Graves Disease Arabic

Graves reported his observations of a disease characterized by “violent and long continued palpitations in females” associated with enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Graves disease has a peak incidence between 20 and 40 years of age. Women are affected as much as 10 times more frequently than men. This disorder is said to be present in 1.5% to 2.0% of women in the United States. As previously mentioned, Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (hypothyroidism) span two extremes of autoimmune thyroid disorders, and not surprisingly share many underlying tenets. For example, akin to Hashimoto thyroiditis, genetic factors are also important in the etiology of Graves disease, with a concordance rate in monozygotic twins of 30% to 40%, as compared with less than 5% among dizygotic individuals. Like Hashimoto thyroiditis, genetic susceptibility for Graves disease has been linked to polymorphisms in immune-function genes like CTLA4 and PTPN22 and the HLA-DR3 allele
Morphology. The thyroid gland is usually symmetrically enlarged because of diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelial cells ( Fig. 24-13A ). Increases in weight to over 80 gm are not uncommon. On cut section, the parenchyma has a soft, meaty appearance resembling normal muscle. Histologically, the follicular epithelial cells in untreated cases are tall and more crowded than usual. This crowding often results in the formation of small papillae, which project into the follicular lumen and encroach on the colloid, sometimes filling the follicles ( Fig. 24-13B ). Such papillae lack fibrovascular cores, in contrast to those of papillary carcinoma (see below). The colloid within the follicular lumen is pale, with scalloped margins. Lymphoid infiltrates, consisting predominantly of T cells, with fewer B cells and mature plasma cells, are present throughout the interstitium; germinal centers are common.

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دكتور ممكن اجابه على هالسؤال؟ What is the disease that caused by abnormal secretion of thyroid gland?
Goiter
Graves
Common cold
Acromigaly

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