17 May 1536 - Tragedy at Tower Hill
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- Опубликовано: 10 июл 2024
- On this day in 1536, 17th May, George Boleyn, Sir Henry Norris, Sir Francis Weston, William Brereton and Mark Smeaton were executed on Tower Hill for high treason after being found guilty of adultery with Queen Anne Boleyn and conspiring with her to kill King Henry VIII.
In today's video, Claire Ridgway, author of "The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Countdown", shares what happened on this day, along with contemporary accounts of these men's scaffold speeches. Claire also shares a poem by Sir Thomas Wyatt about the men.
for some reason I think it was norris’ quietness that struck me the most... he must have felt so betrayed by his friend the king
With friends like that. . . . 😳
@@h.calvert3165 😡 Henry was shit
With a heavy heart for these men who were innocent victims, I have no words...but the words of Wyatt were so incredibly moving.
I think it must take a lot of courage to face such a death with dignity and restraint. To think that their words could have an effect upon their descendants.
Those poor men...I can't imagine how horrifying it must have been to wait your turn as the highest ranked people before you went first.
Especially because they did nothing wrong.
And the axe getting blunter with every death.
Such a sad ending for them. They were so eloquent in their final speech even when facing death. May they all rest in peace.
Thank you, Claire, for this moving video. The poem added so much description to the solemn and hideous acts of this day. Was Anne able to see what was happening from her windows? I know that in movies the fiction had her watching in horror, but I don't know if that is actually true or not. None the less, she would know that her brother and the others were to be killed that day and her day was coming soon. I do believe that your life, Claire, has been tasked with spreading the truth and bringing honour to those most hideously disposed of in order to please Henry's vanity and lust for a son. Thank you for this most compelling series!
I've heard in some sources she did and others said she didn't so I think it's a bit unclear to be honest
No matter, if she watched from her room, she must have been in the depths of despair on that black day. She also knew her time was rapidly approaching. Her restraint and calm must have been the hardest part she ever had to play. How many of us could have been that brave? Furthermore, would we have had the strength to appear that this was something we saw on a daily basis?
Thank you Claire for your interesting and detailed work. The whole horrific events were tragic and unjustified. May they all rest in peace.
[Weeping.] The way that mind-sick, unholy tyrant used and disposed of these people who had *loved* and served him remains shocking, horrific, nearly 500 years on. And always will no doubt. Somehow, the silence of Harry Norris is the heartbreaker for me today. Norris, feeling so betrayed, misused, unjustly convicted of a crime that did not even happen just to mollify the king's weak ego, after a lifetime of loyal service and sincere friendship-- what is there to say? Faced with the truly evil depths of an all-powerful man who lacks any conscience, perhaps Norris welcomed death at that point. May the souls of Norris, Boleyn, Smeaton, and all victims of tyrants be at peace, and may they and their loved ones be healed in the everlasting light of the Lord. Amen.
And for those of us now subject to the dark, mercurial whims of present-day tyrants, may the Lord strengthen and inspire us to resist them and to do everything we can to replace darkness with light, lies with truth, and hatred with understanding and love. God help us. Amen.
Thank you, Claire, for this and for all your teaching.
Am I the only one that am curious as to what Claire’s home looks like, it being over 300 years old and in Spain! Thank you for the wonderful videos!!
No matter how many times I hear/read these scaffold speeches, they always so sad, yet so brave.
The effort of doing two uploads a day, the emotional drain of recounting this tragedy must be very wearing, Claire. Everything you work to bring to us by way of these lessons is much appreciated. This account of these executions is enough to cause nightmares. So many comments after mine also reflect the horror of these executions; these things cannot be heard without tears.
smartoldlady Yes, Claire, we who watch regularly are grateful for your work. Thank you.
Eternal rest grant to them, oh Lord and may perpetual light shine upon them. May their souls and the souls of all the faithfully departed, rest in peace. Amen 🙏
Amen
Amen
Amen
Amen
Amen
Sad and frightening end. i do feel sorry for
Mark
Smeaton. it isn't easy when the big boys take over one's life and use it for their own end.
It has happened all too often throughout history... WAR and POLITICS. I don't know which gives more scope to the powerful to destroy the people they view as mere convenient pawns without any value or rights of their own.
George Boleyn ~ 32
Henry Norris ~ 54
Francis Weston ~ 25
William Brereton ~ 49
Mark Smeaton ~ 24
Requiescat in Pace
Henry the 8th did this to his FRIEND Henry Norris. Now uf Henry treated his friends this way, I would hate to see the way he treated his enemies. And Cromwell got to take his turn at the scaffold as well a few years later. I hope that Cromwell regretted the poor souls he maneuvered to put there. Karma is a b*tch!
@@neptunedawn7121
I always felt he, at least, deserved what he got. 👎
Thank you for reciting the poem 💙
George was very eloquent.
Your reading of Wyatts poem was amazing.
They all faced death with such dignity and bravery.
Wyatt's poem is so heart felt.
RIP.
🇭🇲🦘 TRAGEDY indeed, and Wyatt's poetry so moving. To have been able to write such beautiful words under such difficult circumstances of his own, and in
..... his grief - amazing. cont...
Your own oration of Wyatt's words, equally moving! "Thank you" Claire 💓👑👍
It's horrible to listen to this. Knowing this is not a story but real people makes it awful and to "praise the monarchy" makes me sick. Thank you, Claire! xo
So sad....these innocent men...I can see Cromwell making a deal with Mark for a more merciful death. So Henry’s 2nd marriage is annulled & this means technically Henry has never been married...
@@theresecatalano4017
Somewhat difficult to commit adultery against a man to whom you've never even been married, no? Just wondering. 🙄
You have a point 😒
Did you recite that poem from memory????? I’ve been trying for 15 years to memorize my 9-digit drivers’ license number with no luck. Color me impressed!!!!!
@julierocket1477 I have dyscalculia(think dyslexia, but with number) and I memorized my phone #,address, Ss#,and phone number when I was 6
I think that Mark Smeatons family was probably threatened it would make sense as to why he was the only one to confess and the only one who didn't recant his confession even at death. They probably told him that if he didn't confess and if he recanted his confession they would make sure that his family suffered after he was gone
lusciousleo1971 Being of such low station, I imagine he was afraid of recanting, because the sentence could probably be changed back to hanging and being drawn and quartered. That would keep most silent, in my humble opinion. Such a sad, sad place to find oneself.
At this point, there was no safety save in death. 💀
Interesting details I did now know. You need to fix the echo in the video, but your information is great.
What awful way we treat our fellow man; animals treat their own kind better.
I'm going to remove myself from the emotion of these brave and undeserved deaths and instead comment on two things that intrigue me. The first is how (in general) condemned persons could retain their trains of thought and deliver eloquent speeches with rarely a stumble at such times, under such intense pressure, with so many emotions coursing through them. I have to have notes so I don't go off on tangents - these speeches are so perfect that they sound as though they were read from notes which, of course, they weren't. Perhaps just carefully memorized, if time allowed? Still, I don't see how the condemned could put/keep their thoughts in such order. Of course, much is down to how the speeches were recorded in terms of accuracy and completeness. And that's my second area of intrigue - did transcribers ever have access to notes/drafts perhaps compiled by those meeting death? How could observers write fast enough to capture every word? Was there a type of shorthand in existence at that time? Were observers really close enough to hear everything? How much poetic license really went on?
All excellent questions. I've wondered too, about who was able to write down the words quickly enough.
Actually it is not too surprising. You have to remember that these were show trials designed not to find the truth but to be propaganda pieces justifying a particular political move and / or policy. In this case to justify the destruction of Anne Boleyn. They were political theatre. A really good comparison is with the Moscow Show Trials during the Great Purges in Russia during the 30's. Although not so well planned and faked. People knew what was expected of them. Unlike the Moscow Show Trials this particular show trial had good deal less coercion and threats / torture etc., of the accused so they were able to claim innocence during the trial. But one caved in, possibly because being a commoner he was much more ferociously pressured. As it is they were still circumscribed in how they defended themselves. They could not openly accuse the King and chief councilors of deliberately creating a fake, kangaroo court, to try them on fraudulent evidence. And they were expected to say certain things during their executions, such has praise the King etc., and avoid saying anything that might cast aspersions on the Royal Lord. The consequences of not following this "correct" pattern could be absolutely devastating for their nearest and dearest. Thus the Royal suck up at the executioner's block. It was known and expected and a clear pattern. Everyone had to play their part in the play. Refusing to do so could bring dire consequences.
This series is getting harder to listen because, Claire, you have really demonstrated the the terrible tragedy of Queen Anne, her brother and the other courtiers. It makes you realise just how she has been slandered in recent depictions of these events. I will continue to listen through to her execution, so I can bear witness to this injustice. Thank you for all your research into primary source which gives a very different story 🙏
The marriage was Catherine of Aragon was seen as incestuous and the marriage with Anne Boleyn might have been seen as incestuous. How ironic.
Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn could only be see has incestuous because of Henry's prior relationship with Anne's sister Mary Boleyn. But since Henry, being very knowledgeable of Canon Law, still married Anne after his relationship with Mary was over. Well, it appears it didn't bother him then. It only appeared to bother him when he decided to get rid of Anne. It was also very spiteful, given that after executing Anne he would be free to marry again and so he didn't need to annul it or declare Elizabeth a bastard. As for Catherine of Aragon. Given that Catherine's marriage with Arthur was apparently never consummated, the question of incest, according to Canon law, does not arise at all.
If the marriage was null and void why was she executed for adultery? Was Henry just a murdering tyrant who couldn't bear to be thwarted?
There is thought that Henry couldn’t bear the thought of Anne out in the world hating him. But also he didn’t want another Catherine situation where she kept calling herself his wife and Queen. He could leave no doubt that the current wife was the one and only wife and Queen
Thank you Claire for the description of these poor souls endings. Horrible days indeed and regardless of how much time passes on, their final words never get any easier to listen to, gives one chills!
Oh, it is sad. Sir Wyatt the Elder words were very fitting and well spoken.
What a nightmare for these young men. Mark “deserved the death” because it was his tortured admission that lead all to this point. Poor souls. 💔
I disagree. He didn't deserve to die because he wanted so much for the pain to stop. You would say anything when your bones are breaking and your muscles/tendons are slowly tearing apart and your fingernails are being ripped from your fingers. OMG! Confess and then in your scaffold speech rectify that admission.
Now it's time for me to buy your last book about George Boleyn!!! You had better get busy a write some more lol! Thanks Claire!!!
I always realize I really enjoy a writer once I start rationing their books, lol! She really does have a gift! It’s not super easy to have a source-rich history book and focus on the human aspect enough that isn’t dry. The comments she makes that are obviously (learned) opinions help make it more informal and intimate, like you’re just chatting about what happened. I wonder if she’d ever do a historical novel. In the preface of The Fall of Anne Boleyn I think we saw a glimpse of her scene-setting, and she did such a good job! I’d love more of that! But, I’d really just love more of whatever! 😅 Happy reading!
If you think about it...plotting the King's death...what possible benefit would there be for any of these people including Anne to plot the King's death...ugh!
I think Mark did the right thing in not publicly recanting his confession, particularly given his low status; he might have feared that he'd be denied his more "merciful" death had he done so, or perhaps he worried that his family would be punished in some way. Both legitimate concerns, I think, given how far King Henry was willing to go to get rid of a bothersome wife.
Thank you Claire for this oh so moving video. Your reading of the poem brought me to tears.
This is one of your best videos!! Loved the poetry reading! Thank you!
The poem....my heart breaks when I think of this. I can’t wait to read your books! Glad I found you.
I have such high regard for these men... and poor Mark probably had either no courage or was threatened by Cromwell (I would not have wanted to be subjected to even just 2 minutes with him... scary man)... plus his “lowly” birth (naïve to court intrigue I mean perhaps?) probably meant he had no idea what was going on till he said too much...
Perhaps it is true that Cromwell just dreamt the whole thing up to get rid of Anne and please the king...
Thank you for the video Claire!
Mark Smeaton had been tortured.
I appreciate the thoughtful care that composed these vignettes, and gives them credibility. This one clears up questions I had about the fate of the accused. I came to this interest via having seen "Wolf Hall" a couple of years ago.
I believe Mark had been frightened into a confession and told if he’d admit guilt he could be beheaded instead of a traitors death.. I’m sure that even through it all he was afraid that if he recanted his confession that they would give him the file measure of a traitors death sentence. So he kept quiet.
I’m so happy you read George’s speech! It’s... a bit difficult to understand written without standard spelling! I had more luck when I tried reading it out loud, more comprehension, at least. But I have even more comprehension not seeing it at all and just hearing it!
I so hate so many people died with absolutely no reason or need, other than Henry wanting to speed up his new marriage and to tear the current one to shreds.
The idea of having the high ranking men executed first is interesting. The block wasn’t as gross, they saw less of the violence, waited a shorter time, etc. I guess it makes a certain sense, but I had never known about it.
I also find it interesting how we hear them say they’re deserving, and immediately we put our 21st century points of view on it, “oh they may have actually done it!” Or “well they did something seen as really shocking and horrible, then!” Pointing out how people would have felt at the time, the strong belief in original sin and everyone being deserving of death, it’s very important, and I’m glad you bring it up. It’s not a small detail.
I've watched all these over and over again I adore Anne Boleyn and Elizabeth I'm going have to order some of ur books thank you for all ur amazing videos Clare ❤️
I am.so.glad that I found you, and your channel! I am now, of course, a new subscriber. I Love the history that you bring forth, in such detail. It is very, telling, of your research, and studies, of these events, and happenings, of so long ago. You bring it all to light, as though it just happened yesterday. I very much enjoy listening to you, and the facts that you bring forth.
I will have to look up that poem, thank you!
Such beautiful poetry for the 5 men who died today. It's kind of ironic how they left this world all those years ago and yet their legacy lives on til this day because of all those who find them interesting like myself. May they rest in peace. And my only question is why did King Henry have to kill Anne to be rid of her! Especially after their marriage had been annulled... Maybe she did think she would be sent to a nunnery.... I'm sure as a lady who knew this would have been the only way to keep her head that she surely would have bowed out and went willingly..... I guess it wouldn't have been enough for Henry to leave her alive. Almost as though he was saying that when he finished with something or someone that nobody could have it... That she had to be dead and gone for him to close that chapter on life... So sad to think he valued the lives of others so little, and yet his livelihood was of utmost importance! In the end it doesn't matter we all go back to the earth from the lowliest beggar to the mighty King! And Queen Anne got the last laugh as Elizabeth became a lasting and beloved name throughout history! May they all rest in peace!!
Anne could not be allowed to live because with her still alive, the king's subsequent marriage would be seen as illegitimate, and any children born of that marriage would be bastards. The question I've always had is, why didn't he kill Catherine of Aragon? And then I remember that her family & allies around Europe with their armies may well have invaded England in response. H8's forces may have been able to defend England against one invading army, but it's unlikely he could have resisted them all at once. Remember 1066. Godwinson could have expelled the Norman invasion had his forces not been reduced by fighting the invasion of Hardrada two weeks before.
I also still wonder why Henry did not invalidate his son-less marriage to either Aragon or Boleyn on grounds of his own relationship (easily spun as a pre-contract or secret marriage) with his mistress Elizabeth Blount who had already given the king a living son, Henry Fitzroy. Marriage to Blount would have gotten him a living male heir at least. But I expect there is much I don't understand yet about the Fitzroy situation. [Ah. Fitzroy was sick with consumption and indeed died in July 1536. That's why the king didn't make him his successor. Also, I understand this marrying of a mistress & legitimizing her bastards had been tried before but only led to eventual civil war.]
May their souls rest in peace. Amen. And may we the living learn from their earthly travails and failures!
GildaLee27 Now I've got more questions because now you've got me thinking about more than just Anne! Lol! It's like Claire said that the more she studies the more interesting and more questions she has and since we can't go back in time we will just have to assume because we will never know! Sadly some things we wish to know died right along with these very interesting and no doubt wonderful people! So sad!!
How could any society tolerate that monster as their king.
No monarchs no religion no problem!
What a moving video. So very sad, it brought tears to my eyes.
What an example he was...
To have said, "God save the King," may well have been an ernest prayer of forgiveness for King Henry. Such strength and piety... TYClaire! ❤❤❤❤❤
Thank you.
I would like to know more about these men and what happened to their families. I know there was a Norris who served Queen Elizabeth.
How ironic for her marriage to be annulled the day prior to her execution for possibly being considered invalid due to his having a relationship with her sister Mary, when that's the same argument he made against Catherine and Arthur.
I love your books on my kindle but I still think a giveaway of a signed copy would thrill your subscribers
I wonder if any of the men who found them guilty felt remorse for their part in their injustices. Did they feel any guilt about the fake ness and lies and did karma come for them.
May all these men RIP
"These bloody days have broken my heart..." - Thomas Wyatt
tough to hear their final words...what a world they lived in.
How were the witnesses to the executions chosen? Were certain people invited or expected to attend?
Patricia House I had the same questions in mind. "You are cordially invited to attend the execution of _______" would not be an invitation I would wish to receive. In films, it always seems like anyone, including children, could attend executions, as if it was a form of entertainment. So ghoulish, IMO.
A drawing of Mary Queen of scots execution seems to show that some people were required to go and be witnesses. Maybe you would like to have supporters of yourself there, however these were private executions that's why they were performed inside the walls of the tower. Henry rode far away on the day.
I love the opening photo of Anne's necklace. No documentation of whatever happened to her beautiful B necklace?
Good job reading that poem. It wss a tricky one.
Another great video. Love your shirt, that color's great on you.
It is difficult now to think of her in the Tower, alone and afraid, but with enough spirit to send Henry a message via her declaration of innocence in her confession.
I have resurrected the anthem from the Tudors, the one played at the execution, as she recalled her childhood. Beautiful and touching.
Dear Claire,
No matter how much I listen to the opening Lute music I find extremely attractive. As a musician myself I would love to know the title of this piece so that I can buy it possibly with other recordings. Please could you let me know where I can obtain a copy.? Many thanks!
He was so cruel! He got his way with the annulment. He should have spared her and allowed her to live with her daughter so she could raise her. Maybe get married again to someone who would love her for the rest of his days. So sad and senseless.
I can't imagine what it was like for Thomas Wyatt to see his friends murdered so horribly
So telling of the difference in our perception of cruelty and death. Life was short and brutal, that's is one of the stunning things about beheading I don't think many of the people today would just walk right up there and let someone to chop away. The thought chills me and it is telling of the time. Going on the next Anne Boleyn experience I hope. I would love to listen to all the Tudor tidbits you can hand out.
Even if they wanted to go and rail at the King and the ruling and sentence, it would have been such a bad idea! The King could take it out on their families in various ways. George could have angered the King to the point that he changed her manner of death! If Anne went against the grain, Elizabeth would have been in even more danger! So in a way, I wish they could have spoken out and given him a piece of their minds, but I understand why they didn’t.
Of everyone, I wish Mark would have broken ranks. If he didn’t have family at court to be knocked down a peg or five in retaliation, he had less stopping him. If he had simply taken back the confession, it would have helped Anne’s case in history’s eyes and comforted Elizabeth with some public display of the truth.
I also find Thomas Wyatt’s verse about Mark to be interesting. A rotten twig, huh?
I am so loving these day by day accounts. I got to the part of the video where you are talking about the annulled marriage of King Henry viii & Queen Anne and the insestrial between him, Mary & Anne. It struck me almost funny because how many monarchs wed their kin... To keep the royalty pure. Sorry I just thought it was odd... He slept with 2 sisters it's not like they were his kin... Then to think later he married Katherine Howard a cousin to Queen Anne & Mary.... Things that make you go hmmm. Ok back to the rest of the video.
I always feel sorry for Mark Smeaton. He was the only one who was tortured into his admission. Maybe he was threatened by the more painful death of hung drawn & quartered if he said anything other than he was guilty in his scaffold speech. Who knows?
Am I right I’m assuming that they didn’t remove the heads and bodies of the executed men or wipe the block after each beheading? So the last man standing would quite literally have had to step over the scattered remains and rest his head in a cocktail of other men’s’ blood on the block?
Everything seems to be about Henry's clean conscience, he did exactly whatever he chose and to whom and still was able to have a clean conscience, what an amazing man!
I only can imagine Anne Boleyn's rage and frustration when Smeaton did not even retract from his false confession. Of course I understand the etiquette of the era, but still, he lied and a Queen will die partly because of him (she would have died anyway, but this is so unfair!)
She would also have been concerned about the fate of his soul.
Life was cheap.
I Am A Googler Unfortunately it still is sometimes today. 🙁
I love your videos. They are so very informative but please please don't video in the kitchen. There is too much echo and it makes it difficult to listen to!
As Claire is having renovations done throughout the house it may be that she has nowhere else to record at the moment.
Claire! Pls record your wonderful videos from another room! The echo/feedback is so jarring from the room (kitchen?) that you're in now, one can hardly listen! I've tried everything...
That was the only choice I had before I left on the tour due to our building work. All should be ok when I return and start recording again. Sorry.
@@anneboleynfiles
Remodeling or renovation is a pain! I hope every one of your projects turn out beautifully.
How on earth did Thomas Wyatt escape beheading?
I read Wyatt’s verse on Mark differently. I think Wyatt was confounded by Mark’s confession. He did confess so in a way, he “deserved” his sentence whether he was guilty or innocent. And Wyatt had good reason to be angry about that confession. But I think Wyatt softens that anger with the observation that he tried to climb the ladder out of his lowly birth and it was inevitable that when a scapegoat was needed, he’d be chosen over one of the peers. That was the rotten twig. He reached too high and was used to bring Anne down. In a way, the fact that he was beheaded instead of drawn and quartered reinforces this. There was no reason to spare Mark except that it he was innocent but was a necessary sacrifice. So he was spared a horrible death as a way of saying “thanks!”.
Henry was like Trump with a crown.
I think Wyatt’s Circa Regna Tonat was even more horrifying and describes how monstrous it is to give certain human beings unlimited power. You’re never truly safe. No wonder he spent so much of his remaining years on the continent.
I just looked up how old George Boleyn was. Only 32!! Terrible! Hard to listen to! And poor Mark! I wonder if he was tortured to get his ‘confession’?
I am confused because some web sites show alot of people were at the court for Anne's execution, other web sites say that only people from the court were at Anne's execution so I don't know is what fact and or what is false.
Her execution was a private one in the confines of the Tower and the Tower was emptied of foreigners, such as ambassadors, in advance. The spectators were very much controlled. Whereas the mens' execution on Tower Hill was a public event.
The fact that Henry VIII most likely knew that these men were innocent, yet he did nothing to stop their unjust execution. All this in order enable his marriage to Jane Seymour. This should be considered to be murder by proxy.
What good would it have done if Mark said that the accusation was false. They were not getting off no matter what.
For her behaviour, manners, attire and tongue she excelled them all- Lancelot de Carles
A conspiracy against the king by five lovers seems so very unlikely. Men are usually jealous of others and don’t cooperate. Mark’s confession was clearly brought about by torture, poor young musician. He must have wished for death by then. Wyatt’s poem is lovely and you read it beautifully. Take care, dear Claire.
I'm always very moved by Wyatt's poetry regarding 1536, he was obviously devastated over the loss of his friends.
The Anne Boleyn Files and Tudor Society These were five young, valuable, innocent men, and must have been missed by so many.
Do you think Henry was “merciful” and didn’t display their heads on spikes because he knew in reality they weren’t actually traitors?
I wonder why Henry brought over a French Swordsman executioner?
So that Anne died swiftly and it didn't take multiple attempts .. supposedly this was only done for those of noble stations and would've had to be approved by Henry if not ordered by himself
May all of the innocent be with God in heaven. May the rest of them be right where they should be. Vengeance belongs to God.
May they Rest In Peace. I hope they know history vindicated them. As for Smeaton he was a weakling.
It's hard to know what Smeaton was put through. He wasn't the same status as the others, so he could be treated harsher and in the Tower he was the only one kept in irons.
The Anne Boleyn Files and Tudor Society
Indeed it was. He was most likely treated harshly as you because of his low status. He just wanted his mistreatment to end.
This a gross miscarriage of justice. 😖
Good point about the culture differences. Things would have been worse for them if they fought it.
Is there any evidence to suggest that Anne ever saw her brother while the two were imprisoned in the T of L?
Q: In an earlier Q I asked if Catherine ever got word of Anne's imprisonment. You reminded me that Catherine died in January and Anne died in May 1536. While Catherine was in exile did she ever hear anything at all about ANY of the goings-on of court? Did any sort of court 'gossip' or information make it back to her? Just curious?
Henry really was a monster. Using brutality to deter genuine rebellion was probably understandable but killing your wife and 5 innocent men with made up lies so you can marry someone else was just sick and evil. Its hard to imagine any other English king except perhaps John doing anything remotely similar no matter what the circumstances and its hard not to conclude that Henry was a psychopath.
Terrible
Woeful
This happened in 1536, not 1537.
I know...
What do you mean? This series is about the events of Spring 1536. I don't talk about 1537. Confused! Please let me know what you're referring to. Thank you!
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