How To Make a Quantum Bit
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- Опубликовано: 17 май 2024
- How does a transistor work? • How Does a Transistor ...
Silicon-28 sphere: bit.ly/10J1G2o
This episode supported by audible.com: bit.ly/ZJ5Q6z
We have looked at how a transistor works, the fundamental unit of classical computers, and how a quantum computer works in theory, taking advantage of quantum superposition to hold exponentially more information than classical computers. Now we look at the practical side of making a quantum bit, or qubit. How do you put it in a state where it is stable? How do you read and write information on it? These processes are described for a solid state qubit - a phosphorous atom in a silicon crystal substrate. Both the electron and the nucleus of the phosphorous atom can be used as qubits.
Thanks to A/Prof. Andrea Morello: bit.ly/17wZ7lt
Thanks to Henry Reich (MinutePhysics) for pushing me to make the explanations and visualizations clearer.
It’s really rare you see a really smart person explain things so clear while he already knows it.
Dude right. It's beautiful how clear he is coming across. It reminds me of a saying from Einstein that goes somewhat like "you know a subject when you can it explain it simply in few words". Anyway glad someone else thought the same thing. It is indeed rare man
@@diegocontreras2717 am i a creature
Why is no one else wondering why spin up has higher energy..is it arbitrary convention? Why is spin up lower? It's the same electron with the same charge?
@@leif1075 it's because of the large external magnetic field. It takes different energy to be lined up with versus against the field
@@tyronethames2472 but you'd have to knkw that spin upmeans aligned with the field and down is not and notnvice versa..it's a matter of arbitrary convention then right?
I am astounded they were able to measure to that degree of precision a single electrons spin and the Nucleus... mind blown.
We can measure single photons and electrons. The magic happens in the fact we can measure it constantly and without fundamentally altering it for continuous use.
Greetings
It looks a lot like ESR (ie., Electron-Spin Resonance) and 31P-NMR (ie., Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) to me - correct me if I'm wrong.
ESR is so sensitive that single electron spin events are routinely detected; a single NMR spin-flip event is more impressive, but then again, this NMR event is detected through the ESR signal with its inherently super-dooper sensitivity.
the mind blown part is that we are trying use it to write information.
I’d be mind blown if we prove that there are strings.
the "bing" gets me every time XD
GalacticGamer 2013 humor
GalacticGamer 0:42
i read your comment just as derek said "bing!"
bing
😂
that guy has a classical crazy scientist accent
And I respect that :)
italian!
@@erban1990 Very recognizably Italian, indeed
Mamma mia, it's a me, a quantum bita.
@@niksa28 ah ah stereotypes are so funny. especially towards those cooler than you : )
"So you are watching, on the oscilloscope screen in real time, the measurement of the direction of a single nucleus and our ability to flip it at will every five seconds."
Mind. Blown.
"so you are are watching in real time the measurement of the direction of a single nucleus and our ability to flip it at will." That is my favorite part.
mine too
gave me the the chills
I think i need to watch this video 30 times in order to understand it..
***** Nah...the only way to understand it is to not understand it at the same time.
Cello Coder
i dont understand.
(pun intended)
Well, now that you observed the understanding we know for sure. XD
Cello Coder lol, quantum physics humor...
+Cello Coder Hahah, nice
Andrea Morello's voice and explanations
Yep!
damn what accent is that.
Hihihi sounds Italian
Hihihi 100% sure Italian, I can tell it because I’m Italian as well and many people from Italy speak English with this accent.
8 years and still the best video on youtube i have found about you can make and manipulate a phyisical qubit. Thank you so much man also my cheers to the professor what a brillant man.
WOW It just amazes me to know human understanding has grown so much! Hope we use it for the good purpose .... one day!
Hugely educational video, thank you! That Silicon-28 coincidence is an amazing blessing to the Quantum Computing effort!
Analogy for quantum computers; you could say a quantum computer is like a jumbo jet and a normal computer is a car, because a jumbo jet is really expensive, and not something you'd expect to see in every household. but this analogy isn't perfect because a jumbo jet can carry more people than a car (like 50x more), and can go further.
A better analogy is that normal computers are cars, but quantum computers are space shuttles. The quantum computer can take you to space, your car's engine couldn't provide enough energy to take you to space (and obviously cars can't fly). But your space shuttle (quantum computer) isn't good at taking you to the shops, or to your friends house, where as a car is. But also a quantum computer is very expensive and not going to be in everyone's homes.
Computers costed absurd amounts of money in the early days. It wasn't until the process of manufacturing integrated circuits was nearly perfected that we got the home devices we all know and love today. I would argue that right now we are in the transistor stage for quantum computing. Scientists are dabbling around with the technology (just like how electrical engineers and mathematicians started to envision the early computers). I like to think that eventually new technology could eventually become affordable over time with enough innovation.
Excellent video, now I can go and start building my Quantum computer in my basement ;-)
There are a lot of ways to get it...
Theorically
You can use one through IBMQ. Just search for Qiskit, their programming language
This is one of the best examples ever made on the basics of quantum computing I have seen. Well done, this should be mandatory watching for any info-sec course.
That was really good. Now I need a video that explains how to entangle several of these qubits together, one to explain how to implement quantum gates and one to explain Shor's algorithm. If anyone can make me understand these things, it's you. :)
This dude is awesome! You can tell he’s really into his work and seems like he’d be someone you could really learn from as it appears he enjoys explaining it!
Dat Silicon 28 tho...
costs millions of dollars
Turns out they can use a mass spectrometer to filter out other isotopes of silicon. There's no economy of scale available for this; it can only produce silicon-28 very slowly. However, it's more that sufficient for small labs to do their research in both quantity and availability of production. They only need enough silicon to insulate the phosphorus atom from the rest of the equipment.
0xFFF1: As far as I know the Mass Spectrometer is a destructive method in most cases due to ionization, but some people may have found a way to bypass this problem ofcourse
It be lookin thicc
@@SupLuiKirexactly, can you tell me if you're a chemistry person?
Would it be possible for you to release all the video from this experiment that Prof. Morello was doing in the video? The raw video would be fine. I would like to see his whole description of the experiment.
Eber Junior I second that
research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-andrea-morello
You can fidn the videos in the bottom in the videos section
@@finnmckinlay Watching this video was like taking my Semiconductor physics class for my electrical engineering degree all over again XD
C Brett this is just ap physics level
@@Paprikaah here's a cookie
There are so many videos talking about quantum computers, but this is the only one I've found explaining how they work. There are only vague references in other videos about using spin and having 4 bits per qubit, but they never explain the "mechanics" behind it all. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you!
I had no idea there was such a crossover between nuclear magnetic resonance and quantum computing! I just love that science is so much about taking previous breakthroughs and applying them to something completely different
At the end of this six movies playlist I've got all I need to understand! Not only about Qubits of course!
RUclips should have a lot of guy like this explaining! Thank you very much!!!
When Derek said "hey there" at the end, my brain auto-completed "Michael here"
One of the clearest explanations on Quantum computing I've seen so far. For the first time I sort of grasped the concept.
Very helpful. Excellent understanding of not only the basic physics involved but the challenged that remain.
excellent video. you just made me understand how a quantum bit actually works in practice. thank you!
Thank you for sharing your passion of science. I've got the same wonderful astonishements about physics, things that do not touch a lot of people like the roundest object on the earth but are somehow so important if you bring the curiosity further. I think you really share the excitement and it is totally linked to your view of education. It's good to see people like you !
Best video I've watched this year. This is such a simple and beautiful explanation and practical application of qubits. Wow
Please do more of these excellent explanations on Quantum Phys.
All that? You're a genius XD
Oh hi verified RUclipsr.
Hmmm, brasileiro aqui?
Achei você
What?.....
Whi are you talking about Umberto?
this is soooooo amazing i think this just sparked my interest in quantum computer. Thank you Derek :)
So crazy, only after this video i could understand the practical side of making a quantum bit... All those videos on internet explaining only the theory were making me go from one side to another trying to understand how physically spins were flipped and how people control them. Great Work!
Awesome video! It explains in detail what other videos about quantum computing fail to explain: what is a qbit and how to enter information into, and read information out of it.
When computers were first developed, people were using light bulbs to represent numbers. Each light bulb represented a number in Base 2.
Light Bulb 1 = 1 (2^0)
Light Bulb 2 = 2 (2^1)
Light Bulb 3 = 8 (2^3)
Light Bulb 4 = 16 (2^4)
If the light is "ON" we give it the color "White" or "W" (in binary On = 1)
If the light is "OFF" we give it the color "Black" or "B" (in binary Off = 0)
During a brown out, the lights aren't quite on or off...they are dim.
So now we can represent a number in Base 3.
If the light is "ON" we give it the color "White" or "W" (in Base 3 On = 2)
If the light is "DIM" we give it the color "Brown" or "D" (in Base 3 Dim = 1)
If the light is "OFF" we give it the color "Black" or "B" (in Base 3 Off = 0)
Designing an electrical switch that is reliably DIM has not been easy.
The CUBIT may be that DIM switch that engineers have been looking for.
Don't know if you are joking or explaining quantum computing for dummies!
Those calculators were made before the bulb. Even before electron current was fully understood.
awesome stuff. i love when the theory meets engineering
Awesome video!....this is the explanation I was looking for; many questions were answered.
Thank you so much
This is still way above my ability to fully understand. I took quantum physics at RPI in 1979 and only grasped a fraction of what the professor was trying to convey. I was able to get a "B", since a lot of students felt the same way. This is amazing stuff!
this video is so amazing I almost cried!!!
This is really a great lecture, fascinating how smart people can be!
Unbelievable that we can manipulate a single electron, and measure it's spin direction!!!!! Kudos to Veritasium for making this 8m video, cannot even imagine the effort involved in planning the recording and editing of this!! Thanks!!
The source of the silicon 28 blew my mind. I often know what Derek is talking about, but all this about quantum computing it's amazing and it's literally making me love more my choice into science.
After having already seen the video on redefining the kilogram the end blew my mind!
"There are no waste in science"
love this quote
i love the little "bing!"
+Magnus Juul No man, that's the real sound of a spin.
Do you mean the sound of the tool we use to measure it ? I can't imagine a near absolute zero electron having enough energy to form a disturbance on the macro scale of atoms. Frankly I cant imagine a single electron doing that at full energy.
Just quantify the vibration it makes and convert that to acoustic scale, amplify the volume and you got yourself a ~bwiiing XD
Augustas Tiknius I'm stupid enough to fall for it. Is this actually true? :P
OMG this episode needed to be a LONGER EPISODE , man i want to look more at the oscilliscope and the spin of the atom and the equipment , Infact now we have many gates Z, X ,Y and H gates would love to see how that shows on the oscilliscope and get explanations from that professor
Awesome! Great job making this information accessible to a larger audience!
We're livin' in the future. And this video was produced in 2013!
wish i didn't start a research paper for course work on quantum computing
Starting seems 2b the tough part
this channel puts a smile on my face every time i watch it .. i wish i knew about it sooner
I was looking for the engineering of a qubit because the current youtubers only talk about the physcis. I'm glad to see a video from 9 years ago explaining what I need :)
but can it run crisis on low settings?
it can run crysis 9999999 at full settings multiple times simultaneously
Ashish Kumar you must be fun at parties
+zaid wadi yea v wil find out as soon as i get invited to 1 :p
actually it cannot
software programs runs sequentially, and quantum bits runs them all at just 1 time. its like the computer already generated an output even without input yet, so thats a no, software programs cant use qbits
mind blown. would love to see a video on how we could use this kind of data.
Jonathan Bierman AI
The explanation is very clear. Just a few minutes, great.
This was very informative and hard to follow. I enjoyed it
The only explanation of quantum computer that is understandable to public, although I don't understand it :'(
Two points I surprised:
1. In 2000' some professors explained they will make quantum computers. At that time, it sounds like bluff to me. now It's real. amazing.
2. silicon is reused for quantum computer. 30 years effort for silicon transistor does not waste.
This video deserves an update, since they now developed a so called flipflop Cubit, wich is controlled with electric current instead of a magnetic field. It would be fun to see the, what points in this video has changed now and why
Steven Rens there are actually many different ways to create qbits each with different pros and cons. really each of them could have their own entire video
Magnetic fields are electric currents
@@h_3795 he meant they are using electric signals to orient electric dipole instead of magnetic field to orient magnetic dipole
@@h_3795 magnetic fields are not electric current. Only a rate of change of magnetic field will induce an electric current. You can have a magnetic field without current (just a current or moving charge always induces a magnetic field).
They don't use a magnetic field but electric field in this method
Philip Merewood well yeah I know I thought I’d keep my sentence simple
That is by far the most amazing science related video ive seen for a while.
Finnaly! Somone who explained the process in more then five sentences and it actually made sense.
Instant subscriber.
"No waste in science" -- no it's because it's Australia and research here relies on using bent coat hangers due to lack of funding
Because scomo is pm
@@Paprikaah huh?
I don't think that's necessarily true. Low temperatures are required for a lot of quantum system to reduce the amount of random thermal energy, ensuring that particles end up in their lowest energy state to start off with.
Is this the real veritasium
How does this have so little comments and likes?
Can we get a moment of silence for how amazing the Doc's flow is?! Like that's legendary.!
Great fun! Thanks for this explanation of how to detect electron spin on a phosphorous atom in a silicon transistor.
6:33 the password is written on the whiteboard. Maybe they are so confident that they'll succeed in having a fully working quantum computer soon that they say "aah passwords, encryption, all that is useless soon anyway, so I can just publish my password now." :p
So...the nucleus' spin acts similarly to a p-n gate and the responding electron's spin is the qubit value? Or am I totally missing how this works?
+Ace Goat Basically
Its Odysuss Cool. Thanks!
The nucleus itself is the qubit. We are just using electron's spin to read that qubit's information.
Ah, I think I had it backwards then.
That was awesome. First time I've actually understood a practical qubit.
Hi. I really enjoyed the video and wanted to thank you for the quality of the content, although I'd really like to know how do they use the properties of qbits to build a hardware and how do the algorithms work in this computer? please make a video about this too
This is fascinating. Enjoy!
5:18 my head can't take it any more. It's enough of science for today.
I would like to see this updated. Very good Thanks.
wow this is the first video that actually explains what a Q bit is. Kudos! Super clear!
KILOGRAMS ! ! ! ! YEAH MAN ! ! ! F POUND ! ! ! F OUNCE ! ! IT IS KILOGRAMS FOR SCIENCE AND THE WORLD
This is like an American who was abducted by the British and was raised British but still has the personality of an American
When can we expect the next installment of this series?
No one on RUclips explained QC the practical way u did. Thanks a lot
SO COOOLLL!!! I wish I was there so I could see that equipment in person!
Hey veritasium or anyone else, when i finish my Bachelor's degree in physics and my master's degree, i would really like to help building quantum computers maybe in Delft(that's in holland where i live), or elsewhere. How would i join a group of people that is doing this? It seems all so exciting. Any ideas?
Search for D-Wave Systems. They made a 512-qubit quantum computer.
you're really going to ask this in a youtube comment... you're intelligent.
I think it would be more interesting would be to learn how to program this computer, as I am currently working on applying clustering problems to the D-Wave. Currently, Google and Lockheed Martin have one of these, however since you are interested in the physics of it you can try to work directly with D-wave. :)
D-Wave isn't making this type of computer. They only do quantum annealing.
***** Thank you for your comment. And I mean that sincerely....no hipster irony/sarcasm. I cannot *_stand_* people like shortymiget52. They never add anything positive to reality; all they do is critique those who at least try...and top it off with better-than-thou sarcasm. They literally hold back the human species from it's full potential to thrive. Anyway...your comment was dead on.
Finally... A clear explanation for a fool like me :)
In another of your videos prof. Morello illustrated how an electron needs some energy to flip to an up position by comparing it to flipping a magnet from north to south. It was a great illustration and it made the difference between electron spin really understandable for non-physicists.
Damn .. this was really nice .. loved it man !!! You make awesome content dude !!!
I like that there is no difference for me when I watch this sober or drunk :D
Hahahahaha
So... When a quantum physicist says "a very long time", how long is he refering to?
till the end of the universe ig
Thank you for not being rude when replying. It's always nice on youtube when others aren't complaining about a comment.
Oh, thank You. Everyone is talking about quantum computing, and You just enlightened us !
Nice video, but it would be great to know a bit more. I mean especially for instance what kind of techinque they exactly use? Quantum annealing? I suspect that this quantum transistor works because of the tunneling effect, if so it's very important, and it should have been mentioned in the presentation. How am I supposed to understand the words 2:27 ''what you've created is a special quantum superposition... with a specific face between two superpositions''.
I've always thought that the superposition exists only when there is no decoherence=no interactions=no measurements. As far as I know the superposition comes from Schrodingers equation which represents a quantum probability wave, and the only thing we can do with it is to collapse by observing, or if you prefer interact with it. I've really never thought there is a way to create a superposition, so I'm extremely confused right now.
When we apply magnetic field to define, or flip electrons' spin theoretically the superposition should wash away. I thought we can take advantage of the superposition only without interacting with the quantum object, but what would be necessary is to have a several entangled let's say electrons, so that when we measure them we can store and use all of the informations which they carried.
I really appreciate your, and Prof. Andrea work, because anyway it's still probably one of the best explanations I've come across.
All they are saying is they have something that they know is in a spin down state the magnetic pulse is used to bring it into a spin up state but if they alter the length of pulse then they can control the phase (angle) of the spin between up and down. The superposition is just the change in Angle added to the up or down spin.
Amazingly clear explanation!
Bill Gates said "if you cant explain it in simple terms you don't understand it". Well prof. Morello clearly understands everything there is to know about it.
@@User-ws3jl Also about quantum mechanics as a whole - not an experiment. Meaning the fundamental principles can't easily be understood intuitively- it's a case of 'just shut up and calculate '
Eu sou do Brasil e eu amo esse canal, obrigado por divulgar esse tipo de conteúdo!
Esse canal realmente é muito excelente e educativo.
this is the only video I have found so far which makes quantum computers easy to understand
As an electron, I can confirm that I'm usually in the spin-down state.
But how do you create an entangled state between two of these qbits?
Aeroscience
Ask china
this video cleared up so many of my questions
Thank u so much, this helped me a lot in the further understanding of quantum computing
Seems that quantum CPUs would be much more vulnerable to magnetic interference?
+Milan V Not if you protect them?
Andrew Mann alright thanks, well it seems that those who are trying to make this kind of pc are having a lot of problems since they are struggling with it, i've seen a quantum pc prototipe being manufactured recently
Andrew Mann Yeah but they will have their use
I guess i frogot p in pc means personal lol
+Andrew Mann lol, just because some guy said that they wouldnt be better than normal computers, doesnt mean it cant. Back in ye olde days when a computer was so big, it had to have its dedocated room, and power usage equivelent to that of a small town. But we could shrink the technology, which produced less heat, we add in a new clock that could generate fast pulses aaaaand you have a faster computer. Its like walking on 4s and saying that walking on 2 legs isnt better.
We will find out in the future
I would like to be presented a few examples of algorithms that benefit from quantum computers.
If my understanding is correct, the exponential factor of the qbit will tackle exponentially growing algorithms. Every AI algorithm that has to resort to heuristics to prune search trees will no longer need to. The theoretical perfect chess game, for instance, would no longer be theoretical.
Colbert Philippe Traveling salesman problem solved in an instant, for any given data set.
Colbert Philippe problems with 2^n complexity like generating all subsets of a given set
This series explained such a complicated subject in real, everyday speech. Although, it does help to know some chemistry. I want to know more!
Finally! I now understand Qbit !!! Amazing technology ! Quantum computing is wow!!!
6:32 i know the beauty of silicon :)
Every women ever
If you have two intanglet electrons and you can fully contrall the first ons spin state that meens you can convay instant meseges to the second one by measuring the fitst one spin state and by doing so be able to send meseges faster than the speed of light
@@50Lior No you can't send information faster than the speed of light.
As soon as you alter the spin of one the entanglement is broken.
It doesn't mean if you keep changing the state of one the other will flip accordingly.
All it means is whatever state one is in the other is the opposite, but we don't know beforehand what state it is. If you force it into a date then the chances are 50 50.
apparently they've just created the first quantum logic gates this week, and they have a process to mass produce them.
+Seth Apex where did you read that?
+arisoda your mom
Fascinating convergence of scientific endeavor, well done world.. well done..
Congratulations on a very lucid explanation of an incredibly esoteric subject.
Doesn't a bit that requires being cooled to near absolute zero sound really impractical? Also, I thought the general theory surrounding quantum computers was that you can take advantage of the fact that electrons can be in multiple states or positions at the same time. This just seems like your just making a transistor on an atomic level.
They did create a quantum superposition for the electron.
While the cooling may be somewhat impractical now, surely it's no more so than, say, changing vacuum tube transistors as long as my forearm, or having to carry binders full of punch cards carefully numbered and organised. What they're creating is obviously not meant to make your gaming machine at home run faster than anyone else's. Rather, it's meant to be a first step in a new way of computing. They're developing the science and initial engineering models. It'll be other engineers later that figure out how to use this machine to soup up our gaming systems.
***** Absolutely. I was trying to make the point of this being an innovation of invention, that we cannot see the future this idea; much as the inventors of the transistor could see the internet, or video games etc.
***** Says who? You need to think of the problem differently. In classical computing, you calculate surfaces, then textures, lighting angles, reflections, etc. in an extremely linear process. You then run algorithms to project the image on a 2D surface. In quantum computing you could theoretically just ask each pixel what colour it would be given the surfaces and lighting. The computer does every combination of light, scattering, shadows, texture mapping, etc. and tells you what colour the pixel would be.
"bla bla bla.... spin, ¡BING!"
I could had seen this video at least 5 times and I do understand it perfectly but it seems that whenever I watch it something new is been added. Anyways GREAT video!!!
Totally unrelated but: I just saw your channel on a commercial and I got all excited :)