan genes. Of course, Amerindians are from Asia, mostly at least.
Thank you. Any leads on a paper or article. DNA recently finds some mutations in genes of almost all N & South American that are not found in Asian population. There would have had to of been a 10-15 thousand year separation for this to mutate then that population would have had to then disperse.
Jim, isn't there denisivon in east asia population? I have read that east Asian has a little higher Neanderthal then European. I wonder about hobbit genes, ha.
WHY do so many scientists continue to cite Haeckel's work, when he was an admitted (and legally proved) FRAUD? This never ceases to amaze those who know. Though some of this is interesting, and the speaker is famous and obviously not an idiot, I had to ask it.
WHY cite Haeckel at all anymore?
+Rose McGuinn Well perhaps the fact that he was a fraud in certain cases wouldn't change the fact that he was completely competent and his work in other cases is entirely legit and well put together.
Eggfart MacMillan I cannot believe that you would think of a legally proved and publicly self-admitted FRAUD as a good source to cite in any case, no matter the subject matter under discussion.
Eggfart MacMillan Thanks for illustrating my point so well.
No more time for this
bye bye
You're welcome honey baby
I read these guys had an almost exclusively meat diet? Can anyone educated well on this matter confirm this?
Thanks for the great presentation. Only one question I can't seem to find an answer to concerning our Neanderthal inheritance. If Neanderthals were 99.7% Homo sapiens, then how can I be about 3% Neanderthal when I am only .3% different?
Joe Califf That does help. So you are saying that all humans alive today match one another 99.9% and in that difference (0.01%) we will be 1% to 4% more Neanderthal? Along that same line, are you sure it is not the .3% difference between us and Neanderthals that we find the 1 to 4 % similarity? I haven't completely got my mind around it but am getting closer.
duckmanjoel Hi, I did make an error but it was in the "0.01%", rather than the correct 0.1% (basically, for every thousand base pairs, on average, humans differ one time). I've edited this above.
Regarding the .3% difference, it's not directly involved in the ~1-4% calculated proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in Eurasians/non-Africans. The 1-4% is the "excess" similarity above the expected frequency of 50/50 when we compare spots on the DNA that differ between an Italian and a Kenyan, to a Neanderthal. Because we share a (very) recent common ancestor with Neanderthals (~600Kya), we share almost all of our DNA with them (that's the 99.7% on average). When living people's sequences deviate from the Neanderthal, it's because of mutations (the only source of novel additions to the genome) that have accumulated since that 600ky-old split. But since living humans themselves have experienced population splits since this time (an obvious example is when some were separated from Africans when they found themselves in Eurasia ~40-80kya), their sequences differ from each other as well, at one base in every one thousand, on average. So, if we compare the genomes of a modern Italian and Kenyan, we will find differences (~32,000 across the entire genome). Every time there is a difference and we check to see what the Neanderthal has at that same spot on the genome, it should be equally likely to match either the Italian or the Kenyan if neither is more closely related to Neanderthals, since we know that the Neanderthal-Homo sapiens split was much earlier than the more recent splits between any modern human populations. But, what we/they find is that Eurasians match the Neanderthal 1-4% more often than expected by chance (it should be 50/50).
I essentially just explained this again independently, without reading my previous answer, so I'm sorry if I'm repeating myself. I thought maybe a totally independent explanation would be clearer. I hope this helps.
duckmanjoel By the way, sorry for the long answer. I just want to be able to explain this in a way that is understandable. It's the kind of thing that matters because we're all so impressed by the authority of "science" and "numbers" that we rarely question (or understand) what is really going on. Yet it is within these data (this evidence) and the explanations (hypotheses) generated from them, that the scientific conversation/debate exists!
I will explain to you, in a much more simple way. Neanderthals were not 99.7% homo sapiens, they had 99.7% same dna with homo sapiens. That's different. A mouse has 91% same dna with homo sapiens, but a mouse is not 91% homo sapiens lol. So yeah based on the 0.1% difference that every human has with an other human, we can find how much of this 0.1% is of neanderthal ancestry.
remember that the genome they found is broken so it might be not so different at all.
an archaeologist that is funny. WOW
In my own parsonal opinion, i would say it is possible that some of us humens have some form of Neanderthal DNA locked in us some where..
43 minutes in it gets weird.
I'm proud to be a type O 3% Neanderthal!
Olhor10 i think you are confused between similar percentage of dna and actual genes found in neanderthals. not everybody has neanderthal genes, but everyone has very similar dna (about 0.12% differing dna) to neanderthals as they were a human species. if humans and gorillas interbred between the last 200,000 years and now, then someone would have gorilla dna the same way someone would have neanderthal dna.
Same here mate Type O 3.0% Neanderthal! also 100% European I1 Y-DNA HV9a Mt-DNA.
siberia and north america, many similarities
damn why's this guy hiding in the dark
.
Red hair, long, wide skull with overbite, inability to use most hats, large nose, extreme intelligence, arctic home
hard work listening to this
That Neanderthal Darwin touched should got a restraining order on Darwin after that "incident"
You share the same skin color
Valuev is the last Neanderthal.
for a fact!=)))
Puyol too
No! Disease was spread cause of bad hygiene and too many populated areas! Don't got there with racist stuff! Ok? I won't even say the rest!
As far as I am concerned there is no weakest race! We all have our own specialities and need to learn to work with each other! So please don't go there.... Let's not talk about high crime rates with certain races! Ok?
The audience is just horrible. -Your ancestors could be Neanderthals. -Huehrehuehruherh...
As if Neanderthals are subhuman. Most Neanderthals could light a fire without a lighter or match, can the modern man say the same for himself?
***** In addition to your comment. I highly doubt that the average homosapiens can assemble a working smartphone. Think about that.
+crnisuton No single person can build a smartphone from raw materials like, crude oil - plastics, sand - silikon, matal ores etc. and then put milions lines of code and other stuff like ringtones. You must have whole civilisation to build one, from miners to musicians ;)
+Dziki z lasu The thing is, homo-sapiens tend to think themselves superior to neanderthals on an individual level. Fact is, most homo-sapiens can't grasp basic Newtonian physics. Despite being surrounded by electrical appliances, an average homo-sapiens only barely understands electricity better than a neanderthal. They take it upon themselves as if they had the brains to put it all together, when in fact it took millions of individuals.
While an neanderthal would explain electricity with supernatural forces the modern man simply knows that he has to pay for it and to plug things into a wall to make them work. I use electricity as a venial excuse but you get the picture.
+crnisuton definitely right i can use one .dont suppose the average soldier can make a gun dont suppose the pilot who dropped the atom bomb on hiroshima .could make the plane or even make the boots he was wearing ..who knows?
are Neanderthals a lower evolution of us or a different species of human and just evolved different some where done the line
wow, sure is bashing.