Quantum Cooling to (Near) Absolute Zero
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- Опубликовано: 12 сен 2024
- Getting down to liquid helium temperatures (4K) may be fairly straight forward, but cooling below that requires taking advantage of quantum phenomena. In this video Associate Professor Andrea Morello from the University of New South Wales explains how 'zero-point motion' makes it possible to use Helium-3 and Helium-4 in a dilution fridge to get down to only thousandths of degrees above absolute zero.
It is this technique which is used to cool the MiniGrail at Leiden so that it can act as a gravitational wave antenna.
For more on Dr. Morello, see: bit.ly/17wZ7lt
I guess I'm not alone in thinking this guy is a great professor.
No
+Obsidian_Factory_Gaming This guy should be everyones teacher, I think I would have kept doing science in school if I had a teacher like him
I would love to have him as a teacher.
+datgoatfilms I came down here to post exactly this, so I'll leave my comment and my like for you.
He looks like a science bard, he should write some tavern songs of atoms collisions and big bangs
+datgoatfilms even with the accent!!
Quite possibly the best simplification I've heard.. This guy clearly knows his stuff very, very well.
yes! im amazed, i thought that was impossible to explain it correctly in less than some hours
+Duane Wente and as a bonus he's metal as hell.
+Duane Wente
wish my teachers were like this. Would make me a helluva lot more motivated.
Sasha Lane yeah and a satanist as well off course indeed surley guaranteed, YOU FOOLS CAN'T GRASP THE GRAVITY OF THIS "INVENTION"!!!
LISTEN TO HIM HOW IS moving he's eyes when referring to the so called "sensors of quantic mechanics can detect..." those are all THEORIES people WAKE THE F' UP and stop being sheeple while being kept in the dark and into backwards processes of chaos by these pack's of psycopats so called scientists!
we dont need space travel/exploration nor we need parallel realities manipulation/! we don't need theyr theories and B.S dogmas about subatomic nonsense and all these mental masturbation techniques that they had puked and regurgitated again and again....
we need to learn in the final hour HOW TO PRESERVATE HUMAN LIFE HERE AND NOW in harmony with the earth and the nature that it contains: www. thevenusproject .com
4 all you morons out there that cannot imagine that, GO FK YOURSELVES!!!
AMIN TO THAT BROTHER.
+LegalizeIntellect -- You're a gem.
This guy could say anything and sound smart
true dat
helps a bit, but a German one's better
he sounded pretty stupid when he said "the channel youtube"
You might not sound much smarter speaking in a non-native tongue.
Probably because he is smart.
i want long audio file of this guy just talking about anything. It could literally be anything and i would be content.
jraybozy Yes please he is a awesome natural teacher, I very much want to learn about things from him.
jraybozy He needs to do audiobooks.
ShaDoWworldshadow I wish my science teacher was like this.
ASMR anyone?
jraybozy hera1-1.fiu.edu/~kafkouli/GK_CineMath_eLibrary_V4_3/GK_CineMath_eLibrary_4_3.html# This was my math professor. He is wonderful in a similar way.
Unfair - being a vampire he has had centuries to learn all of this! How can we mere mortals be expected to keep up?
+Heather Spoonheim laughed my ass off.
+Heather Spoonheim By watching his videos.
+Heather Spoonheim simple for now I understand how to cool my soup ! next may be after a few more rewind of the tape I will understand a little bit more
+Gil B You are also a vampire! 'Rewinding of the tape' reveals that you acquired your knowledge of recorded medium in the previous century!
Funny,I'm just blown away with the lack of snide flat Earth comments.just going to enjoy this feeling for a while..
I don't know how researchers like this guy can keep so much information in their brain that too crystal clear ... explaining without the slightest hesitation
I'm sure it wouldn't be too hard for you to explain how addition, subtraction, multiplication and division works to a small child even if they are incapable of understanding. He's probably spent so much of his time studying and explaining these principles of quantum mechanics to people who do not quite have the knowledge to grasp how it all works, it's like clockwork to him at this point.
"if you can't explain it simply you don't understand it well enough" Albert Einstein
+TheNBKiller q
A lifetime spent working and thinking about this stuff.
He understands most of this topic extremely well
"Huh, is this guy Italian?"
0:44
"Yep, he's Italian."
+Edan Coll how could he communicate with just his mouth?
+Edan Coll M8 this guy is definetely not italian
+Carpet_ice his name is Andrea Morello, i'm pretty sure he's italian
***** Yeah, i live in italy but his accent doesnt sound italian st all
+stefano23796 His English accent is being molded by living in Wales.
Didn't Feynman say " if you can't explain it in simple terms, then you don't understand it". This educator is a great communicator as well! Thank you.
Wow... I actually understood the entire video. VERY well explained. Especially the application of using a cooled copper ball to detect gravitational waves and why it needs to be cooled.
Well done!
It is a weird feeling that I never took any formal physics classes beyond highschool classical physics but still have an understanding of the subatomic quantum world around us :D
This guy is super impressive.
This guy is the kind of professor that most of us will never be lucky enough to have. Incredibly enthusiastic and intelligent, and able to communicate ideas so clearly that you understand the concepts almost instantly.
i understand it more and i’ve never done any research on the topic
Best explanation of this process I have ever heard by far. Not too hard to understand, not too terribly slow, and just enough information while remaining on topic. This man should be the example for teachers around the world.
On top of that, I feel like I learned something in this video. Awesome vid Veritasium.
THAT MAN NEEDS AWARDS! I absorbed more information watching this video than my entire senior year in high school.
I'm rather amazed I understood that O_O
That guy is good at explaining this stuff.
I was thinking the exact same thing.
common sense really, but well explained indeed.
Was just going to say that... Wish I had professors like this in university... He makes extraordinarily complicated things very understandable even by pleebs such as myself.
***** they are stupid lol, stop trying to sound smart by mimicing words.
i predict the feature, i predict that you will insult me now by calling me stupid and saying you're a teacher or best student in class or some bs like that.
Shut up Both of ya
Enjoy the science. Don't ruin it by fighting.
I come back to this video about once a year. I think I discovered it my last year of college, and I'm now in my 6th year of a PhD program in biophysics. Over that time I've come to realize just how brilliantly this professor explains a VERY confusing process in a way that anyone with basic science knowledge can understand. Having struggled to explain my research for years - and it's much simpler than this - it's SUPER impressive. As Einstein [allegedly] said... "The definition of genius is taking the complex and making it simple."
But the question remains, can I overclock my cpu so I can play Crysis on low settings with this?
Saim Naeem no machine exists that can run Crysis on low settings
This shit is funny.
+Saim Naeem
If you used this as cooling for your cpu i don't think you could even get your pc to start because you would've just put a million tiny fractures in your cpu due to the extreme cold
let alone crysis.
+Saim Naeem Your computer might get even slower, cause things will shrink way more than they should causing loss in conductivity and cracking your CPU might not be impossible either
MorbidSpecter
Cracks in your cpu from supercooling it might not be visible but it has been proven that supercooled transistors (which is what a cpu is made up of) utterly fracture under extreme cold so basically the 1billion or so transistors in your i7 6700k would ALL die. And you'd be left with a slightly bent cpu asking yourself whats wrong with it.
I love this guy. Something about his way of teaching is just so engaging, there's never a moment when you get bored and feel like turning away.
Please make more videos like this, this is very much informative. If anyone have links to explanations on physics, Please Forward.
I reviewed 20% of my education in 10 minutes.
stefano23796 Oh thanks a lot bro, He have a lot of lessons. Seeing all of it after my homework.
+Mobashshir Feroz On RUclips, or website ? Got a link ?
Noé Jobin Searched for his name on RUclips and bookmarked the page. Its all awesome from him.
Try Walter Lewin.
Holy crap... I actually understood that!
To all of you who are asking about where he is from. In the minute 0:44 you can see the international gesture of Italian people with his hands.
Marvin Castillo Félix woow... our gestures r so well known in the world?
Yes, they are :)
Marvin Castillo Félix LOL
Marvin Castillo Félix Aahaah i laughed so hard!
Nicola Furlani It was a joke. You....whatever you are, are far too serious.
His hair length is directly proportional to his intelligence.
And growing
Some people grow out wizard beards. This guy went the other way.
He have no time to cut 😂
Amazing!
Dr. Morello is great. These topics are incredibly complex, but he has a way of explaining them that's easy to understand. I'd like to see more videos with him.
I'm not generally quick to pick up detailed explanations of this stuff, but all that made total sense to me.
This was superb. The guy explained everything perfectly.
“If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself.”
― Albert Einstein
This man's explanation of these concepts was amazing and I enjoyed watching this.
Harrison Morren
how the dude can be so amazing clear? It's a gift.
Well he explained everything preety well
try explaining why 1 + 1 equals 2
FullTimeHypocrite Simple. Because humans created a decimal number system to allow for counting and measurements higher than 1.
brilliant, you can easily understand everything he's talking about
He really does have a talent for using just enough technical terminology with layman's terminology to allow for just about anyone with a basic understanding of science to grasp this. Can't lie, I've watched this many many times for not only the fact that its interesting as hell, but also that this guy has an awesome accent/voice.
Professor Morello is a phenomenal teacher and I love how he talks about physics.
God, what a gorgeous man this professor is! Plus great explanation!
+maszlagma look at that sexy hair
I know right? Stunning!
+maszlagma Ewww, Ivan, das ghey.
NH! NO HOMO FOR LIFE @thewholeuniverse!
Instructions unclear, invented cold fusion.
+Ryan Rognas it already exist
+Ryan Rognas Cold fusion does not require super cold temperatures, because cold merely refers to temperatures colder than that of a stars core, so room temperature is pretty mush freezing compared to a suns core, fusion requires a poop load of energy, which is why it mostly happens in stars :)
+Ryan Rognas Ahaha, snorted at work laughing at this. 10/10
+Cédric Raymond no
+TED BEH Actually Cold Fusion is even hotter than that. Cold Fusion means getting fusion to occur at any temperature lower than it amount of energy it outputs. The temperature Fusion happens in a sun is already way colder than the energy output of the fusion which is why stars work as nuclear generators. The reason fusion happens at the lower temperatures on the sun is because of the extreme amounts of pressure due to the high gravity. On earth at 1 Bar Hydrogen needs to be so hot for fusion to occur that the energy output is not nearly enough to cause more hydrogen to fuse (for a chain reaction) If we could match the fusion temperatures of the sun that would already be cold fusion. The problem is finding a way to pressurise the system, or finding another way which does not require the system to be pressurised. (Remember, were not talking about like 100-200 psi, were talking in the range of 3.6 trillion psi.
More than 7 years after I saw this for the first time, it is stil one of my favorite videos on RUclips. A hidden Gem of a video. I wish I was shown this in school..
I'm actually eating a soup as he was saying that... I was blowing on it exactly at the moment he said you blow air on it to cool it... get... out.. of MY HEAD!!!!
We want more videos with prof. Andrea Morello !!! :)
The filming of this video reminded me of numberphile
+KayJay it was brady filming i think
no
and sixty symbols too
KayJay me too
chocoboyc same guy, brady
It's almost a shame that this professor is leading research because he seems to be such a good teacher.
When I was studying physics and computer science, I found that the parts I had most difficulty with were those areas where I hadn't formed a simple abstract model in my mind which I could use to anchor and inter-relate the more detailed and complex components.
nah, we need the best of the best in research imo
I really like this guy. Something about the accent.
So great when a clever researcher is able to explain his work to the general public. Fascinating stuff !
This man is great professor. It was easier for me to understand the whole process detecting gravitational waves and cooling to near absolute version, than to understand basic physics in middle school.
hard to believe they're making quantum machines in some places, and here there's still people shouting the bible in the town square.
fairly sure the bible never says quantum machines can't work
TheFeatInk
true that
dont judge believers but judge religion - it is uttlery wrong because people are being instrumentalized by it
TheFeatInk light has been associated with knowledge and darkness with ignorance for a very long time, going all the way back to Prometheus. "Lucifer" is a Latin word meaning "light bearer", the first story of the bible is basically just a really long way of saying "ignorance is bliss". Christianity in its very first story and it's continued vilification of Lucifer makes it clear that Christianity is a religion that sees virtue in stupidity.
Isaac Karjala nice meme
Isaac Karjala False. The Bible encodes a ton of advanced scientific knowledge in metaphor; it's just that stupid people don't look past the surface elements to find them.
If the Christians and Jews of antiquity weren't so close-minded, we'd be centuries ahead in our technological advancement.
Half the time, I have no idea what your videos are about. Even as a highly educated man (music), I get lost in the numbers, even still, I always watch the whole video. This is one of the best channels on youtube and despite my disadvantage, I am completely captivated by your videos. Did not know you have a second channel. This guy you have on today is.....?....?...I can't even come up with the best word to describe him. Actually, I do learn things from your channel and so I give you a heartfelt, THANK YOU!
Can I put this thing in my PC?
+Ryan Walker That'd be epic
your cpu won't start up at those temperatures
condensation would kill the electronics
+Jordan Johnson (Mighty Burger) vacuum chamber
+Ryan Walker Overclock 4 Titan Xs to 2x performance xd
A professor at my university received the noble prize for getting a temperature just above absolute 0. CU BOULDER!
Presented with a subtle elan. You can tell he likes to teach. I could have sat all day, all week, for a long time listening, absorbing every sentence and seeking more.
His students are extremely fortunate to have him for a teacher.
Have more of this guy!
This guy is an amazing teacher
If I cut this guys hair will he loose his genius powers?
he's, why do you think Einstein was so smart. the crazier the hair, the smarter the person.
don't cut the man's hair it's perfect
aris oreta
Trust me on this, i always avoided cutting my hair before exams as i feel as though my long hair actually helps me think deeply
I have long hair and I'm a fucking idiot
I totally do that too! It's like some sort of ritual, do you also cut your hair after an exam to prepare for the next..unless it's back to back..finish..cut..restart.
I'm a biologist and I have no idea how i ended up here. But I'm sure if I had that guy as my physics teacher/prof when I was younger I'd end up doing physics
He's pure awesomeness.
This person teaches very well.
"The record, to the best of my knowledge..." Respect.
I really love his accent. He explains things good. Oh I like him
He reminds me of a romanian physics teacher I had (different sexes, but as lovely).
The Amazing Patata And guess who lives in Romania? *points at self*
Also,mind giving away her name? (Maybe I know her -.-)
DeadFury222
It has been awhile and I'm not good with names. I really want to remember, but I can't atm.
+The Amazing Patata Mona Hadarean?
No, that wasn't her name. I saw it some weeks ago; I might comment next time I see it.
Mona's the only credible female Romanian physics teacher of this generation; snm.
Wow, I have a very limited physics background and I could follow everything he explained! Excellent job!
this might just be one of the most beautiful explanation of quantum mechanics, the concept of vapour pressure and lechartlier's theorem i've seen in my life.
I did not hit her. i did naht. Oh haai mark.
Lmfaoooo
***** omg lol
***** oh haai maarc
***** You're tearing me apart lisa!
A movie called "The Room'
Who is this guy?!
I've seen him 3 times now in veritasiums videos. He's exceptionally good at explaining himself.
Should start a joint channel, ft. this dood. =D
He, Andrea Morello, is quickly becoming a super star in the field of Quantum Computing, since he (along with Michelle Simmons and Andrew Dzurak) are part of the UNSW lab which were the first to build a quantum logic gate in silicon, and have a good chance of being the first in the world to seriously scale up quantum computer in silicon.
The Italian Professor Andrea Morello is the manager of the Quantum Spin Control program @ University of New South Wales, Australia
This kind of teacher can explain things without making you feel small. Extremely rare to not come across as patronizing when discussing such things.
wow woaw LOKI is teaching Physics in his free time!
Why do hyper-intelligent people always seem to have strange hairstyles?
Because they don't worry about such trivial things?
Now that's a great answer!
or maybe he likes metal \m/
Cause they don't have time tome to think to them self
Hnouda tarek I think I will get one, so that people will either look up to me or look down
This guy's explanations are amazing. Shows how knowledgeable he is. This is what loving what you do looks like.
Some months ago, I didn't understand it very well. Now I watched again and it was so simply! I don't know why I couldn't. Guess I'm making progress :)
+EfedeX
I find that chemistry helps a lot with this. Makes sense because the smaller you get with chemistry, the more you get into the realm of quantum mechanics.
It was exactly the same with me. I had to click the pause -key a few times to stop and think, but it worked.
He totally just called that particle fat....
a fat noble.
that comment really made me laugh i take my hat off to you
Amazing teacher, casual talks like these provides more insights than lengthy formal lectures... He very simply explained two complex topics in just 10 mins...
മലയാളി?
ok so how do i attach this to my computer?
That... is a really good idea.
your computer will actually stop working at that temperature. electrons can't move at absolute zero... at least not in normal circuits
Chris Jernigan
The idea is you make it adjustable.
duct-tape
Chris Jernigan normal CPU stops working after about -5C (give or take few degrees)
Excellent and clear explanation! Great Video.
This blew my mind. This professor and your genuine & well thought out questions made a masterpiece. I learned something new today.
Spoiler, they found the gravitational waves :P
That's God.
***** God created science
***** You need Jesus.
***** My cousin that is dying of cancer would disagree with you.
***** Wow. You are one pathetic piece of shit. You want me to get cancer because I am a theist? Would you also wanted for MLK and Gandhi to get cancer? Or how about mother Teresa?
So they can make a sensor that detects displacement of less than an atom? Where the hell is my jetpack?
Priorities please...
Cleiton Felipe
Imagine a more efficient way of preserving sushi meat to kill pathogens. Imagine the potential elimination of some forms of food poisoning!
Priorities.
HaloModder555 I would trade tons of your sushi for one jetpack, fuel included
Measuring tiny things is within the realm of physics. Jetpacks aren't. Let me rephrase: practical jetpacks aren't. The kind that won't by loud as hell, consume tons of energy, produce excessive heat etc etc ;)
Hoverboard pls
They tried. Turns out it'll melt your legs off.
It's been said that you don't truly understand something until you are able to explain it in simple, easy to understand terms to someone. This man clearly understands his field. Great professor.
Amazing video. I think I grasped the concepts but I can not imagine the technical side of an experiment like this.
"Even at absolute zero, things do not stand still".
I thought that the reason why absolute zero can never be reached is because it would violate the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Absolute zero is the temperature at which a body has zero internal kinetic energy, and hence minimum internal energy (as you still have some internal potential energy otherwise the body would collapse into a singularity). Can anyone elaborate on what he's saying?
I think he meant to say ‘at near absolute zero’, because, as you said, absolute zero can not be reached.
Robert Andersson Thank you :)
He was speaking theoretically. If we COULD reach absolute zero, things still would not stand still, because as you say it would violate the uncertainty principle.
Exactly - Absolute zero is unreachable due to heisenbergs uncerntainty principle. The lowest possible energy is the groundstate, which depends on the system. In the harmonic oscillator this is 1/2*h/2pi*angular frequency
matter on absolute zero in theory would not exist.
the atoms and the electrons would have lose all their energy. the mass of their own, reflecting back the light the gravitanional field, every property of the matter (totally irrelevant which one) would stop exist.
and if you can not detect it, then is anything really there in the first place?
This guy completely changed my perspective on evaporation with this video.
This guy seems like an effective teacher.
Are you implying something?
***** hes probably just a child who hasnt left high school and seen the real world. this man is an amazing teacher. he always takes complicated subjects and makes them simple enough for an 8th grader to understand them.
I must concur.
On the contrary, good teachers are still good teachers regardless of what they teach, I'm sure that if this guy learnt something else he could teach it just as effectively.
i like how i came for the science of quantum cooling and came out (also) with the science of soup cooling
I come back and watch this every 6 months or so.
Excellent explanation of how quantum principles can have a macroscopic effect.
Helium is a rare substance on Earth with many useful scientific uses that is in danger of running out in a few decades but we continue to waste it on pointless things like party balloons??? MADNESS!
You can take a bottle, fly to the sun and dip it in. Now just close the bottle, there you go
If we use Fusion Reactors in the Future, Helium will bei easy to get
Tad Willis
of what toxic waste?
Radioactive decay
now dry refrigeration is commonly used to achieve those temperatures, which means no helium refills.
This professor is so easy to understand T_T I wish he was my professor! For any subject!
What a legend, such a difficult topic and he still made it so easy to understand
i'm so glad italian scientists can nail it everywhere in the world :)
I wish so bad they taught physics the way he did in my college... No one would ever fail... This guy is awesome as hell... Props to Derek Sir for this awesome video (Y)
At around 7:20 the whole concept just clicked for me, this guy is phenomenal at simplifying and explaining these very complicated ideas, the soup analogy is brilliant and really makes the whole thing makes perfect sense even to a complete layman
Why cant we have teachers like this?
schools would be bankrupt
You won't find someone like this teaching at a highschool. Enrol at a decent university and study physics and you might get someone like this guy.
"Sounds like something that cant be measured" Veritasium
"Yeaaa~ and yet you can" Professor Andrea Morello
Many people understand Physics but not many of them can explain them for us mere mortals like him. Look for more of his videos. He understands how to make you understand. A Master teacher! Wish I would have had him for a teacher (not that I would have appreciated it then, but who knows).
He has this ability to make people understand, and he is not even a native English speaker. Incredible.
if only my math teacher had his method of educating. I might actually be passing my course if that were the case.
i would LOVE to study from this guy, and for some reason he reminds me of loki from avengers
This guy's explanation is great! It's a sign of a true expert in his field to be able to break it down so a pleb like me can understand.
come to think of it, Prof. Andrea would have been a great choice for Loki ;)
this guy makes me want to study (more) physics
+Jerónimo Barraco Mármol he makes me wanna cry... I feel like I'm wasting my life!!!
+MikeVonDoom It's not too late... :)
It's never too late
This guy could explain the friend zone and I'd still love listening to him!
I love when Geddy Lee teaches me physics.
If the Van der Waals-Force is weaker between two helium 3 atoms than between one helium 3 and one helium 4 atom, why doesn't the pure helium 3 on the left side evaporate first? Or are you just simply changing the temperature of the right tube?
You are an excellent logical thinker! Indeed, that's how we operate the machine. I didn't mention it in the video, but there is a small heater near the top of the liquid level on the right hand side that keeps it a bit warmer. The He-3 on the left hand side still wouldn't evaporate because there is more He-3 gas compressed onto that side by the back of the pump. But heating the right hand side is indeed necessary to increase the rate of distillation - just like you heat the distillation column to make vodka...
Andrea Morello Thank you very much for the response and the kind words! However, I should have taken your analogy of the distillation into account, you are basically answering my question there already.
I think you are a great teacher, your explanations are as clear as can be! Thank you for this video! :)
Andrea Morello You mentioned in the video that the pump takes these hotter particles from the right side, and pumps them back into the top of the left side. My question is: Wouldn't this heat up the left side, essentially negating the cooling when H3 moves into the H4 area? Where is the heat going? Because the left side is getting closer and closer to 0K, then being heated up on the right side (back to the boiling point?) and pushed back into the left side (at presumably a much higher temperature than the boundary between H3 and H4)?.
Yes, you're right. Among the many details I skipped in this explanation, is how you re-cool the atoms that are reinjected on the left hand side. This is done in a number of ways. First you push them through a flow impedance attached to a small pot of pumped 4He (separate from the rest of the circulation system), which cools them to 1.5 K. Then, from there downwards, you make counter-flow heat exchangers, where the cold 3He atoms coming up from the right help cooling down the hot 3He atoms coming down from the left. A simple way to do so is to put two tubes of different diameter one inside the other, and coil them around to make the length longer. So basically, the left and right hand side of the U-tube are not really going up straight and separately as I've drawn them on the board, but you put one inside the other and wound them around. It's just a bit messy to draw it... In fact, if you look at the photo that Derek used as the "cover image" for this episode, near the bottom of the image you will notice something that looks like a coiled-up gold-plated tube. That's the heat exchanger. You only see the outer tube (which would be the "right hand side of the u-tube"), there's a smaller tube inside (the "left-hand side of the u-tube").
That's awesome! Makes sense to me now, thank you very much for taking the time to give me an explanation :). PS. Your explanations in veritasium's videos are my favourite part of his channel
i love seeing experts take a deep-breath as they cut up ideas into easily digestible chunks for average viewers
I want to take a physics class from this Dr. WhoVinci guy.
Tommy Wiseau is a Professor of physics???
Your not alone. Usually this type of lecture is like understanding Chinese to me. He has a gift of explaining knowledge.
1:04 Of course. I mean duh!
+BowGunner Well yeah. Helium 4, 4 heliums. Helium 3, 3 heliums. Helium 3 mass = 75% Helium 4 mass. On the flip side, Helium 4 is 33% more massive than Helium 3.
pdavid24 That actually made sense to me. Perhaps there's still hope for me :P
+pdavid24 Helium 4 = 4 nucleons...
+BowGunner What +pdavid24 says does seem to make sense, but it is not correct. The whole idea here is that Helium, being a noble gas, doesn't bond with itself (or other elements), as he explains at 1:38 . So if it doesn't react with anything, would it make sense to say that Helium-4 is 4 helium atoms? No, indeed it doesn't. The '3' and the '4' are used to describe which Helium-isotope we are talking about. An isotope is an atom in which the nucleus is made up of a set number of particles. Basically this nucleus (the core of an atom) is made out of 2 types of particles: protons and neutrons. All Helium isotopes have the same amount of protons (2) and different amount of neutrons. The numbers 3 and 4 are used to describe the total amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus: Helium-3 has two protons and 1 neutron and Helium-4 has two protons and 2 neutrons.
Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of an electron is very low and may be neglected) there is a 3/4 ratio of mass between the two isotopes :)
+vannilesoep oh wait i think i found someone that understood the vídeo... thanks god im not the only one that knows what an isotop is hahaha
When will we see this techniques to cool down our computer hardware?
You can but it's going te set you back around 1,000,000,000
Lámbientan Lámbientan your computer wouldn't function anymore. Because electrons would hardly move anymore at those temperatures
Lámbientan Lámbientan people already use Liquid Nitrogen for extreme overclocking. But getting to near absolute zero temperatures is not going to help any computer hardware. Liquid nitrogen is cold enough.
iWhacko No no no, have you every heard of super conductors. It works on the premise that when a superconductor is cooled below a its critical temperature it becomes a conductor without electrical resistance. At this point information is not limited by the conductor's resistance because at this point information propagates through the super conductor at the speed of light. Just to note, this can be applied to regular conductors, but when cooled, regular conductors like copper still shows some resistance and would not be as effective as superconductor materials, but would still work.
Adam Hosein you will need super semi-conductors for that. I am not sure if they exist but there might be issues without them.
I wish I had a teacher like Andrea Morello... Some people have the best way of explaining things, what a dude! 😎
How do the scientists know if they recieve a false positive from the Grav Wave detector. It would seem very easy to accidentaly measure seismic activity, or even a foot step, when you measure changes at 1x10^-20m. Can anyone explain this to me please?
Good point. What you need to do (and is being done) is to build several detectors, in different parts of the world, and look for coincidences. That is, look for events where the same signal appears in all detectors around the world at the same time.
Andrea Morello Ah, tricky tricky. Thanks for clearing that up!
Andrea Morello I have a somewhat similar question. You mentioned at the end that people have devices that, when cooled, can detect very minuscule changes of width of the cooled mass (1/10 of the one expected from a passing gravitational wave). Now, how are they testing such devices to say that they can reliably measure such small changes? Obviously you can't just fire gravitational waves at an instrument.
Piotr Grabowski I think this link will help clarify: www.nature.com/news/2007/071114/full/news.2007.242.html
Oli T Thanks a lot ;)
What happens with photons at absolute zero?
The person explaining this was simply amazing. I managed to absorb all of it on first watching!!
Proof that anything can be explained simple once you have enough knowledge about it.
And a lamborghini in a garage.