Donut-Shaped Planets - Sixty Symbols
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 8 апр 2021
- Professor Tony Padilla on life on a "donut planet" - leading to discussion about how the Earth and Moon formed.
More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓
Tony is a physicist at the University of Nottingham.
More videos with Tony here: bit.ly/Padilla_SixtySymbols and bit.ly/Padilla_Numberphile
The Origin of the Moon Within a Terrestrial Synestia: doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005333
Tony Padilla: www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/...
Visit our website at www.sixtysymbols.com/
We're on Facebook at / sixtysymbols
And Twitter at / sixtysymbols
This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham
bit.ly/NottsPhysics
Patreon: / sixtysymbols
Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran
Animations in this video by Pete McPartlan
www.bradyharanblog.com
Email list: eepurl.com/YdjL9 
Наука
I like the fact that Prof Tony held that torus-shaped tube for the entire video.
Professors with this energy really make school more fun.
They could have a TUBE shaped planet
somehow without ever even using the words torus or toroid. I'm impressed
@@weatheranddarkness And yet it was almost like he couldn't say Synestia enough times once the conversation shifted to that shape.
@@brandonwalker5011 Its teachers like the ones highlighted onn all of Brady's channels give you that spark of curiosity to research topics and watch videos on the topic. I find myself getting lost in wikipedia reads on maths so much. My last tryst on there ended up on half integer spin. spinors and mobius loop edge being a model for the half integer paths
"man I REALLY wanna play with my cool donut toy, but I'm a physics professor, hmm... How could I justify that?"
I´m glad the Physics building has such a creative, yet memorable name. "Physics building". It really brings across the romantic elements of the subject and inspires students to think big. A masterpiece of creativity thought up by whoever came up with this unique name.
And; they are researching how to get a donut to form itself...will wonders never cease...
@@tomgucwa7319 Bob wonders also never cease
@@KM-ub2rb Jim Wonders, however, is a quitter.
It was the same person that imaginatively named that great red spot on Jupiter - The Great Red Spot.
Torus shaped planets are the absolute coolest things ever. The widely varying surface gravity affecting local fauna and geography, the fact you could see the other side of the planet stretching above you majestically, and the other side of the planet occasionally eclipsing the sun. Its just awe inspiring!
I'd find most of that rather creepy.
Kind of reminds me of ringworld/halo concept from scifi.
I'd like to imagine the planet builders from Hitchhiker's Guide definitely made a toroidal planet on the whim of some ultra rich alien.
Clever aliens which conduct intricate experiments on the donut's inhabitant by disguising themselves as mice and running around in mazes?
Slartibartfast would have designed the most beautiful looking glaciers and mountains.
...and got destroyed in order to build a inter-galaxtic highway.
I guess dummy rich aliens getting their private profit from public subsidies aren't called geniuses nor innovators.
@@iamshangyee If it has a hole in the middle they can just go through that.
So basically a planet of Werther's Originals is more likely to form than a planet of a Krispy Kreme doughnut?
This is science! You can't mix your confectionery. Proper comparison would be between a Werther's Original and a Lifesaver. Or a krispy Kreme Doughnut and a Blueberry Filled Bismarck.
Be a shock to find one in a galaxy!
one presumes a hard candy bias
Gotta admit this is a way cooler origin story for the moon
Yeah, quite fascinating!
It's basically the same origin story, just with an extra phase (pun intended). :)
This is every videogame world where you can wrap east to west and north to south. It's not quite as common today as it used to be, but it still happens. Ultima Online famously did this.
The old Final Fantasy games did this too
Yes, came here for this! I spent a lot of my tweens on Final Fantasy message boards, someone always pointed this out, and it was pleasantly mind-blowing to imagine the kind of toroidal world that the game accidentally implied.
Donut Earthers have known this forever
Earth: I used to think the Moon was a hot mess, but it grew on me and now it's pretty cool.
Better, real projective earth 😉
Wait for the Klein bottle dude to work out his new theory of Earths early formation
clifford stoll?
hehe
I love how there's a Ghostbuster casually entering the physics dept. at 10:58.
Heh, a professor with a fold up bicycle, but nearly right. ☺
the perfect "i don't need sleep i need answers" video
its 3:30 am, i opened reddit just to check a notification and saw this video in popular, so thats definitely me rn
this is me rn
A Synestia looks a bit like a red blood cell.
It's not even red you absolute fool.
@@BlackIndigenousPosse I really hope you're joking.
Same thoughts, similar shape
Same thoughts, similar shape
Which begs the question... Why are red blood cells that shape?
This synestia and the tectonic plates are very cool additions. Also the orbit animation for sure. Would be insane to find such a planet. Either a donut or a synestia.
I know it's a completely different topic, but there is a great amount of known variation when it comes to asteroids and dwarf planets. Of course everything tends to get closer and closer to a sphere the larger it is, but we still have interestingly shaped objects out there, even if they're comparatively small.
Something similar would occur on a near-contact binary. The region between the planets would have similar climate (from inclination) and terrain,
no toroidal tectonics but still extreme (funnelled?) at the outer poles. Check out R.L. Forward, PhD's "RocheWorld" for some details.
I think that Brady caught Tony playing with his big donut, so he came up with a reason:
"I was aaaaaahh.... Donut shaped planets!"
Can't wait for the 'donut earther' cult to form
I love Sixty Symbols! One of my favorite things about Brady's videos is how he interacts with the experts and asks questions that the experts may not think of explaining for the general viewer. Keep up the great work!
Awesome CGI! Very informative and entertaining, excellent work!
Boy, I so badly want a roleplaying game based in a world like this!
play xenoblade instead you live on a giant robot
Ultima Online.
I hope to some day make games based on really cool science like this.
Dungeons and Doughnuts or Lardfinder...
One of my first major game ideas involved traveling to different planets. I wanted some of them to be extremely weird, yet supported by theoretical science. A planet like this would've been such a perfect fit!
Unfortunately that project is too ambitious, but I got another game idea based on one my planet ideas which I'm currently developing! It's based on darkness, light, and a hollow(ish) planet.
Hexaflexagon planet next, please. Great video as always :)
Having kicked around some fantasy/sci-fi ideas, i love stuff like this: a reality check on our imagination. Not sure that such a place could sustain complex life but pretty exciting to know it could exist.
As soon as this started, I was gonna close the page, but it was actually really interesting - thanks!
10:01 - I'd heard "it's all turtles" and "it's all elephants", but this is the first time I hear about a cosmological model that is "all geishas".
I keep asking my pizza delivery place for "a 12" Synestia, please?" and they look at me weird. I have to give in and say "stuffed crust."
Master chief would be interested in this video.
Obvious comment
I'm surprised they did not go for a halo ref in the title for clickbait
True but remember the halo rings are only 'habital' on the insides and the outsided are just metal or whatever halo rings are made of lol
Also reminds me a lot of startopia which recently got remastered
This was way more fascinating than I expected. I knew donut-shaped planets were a possibility and that they would have to spin to keep their shape, I never knew all the in-depth details of how it would function.
A new Idea for KSP 2 :)
The animations in this video are really impressive!
That's the best explanation of the moon's lack of volatiles I've heard.
Yesssssss I seriously just pass time until these videos come out I love it thank you for the great content
Other people in the building behind him are saying "What the heck is he doing now?"
I now want to read a great sci-fi book set on a donut planet. Something like Niven's Ring.
Not donut, but Greg Egan's Dichronauts is set on the hyperbolic surface of a planet in a hyperbolic universe.
Don't know of any - closest thing would appear to be Rocheworld
by Robert L. Forward - set on a a dumbbell world .
As a novel it's OK. Prefer Dragon's Egg - also from him - about life on a neutron star :o)
This is one of the reasons I subscribed to this channel - love it!!!
6:30 beautiful animation
Thanks, I was designing a planet based around a donut shape, this helps in some questions especially around the gravity of the object!
As a geologist, I can’t imagine how such a planet would be physically possible to facilitate life without many parts being in constant darkness and chill, and there’d be some unimaginably insane volcanism. This planet can’t be physically possible.
You mentioned orbits when describing the formation of one of these things. I was hoping you would explain if there is a stable orbit going through the hole in the middle.
Tony's segments are the best in my opinion!
Would be interesting what the magnetic field of this planet would look like
I imagine it would be a lot like what an inductor would create, except a permanent magnet instead of an electromagnet
I'm just hoping someone answers the question! Since its rotating in 1 direction, i want to say massive dipole running up through the centre, much stronger than earths due to the beefy rotation speeds. It would also vary massively, being really strong in the middle. So as well as spicy earth weather, there would be spicy space weather
How about Larry Nivens' "The Integral trees" which is set in a gas torus around a neutron star?
Very different physics because it was gas, not solid. But yes, I thought of that, too! Also there is an actual toroidal asteroid in "Protector". Have you read that one?
Wow, two other people here have read Niven.
one of my favorites, too bad there was only the 2 novels set there
Or there's the Ringworld, which is artificial, generates artificial gravity by spinning so fast that the centrifugal acceleration is 1g, and is famously unstable - around a ring (including doughnuts), the objects gravity pulls things outside the plane of the ring towards the plane, and things within the plane toward the nearest section of ring (unlike a hollow sphere, where everything outside the shell is pulled toward the center, while everything inside the shell experiences no net force from the shell, give or take anomalies).
Or there's the Puppeteer homeworld which people have been failing to find ever since the Puppeteers decided to abandon known space in advance of the core explosion's shockwave.
@@rmsgrey Ringworld was my introduction to sci fi as a teenager :) I loved the ideas in it, so imaginative. I get a bit irritated when someone sees my picture of Ringworld on my computer background and says "oh cool, Halo." :(
You could have moons orbiting along the outside "equator", or going in and out the donut or even in equilibrium at the center.
I think equilibrium wouldn't be possible since it's not static
For those with access to the BBC iPlayer, there is a wonderful children's science show called "Hey You What If" where the topic of a doughnut shaped earth was discussed.
I loved the animations used in this one
There was Discworld, there was Halo, and soon there will be a Synestia franchise. I guess a Donut franchise would work better with the weather and terrain and the bizarre nightmarish physics in the middle but Synestia sounds cooler.
Halo is just a scaled-down Ringworld.
Outstanding animations! Wow.
Nice touch with the Wilhelm scream! =)
Heard it and came to the comments to see if anyone else had caught it, well done there!
Imagine that impossibly rare planet in the universe that is hosting life and is a donut shape, bet they feel special
Well, until they developed enough to be able to do astronomy, they wouldn't realise that their planetary configuration is unusual. It would be all they've ever known.
Their version of "the Flat Earth Society" would be interesting, for sure.
This reminds me of the story "Moonbow" from the May 11, 1981 issue of Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. The torus planet had a much larger major radius than minor radius so from the inner side of the torus the far side looked like the title moonbow. Near the surface the body could be approximated as a line rather than a point, so gravity dropped off at 1/r instead of 1/r^2 and made a different atmospheric density reduction with altitude.
Very interesting! I was waiting the whole time for how or even whether such an object would have a magnetic field. And how the tilt of the planet would affect it. Another episode perhaps? :)
Isaac Arthur did a video on these and I think he claimed that it would have a really strong magnetic field.
This is some next-level Blender Guru doughnut render.
The sinestia is a pizza crust. Solid in the center, and bulging at the edge. It even forms the same way you shape a pizza crust from a ball of dough, by spinning it in the air.
I was thinking a red blood cell
Sort of the physics is the same but the significant gravity makes it unstable as a solid object. Part of why in a synestia the material would mostly be rock vapors i.e. gaseous silicon dioxide is the structure is unstable maybe if you could flash cool it you could get a solid body like a Pizza crust but I fear the rigid structure would allow for all kinds of mechanical dissipation which would enable to world to eventually collapse down into a sphere
Synestia! I think that's the term I have been looking for. I saw the concept somewhere once.
Great video, after I saw the theoretical considerations about how such a celestial body looks in detail, I wondered if there is a noteworthy amount of Hard Science Fiction based on the idea of a donut-shaped planet? Because it sounds like a really interesting fiction.
Not a planet, but the Culture series by Iain M Banks has enormous artificial ring worlds where every lives on the inside face with a miniature star in the centre and massive revolving plates making a fake day/night cycle
What is the distribution of the atmosphere of the donut planet? Is the hole filled with it? If so, you could use a regular plane to fly to 0 gravity (not into space though).
A planet rotating that quickly would probably not hold onto much of an atmosphere unless it were very large, but I would suspect that the atmosphere would be most stable in the middle of the planet where the velocity is less, so probably the inner part of the donut
@@GlobalWarmingSkeptic I think it would be most stable where the gravity was highest, ie the area in-between the inner and outer rings. Sure the velocity is lower at the inner ring, but the gravity is weaker due to the mass of the other side pulling up on you. The strongest surface gravity, and thus the lowest potential energy, was the region between the inner and outer rim.
This was way more interesting than I thought at the beginning.👍
I think most people are actually quite familiar with synestias from high school biology even if they don't know the name. It's pretty much the exact same shape as a red blood cell.
I thought the same.
If you remember Breathsavers mints, they were shaped the same way. I'm not sure if they still make those.
Interesting alterative to a Dyson Ring/Sphere that I'd never considered before!
Awesome video!
Really interesting video!
Think this is my favourite intro you've done
Cool idea!
Cool. Fascinating.
I shudder to think what an "Elon Musk type" engineer capable of creating a toroidal planet would name his children.
bob
@@General12th "You can't just name a planet Bob!"(quote from Titan A.E.)
Those aren't planets, those are intergalactic doomsday devices created by the forerunners
Looking forward to the G-2 results video Brady!!!!
I love this kind of stuff.
Fun! Would have liked a discussion about the atmosphere on a planet with strongly varying gravity.
Very interesting video! Suggestion: could you please discuss the possibility of a magnetic field around such a toroidal shaped planet? I could imagine a lot of very interesting electromagnetic effects would take place around such a shape.
I was thinking much the same thing, it might not be worth a whole new video, as the answer might be "without a spinning core you can't have a magnetic field" but i would definitely like to see it with the addition of satellite orbits and what they might look like
That was extremely interesting!
Imagine a movie or a tv series set in such a world
I’d love to have a moon which floats or bobs through the hole
@MichaelKingsfordGray in fact a figure-8 orbit that goes through the centre and around each side of the torus might be even more stable
The moon would be the donut Hole.
@@helenaren all those orbits are unstable as soon as you introduce a central body, like a star, unfortunately.
moonrise on one side, eclipse on the other? hopefully it'd be super stable! so no borromean rings planet system?
Fascinating! I wonder if an object could maintain this Synestia shape as a planet if it cooled at the right rate?
it was more fun than I expected
I imagine such an inhabited planet would begin space travel earlier than most inhabited planets, since it has its own test space for practice.
I look forward to seeing giant kolaches in space.
Any Kardashev Level 2 civilizations wanting donut-shaped planets designed should contact Isaac Arthur.
I would love more physics based worldbuilding videos!
I like the synestia theory for the moon formation over the impact-theory.
Notably omitted: any discussion about the magnetic field of a toroidal planet. Topic for a future video, perhaps?
I'd love to see what the distribution of atmosphere would be on the doughnut. I assume you would have more gas -- and therefore higher pressure -- on the surfaces experiencing higher gravity. How much pressure variation would you experience as you move from the inner to the outer surface?
brilliant
It wont be completely empty at the center of donut shaped planet, there will be a core made of ionized gases/plasma at the center since centrifugal force has tendency to force lighter gases towards the center while heavier materials away from the center. This plasma core will provide light and heat so there wont be a complete glacier on the inner side of donut shaped planet.
I'd be interested in another video about how orbits would work around a donut-shaped planet.
That bit about the moon's genesis was fascinating
And here we finally understand the mistery behind the weird seasons of the Game of Thrones planet !
Read Larry Niven's book 'Integral Trees'. He is a master of beautifully crafted worlds.
"jumping the gap" .. or hole... from inner equator to inner equator, it's really fun you should try ! ;)
I'd love to see what kind of life would evolve on a planet like that.
Now I want a game with the true physics of that planet.
My experience simulating these things is that they are less stable than typically assumed.
They can bead up, the center can collapse, they can pinch into a triaxial toroid and then collapse into a jacobi ellipsoid. Compressibility or different material densities can cause bulges to form in the core that propogate to the surface and destroy the thing. Chain fountain-like bending can cause immense shockwalves/quakes to form that are dragged by the bending area faster than the sound speed of the material, causing material to pile up ahead of the supersonic Earthquake and pulling the whole thing out of equilibrium, etc. There are many ways especially for large or different ones to implode, explode, or turn into exotic non-ellipsoidal objects fast-rotating objects with a forest of recombining lobes sticking out within hours that is essentially a very massive ring in contact with the surface.
You get some interesting results but stable toroids usually aren't one.
different = differentiated
Awesome
The second half about the Earth and Moon was much much more interesting
It's 4 am, I should sleep, but first… what if earth was donut shaped?
° I'm betting you just started a new 'donut Earthers' faction.
You've just sown the seeds that will cause the split up of the Flat Earthers tribe. 👍
° Saturn used to be a donut 🍩 shaped planet.
° Slowly all the matter migrated to the center of gravity forming a spherical shape.
° All that remains now are the last remnants of the donut - rings of icing sugar and all the sprinklings.
Flat donuts?
We all live on a giant donut hole 🌎
Imagine how long it would take for the inhabitants to finally figure out theyre living on a dinut shaped planet
Is the center of the hole a Lagrange Point?
Primitive computer gaming maps were often rectangular, and when you left the top you would appear at the bottom, and when you left the right side you would appear on the left side. This wrap-around effect seemed great until you realized it defined a doughnut-shaped world.
“A few hundred years”
“Oh, that short a time?”
Only in astronomy…
11:40 - I pausing the video and looking at the various oxides' colors (mostly whiteish and greyish) and humming: "very Moonish indeed!"
Nice video in any case.
@Sîxty Symbols - Thanks Sixty but I do not have a mobile phone even, much less Whatsapp (and I wouldn't want it as it's part of the FB snooping-in-your-life scheme). But many thanks for the kind reply anyhow. I was just sorta flippant about the differences in composition between Earth and Moon and how those details surely influence the Moon's white-greyish color.
I do wonder if it's worth a video on its own right. Not mathematical enough? IDK, I know you guys have done some very cool astronomy stuff before but no pressures. Just curious...
@@LuisAldamiz It's a fake spam bot
@@1.4142 - Looks legit: when I click on it it goes to the channel. Whatever the case tough luck with the last European without a mobile phone, sry.
Wish he'd mentioned the donut planet could have a nice rectangular map drawn for it where you imagine both the top/bottom edges and the left/right edges are joined. Unlike for a rectangular map of earth where we only get to imagine the left/right edges are joined
Great idea for a virtual planet in a videongame that you could visit
I was unconvinced until I heard the Wilhem scream