Donnan equilibrium and its effect on cellular physiology

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The Donnan equilibrium produced by a different concentration of non-diffusible ions (non-diffusible anions, AND) in the intracellular (LIC) and extracellular (LEC) compartments is described. The most abundant ANDs (organic proteinates and phosphates) in the LIC generate electrochemical gradients between LIC and LEC for diffusible ions (e.g.: Na, K, Cl). ANDs also generate an osmotic gradient towards the cell interior. The Na/K ATPase (the Na-K pump) in each cycle pumps 3 sodium out and 2 potassium into the cell. In this way (removing excess Na and water) it prevents the cells from swelling (cellular edema). In turn, it generates electrochemical gradients for Na and K. Finally, we can say that ANDs are responsible for cells having membrane polarity. That is, they are responsible for making cells excitable and able to communicate with each other.