How transistors work - Gokul J. Krishnan
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- Опубликовано: 20 авг 2024
- View full lesson: ed.ted.com/less...
Modern computers are revolutionizing our lives, performing tasks unimaginable only decades ago. This was made possible by a long series of innovations, but there’s one foundational invention that almost everything else relies upon: the transistor. Gokul J. Krishnan describes what a transistor is and how this small device enables all the amazing things computers can do.
Lesson by Gokul J. Krishna, animation by Augenblick Studios.
![[TF2] The Russian Bear Trap](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YFNSwz2_rOA/mqdefault.jpg)
As a person who is currently studying Analogue Electronic and Digital Electronics , your animation and information on how Transistors work is 10x better than what my college teaches us . Hope you could expand more into this topic !
Indeed!
this showed what i studied in a year in three minutse
A year? At school? In university we covered that in the first month.
during freshman year this topic was so annoying
+DarkPrject i cant say it ...in university (whispering)
because they tell us alot of nothing good like equations and how they are made ,material etc....they go deep in the unneeded
+DarkPrject i think he was joking :/
Mohammed Sami Yeah we went there too, but we just scratched the surface of materials and exactly how to build which logic gate. my condolences that you had to sit through more than three hours of those two topics in particular.
Every person living in the modern era deserves to watch this explanation. Well done!
The most important thing i learned from this video is some transistors are friendly and wave to you when viewed under a microscope.
It's sad to see that an Engineer who builds these amazing technology makes less money than the Kardashians
Exactly I feel the same bro.
True dat
Lol
I think 80% of people in the world are fools leaving in to the society.
lol we still make good money just not billions
Holy cow, amazing!! This system is so complex and interconnected. How did people even begin to think up a system like this? It's all so beyond me!
Little by little. It's not that complicated if you think that everything that is super complex is in fact just simple operations. A TON of them but still just simple operations.
From the bottom up, layers upon layers are built, hiding the complexity of the hardware or the software below and providing more and more powerful instructions.
트랜지스터의 쓰임과 트랜지스터가의 원리, 또 트랜지스터가 만들어지기까지의 트랜지스터의 발전에 대하여 배워보는 의미있는 시간이 되었습니다. 감사합니다. 언제나 응원합니다.
That was awesome.. I never fully understood computers, mostly because people just say its just switches and never went into detail.
Check out this awesome video about CPU if you are interested in this topic /watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA
Are you interested? I a few days ago came across a great series of videos (its quite long) which explains how these things internally work and it is just brilliant, better than anything I've ever watched related to the topic.
+Chitraansh Popli. Bring it on
This video didn't go into any detail on how any of the logic operations work. The example they used with the adder and subtractor circuit didn't even tell what gates and their purpose was.
In the Adder circuit, for example, it makes SO much more sense if you know what an AND and XOR gate is, and what transistor circuit it is made of. Then you can truly see the beauty and simplicity that computers are comprised of.
+joel13598 and you might want to set the speed of the video to 1.25 or 1.5 :p
I've had transistors explained to me so many times but i could never quite understand, which is embarrassing because i've been working with electronics for years.
Your explanation of vacuum tubes tho, with the grid, finally made it all make sense. I'd never known how vacuum tubes worked before. It was the missing link, now i finally get it!
Thankyou so much.
This video is so beautiful that I almost cried. Thank you and bless your heart.
This is really interesting. Ted-Ed, can you make a video on how computers generate random numbers? A lot of software and games use random number generators nowadays. Are those numbers REALLY random? And if not, is there a way for a computer to generate TRULY random numbers? (without using internal clocks.)
every second would be much too slow, its more often, but jeha thats what they do. if you want it more random use something that can detect cosmic noise, this is unpredictable for us at the moment and i think it will be for very long time...
no, they're not. Computers are deterministic (they will always give the same results for an identical set of inputs), which is why the clock is commonly used as a seed to generate pseudorandom numbers, but it's still deterministic. There have been several approaches to generate 'truly' random numbers using atmospherical and thermal noise observed from earth, but that's the thing, you would need something external to the computer to create 'randomness'.
That has always made me think: the world operates by physic laws, for every action there is a reaction and it can be explained with mathematics, so, in a way, there is no randomness in the universe. If you, hypothetically, were able to take in account ALL of the world's 'variables', and knew ALL of the laws of physics (if that is even possible), you could in fact predict the future, it seems. That speaks in favor of a 'destiny', everything that happens is the only thing that could happen. Just a thought.
+Robin Maurya there is a way to generate truly random numbers using radioactive decay, but obviously you cant use it in typical PC, but maybe there is a new clever way of doint it that we dont know.
Quantum effects are random. A quantum computer is the only machine that can generate a 'truly random' bit stream. Having said that, pseudorandom generators can suffice for all practical applications.
+Stefano Del Vecchio en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace's_demon
The most easy-to-understand video about transistor I found on RUclips
4:53 a computer using a calculator. ASTONISHING!
Can't get over the penguin at 2:27
lol
Wearing a top hat
lol
*A dead penguin wearing a top hat
***** u mad bro?
This was beautifully explained. Thank you.
For the love of god do not stop with the technology videos!
PLEASE MAKE MORE VIDEOS LIKE THIS , about computers , networking, storage , etc. You guys are awesome!!!!!
I feel like I get it but I know I don't
I'm on the same boat. The video was literally in like another language.
Myrrh
same here
Watch Crash Course Computer Science's first few videos, they explains transistors and logical circuits in more detail
Me too
You should watch crash course computer science. It’s mainly for kids but still...
Please make more about this topic, I'm now more hooked into learning the basics of working machines: namely computers.
This was far more thorough than I expected. Well done.
Wow! Computers have become so advanced. It's amazing what people have developed.
"what a time to be alive"
Especially when you have this video,yes
Amazing how intelligent we are.
Amazing how I get to grasp an idea, yet have no idea how would it be implemented ... I mean some people do miracles.
Yeah,I know right and plenty of still beat up our self with
words saying that we are not good enough,not smart enough
and that we will never be this and that but look at insects or
observe them (maybe ants)they join together to float in water and Use fungi
to help them break down food and have the ability to carryout incredible
incredible function like sight and they even make incredible decisions
and ones which are logical and that also say plenty about us we are
amazing look at the development of StEm for instance what we humans
has done is Incredible and we are all special.And everything we try
to understand have a simple way of being understood why because
our brains we say that this is hard and so on and that we are
not intelligent enough are say we will never be the next einstein or
terence tao but when say that we are only lying to our self because
we have plenty of potential but waste it.
Actually look how intelligent very few people are, and how dumb the rest are. They use the technology, but in the main would never even consider how they work.
***** But really the people who invented all of these amazing things aren't that different than everybody else. They just used their time and energy towards different goals.
Speak for yourself!
Thank you very much TED from morocco(المغرب) 👍
Why do we call computer glitches "bugs?"
Back when computers used those vacuums, bugs would get sucked into them and they would stop working. Literally a bug.
i thiink it is where they coined the term
thanks for letting me know
Bugs got stuck in relays, not vacuum tubes though. It wouldn't be much of a vacuum tube if a bug could get into it.
According to this article, both of you wrong: curiosity.com/topics/why-do-we-call-computer-glitches-bugs-curiosity/
It comes from Edison's personal notes about his work.
Because bugs are annoying
Blows my mind how smart and dedicated people are. I just know how to do left and right click....
This was the first video iv'e seen that actually explains how computers work from the ground up and in a way I can actually understand.
most videos skip alot of the important detail that you included.
I remember discussing the old names and uses old computers in 3rd grade, takes me back so much
Videos like these give you a very very very vague understanding.
Hi I like the video
Where can I found out more about 1:15 ? Thank you
Search for Basics Computer architectures
Visit crash course
Look up Ben Eater’s videos on RUclips about logic gates.
What makes computers tick?
Broken components. You shouldn't be hearing ticks from your computer.
I put a baseball card on my GPU fan so now it sounds like a motorcycle
LMAO
Dad jokes
Hahah
I like how the transistors are moving characters from the system. I guess you could compare it that way.
I could not have even imagined that such an amazing videos can exist.
this is why i find computing so fascinating
This was awesome. I want to thank the animator for the wonderful graphics and animation
The transistors used in microchips are not bipolar transistors (with emitter, base and collector) but field effect transistors, which work somewhat differently.
/nitpicking off
like=true;
Hehe. True. For FETs, watch the Veritasium video on the same topic. The fundamentals are mostly the same but instead of a base being directly connected, it's just inducing a field.
Actually, most, nowadays, are FETs. :P
I think the information of the gates were a bit lacking. But I think you would need a 15 min video to just get down the basics. :P
But what I would like to learn more about is the PN junctions, the physics and how you dope the materials to make the transistor.
there is an entire subject in engineering dedicated to semiconductor and its derivatives. Its called electronic devices and circuits.
This isn't an in depth class. These videos just skim the surface and are meant to give you the basic concept
+xxuncexx I agree with what you are saying, but my criticism is how the video is structured. PN juctions should be a video by it selves, just mentioned here. Vacuum tubes should have less focus, but talked about. Logic gates should have more focus. NAND gate is explained, but then explain how simple it is to turn a NAND gate into a NOT gate. With a NAND gate and a NOT gate show how simple it is to turn a NAND and a NOT gate into an AND gate. Don't need more gates, but make a Bit that you can set, and read. Animate the wires that are high.
This is more useful to conveying the information that computers are built up of many simple parts, that are easy to understand one by one.
Ziggurat
I see your point. I feel it got the basic gist but they could have focused on the gates more. Maybe presented the truth tables and stuff.
+xxuncexx I forgot, most people like truth tables more, can be displayed at the same time as animating the hot wires. Just because these things feel and theoretical, when they really are physical and mechanical instead.
Possibly the best video I have seen on youtube.
Sometimes I feel learning science is very much important. People who choose commerce or humanities are never going to know how this world works. From quantum physics , astronomy, computer programming, engineering, hardware, chemistry, mathematics, bio technology, .... everything is done in science.
watching this on a computer feels meta....how much ever u explain with easy on the eye graphics, the fact is that this is crazy...the people who invented these are geniuses and most people like me are never going to understand how these brilliant things and minds that create them work...feeling dumb
I've never seen so concise and comprehensive lesson. Loved it. Keep this work up!
Thanks a lot for explaining.
I wish this video was made an year ago. It would've helped me understand everything so much more clear than my prof.
You explained it better than my instructors at Aviation Electronics Technician school while I was in the Navy.
Well I mean it is the Navy after all
Finally another animation. Am 35 years. But dude your animation can catch attention
I learned more from this than my three months at computer science. Yes, I have concentration issues
Please tell me me more about computers! These videos are awesome
And before vacuum tubes there were relays - mechanical switches controlled by electricity. The very first stored-program computers used this.
I love how TED Ed ends their videos. Gives me chills every time.
컴퓨터와 트렌지스터의 작동 원리를 알고 나니, 컴퓨터가 수행하는 작업들이 한층 더 대단해 보입니다. 일상생활에서 쓰이는 물건들의 원리를 배우는 것은 참 재미있습니다. 유익한 영상 감사합니다.
treat to watch all the best for future
This kid will reach places. Trust me
This was much needed! thanks :) my exam's next week
Really help to gel a few learning points. Thanks
Very well explained,maybe depeltion layer could have been represented.
we need college classes to all feature long infographic videos detailing knowledge, it would make learning more fun and more accessible!
You've done a great job. I'd been looking for this precious video thanks for giving us.
Correction: Electrons flow from the Anode, and into the Cathode, but not the other way around(as mentioned in the description of the vacuum tube).
takes me back to high school physics.. although i've all but forgotten this stuff..
Interesting...Computers never fail to amaze me....
Finally understood it! :)
What a nice video! All my 2 months research in a 5 min video :)
There was a reason Zuse stayed with relays so long, much more reliable, even if a bit slower.
The first Computer was pure mechanical anyway, the Zuse 1. Look it up, its a nice machine that calculates everything with metal sheets. :)
I think you can accomplish any computation with mechanisms, but it ends up being a giant, noisy and power-hungry machine.
This just combines what i studied past 6 months
Great simplified video.
I didn't understand a single word. Just watched the video because the animations were cool.
Magnificent explanation. Thank you.
كان شرح ممتاز جدا
شكرا لك
و لكن من الافضل حذف الموسيقى كي نستطيع التركيز اكثر و ذكر اسم المخترع لزياده المعرفه
تلاميذ مستر محمود مجدي❤
This was a fantastic presentation. Thank you so much for creating it !
Very insightful.
Amazing. Such a small small thing making technology possible.
EEE first year at ICL, had an exam on Semiconductor Transisors last Friday, Analogue Transistors this morning and an exam on Wednesday on DIgital Electronics. Shame that you only realise just how interesting it is when there are a couple of days left before the exam and you're cramming :/
I did not pay attention in school! i thought this shit was useless! It has revolutionised the world!!!
Thanks a lot guys
This video covers everything in a perfect way. Nice work 😊
To fans of Fallout games, Fallout is set in an alternate earth that has never invented the transistor. They only use vacuum tubes, which is why computers were huge.
even though i had known nearly everything it was very interesting to watch, thanks for the amazing video!
you guys are helping me so much in school
*The last words of this guy was amazing*
The treating of silicon with other elements to create an electron emitting N-type and an electron absorbing P-type is know as doping. It's used to create conductance. Since the outer shell of silicon is 4 valence electrons, it's easy to fill silicon's outer shell with other silicon atoms. This makes conductance hard. So, some silicon atoms are replaced.
Finally, clarification!
And we take these for granted
The only use vacuum tubes have today is in guitar amps because musicians say they have a "feel" that transistor amps don't have.
Nice video shot, thanks for sharing it with us, well done :)
Great video. It is based on very real terminology. I often find videos that are too simplistic for the topic, this is not one of them even though it might seem like it.
The HIGH and LOW voltages thing is a bit misleading here. Yes, 1 is typically a high signal and 0 a low one, but it depends if the system is active HIGH or active LOW. In other words, 0 can be HIGH and vice versa. Additionally, LOW is very rarely represented by a voltage of 0 as how does one know if the machine is working if there is no voltage? It is doing the same thing it is doing as if it is off. As such, LOW is usually a voltage of 1V, 2V, or some other lower voltage (or, again, HIGH can be represented this way as long as you are consistent.) You just need a difference in voltage for the system to work. Just a fun fact for everyone. :)
i wonder what non engineers think when their are watching this.
"I have very little idea what any of this means, but the animation and pacing is nice." - me, a designer
"they're." - an english major.
+avatar098 lol correct, sorry was typing quickly
+DJ MJ Probably the same thing that engineers are thinking when they see a video about abstract art............(i.e. confusion).
they don't think anything. They are way too dumb to understand anything as we were the first day ee joined engg. college. what they showed in this video I is a combination of 2 subjects I had Electronic Devices & Circuits (for semi conductor related stuff) and Digital Electronics (for logic gates/ family and boolean algebra).
Simply Awesome.....!!! 🙂
👍👍👍👍👍
I love this channel sooooooooooooooooooooooooooolllloll much
Very well-explained.
Thanks, for information
Love to see how you tackle transistor theory.
I think this helps me understand better than Veritasium xD ^_^
Thats a huge compliment! Thankyou!
Who dislikes these video? Is spreading knowledge bad?
😢
Crazy how I spent my childhood with cellphones that can only text,call and play.Now,as a new teenage boy,I'm writing this on my Ipad.
So you have two circuits for each transistor? The middle one gives enough power to make the end ones connect?
'I won't forget you I pray!' Transistors made my day..'
Wait what was that thing called 'transerters' 'Transgeneratir?'
I would love to see a video about how much time do we really spend living our lives
counting with the 1/3 we spend sleeping with the 8 hour per day sleep
the school/high school/ college
what about the work?
i would really like a video about it
(plz see this commet );-;
Very interesting! I love to see videos on how tech works, because for most electronics I have no idea.. 😅
Very good explanation !