bacteriophages play a small role in human immunity, we have our own "viriome" (which is unique to every human) that consists of 'friendly' viruses that "consume" bacteria that are not so beneficial for us.
Well, some also consume bacteria that are beneficial, but symbiosis with us also grants some protection. Downside is, some phages also grant bacteria superpowers, cholera toxin originated from phages, as does shiga toxin in e. coli.
They are beneficial if we can inject RNA so they aim at bacteria that is coded for. Cancers and other things, they are working on making Bacteriophages as the new anti-biotics using bacteria/virus shells, and injecting RNA. Also all viruses are viruses, the bacteria that is or isn't beneficial is just nature coded. Has nothing to do with fungi/bacteria/viruses to be good or bad. You can genetically change stuff for our benefit, that's biomedicine.
@@spvillanoIndeed although it is more difficult for multicellualr organisms like us to acquire heritable adaptations that way since only viruses that can infect sperm or egg cells can inject material into the germline. No matter how beneficial something in the genetic code of a human virus proved to be that would never happen as our cell types vary top much and viruses can only infect certain cell types that have the right receptor for most viruses anything they inject will only ever reach the non-germline cells they can infect and thus can't be passed on (Worse still nor can any mutations that make it even better for the beneficial function it happened to confer).
@@seraphina985 well, the germline cells keep claiming their own sovereignty and all with all of that immune privilege thing going on and all. Handy, save for when that protective system gets utilized by some viral illnesses to act as a reservoir for their own protection. Ebola being one of the more recently discovered viruses that "hide" within immune privileged tissues after the immune system had otherwise eliminated the virus from the rest of the body. Reminds me of an old joke, whenever someone invents a better mousetrap, nature then invents a smarter mouse. Fortunately, those illnesses don't alter human DNA, mostly it's retroviral infections that tend to alter germline genetic contents and that's a rarity. Were it otherwise, we'd swiftly lose the ability to reproduce.
The main problem with using bacteriophages is simply that the phages are so hyper specific that you'd need to grow a *lot* of different species in a lab and then inject them into someone. Cause if *none* of those strains of phages recognize the bacteria you want them to kill, they'll just ignore the bacteria entirely and die off. Lets just put it this way: it is *not* easy to find the right strains. Then you need to somehow mass produce those strains and hope the bacteria doesn't mutate again so the phage therapy stops working (which may open the bacteria up to anti-biotics again, but it also might not.)
The current method used is to culture the bacteria, expose them to phages, the phages that kill the bacteria in the culture proliferate and are used in treatment. Great if you have the time to do that, not so great if the infection is severe or aggressive. Because, as you said, they're specialists on specific strains and species of bacteria. The other side of the coin is, some phages give bacteria toxins that make the bacteria more lethal. Cholera and some variants of e. coli come to mind. Not too bad initially, Cholera toxin and shiga toxin both bacteriophage originated.
The reason pharma doesn't release a bacteriophage medication is not because of regulations or other governmental shenanigans, it is entirely an economical issue. Not one of those businesses will spend even a single dime on proving efficacy, effectivity and safety to something they can't patent and make a monopoly out of (you can't own exclusive rights to a whole species). The only way it could ever happen is if a government does spend the money to do it.
Yes exactly. It's not the conspiracy theory of hiding some magic cure but just the reality that they will invest in things they can make money out of. So they don't bother with the things they can't.
Always love to see the kurzgesagt reaction videos in particular, always fun to sit through with you! There's this other channel that covers more physics-related videos known as ScienceClic English, and their videos are also incredible to watch! Specifically one of my favorites is the one on String Theory. I'd like to see this channel being covered as well some time!
Great video as always man! I've been going through it recently, but these videos serve as a good way to focus my mind on something else. Thanks for what you do, and I love how you can take almost completely distinct topics and create analogies for ideas within the realm of nuclear physics. That's really impressive to me! p.s. I recommend the channel But Why! They have some really great in-depth videos with a variety of topics within physics. Thanks!
Suggestion for a video by the youtube channel "Alexander the ok". He has a video on Rocketdyne's experimental tri-propellent rocket engine. Ran on Liquid Hydrogen, Molten Lithium, and Liquid Fluorine. Not the nastiest rocket fuel ever considered.
Until bacteriophages evolves to infect human cells, then it'll be a whole new game. ;) On more serious and current note, we still don't know so much about our biom, we still aren't sure that those phages kills only "bad" bacterias in us. And ofc there is manufacturing problem - since they are highly specific, we need to make a lot of different species of them and doing that quickly isn't very viable yet.
"This has nothing to do with nuclear mutation" OK but imagine if it did work like that lol. We all mutate so much we become immune to radiation. Unrealistic yes, but more realistic than super powers lol
There a channel you might find interesting,it’s goes my the name Thunderf00t.The guy is some kind of nuclear physicist and he got some interesting videos about nuclear power etc 👍👍
I use to watch alot of his videos, then he started to say a lot of things were impossible instead of just being difficult engineering issues. A favorite target of his is/was Elon Musk. He seemed to have jumped on the anti-musk grift train. He even did a video about how flying a drone on Mars was impossible when NASA announced they were going to attempt it with the Ingenuity mission. Then tried to deny it and said he only meant it would be difficult when he was proven wrong. That is ultimately what made me stop watching his vids. He was fine when exposing Kickstarter tech scams but seems to lack imagination, when it comes to other things.
1/3 in and well, hyper-oversimplified. Phages also have a latency cycle in many species, where they'll happily ride along and idle, only proliferating massively when the host bacteria is stressed and the virus switches into lytic mode and reproduces wildly, killing and rupturing the bacteria. Radiation is a monstrous pain in the ass. Seriously, wrangle shielding, one can easily find one's intestine now residing inside of one's scrotum. Yeah, it's called a hernia. Radiation induced mutations? Like every other kind of mutation, usually not rewarded with survival. Literally. Still, overusage of antibiotics, especially not killing off infectious bacteria that they were rightfully prescribed for or being prescribed antibiotics for a viral infection that they could never work on, but then spur bacteria to mutate enough to survive those antibiotics, well, the antibiotics stop working. Bacteria will conjugate and share such traits. I'm on the ProMed mailing list, antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria are proliferating and becoming a major problem. Understandable for a nuclear engineer to not know that, wouldn't expect an infectious disease specialist to know a stray electron from a hard beta particle either. Still, phages aren't a technology, they're a natural organism, as are those fungi we got antibiotics from (and statins for cholesterol control). Selection, partially technological, but largely via infecting a culture and letting natural selection pick which phage to harvest. Selection, well, it will take a couple of days minimum to grow the bacteria infecting someone in culture, then several days to infect that culture with an assortment of phages, the best suited proliferating, figure a week at a minimum. My wife died of sepsis from a new dental infection in a little over 4 hours. Fast approval, everyone loves that notion. We slowed approval down for a reason, one being thalidomide. Google "thalidomide babies". There were other drugs with similar debacles, such as "DES babies" here in the US. Fast track has existed far longer than COVID, it was in place and utilized as an emergency measure, as those measures were designed just for such emergencies, so everything worked as designed. Nuclear and medicine? Yeah, I-131 capsules taste just like empty capsules... ;) Did get to see my thyroid wonderfully outlined, just previous, got to see my femur in gamma. The camera and background being calibrated off of the femur usually, then directed at the target after being administered the radioisotope. There are two treatments for my hyperthyroidism, medication and a much higher dosage of I-131, one controls production of thyroid hormone, the other obliterates much of the thyroid. Doctor calculated that the medication would be effective and it's largely been effective.
awesome! and again: science!! wann know the answer to all the problems: science!! wanna know where to invest money? - science!! god damn it!! science, science, science!! no politics!! no morals!! no feelings!! but science!!!! :D
Hi Tyler I was watching a documentary about pair instability supernova and thought could this be a plan for future Nuclear weapons. What would it take to make a nuclear weapon that uses pair production to create a mini pair instability supernova. Or if you could create such a weapon would you. I have never thought nuclear weapons are dangerous. People are dangerous. No gun ever shot someone of it's own will. The delivery of energy output is a necessity and something like that would have the power to deflect a doomsday meteor. We have already admitted our weapons are not powerful enough to stop that. We know how to make much bigger that could stop the doomsday meteor we need to make it and stop messing with this communist capitalist crap and religion and realise we are all on this 1 spinning place of life together in a cold empty universe.
bacteriophages play a small role in human immunity, we have our own "viriome" (which is unique to every human) that consists of 'friendly' viruses that "consume" bacteria that are not so beneficial for us.
Well, some also consume bacteria that are beneficial, but symbiosis with us also grants some protection.
Downside is, some phages also grant bacteria superpowers, cholera toxin originated from phages, as does shiga toxin in e. coli.
and also diphtheria toxin too
They are beneficial if we can inject RNA so they aim at bacteria that is coded for. Cancers and other things, they are working on making Bacteriophages as the new anti-biotics using bacteria/virus shells, and injecting RNA. Also all viruses are viruses, the bacteria that is or isn't beneficial is just nature coded. Has nothing to do with fungi/bacteria/viruses to be good or bad. You can genetically change stuff for our benefit, that's biomedicine.
@@spvillanoIndeed although it is more difficult for multicellualr organisms like us to acquire heritable adaptations that way since only viruses that can infect sperm or egg cells can inject material into the germline. No matter how beneficial something in the genetic code of a human virus proved to be that would never happen as our cell types vary top much and viruses can only infect certain cell types that have the right receptor for most viruses anything they inject will only ever reach the non-germline cells they can infect and thus can't be passed on (Worse still nor can any mutations that make it even better for the beneficial function it happened to confer).
@@seraphina985 well, the germline cells keep claiming their own sovereignty and all with all of that immune privilege thing going on and all.
Handy, save for when that protective system gets utilized by some viral illnesses to act as a reservoir for their own protection. Ebola being one of the more recently discovered viruses that "hide" within immune privileged tissues after the immune system had otherwise eliminated the virus from the rest of the body.
Reminds me of an old joke, whenever someone invents a better mousetrap, nature then invents a smarter mouse.
Fortunately, those illnesses don't alter human DNA, mostly it's retroviral infections that tend to alter germline genetic contents and that's a rarity. Were it otherwise, we'd swiftly lose the ability to reproduce.
The main problem with using bacteriophages is simply that the phages are so hyper specific that you'd need to grow a *lot* of different species in a lab and then inject them into someone. Cause if *none* of those strains of phages recognize the bacteria you want them to kill, they'll just ignore the bacteria entirely and die off. Lets just put it this way: it is *not* easy to find the right strains. Then you need to somehow mass produce those strains and hope the bacteria doesn't mutate again so the phage therapy stops working (which may open the bacteria up to anti-biotics again, but it also might not.)
The current method used is to culture the bacteria, expose them to phages, the phages that kill the bacteria in the culture proliferate and are used in treatment. Great if you have the time to do that, not so great if the infection is severe or aggressive. Because, as you said, they're specialists on specific strains and species of bacteria.
The other side of the coin is, some phages give bacteria toxins that make the bacteria more lethal. Cholera and some variants of e. coli come to mind. Not too bad initially, Cholera toxin and shiga toxin both bacteriophage originated.
The reason pharma doesn't release a bacteriophage medication is not because of regulations or other governmental shenanigans, it is entirely an economical issue. Not one of those businesses will spend even a single dime on proving efficacy, effectivity and safety to something they can't patent and make a monopoly out of (you can't own exclusive rights to a whole species). The only way it could ever happen is if a government does spend the money to do it.
Yes exactly. It's not the conspiracy theory of hiding some magic cure but just the reality that they will invest in things they can make money out of. So they don't bother with the things they can't.
I love the Worms references in the video. Tells a lot about the animators!
dude I didn’t notice that. 😂 awesome
How's the baby doing?! You look TIRED!!!
DUDE!! ALMOST 100K!!! :D
Good job, and great videos! :D
Always love to see the kurzgesagt reaction videos in particular, always fun to sit through with you!
There's this other channel that covers more physics-related videos known as ScienceClic English, and their videos are also incredible to watch! Specifically one of my favorites is the one on String Theory. I'd like to see this channel being covered as well some time!
One of my favorite kurzgesagt videos
Love your videos
Have a wonderful day!
She was a cute bacterium, just a little ugly in the phage.
Can you react on "Why the universe is hostile to computers " by Veritisum
Great video as always man! I've been going through it recently, but these videos serve as a good way to focus my mind on something else. Thanks for what you do, and I love how you can take almost completely distinct topics and create analogies for ideas within the realm of nuclear physics. That's really impressive to me! p.s. I recommend the channel But Why! They have some really great in-depth videos with a variety of topics within physics. Thanks!
it's not like people don't inject already fungi (penicillium). if it works it works
Fantastic man. Keep going with the Kurzgesagt’s‼️
Love your comments, humor and inputs.
You should collaborate with vlogging through history
Suggestion for a video by the youtube channel "Alexander the ok". He has a video on Rocketdyne's experimental tri-propellent rocket engine. Ran on Liquid Hydrogen, Molten Lithium, and Liquid Fluorine. Not the nastiest rocket fuel ever considered.
Until bacteriophages evolves to infect human cells, then it'll be a whole new game. ;)
On more serious and current note, we still don't know so much about our biom, we still aren't sure that those phages kills only "bad" bacterias in us. And ofc there is manufacturing problem - since they are highly specific, we need to make a lot of different species of them and doing that quickly isn't very viable yet.
I kinda want to see "Nuclear Engineer reacts to Dr. Stone".
Please make it happen!
5:41 - HAHAHA, THAT was funny!!!
"This has nothing to do with nuclear mutation" OK but imagine if it did work like that lol. We all mutate so much we become immune to radiation. Unrealistic yes, but more realistic than super powers lol
Cool! I was hoping for one of these. Can you do some more of the immune system ones?
Heh, A Wormz reference.
You should react to radioactive drew
I understand why you 'react' to nuke vids, but biology vids?
Just because he can.
There a channel you might find interesting,it’s goes my the name Thunderf00t.The guy is some kind of nuclear physicist and he got some interesting videos about nuclear power etc 👍👍
I will check it out.
I use to watch alot of his videos, then he started to say a lot of things were impossible instead of just being difficult engineering issues. A favorite target of his is/was Elon Musk. He seemed to have jumped on the anti-musk grift train. He even did a video about how flying a drone on Mars was impossible when NASA announced they were going to attempt it with the Ingenuity mission. Then tried to deny it and said he only meant it would be difficult when he was proven wrong. That is ultimately what made me stop watching his vids. He was fine when exposing Kickstarter tech scams but seems to lack imagination, when it comes to other things.
@@A_Blip_In_The_Universe
Yeah,shame that he’s gone like this ,his videos on nuclear energy and science in general are really good 🙁
1/3 in and well, hyper-oversimplified. Phages also have a latency cycle in many species, where they'll happily ride along and idle, only proliferating massively when the host bacteria is stressed and the virus switches into lytic mode and reproduces wildly, killing and rupturing the bacteria.
Radiation is a monstrous pain in the ass. Seriously, wrangle shielding, one can easily find one's intestine now residing inside of one's scrotum. Yeah, it's called a hernia.
Radiation induced mutations? Like every other kind of mutation, usually not rewarded with survival. Literally. Still, overusage of antibiotics, especially not killing off infectious bacteria that they were rightfully prescribed for or being prescribed antibiotics for a viral infection that they could never work on, but then spur bacteria to mutate enough to survive those antibiotics, well, the antibiotics stop working. Bacteria will conjugate and share such traits.
I'm on the ProMed mailing list, antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria are proliferating and becoming a major problem. Understandable for a nuclear engineer to not know that, wouldn't expect an infectious disease specialist to know a stray electron from a hard beta particle either.
Still, phages aren't a technology, they're a natural organism, as are those fungi we got antibiotics from (and statins for cholesterol control). Selection, partially technological, but largely via infecting a culture and letting natural selection pick which phage to harvest. Selection, well, it will take a couple of days minimum to grow the bacteria infecting someone in culture, then several days to infect that culture with an assortment of phages, the best suited proliferating, figure a week at a minimum. My wife died of sepsis from a new dental infection in a little over 4 hours.
Fast approval, everyone loves that notion. We slowed approval down for a reason, one being thalidomide. Google "thalidomide babies". There were other drugs with similar debacles, such as "DES babies" here in the US. Fast track has existed far longer than COVID, it was in place and utilized as an emergency measure, as those measures were designed just for such emergencies, so everything worked as designed.
Nuclear and medicine? Yeah, I-131 capsules taste just like empty capsules... ;)
Did get to see my thyroid wonderfully outlined, just previous, got to see my femur in gamma. The camera and background being calibrated off of the femur usually, then directed at the target after being administered the radioisotope. There are two treatments for my hyperthyroidism, medication and a much higher dosage of I-131, one controls production of thyroid hormone, the other obliterates much of the thyroid. Doctor calculated that the medication would be effective and it's largely been effective.
what is this supposed to do with nuclear?
It's not, he's just telling you what his background is, what his area of expertise is, and what kind of perspective he has.
@@subbss alright
awesome! and again: science!! wann know the answer to all the problems: science!! wanna know where to invest money? - science!!
god damn it!! science, science, science!! no politics!! no morals!! no feelings!! but science!!!! :D
You shuld try and play the new qserf the roblox game with the DMR (its more realistic and better graphics)
Are you here before tfolsenuclear got 100k
?
RIP like begging attempt
@@ShamaliPriyadarshani-dd8ek nope not a begger
Wooooooo
new videooo🎉🎉
Actually this video is quite old
Hi Tyler I was watching a documentary about pair instability supernova and thought could this be a plan for future Nuclear weapons. What would it take to make a nuclear weapon that uses pair production to create a mini pair instability supernova. Or if you could create such a weapon would you. I have never thought nuclear weapons are dangerous. People are dangerous. No gun ever shot someone of it's own will. The delivery of energy output is a necessity and something like that would have the power to deflect a doomsday meteor. We have already admitted our weapons are not powerful enough to stop that. We know how to make much bigger that could stop the doomsday meteor we need to make it and stop messing with this communist capitalist crap and religion and realise we are all on this 1 spinning place of life together in a cold empty universe.
The word “bacterium” has been removed from the English language, I guess. The singular of bacteria is now bacteria?
Makes the narrator sound SO EFFING IGNORANT, though.
😀