Rulers of Afghanistan

. Mughal Empire (1504-1707)
Babur (1504-1530): Founder of the Mughal Empire, Babur captured Kabul in 1504. Though his empire expanded mainly in India, he ruled parts of modern Afghanistan.
The Mughal Empire had control over parts of Afghanistan intermittently, but its center was in India.
2. Safavid Empire (1501-1722)
The Safavid dynasty of Persia controlled parts of western Afghanistan, including Herat, during this period.
3. Hotaki Dynasty (1709-1738)
Mirwais Hotak (1709-1715): An Afghan tribal leader who led a successful rebellion against the Safavids, establishing the Hotak dynasty.
Mahmud Hotak (1715-1725): Expanded the Hotak rule into Persia and briefly captured Isfahan, the capital of the Safavids.
The dynasty fell in 1738 after Nader Shah of Persia defeated them.
4. Durrani Empire (1747-1826)
Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747-1772): Often called the "founder of modern Afghanistan," Ahmad Shah unified the Afghan tribes and established the Durrani Empire. His empire included parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, and India.
Timur Shah Durrani (1772-1793): Ahmad Shah’s son, he moved the capital to Kabul and continued to consolidate power.
The Durrani dynasty saw numerous rulers up until 1826, with many internal conflicts and power struggles.
5. Barakzai Dynasty (1826-1973)
Dost Mohammad Khan (1826-1839, 1843-1863): Founder of the Barakzai dynasty, he fought the British during the First Anglo-Afghan War. He ruled twice, first before the British invasion and then after they withdrew.
Sher Ali Khan (1863-1879): His reign saw significant tensions with the British, leading to the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901): Known as the "Iron Amir," he modernized Afghanistan and established firm control, though with British influence over foreign policy.
Amanullah Khan (1919-1929): A progressive ruler who declared Afghanistan's full independence from British influence in 1919 after the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
Zahir Shah (1933-1973): The last king of Afghanistan, he ruled for 40 years before being overthrown in a coup that established the Republic of Afghanistan.
6. Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1978)
Mohammad Daoud Khan (1973-1978): Overthrew his cousin Zahir Shah and declared Afghanistan a republic. He was assassinated during a communist coup in 1978.
7. Communist Era & Soviet Invasion (1978-1992)
Nur Mohammad Taraki (1978-1979): Leader of the communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution.
Babrak Karmal (1979-1986): Installed by the Soviet Union after their invasion in 1979.
The communist era ended in 1992 with the collapse of the Soviet-backed government.
8. Mujahideen and Civil War (1992-1996)
After the fall of the communist regime, various Mujahideen factions vied for control. Afghanistan descended into civil war, with no clear ruler during this chaotic period.
9. Taliban Rule (1996-2001)
Mullah Mohammad Omar (1996-2001): Founder of the Taliban, he ruled most of Afghanistan under strict Islamic law until the U.S.-led invasion in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks.
10. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021)
Hamid Karzai (2004-2014): The first democratically elected president after the fall of the Taliban.
Ashraf Ghani (2014-2021): President until the Taliban regained control in August 2021.
11. Taliban Regime (2021-Present)
Hibatullah Akhundzada (2021-Present): The current leader of the Taliban after they regained control of Afghanistan in 2021, following the withdrawal of U.S. forces.
This overview highlights the complex and varied rule of Afghanistan over the past 500 years, reflecting its turbulent history and shifting power dynamics.

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