When Ichthyosaurs Led a Revolution in the Seas
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 10 май 2024
- PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to to.pbs.org/DonateEons
↓ More info below ↓
The marine reptiles Ichthyosaurs arose after The Great Dying, which wiped out at least 90 percent of life in the oceans, changing the seas forever and triggering a new evolutionary arms race between predator and prey.
Thank you to these paleoartists for allowing us to use their wonderful illustrations:
Julio Lacerda: 252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda
Ceri Thomas: / alphynix
Dmitry Bogdanov: www.deviantart.com/dibgd
Nobu Tamura: spinops.blogspot.com/
Franz Anthony: 252mya.com/gallery/franz-anthony
Nikolay Zverkov: www.deviantart.com/ngzver
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Alex Yan
If you'd like to support the channel, head over to / eons and pledge for some cool rewards!
Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - / eonsshow
Twitter - / eonsshow
Instagram - / eonsshow
References:
docs.google.com/document/d/1V... 
Наука
Eons drinking game: take a shot everytime the Great Dying is mentioned.
I counted, that would be 17 shots
Every time there’s sad music, finish your drink.
If I did that, I'd feel as if I were living through it myself.
The result will be known as the Great Hangover.
Tragic Tragedy you're gonna mess up someone's liver XD
A moment of silence for trilobites. -__-
Rennis Tora *F*
Rennis Tora F
F
F
*F* for our arthropod friends
It makes me so happy that the “It's the Caaaambrian explosion“ jingle has just become our new way of pronouncing the term.
I love it so much
i can't read it any other way now😂
"They just jept moving forwards and ate everything that was scooped up in thier mouth, which is usually what i do" lmao
@@tannerdenny5430 I see him as a non moving pac man equivalent. Waiting all the treats fly into his mouth.
No joke, I read this comment as he was saying it. GG
I noticed this kind of self-deprecating humor in precious episodes, I think it's a part of Blake's touch :)
@@alexixeno4223 Me too.
U maght b an ichthyosaur!
I'm sorry. Evolving the capacity to live on land only to return to the water shows a total lack of commitment.
I mean, they didnt commit to the land plan but they stayed long enough to never go back... And they're dead 😭.
same as whales
r/woooosh
you can always change your mind, nothing wrong with it. I mean, they were consequent in their final decision.
@Hit or miss woOOoooOoOOOsh
Could you do a video on when marsupials, monotremes and placental mammals diverged from one another?
YESSS
I'd love to see that, too.
Yes please
YES MAN! And about mammal's relatives in the mesozoic.
Yes, please! I’d love to see this as well!
I love that "History of the entire world, I guess" reference
And the way he says Cambrian explosion
They never got Ethiopia.
It's the second time they've referenced the Cambrian Explosion jingle.
@@NekoYami13 What was the first time?
@@dirtyyy7668 I also remember they did it previously, but I have no memory of which video it might have been.
“We must seize the reefs of production!”
Oh, wrong revolution.
Is your name a reference to the game or King Gizzard?
nice Platinum
*Seas
Communism
Comrade Californosaurus
The great Dying: happens
Icthyossaurs: it's free real estate
Joshua Fernandes estate
Joshua Fernandes all those dead fish must've stunk up the ocean
Unfortunately a whole bunch of them went extinct in the End-Triassic Mass Extinction.
Triassic-Jurrassic Mass Extinction: Weird flex, but ok
....
Anoxic Event: Imma about to end this man whole career
The oofening
Yes we have finally made it to land!!!
...
...
Screw this I'm going back!!!
Thing is, that even happened just a few million years after tetrapods emerged with fully secondarily aquatic amphibians.
Ichthyosaur: Finally made it onto land, it was overated.
I agree lol
Evolution is so dumb
At least fish stay where they belong .. mostly
Interesting to me: videos on marine mammals always expressly point out that they are/were air-breathing, but it is hardly, if ever, mentioned about marine reptiles. Yes, ichthyosaurs were air-breathers.
Frank D97E I was wondering this exact thing, thank you for taking the time to point it out!
Mammals discriminated against... AGAIN!
@@robertpryor7225 that "sucks"
😂😂😂😂😂
Why is that distinction even necessary? Are there ANY mammals or reptiles that aren't air-breathers?
@@antred11 re-read what I said. I specifically stated that in one case it is always expressly stated, yet in the other, it rarely is.
I had literally JUST finished the previous video when I got the notification.
Another Cambrian Explosion mention, another Bill Wurtz reference. +1
lmfao I actually laughed out loud when he did that
when was the reference being made?
@@221_safwansami9at around 2:11
"🎶The Cambrian explosiooon🎶" 😂iconic
Lizard Seals. Lizard. Frickin. Seals.
'Nuff said.
And it must have happened more than once! Other lineages returned to the sea too. I wonder what the different lizard seals looked like, ate, how they swam, laid eggs etc.
Needs another episode!
So basically like modern marine iguanas
But could it balance a ball on its nose?
Nah. More like lizard dolphins/whales.
@@pandawok301 The more basal ichthyosaurs were lizard seals.
Why live on land when you can become a shark/dolphin lizard?
*reptilian dolphin noise*
I must say that this video series is absolutely amazing: it's concise, as far as I can tell scientifically accurate, up to date, not too much information, not too little, and even includes some small jokes here and there that also is perfectly balanced in its context. Also, unlike some other science shows I've seen from someone - not sure what they are called now, but it rhymes with Rational Neo-Traffic -there isn't any needless down-dumbing hyperbole, just good, plain facts.
After getting something recommended a few days ago, this has become one of my go-to channels for something to watch during a break, and I always learn something new. Well done, PBS.
Nice. I'm early for once. Also please do prehistoric Madagascar.
theres giant lemur,giant crocodile,giant tortoise,
and elephant bird
Yesss that would be so cool!
thats got ti be wild madagascar damn
Or prehistoric Australia
@Frances Snowflake Anything is possible of you believe.
I'm a simple man.
I see a PBS Eon video about evolution history... I smash the left mouse button.
Guess you have to get a new mouse every now and then ...
Pretty funny stuff isnt it?
Fo damn sho
How about making a video about a whale that was thoyght to be a reptile? Basilosaurus
Ya I think that's a great idea!!
mightymasochist It was thought to be the King (Basileus) Lizard (of the sea) as there was a King (Tyrranos) Lizard on land.
yes I am aware where the name comes from. but it was thought to be a marine reptile first
Basilosaurus, the greasiest and most underrated animal
@@mightymasochist you know you can be aware of both?
PBS Eons videos never stop being awesome. I adore them way too much
Something I’d love to see would be a video not on how life has changed but how it hasn’t and how without much change these forms of life have survived
so a video on sharks and crocodiles
crazuu crocodiles have changed a lot
@@G0die16 sharks too but once they found their main thing, they stuck with it with not much variation
Funnily enough, one of the oldest and most successful living creatures on earth today are ducks. I'm not joking. Their ancestors were dinosaurs, they were one of the first true birds ever to evolve, and have stuck around ever since.
To give you some idea of just how successful they are, they live in massive numbers on every single continent. Yes, INCLUDING Antarctica! They're amazing creatures, and it saddens me to know how underrated they are. Ducks are awesome. 💜
"When a Lizard Ruled Australia", an episode on Varanus priscus (Megalania)?
Quinkana > Megalania
Don't know what Quinkana is.
DinoBot65 trey the explainer: *Has vietnam flashbacks*
@@ksoundkaiju9256 OMG😂
Quinkana is a Giant Terrestrial crocodile of Australia
1:41 SEA DOGGO LIZARD!!!!
3:11 i guess _cartorhynchus_ works, too... (sigh)
I know, right? You know you're a true Eons viewer, when they show you THAT and your first reaction is "Oh look at YOU!" (voice goes up two octaves) It's just...it's so _cute_ . For some reason. XD
@@robinchesterfield42 IDK, you think our appreciation of paleontology is altering our cuteness perception that much? ^w^
I mean, look at him! Smoothe flabby boie! With a silly face! When he's on land, you could probably pet his butt, and he wouldn't be fast enough to turn around and bite you... :3
150 million years of success.
Humans have been around 300,000 years.
We only have 149,700,000 years to go to equal Icthysaur's success.
Australopithecus says hi.
Its probably a different story in terms of biomass tho. We probably beat them, but we will never beat the biomass of a species of trees.
We will never last that long. I don't even think humanity will survive to see the end of this century.
It's the stars that shine the brightest, not the longest...
@@WobblesandBean Thats just being nihilist for the fun of it
Omg, the music that begins at 6:50 with the theme really got me in my prehistoric feels. 😭
I recently came learned a bit about tanystropheus. The history and mistakes concerning its early reconstructions are fascinating but more so is how odd their body plans were. These incredibly long necked quadropeds had very long vertebrae and from what I understand if presently believed to hunt fish from shorelines by stretching its neck over the water to grap at fish from above. It could be a great episode idea.
This is why I'm a huge fan of PBS.
Evolutionary history is so vast and fascinating, I feel like I've only scratched the tip of the iceberg. I LOVE this channel!
Starwall too bad the iceberg melted a month ago
It’s a joke in case it comes off as rude
150 million years of existance is just staggering! It is really special how other species evolved to leave ichthyosaurs out of the game of life.
Great video!
Awesome❤️
Are you guys able to do a video on Australian megafauna like the Marsupial lion?
i agree
Australia isn't real.
Tasmanian wolf is a really interesting animal, so recently extinct
Robert Pryor I would say more lesser known animals as well
3:04
Look how cute this prehistoric reptile is. With its big flippers and its weird looking heard. It's adorable.
We need an episode on prehistoric carnivorous plants! Please!
4:34 'which is usually what I do' LOL
Awesome. Very informative and interesting. Liked that little call out to the 🎵cambrian explosion🎵
Its a reference to bill wurtz's history of the world.
@@iatsarulashvili3893 yes. I know, thats why i made the comment about them referencing it.
I would give anything to see all these majestic creatures in the flesh, life is truly marvelous.
A video on when humans first domesticated other animals would be quite cool. I've said it before and I'll keep saying it!!!
Yeah!! I second that notion.
Yesssss we Need that that will be an amazing video
Agreed!!
are you still saying it?
Ichtyosaurs they're my favorite group of reptiles
Me too, although with me it's mainly due to their uncanny resemblance to dolphins
@@passthebutterrobot2600I totaly agree with you reptilian dolphins for the win!
Same! Dolphins in my opinion are the mammalian version of ichthyosaurs and improved upon their notes. The ichthyosaurs might be proud to see somebody carrying their legacy
I'd like to call them a new type of reptilian/mammalian though... Which part of them was left reptilian..? even their scales became a softer smoother skin.. they live-birthed and I guess were warm-blooded as well.. It's almost like a transition between 2 classes of vertebrates.. Don't see the reptile vibe at all except for their name.. Can someone counter-argue me please, I want to know why I shouldn't call them a transition.. I'm really into researching these things
They should do an episode on Franceville's Biota: the only attempt made by evolution we know of complex multicellular life before the cambrian explosion.
For me is fascinating to think about how multicellular life has only appeared here on Earth two times, and only two. Also interesting that one of the attempts failed and that all plants, fungi, animals come from the cambrian explosion. Complex life has to be the opposite case of evolutionary convergence somehow.
Thank you for this comment, I learned so much! I hope they do your video suggestion! 🌈🤓
Interesting did not know about this! I find it quite interesting that this occurred shortly after the first round of snowball Earth events.
Regarding the Cambrian explosion however that event has lost a lot of its significance as a "first" radiation event to the Avalon explosion which seems to be the real I guess re-evolution of multicellularity. That isn't to say it was insignificant just that multicellularity was well established by that point with major animal lineages having already diversified by that point. In fact I have recently read an article in scientific american talking about how the boundry of the Cambrian and Ediacaran is breaking down with fossils of Ediacaran biota having been found well into the Cambrian and early ancestors of Cambrian animals found back in the Ediacaran. The Avalon explosion previously covered on this channel transition occurs right in the aftermath of the Neoprotozoic snowball Earth in the wake of spiking oxygen levels. Recent research suggests based off multiple lines of evidence that the diversification of key metazoan lineages directly coincide with the Snowball Earth events and more advanced models indicate that oxygen rich meltwater pools and fractures within the equitorial ice likely provided not only the safe haven for Eukaryotes but the conditions to spur the development of multicellular life.
This is why this Franceville's Biota is so amazing as it indicates the same underlying process likely occurred after the first snowball Earth episode and shockingly quite soon after the emergence of Eukaryotes.
This is a one to one correlation with a sample size of two suggesting Snowball Earth like events may in fact be a prerequisite for complex life as we know it! Absolutely fascinating, If I hadn't done a term paper for my atmospheric physics class and then kept up on the field I would never have made the connection!
The question this raises is why did this first radiation fail and the second succeed? I have so many questions I'll probably end up bringing what I can about the Franceville's Biota and see what else is out there.
I had never heard about that, that sounds really interesting! I agree, they should definitely do a video on that!
@@Dragrath1 Absolutely fascinating.
I don't know about snowball events in particular, but the more we learn the more it appears evolution is mainly driven by environment changes.
I bet the key is that it frees or opens niches where new life variations get a chance to prosper before competition or predation stifle too radical changes.
Complex life would require a lot of changes while remaining habitable enough, this would be very rare.
@@musaran2 Yeah it is quite remarkable currently on campus I've read some articles on the subject and it seems there was a remarkable radiation that occurred right after the Huronian glaciation or equivalently Makganyene glaciation 2.4 billion years ago (Gya) to 2.1 Gya i.e. first Snowball Earth. It is fascinating that there even seems to be a gradual rise in complexity within these fossil beds with traits such as motility becoming more complex within shallow microbial mat environments at the time. At the end of the period however these fossils as well as the chemical markers for free oxygen seem to disappear after 1.6 Gya at the latest leaving no modern descendants. It seems the Earth climate system for some reason reverted back to anoxic state unable to support complex multicellular Eukaryotes until the Neoprotozoic Snowball Earth events. This strongly supports oxygen levels as the key driver of multicellularity and more interestingly the evidence of fossils predate molecular clock analysis of the origin of Eukaryotes by about 300 Ma suggesting that either the molecular clocks are under counting or that an independent endosymbiosis event may have occurred. Normally I would in accordance to Occam's Razor suspect the prior but in light of the discovery of the Asgardarchaeota, complex unicellular archaea sharing the non bacterial genetics and presumably structure of Eukaryotes to a degree that the last common ancestor of Eukaryotes can be confidently placed within the clade it seems quite plausible that previous endosymbiosis events occurred during the oxygenation event and subsequent glaciations as the adaptations towards edosymbiosis were already present within this diverse group of anaerobic archaea.
The above is mostly what I gathered from summarizing several papers from Nature and PNAS and to a minor extent the abstract to a paper in the journal of Paleobiology. Sadly all the papers on the subject above are behind paywall some of which my university doesn't give free access to as far as I can tell the oldest research on these fossils date back to the early 1990s, 1992 more accurately having been met with skepticism but increasing scientific discoveries in recent years have really provided the irrefutable evidence towards this event in Earth's history. I really have to thank Miki P for bring this to my attention. This is absolutely worth an episode on Eons probably more than one. Environmental changes seem to be without a doubt a driving force behind macroevolution with rapid development of new innovative traits before slowing back down to a lower background mutation rate. I think they have even found the genetic mechanisms which life uses to increase or decrease mutation rates. Furthermore I am beginning to suspect that living fossils i.e dead taxon walking are what happens when this mutation control mechanism and (possibly or?) when genetic diversity is lost.
Excellent video, as always - ichthyosaurs are truly fascinating!
Just to know, could we have a video on opalised fossils someday?
It's interesting to see how the evolution of many different species converge into one somewhat identical body shape. Fascinating.
Confirmation of evolution
Love these videos! Would also love to see a playlist of all videos in chronological order, starting with the origin of life and ending with the most recent subject matter.
Best channel on RUclips.
"Some were ram feeders which just moved forward and ate what ever was scooped up into their mouths; which is usually what I do."
Best Line Ever in a docuvid
"This golden age wouldn't last long."
100 million years.
Well a million years ajnt really long the earth is like what 4 billion years old and the universe is way older were starting of youngnbut dast for life on our planet
Did I hear a "History of the Entire World I Guess" reference in there?? Nice.
Thank you so much for singing the Ben Wurtz jingle.
OMG IVE BEEN ASKING FOR ICHTHYOSAUR VIDEOS FOR AGES I LOVE U PBS EONS 😍😍😍😍😍
not only cus u did ichthyosaurs i love everything u guys do :)
Oh Blake, you had me at Triassic. ;)
Hey, you guys should do something about ancient Madagascar or about ancient new Zealand
Jaxen Maynor old zealand?
@@amehak1922 yeah 😂
how new zealand is secretly gigantic but under the ocean
And ireland island wildlife is awesome
@@stormintheshell5130 | Hmm, that'd actually be quite interesting.
"Is the trilobite extinct?"
Horseshoe Crab: *Well no, but actually yes*
That sad music Eons uses whenever they talk about the end of a line of animals is really good.
Love your videos guys. Also, that sad tune at around 6:50 took me by surprise, it was a nice touch to convey the ichthyosauri's downfall.
I love that you guys refer to the history of the entire world any chance you get.
I was so bored and then BUM-this video! Thanks I guess :D I really love your content, it's so entertaining and educational
REALLY great episode. My favorite from you guys and among my favorite ever out of any of these genre of channels. Great work guys!
I'm so grateful for these videos. Thank you.
"They just kept moving forward and ate whatever was scooped up in their mouth. Which is usually what I do"😂😂😂
Evolution of elephants
+
÷
sarika love they showed on tv last week
elephante
sarika love go ahead and do it
This could be your best episode yet
Thank you guys so much!
I love this channel, get so excited when you guys upload.
I always used to mistake Icthyosaurs for Dolphins when I was small.
You're not the only one I'm sure.
I mean
you weren't wrong
they're kinda related :0
@@sleepinqjupiiter9231 no their not. Icthyosaurs are reptiles, and Dolphins are mammals
Miles Bradshaw Huh, I thought they were :0
@@sleepinqjupiiter9231 many people thought that way too.
I was so excited to finally see a marine reptile video! Keep going eons, there are many subjects subjects to talk about such as evolution of penguins or the megabeast of Australia.
Thank you for filling on the gaps. We need people like this in our schools.
interested in the earliest form of folklore and drawings of prehistoric creatures found in caves BUT ALSO speculative evolution if possible ;) love you all at PBS Eons so much, thanks for giving me hours and more likely days of entertainment and insight. Really its become one of my favorite things in this life and it gives me such peace while making music to you all playing in the background and filtering through my mind. love you all forever
Talks about demise of animals
*Insert trilobite piano music*
Wow!! Every videos of Eons are really mind blowing!! And their outro speeches are really hair raising 💕 Keep up the videos👍
Eons is the best RUclips series I’ve ever seen. Thank you!
I like all of the Eons hosts, but He's my favorite. Love those little jokes! ;)
You should do a regional series. Like evolution in the Midwest of the U.S. and creation of the Great Lakes for example.
One thing I loved about this channel is the mentioning of various events. I lot of them I have never heard of. Good stuff.
The sad music that started playing when he got to the extinction of ichthyosaurs and then the beautiful, almost triumphant music during the ending about how their legacy continued really elevate this video to the next level.
2:22 is the "The Cambrian Explosion".
Just became a patreon supporter!!! This is one of my favorite channels!! I have a phobia of the ocean so these are like horror videos to me. 😆
Really nice episode! Thanks Blake! :D
Excellent! Really love Eons...I learn a ton ever time I watch
"You can say that the oceans, even now, continue to respond to the disaster of the great dying" Well I hope they are ready for Great Dying 2: Human emission CO2 boogaloo.
with taht will be a slew of innovation and evolutionary mutations. Too bad we won't get to see what comes after
I love this channel! I’ve been subscribed for over a year and have watched almost every video.
I have a topic suggestion for a future video. Every time you mention various extinction events you follow it up with how we don’t really know what caused it. I want to know more about those extinctions! What DO we know? What are the major extinction events and what are the best theories on what caused them? Why are they so heavily debated? When is the next one scheduled to occur? (Haha) ...But seriously tell me mOAR.
Thanks!
Thank you so much for making this. I had been waiting for a video on ichthysaurs and this one didn't disappoint.
This might seem like a nitpick but I was also hoping you'd talk about the Lilstock monster and the Aust colossus. Maybe in a future video, hopefully?
Love the ocean themed ones
Nice, a new pbs eons, and its my favourite host!
Edit, also more mega fauna vids! Lol please.
i love you guys!!!
Very cool video love getting the info on this time period thanks
Excellent piece of work!
Thank you for saying niche correctly
Evolution can be quite funny once strong selection pressures occur or vanish. There used to be a species from the genus Homo called Homo floresiensis about 100000 years ago. We also often call this species "hobbit" as remaining skeletons tell us that they were about 1 meter (3 ft 6 in) in size. Fun fact: In 2012, a New Zealand scientist due to give a public lecture on Homo floresiensis was told by the Tolkien Estate that he was not allowed to use the word "hobbit" in promoting the lecture. Although I am a human biologist and not a film maker you can ask me anything about human physiology in health and disease here and I'll try to answer!
Thank you Steve!
These are great vids! THANKS!
Can you do a video on the TitanoBoa? 🐍
I would love to see that :00
This is so cool! Why did he add the wrist jewelry? This guy is my favorite host, is he allowed to wear cool stuff now. Love your videos!!!!
PBS Eons...
Great video, thanks.
Every time he sings “The Cambrian Explosion” my heart smiles!
I love being this early. These are my favorite videos and my favorite host
This video just changed the way I think about life (I'm watching it for the second time). Evolution doesn't just generate species, it generates evolutionary niches. When a species goes extinct, it's spot's still there, waiting to be taken.
Fantastic video from one of the best science channels on RUclips!
Omg Cartorhynchus is so adorable!
Really interesting video! I've been loving all these Eons vids and I never knew much about ichthyosaurs so this was especially enlightening. But I'm having trouble reconciling these statements about their extinction: "The first to go were the generalists" . . . "Ichthyosaurs had just become too specialized" (around 6:50) I'm used to thinking of generalist species as being more hardy and versatile than specialists. Can someone explain why they'd be the first to go in this situation? Thanks!
Thank you for pronouncing "niche" correctly.`
Both are correct and accepted
Anyone else miss Hank pronouncing it as "gif"?
Happy 2nd Birthday to Eons, all the best and may there be many more....... 🎈🎆🎁🎂✨🧨
Amazing video.... So much of history to learn and enjoy