How mRNA Vaccines Actually Work | Inside the Vaccine
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- Опубликовано: 31 июл 2024
- Two of the vaccines we have for COVID-19 have the distinction of being the first mRNA vaccines to see widespread use in humans. But how do they work, and how are they different from all the immunizations you got as a kid? Learn what makes them different in this episode of SciShow, hosted by Rose Bear Don't Walk!
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Hosted by: Rose Bear Don't Walk
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Sources:
www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-...
www.nfid.org/infectious-disea...
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conv...
microbiologysociety.org/why-m...
www.cell.com/immunity/fulltex...
www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.genome.gov/genetics-gloss...
www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
www.nature.com/articles/s4146...
www.nature.com/articles/s4154...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1690918/
www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16111...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
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www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-...
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Images:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endopla...
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“Thank goodness my cells can follow instructions better than I do,” I said as I glanced nervously at my lopsided nightstand.
"Wait, why do I have an Arginine left...?"
"Arginine? I'm missing two Lysines and one Glutamic acid..."
*Sigh*
"Take it all apart and start over?"
"Nah, I'm sure it's fine... Do we even need all of those amino acids? I'm sure some are just for spare..."
@@midnight8341 Yeah. It is just left-over junk DNA anyway!
I feel like most cells work more on the lines of "I will just make 10000 nightstands and bet if I throw 1000 lights at them I will have at least one with a light on top that doesn't wobble too much.''''
Our ribosomes are Ikea Gods.
That's okay,the only thing I'm fit to take care of is my dying office plant.
Come back in 75 years when they release the data
This is what should have been on The Learning Channel, not Ancient Aliens.
This should have on commercials or a brief that aired on every channel instead of the presidents!
Oh, I so totally agree!
Isn't TLC basically just really gross reality tv? Or at least mostly? I'm thinking toddlers and tiaras, dance moms, and all sorts of other televised child abuse and cringy reality shows
Ancient Aliens is on the History Channel, not TLC.
@@johnnybadboy3475 Ironic really!
Host: "You might see where this is going."
Me: Did not see where it was going.
I literally was thinking no lolol I'm not alone
Time for that brilliant.org membership!
😂
Lol same here, I felt stupid.
@@falxonPSN you single handedly sponsored a company into a public comment without them paying you..
I love the mental image of my immune system receiving the antibody information and then just going "on SIGHT"
except from what i know and maybe you can prove this wrong covid cant penetrate the skin so why does the immune system need a boost
when the vaccines use oil in them and that got proven to cause all types of health issues and information from 2013 and before proves that
@@jjcarvin4755 Only AND ONLY if you are here to be convinced otherwise, read on. Otherwise ignore the explanation.
Covid doesn't penetrate our skin, yes. Our outsides are secure. BUT our INSIDES are not. Think of the skin as a shield...whats on the other end of it - the fragile human that can't take a sword to his chest. Covid gets inside our bodies through inhaling droplets that carry it. People sneezing or breathing creates those droplets. The more droplets from someone infected, and the further he is down the infection path, the higher number of covid cells do we inhale. New covid mutations currently are waaaaaaay more infectious. The virus can replicate faster and in turn drop you faster. And to top it all off...it acts like a hidden time bomb. You don't notice it until one day you can't fully breathe. The fun part starts here - covid can travel to the kidneys, liver, lungs, brain, gut. If your blood is thick and you begin treatment, said treatment includes antibiotics which dilute your blood. Any trombs that were stuck to your vein walls are now floating about, and will 100% create heart failure. Aspirin protect helps with keeping your blood diluted. Blood highways should not have solid particles in them like trombs or cholesterol buildup.
Stay safe and healthy! :)
@@jjcarvin4755 who said anything about skin??? Have you not been around other humans? Do you not know how most infectious diseases spread? Air, water, blood. Literally nobody EVER mentioned skin permeability, you pulled that one out of your ass
@@pitbula96 well here is a question then how can it penetrate a mask
it cant penetrate our skin and the government says wear 2 masks because of covid
my other question becomes doesnt it make more sense for the two masks to be worn because america illegally dumped illegal chemicals and trying to pass it off as covid
hence the blue skin stuff that i got from the leesa mattress because it uses crude oil (memory foam it uses crude oil)
my point the statistics show that 99.99% of people heal from covid people at risk 98.99% and the american government pretends like that isnt the case
why has so many countries got their covid numbers down to 0 and why can the so called mutation systems be found in america before 2021 and sometimes before 2020
@@jjcarvin4755 Why does it affect the brain you may ask - because of one of our sinus caves. Leading vertically up to a thin wall/membrane. We have plenty of sinus caves in our skull you can check them out its kinda cool.
How does it get to liver, kidneys - after traveling to the gut and moving onward for nutrient processing, those two create blood pressure chemicals from stress or some other ailment. Covid can attach itself to the types of cells that create the cortisol (i think thats what the blood pressure biochemical we produce is called). Keeping normal blood pressure is also beneficial.
Furthermore, people have all sorts of illnesses they don't feel or know about. Covid can and WILL trigger something else if you catch it. Athletes have caught it. 20-30 y/o have had it. Some have survived and some sadly haven't.
Another important thing. Kids have low percent chance of getting hit bt covid, but the cruicial part everyone seems to forget constantly is that they can transmit it to their parents and teachers. Covid can live ontop copper for a day. It can live on porous surfaces for up to 72 hours and more in some cases. You think an oily teenager skin isn't the perfect surface for covid to live on? He then touches everything his parents touch. Reported PROVEN cases plethora are out there of this exact thing happening. Yet the mass overlooks it because its simply tired. This entire thing can disappear if every human being stops gathering with people for 2 months. Covid lives for 1 month. And 1 more month for later cobtracted cases just to be sure. This entire scharade could have been nonexistent IF people don't have snowflake issues with a piece of cloth on their face for THEIR OWN GOOD...its like sueing doctors for putting a sleep gas mask on your face before surgery. It's just inadequate thinking...
Just found out that Moderna's stock listing name is actually MRNA, haha
I didn't notice that! I did see that it is the only one of the big four vaccine companies who had a big gain during the pandemic. Selling for $19 last February, they reached $67 in October. $183 by February, they have seen profits taken down to the $155 level today. The amazing thing is to understand this is just the birth of a medical revolution, the DNA/RNA therapies. I don't know the next step but all the steps will be amazing.
It's true. Did you also know Moderna was founded on the discovery of mRNA and they have never developed a vaccine? They just call it a vaccine for their benefit, not yours or mine.
also- m(ode)rna...
@@Lolly-ms3pz Moderna stock ticker MRNA. How obvious.
@@frutbum FALSE. Moderna has created many vaccines mostly relating to particular types of cancers. Stop spreading false information...
How about doing another video about the harmful effects of the mRNA vaccine. I personally know several people who experienced severe side effects after the booster jabs.
Navmoc, i know several too. However, like the mainstream media, this doesn't strike me as the kind of channel that would want to rock the boat.
I have multiple coworkers with severe vaccine side effects. My management refused to report the injuries and hushed it up
No. The risks that come with the shot are above all thigs low and quite rare. Besides, the benefits of taking it surpass every single risk. Those who didn't take it are way more susceptible to a worse risk: death itself. If you're still skeptical about it, try spending some time in Pubmed or in the NCBI library. I'm sure you'll probably change your mind and accept your ignorance. Plus, you cannot diagnose or make a direct link between one's symptoms and the vaccine. You are not a medical professional. And probably not even educated academically. So you should not talk about what you don't know.
I don't know anyone who has died from the vaccines. I actually know someone who is immunocompromised and they took both the Pfizer and Moderna shots with NO effect. You would think they'd be the most likely ones to suffer something but nope.
It’s pretty cool that we’ve (our conscious brains) figured out how to talk to our body/cells
Metalanguage.
The potential is staggering. When I was in 8th grade (1964) we vaguely understood what DNA and RNA were. In the interim we learned how they do what they do, and now we have technology with potential almost beyond imagination. We can potentially engineer therapeutics that not only target viruses, but bacteria, prions, and even cancer cells and organic toxins. What a time to be alive!
@@flagmichael Until people start dying in a few years after taking mRNA
Let me give an example. A computer game. There is no game that is pefect and bugless at the day of the launch, for many months/years they receive updates to fix things that developers had no idea could cause bugs and only after community insight they are able to fix them. It is the same principle with gene therapies aka covid vaccines. Scientists programmed the mRNA to make our cells produce spike proteins but they have no idea of other things that could go very wrong and there is a great likelihood they will, so called Murphy's law. Few months of few tens of thousands people are not enough to ensure safety, it will take decades as a matter of fact. People who take this gene therapy aka vaccine will be the gamers playing alpha build of the game and they will give scientists the needed insight but if things go wrong it will not be your game character getting stuck in the wall but you dying.
@@flagmichael Incredible, a person of your age appreciating the scientific advances of our era, it's quite sad that is rare to see people like you nowadays
Now I understand why people get sicker
Hosted by: Rose Bear Don't Walk
woah. killer name.
@ᴡɪɴᴛᴇʀᴍᴜᴛᴇ _ That's a kick ass name!
I'm still wondering what the alternative method for locomotion is if the bear doesn't walk... If that's too literal, I'm trying to understand the connotation/meaning
@@DracoOmnia bear strides
@@dbmail545 proof?
@@dbmail545 Statistically, 100% of ferrets die anyway. Coincidentally, the majority of other animals also all die after a while. Weird.
COVID-19 vaccines are new, and it’s normal for people to have questions about them. The sheer amount of information-and misinformation-about the different vaccines can be overwhelming to anyone. It's nice to see that SciShow is providing well-researched information (in snackable length) about this important topic.
Not true. Vaccines are a tried and well understood technology. However Pfizer, Moderna, J&J or AstraZeneca products are not vaccines but a gene therapy. Thank you, I will pass on that.
@@franklinAll8735 How proudly misinformed you are is proved by fact that some of the vaccines you mentioned use the traditional method, not mRNA. As explicitly mentioned in the video for the uneducated, mRNA vaccines are in no way a form of gene therapy. In fact, so far the evidence shows that they are the safer alternative.
@@Theo0x89 Before trying to lecture someone do some research because now you look silly. Traditional method would be to inject weakened, inactivated or part of the covid virus so that the body could recognize the virus and develop natural immunity. None of the 'vaccines' I mentioned do that. They all deliver a set of instruction to the host cell and the very host produces the coronavirus spike protein. The difference between pfizer/moderna and astrazeneca/JJ is only the delivery vehicle. Former use nanoparticles to enter the cell and deliver instructions(mRNA) while the latter use a modified chimpanzee adenovirus to infiltrate the cell and injects its DNA into the nucleus. That is a gene therapy. It does not change dna pressumably (which is theoretically possible with adenovirus vectors) but the effect is exactly the same. Your body is instructed to produce whatever foreign proteins are encoded on the mRNA / viral DNA. You sir, are an ignorant sheep, an exemplary soviet citizen, who would inject whatever the big daddy governments wants you to and you will very likely pay dire consequences of your choices in the future.
@@franklinAll8735 Your lecture about viral vector vaccines not qualifying as "traditional" (they already have been used against Ebola and do basically the same as traditional live attenuated vaccines) can't distract from the fact that neither viral vectors vaccines nor mRNA vaccines are a form of gene therapy, which is your actual message. If they don't change the cell's DNA, then it clearly does not have the same effect and is not a gene therapy by definition. In the real world, words have meaning and do not turn into the opposite because Facebook University told you so. Of course, when your predictions about "dire consequences" inevitably never come true, you won't stop blindly believing any nonsense that feeds into your paranoid schizophrenic fears of the evil government, but I'm not here to cure your mental illness, I'm just correcting misinformation that tries to escape the echo chambers of lunacy on the internet.
Adenovirus vectors are the most commonly employed vector for cancer gene therapy. They are also used for gene therapy and as vaccines to express foreign antigens. Adenovirus vectors can be replication-defective; certain essential viral genes are deleted and replaced by a cassette that expresses a foreign therapeutic gene. Such vectors are used for gene therapy, as vaccines, and for cancer therapy.
Don't talk about things you have no knowledge. Adenoviruses used as viral vectors are gene therapy. They transport certain genes to the host cell to achieve therapeutical effect which is a very definition of gene therapy. No need to alter DNA.
Can someone explain how many of our cells start making these antigens? If our own cells are presenting the antigen, and then our body attacks those cells, that sounds like an autoimmune disease to me. Is there some way they are able to limit the number of cells presenting the antigen?
@@dackbowland1876 same here! Unfortunately I had to take a mRNA one to keep my job. It's been 6 months since my second dose and I get a weird feeling in my heart every once and awhile. So far, that is the only symptom that I have noticed, but course there is no way for me to truly know if the vaccine is causing that or something else. I still wish I could have gotten a traditional vaccine instead though.
TBH, my immune system is a little....aggressive. I was a little leery of teaching it how to do new and interesting things. But so far so good.
Same. I get a pollen grain in my eye and if I forgot to take my meds, I look like I just left an MMA fight. That I lost.
Mine too. Lupus
@@whatsup2318 BE GONE FOUL LUPUS
@@whatsup2318 I hear ya.. Ulcerative Colitis here... and a double whammy of likely early rheumatoid arthritis here... (I'm in process of diagnosis for that one, but it's looking likely). Not fun. My immune system hates me, apparently. All we can do is hang in there, @Whatsup - and live our most 'normal' life we can... (with as few steroids, hydroxy-chloro, sulfasalazine crap, and the biologics [e.g. Humira] with miserable side-effects as possible...).
@@tippib2222 stop hitting yourself
The cell be like "Look at the nice proteins I made UwU"
The immune system: "KILL IT WITH FIRE! NO MERCY!"
Take no prisoners 😂😂
Which cells in your body are creating these new proteins? Because I have been unable to find that answer. Are they blood, liver, kidney, brain, bone, etc cells or a combination of various cells?
@@randomslacker9204 all cells have ribosomes . Hence all cells are capable of making proteins
@@JohnDoe19991 I understand that all cells are capable of making proteins. Which is how brain cells keep healthy although they do not replace themselves. But for the terms of my original question is which cells are being instructed to make this new protein. That being whichever cells decide to pretend to be the virus will ultimately be destroyed by your immune system.
@@randomslacker9204 any cell that receives the mRNA will start making the antigen . Which will move into the blood stream and be detected by immune cells which will trigger an immune response to create the antibody and memory cells will cache it for quicker response during the next attack . So no no cell is acting as the virus they just produce the spike proteins of virus that will trigger immune response
I've been wondering this! Thank you!
Been waiting for this video!! Thanks
The stuff that's happened with these has made me really into genetics and biology in general hehe 👁
Thank you to scishow, quarantine, and an awesome bio teacher for helping me decide on a career idea
yeah this pandemic is kinda fun when you realize your field of choice is hot stuff rn 😭
To Enkii: Take an introductory course in molecular biology. It will change your life for the better ... it did mine!
@@cougar1861 ayy that sounds fun!
I'm not sure if my high school offers anything like that but there is Medical Biology and AP Bio, I'm interested in both hehe
I'm guessing there's gonna be some really good bio stuff once I hit college, I'm thinking about doing biomedical engineering
@@glassbirds Best wishes!
@@glassbirds My experience (based on my own interests and career) is that if you have an interest in something so deep it can take you a very long and exciting way. For me it was radio/electronics. The jobs I had morphed into IT/communications networks but it was all exciting. Go for it!
Cells can receive command and make stuff. Meanwhile me forgetting what I want to do in span of 10 seconds.
Your cells have always been able to do this. That's how your body does anything.
Cells don't "memorize," they use sticky notes (mRNA).
If you use sticky notes, maybe you wouldn't able to forget it.
Nicely explained. Thanks much.
Her explanation is so clear I'm amazed!
LOVING that my favorite presenter (Rose[Bear Don't Walk]) is showing up a lot more frequently.
I know we're not supposed to have favorite presenters, but Hank and Rose really nail the presentation and are easiest to listen to while still retaining the information.
The added accents on random syllables though...
@@Lybrel she talks the way they highlight the words that show up on screen. Weird for normal speech but great for presenting since it helps with information retention and content engagement
@@portobellomushroom5764 This 👆 - you hit the nail on the head, friend.
They place special emphasis on important keywords in the presentation to help with retention or with audible attention being placed on specific words or phrases.
I rather enjoy her speech, voice and hand gestures- she's got "teachers" or "presenters" hand movement down perfectly.
Hank is quite good with hand movement to help with script presentation as well
I like Olivia, but she comes across as more dead-pan and monotone, to me at least. Stephan and Mike are neither here-nor-there. Good but not particularly great, again, just to me.
I've always been a haptic learner and retaining information from vocal presentations has always been a struggle, Rose and Hank are just easier for my screwy brain to retain.
(I do fall into the high-functioning spectrum of autism; weaknesses being extreme social anxiety, inability to focus hearing, and unimaginably bad ADHD for any mental or visual stimuli- but boy-oh-boy can I write code. Fluent in 6 languages, including asm and C/C++, none of that java/php/python scripty crap)
Who says you not supposed to have a favorite?
I liked Olivia a lot more than Rose though. But my absolute favourite is Caitlin. Her energy while talking about space is infectious.
You guys need to tone down the jump cuts a notch or two. At least leave a pause between the sentences, the last word is barely over before the whole thing jumps to another sentence from a different take. Seriously, is it that difficult to record a multi-sentence paragraph in one take?
Rose has potential, but this rushed style doesn't suit her, a slightly slower pace and lower voice would probably work better.
This editing style works better for "long flowy" presenters like Hank. Rose has a bit of a staccato to her style so the editing makes it WAY more pronounced.
I agree. I think it is because the presenters see themselves needing to project loudly to a distant listener. They should try to imagine they are talking to someone literally 2 feet away, so they have a softer tone and more natural lilt.
Spoiler alert: she probably isn't smart enough to that.
Thanks for the knowledge...🙏🏻
Nice video. I'll use it for my microbiology class.
Thank you sci show. 👏👏Been waiting for this video for awhile. Wish it could've been posted 4 months ago so maybe we wouldn't have all these crazy theories.
Now I understand better the allergic reaction aspect to some of the vaccines
Having this number of subs seems appropriate for this channel.
so nice of you
very great
appreciated
wasn't this the plot of I Am Legend?
Looks like it. Later it could be an mRNA gone wrong! 😆
Wasn't that a cure for cancer though?
Haha that’s exactly what I said
No!....I am Legend ....is about curing cancer. Pay attention would ya!.
They do work.....at least to the best of our knowledge.....so far. Doesn't exactly fill me with confidence.
They don’t work. That’s why you need 20 booster shots. It’s just about money and power now. Let’s go Brandon! FJB!!!
this raised a lot more questions than answers
Such as?
Meanwhile I struggle with the IKEA manual...
I saw an interesting video from 7 years ago about trying to use mRNA to activate the stem cells around the heart to regrow heart muscle following a myocardial infarction. Will be interesting to see where this technology takes us
Vaccine for Heart Attack? Cool!
We ain't seen nothin' yet!
To grave ! Let’s see side effects in 5 years!
@@Sam-yn3do Exactly, it looks like the side effects of CoV-2 are going to be serious. Dementia, heart disease, clotting, and lung problems even from mild cases. This virus is nothing to joke about.
@@Sam-yn3do I'm betting far less than the virus, but hey, I'll have your vaxine if you don't want it
Now I understood!
It's a very good video on the topic thanks guys
I have my 1st shot. Just waiting to get my 2nd. (Now fully vaccinated as of 5.5.21.}
Rip
@@IveGotToast it's sad that morons have toast :(
@@IveGotToast After I have my toast.
Oh hell now i want toast
Congrats. Got my second shot on 1/12 (hospital staff). Very minor side effects from the second shot (slight fever, lasted about 12 hours), and have otherwise had no issues.
Never follow the crowd.
This is awesome
who tf would dislike a video like this..
But the question remains: How does it do all these things like entering cells and going to your ribosomes?
usually they’re delivered in viruses. scientists have identified the genes for making a virus’s shell and implant those into bacteria along with the mrna for replication, but the make sure that there are no genes that code for replication of the virus are included so that it never spreads/replicated in your body. so your cells get ‘infected’ with it but they don’t ‘infect’ other cells. i hope that makes sense. this is a standard process but i don’t know what they did for these
Very dangerous
@@maxmorris4562 If that sounds dangerous to you, you'd want to do your best not to get the real virus then. That one infests your DNA and makes the cell do nothing but make more virus. It explodes your cell, gets into all the surrounding cells, and things only get bad once your body panics and starts attacking your lung lining so you can't breathe. And worst of all, this could've all come from a Chinese lab, so that's *extra* scary. Get vaxxed dummy.
@@jimmythornseed8605 No thanks. Do you even know what happened in the mRNA animal trials?
And there are thousands of death reports already from the vaccines...
No one needs mRNA, take vitamin D and you'll be fine.
@@maxmorris4562 you mean .00158% of people that got vaxxed just happening to die. Then getting investigated and finding no evidence a vaccine caused it. Come fall, in the U.S., deaths from Covid turn from a tragedy into a comedy because people dying from it at that point had all year to get vaxxed for free and turned it down. I'm stockpiling popcorn now and waiting.
I'm concerned about the information at 3:46 in the video. Could we delve deeper into how/why/for how long "our cells display the spikes (which they coded from the mRNA) on their surfaces"?
Look up antigen processing. Antigens are broken up into epitopes and presented on MHC molecules for (other) immune cells to see.
Not the actual spikes are portrayed. Rather small parts of it that the cell cuts from the large one. The fragments are portrayed on MHCI molecules, which then alert the immune system. Every cell always presents pieces of proteins from inside the cytosol (inside of the cell) on MHCI to passing immune cells. You can think of it as a ID check. If the immune system recognizes foreign proteins, such as a viral spike protein, then an immune response is activated.
"The immune system spots them and starts taking action". In other words, our immune systems kills the foreign proteins and by doing so, learns how to fight that specific foreign body. Viruses work by injecting their own mRNA into our cells and make our cells produce more of the virus. The difference between the virus mRNA and the vaccine mRNA is that the virus mRNA has info for our cells to pump out entire new virus cells while the vaccine mRNA only has info for creating the antigens. So if COVID-19 virus were to get into the body then the body would recognize the foreign antigens on the virus and kill the whole virus.
Yeah, that caught my attention. I assumed cells were being programed to create the spikes and releasing them outside the cell and immune system found them. But it sounded like it's causing mutations to certain cells and our body is attacking those cells. This is only temporary for a cell? or perhaps not and they are sacrificed for the cause? Or those cells aren't killed, but the immune system IDs the spikes as foreign? Muscle cells do regenerate quickly and maybe that's the reason they are injected in the arm muscle- some cells are sacrificed
@@RyanPurcell not mutations, no. That would imply that the actual DNA for the cell is being altered, and it's not. This is more like assigning your cells a task to temporarily make this particular protein. The non-nucleic structures in your cells are used to getting these tasks from the nucleus, delivered using mRNA. But the vaccine doesn't have to alter the DNA in the nucleus to send this message, it just needs to deliver the mRNA into cells so the instructions can be read. Kinda like how not every bit of software you install on your computer completely rewrites the operating system - the computer can still carry out assigned programs without having its core instruction manual altered.
As for whether some of your cells will be attacked and killed... maybe? I don't pretend to have expertise on this, but I do know that cytotoxic t cells and natural killer cells both target and destroy cells that appear to have been compromised by a virus. The cytotoxic t cells scan cells for proteins they know to be foreign, while the natural killer cells target any cells that are (for lack of a more detailed explanation) behaving suspiciously. Viruses make themselves vulnerable to t cells by allowing their foreign proteins to be displayed on the outside of the cell, but if they try to be sneaky by forcing the hijacked cell to no longer display proteins then the natural killer cells will target the "suspicious" cell that isn't properly displaying proteins. So it seems likely that some of your cells which end up making the foreign spike protein will be targeted by the immune system. However, that's also how and why the vaccine works, and the lost cells will probably hardly be noticed by the body. Defective cells are killed by your immune system every day, and unlike a real virus the vaccine mRNA will not grow exponentially to infect new cells in your body (forcing the immune system to kill more and more of your own cells).
/Everyone/ needs to see and understand this
Something to think about
I have a doubt..How is a vaccinated person more immune than a person who have contracted the disease once and recovered from it?
Being vaccinated and recovering from COVID-19 create the same kind of immunity. The reason the vaccine is preferable is that it comes without the side effects of getting COVID, which can be devastating neurological problems. It's called PCS, or Post-COVID Syndrome.
Edit: I forgot this reason- it's also because the vaccines can create a wider range of immunity. They can defend against the more aggressive variants more easily than the body's natural antibodies.
@@SpringStarFangirl oh okay, thank you very much for sharing.
It's so weird to have you tell me you're thanking someone who I don't know and who isn't even here to hear you thank them.
Awesome explanation
Love this videooo
I have seen many scishow videos on the covid vaccines before, but there is something here I don't think I have seen before. Did she say the proteins mount on our cells? So the entire cell gets destroyed?
I was surprised too. I thought those virus proteins just sorta floated there after being made until our immune systems found them.
yes they stick to some of out cells and are killed by our immune system helping it learn how to target the actual virus.
Thank you, it's explaining what they are and what they do in a simple and short way. I'm getting my shot (mRNA) in a couple of days and I'm a little nervous.
i got mine and it sucks symptom wise so make sure you can take time off for a few days when needed. :)) unless you have an allergic reaction you’re fine
Don’t do it!
Just be glad that you won't get AstraZeneca😂 It's a good vaccine, but the side effects feel like a bad cold. My boyfriend got the first shot last month and suffered a lot for two days, so it was quite unpleasant, but now younger people aren't supposed to get this vaccine anymore here because of a one in a million people side effect basically, so it's unclear what vaccine he's gonna get for his second shot.
@@solar0wind it’s very risky though, I wouldn’t call mRNA ‘good’.
@@maxmorris4562 mRNA is good though? What are you talking about, without it we would all be dead
Awesome video
Wish you guys made this sooner. Had to explain a couple hundred times what RNA was and how it wasn’t radioactive
Spiderman's RNA is probably radioactive. At least his blood is.
Thank you for such a clear explanation of how mRNA works 👍
What happens when these antigens spikes cross the blood brain barrier and insert themselves into protein receptors in the brain? The CDC said they don't flush out of the brain. Just a question if we are allowed to ask anymore.
Didn't Trump get the mRNA vaccine? We'll see if he gets even more BSC than he already is.
What makes you think that they'll pass the blood brain barrier?
I haven't seen anything on that and I sleep an eye on updates about the virus and the vaccine.
@@RodneyG669 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33328624/
@ so that a big article, I did check a couple of their links, one was study about the presence of S2 and other things related to the vaccine in blood serum. The article portrays it as something ominous, but upon reading the actual linked paper I found that the author's didn't have anything like that in their paper.
Also, that site has a strong bias, do you perhaps have something s little more academic as a source?
@ CHD is anti-vax misinformation horseshit, foh with that garbage
Thank you
We can finally start growing our tails back
Cant wait for bioluminescence shot to party in the clubs
I'm so there
Sounds like something out of Bioshock
I read something about it reacting with alcohol and it wasn't in a good way
@@nothing2see315 What, it makes one love Dido?
Yay...then the super strobe jab...and..
Why would there be a difference in time that a memory cells sticks around or is able to remember to provide protection from an antigen that is created from an mRNA vaccine vs more traditional vaccines? Not sure if I used the right terms, but I'm curious about how you can determine how long a person will be protected and how that differs with the mRNA vaccines.
generally your memeory cells can last decades though they do dwindle in number if you don't get reinfected for a long time. The real concern is if the virus's proteins end up changing in such a way that still lets them infect you but doesn't let you recognize them. The only difference in duration you could see would come from dosage. how big of a reaction does this vaccine elicit compared to a normal one. that kinda thing.
It differs between vaccines, between different illnesses and between different people. These values are subsequently determined statistically. It is too early now to tell, maybe there will be an annual vaccination like for the common flu.
I don’t think there is a difference in how long the protection would last. The protection only wanes as the virus out in the world mutates such that the memory cells no longer recognize it.
How long vaccine provides protection is very complicated so they don't actually know how long it will last. I think some covid vaccines (not in the USA) are not mRNA based, so we will likely be able to at least get a rough idea if the longevity is similar or not.
@@ttrev007 yup! the first batch to come out used another new tech that synthesized the spike protines en mass using modified microbes to mass produce em. then we got the mrna ones so we have both now
Key word 'FIRST!!' This alone should set off some alarm bells.
Not the first. This technology has been developing for a long time
This channel is awesome.
No, this channel is just a mouthpiece telling us what "they" want us to hear.
@@DocLarsen44 says the person who flunked highschool Biology, before failing his GED test. Meanwhile, those of us with solid backgrounds in the Sciences know better. #ByeFelicia.
@@DocLarsen44 lol everyone should check out this fool's subscribed channels and have a good laugh.
@@Necrotech96
I’ve got only two channels in common with “Doc”.
SciShow, and then Survival Lilly (which, granted, sometimes has a paranoid tone).
Thanks a lot! I wanted to know how it worked for a while, but never made the efforts to look it up😅
Several channels here on YT have already made similar vids months ago. All of this basic stuff has been given out to the "public" for some time already. Problem is, most people don't try to learn anything, they wait to be spoon-fed! Stay well.
I Am Legend now comes to mind.
I was thinking of Frankenstein meets Wolfman.
Most critical part of this video? The words "it is thought" and "to the best of our knowledge so far"
The stats are in. It works.
@@zerge69 😏
The vaccine is benign. It's possible it may not work or work long term but it should not have any serious long term consequences for most people. Yes we are playing a game and making the rules up as we go along but if we do nothing then we will never contain the virus.
@@donnash5813 with some mortality rate as low as it is and the demographics of the people who have the highest susceptibility to have symptoms and die and all the very effective treatments that have been developed I don't think it is necessary that the vaccine be mandatory or be required for travel or work or school.
@@despaahana I don't think it should be mandatory for everyone either. The vaccine was rushed and we are all a big experiment. My point is the vaccine is benign for most people. The J&J vaccine seems to cause blood clots in some people which is why it was pulled from the market for a while. The drug companies and health organizations will be keeping track of how well the vaccines worked for years into the future. I just feel the vaccine is our best chance to beat the virus especially as it is mutating.
Why did they coincidentally work out of nowhere in time for this pandemic and not before? At what point did we know that they would work? And if we knew before covid-19 came along how come we didn't use it for other diseases?
Kinda missed how the mrna get transfered from the syringe to the desired cell...
Does it get introduced into all types of cells (or most) and they display the spike proteins or only immune cells can display them?
If the mrna transported via exosome, how do we prevent it from fusing to any or all cells?
Finally I've been watching this channel for many years and I don't know if it's me or this presenter in particular but I've noticed that more than explaining a concept it seems much more like it's being read. I know it IS being red, but I've been noticing the explanation "too much" as if they're reading them.
Anyways keep it up as always!
The mRNA is encased in a lipid membrane. JUST LIKE ALL of your cells are. This membrane will fuse with some cell membranes and deliver the mRNA into them, which then are picked up by the ribosomes etc. etc. etc.
@@rickkwitkoski1976 "how do we prevent it from fusing to any or all cells?"
@@ModernWelfareThree These nanoparticles will fuse with all cells they contact. Mostly with the cells presented in muscle tissue, however the nanoparticles may also go to a bloodstream and potentially can transfect any type of cells. I don't know if these nanoparticles can cross the Brain-Blood barrier or Placenta-Blood barrier.
@@Kostochkin Do you have source for these things getting to blood stream? Or did you just make that up in your little conspiracy head?
This episode was Brilliant!
Nice video
biopsies of people dying of an arrythmia show areas in the heart where spike proteins were attacked by the immune system that disrupted the hearts electrical system. How did the spike proteins or covid antigens get into the heart?
Spike proteins are the "key" that fits into the cells "locks" those individuals who you state allegedly died from arrhythmias induced by cardiac inflammation would have had those "locks" present on those cells. And the affinity for the spike proteins "keys" to fit in them, thus triggering an over compensating immune response. That's assuming everything in your previous statement is accurate, it's entirely possible, even with inflammation present over the cardiacs nervous system, someone would live an otherwise healthy life
@@nephron9924 When they give u the covid shot they assume it will stay in the injected muscle. What it they hit an artery and inject it into your bloodstream.
What cells do the vaccines target, and how do they get them to do so? Or is it just whatever cells they come across first?
@AvengeVoltaire So the vaccine doesn't do the targeting; it's there for the immune system to find and begin operations against?
The nano lipid layer around the mRNA is attracted to any and all plasma membranes, which means technically it'll fuse with any cell with a membrane. Which is all cells. Because of this the chosen injection site is the deltoid muscle. It is so densely packed with muscle cells, injecting into the blood stream directly is highly unlikely. So the main cells affected are the muscle cells as well as dendritic cells (APCs). The dendritic cells would be chilling in the lymph nodes which the vaccine can reach via lymphatic circulation (different from blood circulation) thats easily accessible from arm, cuz we got a lymph nodes in our armpits.
@@julievalerie2198 OK. Thank you. I was hoping that the hype of this meant that a new thing had been figured out. But yeah, it's still the same ol same ol. I appreciate the response and really like how detailed that was. Very kewl!
This is a good video, but can you describe the process of cross presentation of the antigen (transcribed from the mRNA) in dendritic cells which is how we elicit the immune response and subsequent T/B cell memory in first place?
Cells At Work vibes
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
How much individual mrna are injected on average?
What are the long term effects of this technology?
So if the mRNA instructions cause our cells to create and display the spikes on their cells ( 3:46 ) then does our immune system attack and destroy those particular human cells that are producing the spikes? Or do the spikes fall off or otherwise float freely through our blood after being displayed, to be detected elsewhere?
The immune system will kill that cell. But the mRNA or the vaccine is so little that it only affect a small portion of your arm cell. Plus, they won't float in your system because they are so fragile and can be destroyed easily. Which is why you need second vaccine. A small portion of cell to protect you from a massive cell death when you get covid. Plus you lose millions of cell every minute so it's not something you should worry about.
@@sAnTinO8Bro yes and on top of this, the vaccine is floating in your blood so it won’t interact with important cells like nerve cells, :)
The immune system attacks the proteins, not the cell. As the proteins are sitting on the outside of the cell, and aren’t needed for the cell’s functioning, when the immune response destroys the protein, whether or not the cell displaying the protein is destroyed or not depends on the type of white cell that attacks the protein. Some will just denature the protein, leaving the cell intact, others will break down the entire cell. Neither is cause for alarm - our immune system destroy cells all the time - millions every day, as those cells get old and are replaced by new ones.
Every single cell that gets the mRNA in it either dies or is killed by your immune system. Every one of them!
@@coagulatedsalts4711 your nervous system is exempt from immune response. We don't have any immunity in our nervous system. That is why infection in the nervous system are so difficult to treat. Your nerve cells will be fine.
The vaccine misinformation in this comment section is so sad
Have you done any finite modelling of the natural immune system ?
SciShow Team, you have outdone yourselves, with this video. What an excellent explanation!
Thank you!
I've never been this early before
As a Hungarian I'm super proud that the basics of the mRNA technology were laid down by Katalin Kariko, a fellow Hungarian. She's a real hero.
Not really, it was doctor Robert Malone. She figured out how to get it into the body.
"In 1961, the biologists Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson discovered that RNA transported genetic information. They also found that the process could be used to produce proteins in cells.
But it wasn't until 1989 that virologist Robert Malone managed to demonstrate the process.
Researchers carried out the first laboratory studies with mRNA vaccines on mice in 1993 and 1994."
I'm going to encode the entire Attack on Titan anime into an RNA Message and send it to my cells. That way, not only my brain will be able to enjoy it, but ALL OF MY CELLS TOO!!! They need to see that show too.
Ah, a man of culture.
I thought you were gonna say that your immune system would protect you from watching that show.
I've never heard a good thing about it only bad. Never seen it though.
@@Yakito666 watch it bro, it's so good and unique
@@Yakito666 Well it's not for everybody. It's about the brutality and absurdity of war, hopeless friendship and suicidal courage. It's about the horror of human insignificance. But it's not all pessimistic, the show is also about the culinary value of the human body! The titans eat people all the time and it turns out we're delicious!!! :)
@@Critical-N nope
So go get your vaccines people
Lipid (oil) bubbles
Tiny bubbles of lipid (oil) surround and protect the mRNA so cells in your body can pick it up. Four types of lipids are used in the Pfizer vaccine:
i refuse to get oil injected into my body when i cant get the polio vaccine i need
I’m not getting mRNA
@@maxmorris4562 whoever calls the covid vaccine mRNA also wrong completely different
they claim they used that as a basis and then added oil to it and it looks like oil used in cars
@@ihartevil Um - no. The lipid nanoparticles are incredibly special things. www.vox.com/22311268/covid-vaccine-shortage-moderna-pfizer-lipid-nanoparticles
@@jjcarvin4755 You and ihartevil have the same ignorant delusion. Nothing at all like oil. Check out the link I provided for him. Education will help you.
Does this mean that some of our own cells get destroyed by our immune system?
Bear in mind that (other than brain neurons) your cells are in a constant process of being destroyed and replaced anyway.
Wait till you see what the smallpox vaccine does to your skin, lol.
Yes, cells that produce the spike protein are deemed death worthy by the immune system, as if they were infected. Infected cells are forced by a virus to produce new viruses, but every cell presents parts of what it produces on its outside. The immune system constantly checks if the products are normal or weird. Cells that produce weird stuff will be killed. That is also true for cancer cells. So, mRNA will probably be used to cure cancer in the near future.
They do all the time. Getting rid of those dead cells is an important function of our lymphatic system.
So my science teacher was right? mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell?
All will be revealed in time. Next: the toll bridges of the cell.
Something not explained is-what is the protein made by the cell ribosome that is coded by the mRNA from the virus. Is it a protein the cell normally uses but just a piece put in by the mRNA code. Or does the mRNA create an actual protein specific to that mRNA in the vaccine.
This is random but I love your hair, and thank you scishow for teaching me more than I retained from school haha.
I didn’t notice at first but yeah she has a really stylish haircut
What do you know! I just got home from getting my first shot!
"At least, to the best of their knowledge so far, it's safe and effective". At 5:01. In other words, you are the guinea pig.
@@Bryan-Hensley It’s good when scientists admit that they’re not 100% sure of something, it means honesty. Heck, even a 99.7% safety guarantee still means a small chance of something going wrong, doesn’t mean the costs outweigh the benefit, they don’t.
Stop instilling fear in people, to hell with your misinformation.
I love your work scishow and I was wondering if you could make a Playlist or compilation of mRNA vaccine videos that would be awesome
Unrelated but can you please make a video about what happens when you ingest seeds like grape seeds, apple seeds, orange, lemon or tangerine seeds, etc?
100% tree grows inside you.
In the agricultural to the industrial age, policies for wealth production like civil construction or military were important.
From the industrial to the information age, policies for wealth distribution like industrial or welfare also became significant.
Now to the AI age, policies for the improvement & utilization of our abilities like health & education will be crucial, too.
I hope we can control complex systems such as our immune, genetic, or nerve with new techs & policies, achieving sustainability.
Guys, it's 2am in germany... couldn't you wait🤣🤣 wait... why am I still online😳
it’s 3:40 am in Qatar 😭 i feel you
I'm from Germany too, but I watched it just now at almost precisely 10am. Which is a good time. Sleep is important😌
Why people having horrible reactions some life threatening and some dying shortly after?! Now I've seen and heard about shedding to people that haven't got it
Because this wasnt fully explained in this vid. The mrna coding actually uses YOUR ribosome. In this vid, they said "a." Sounds trivial, but to an unsuspecting person, they wouldnt know how important language is. It sets off the red flags when you need to know something is amiss. So, the coding (so they say!) is for a viral spike protein & then it uses YOUR ribosome & YOUR trna delivers amino acid. All that together grows a spike protein that is part viral & part you. After that, you make antibodies against not just the viral spike, but the combination of spike & yourself. Basically, the ones who get this are the ones that need to make sure that they dont get sick with something that has that spike in the future because it will go for more than just that spike. As for the terrible reations, since your body NORMALLY destroys foreign mRNA, they had to hide it in a fat pock called polyethyleneglycol (PEG) to bypass your body's defenses & get to your ribosome. Some people will absolutely have anaphalctic reaction to PEG that can be deadly. The other possibilities are: 1) your body was never meant to make proteins that are not for itself so as the entire body tries this, its too much 2) not all vials contain the same dosing 3) not all vials contain the same coding? Is it possible experimentation on how to turn on & off genes to have certain things happen is also being experimented with? Perhaps. I mean we saw at the beginning, tremmors & bells palsy, then later a huge amount of eye disorders in the UK, now, we are hearing of fully body rashes & blood clots. Its just a little weird how these reactions have "groupings" of types. 4) its possible they came into contact with a naturally occuring RonaV shortly after their body started producing antibodies & (remember they are trained for part v, part you) now they have an autoimmune/self attacking response, instead of a more natural, "just going after the v" response like normal vac technology is supposed to train your body to produce. ... also, viral shedding is a thing, so since a person GROWS the viral protein when they get this, shedding eventually occurs.
And now Dr Katalin Karikó and Dr Drew Weissman are Nobel Prize winners! BRAVO! 👏👏👏👏👏👏👏
Absolutely = as the actual creators of this technology - as opposed to some "claimed" to be on social media........
No one has been able to answer the below.
How long does the 'spike protein' created by these vaccines stay in your body ?
Does the 'Spike Protein' enter the brain and other organs in the body ?
The spike protein is produced in cells around the vaccine injection point. I think it goes into the blood from the muscle it is injected into, but mostly stays in the muscle tissue. Hence why people have a sore arm after the shot. The soreness shows the body is attacking the cells that produce the spike protein. The cells that have the spike protein are killed and removed. I believe the blood brain barrier stops any of the vaccine going into the brain.
@@patientestant Yep, also the vaccine is localised only. It doesn't travel around the body, and it ideally doesn't enter circulation, only enters the lymphatic system where out immune cells live.
Anyone know what exact cells the mnra vaccines actually utilise
Good question! Red blood cells? Muscle cells? I hope someone has the answer, I am curious.
The nano lipid layer surrounding the mRNA is attracted to any cell membrane, this is why the chosen injection site is our deltoid muscle, because its densely packed with muscle cells which means the injection is unlikely to be delivered directly into our blood stream. Due to this, the main cells that mRNA will enter are muscle cells but also dendritic cells (APC). The vaccine can enter our lymphatic system to go to our lymph nodes where most of our important adaptive immune cells (dendritic cells) chill in.
Do our cells really "display the finished spikes on the [the cell's] surface"? I was under the impression that the spikes get broken down into antigens that somehow make it out of the cell to get attacked (I'm not sure exactly what happens tbh).
One of my friends suffered through an auto-immune disease a few years back, and currently refuses to get vaccinated because he believes that, like in the visual part of the video at 3:49, the immune system is attacking our own cells with the spike protein somehow expressed on the surface (Auto-immune fear of some kind). Idk if he got his information from scishow, but maybe there is more proliferation of this kind of misconception (?) causing a bit of fear for those with auto-immune diseases.
You are right the full spike created inside the cell is broken down in the cell and the pieces are expressed and anchored on the cell surface.
It is nothing more than the protein that is created and it is the same protein that the spikes are made out of on the covid virus. When that virus enters into your system it already knows what to do because it's the same protein.
Both, it depends on what cell the mRNA enters. If it enters a type of cell called a dendritic cell, then it would be processed and presented on a MHC molecule so other immune cells can see and recognise it. If it enters another immune cell, it'll induce production of the spike protein to it's surface, to which other immune cells can recognise it and mount an attack on the cell. So our own cells that express the spike protein do die, but its a very limited amount (limited by vaccine dose), because there is no virus replication going on, so what we are injected with is what we get. Yes our cells are attacked, but a comparatively small amount. Autoimmunity happens when a self-reactive cell escapes into our circulation and attacks our own cells. Everyone has self-reactive cells, normally they are cleared away through several selection processes.
How might I go about finding more information about the “delivery method” used to insert the mRNA into my cells?
Could you program cells to release prions?
"To the best of our knowledge so far..."
How reassuring huh?
Dude u always got the cutest montana-vibe earrings, also great presentation!
Edit: Wait wait wait, ur name is Rose Bear Dont Walk?!? Thats so dang cool
Neat
But why do you need to have two vaccines?