They would be, Fermilab is out in a field almost an hour outside of Chicago. It's not like a college campus with random riff-raff wandering in to the lectures.
Are you kidding me? One guy asked why the neutrinos got there faster then light breaking the speed of light. Photons don't take a straight path and interact heavily with matter. Its the opposite of faster then light because the neutrino oscillates meaning it has to experience time to experience time it has to have mass acting as a break keeping from light speed. A massless particle can't experience time as its clock is stopped at the speed on light.
A C it doesnt interact with particals if did it would be easily detected lol .they still trying to figure out neutrinos lol it doesnt react with an atom ok lol it doesnt touch an atom it too fast to interact with it lol
Thanks for an awesome talk! I loved the questions and was so pleased that there was an answer for them, and if not, at least a honest "I/We don't know" ❤ this is one of the most interesting lectures I heard! This due to the lecturer and the audience great times!
Without a doubt the neutrino when put into a working model of "E" moving Itself through time via Mass Oscillation creating a byproduct of particle matter along the way holds the key to answering all the major mysteries in physics and astronomy to hand over to all fields of science. And 15:30 makes it rather obvious (being as space is relative to time and there are no gaps in time even in a wait state), that the neutrino has a function in Nature and is the photon's left over force carrier space separating the weak force from the strong force... like an empty eggshell left over which in turn shows the weak force and the strong force holding the chicken together are real forces made out of time, not just concepts to support the particle view of physics. And because each force holds E (a fixed constant by "size" and potential energy to do work) each force MUST be two separate "relative" inertial frames of reference with opposite oscillation phase timing to maintain E's constant potential energy during Mass oscillation just as the fine structure constant shows exposing constant time dilation in effect as E does the Moon Dance with a foot on each direction arrow to maintain the forward arrow of time: (e{a})/t=E. I say "relative" inertial frames of reference because there can only be one true or "initial" inertial frame of reference best described as the Mass state of Singularity before Mass oscillation and the creation of the 4 forces associated with time (and space) occurred in the Universe's time line of particle based information. In reference to the algebraic symbol {a} used above, the asymmetry of the weak force value was measured by SLAC's E158 team in 2004 and is a ratio created by adding the exact distance light travels in one hour to the exact distance light travels in one thousand years. Therefore as shown in 2011 {a} adds 2.48e-5 sec to the speed of light traveling 453.6 miles by creating an asymmetry in time of 0.20e-5 sec using OPERA's neutrino data announced in 2011. SLAC later confirmed time has asymmetry in 2012 giving the verification of the discovery a sigma 14 level of certainty with 3 separate experiments supporting it thanks to SLAC's E158 team, SLAC's BaBar team, and the honest scientists that worked together and announced the muon neutrino was being measured traveling 453.6 miles @ (v-c)/c=2.48e-5 of a second in an attempt to find out why... which didn't take long thanks to Nature's Forum where the simple math reducing SLAC's E158 ratio down to the distance of 453.6 miles was posted along with other sites creating a deep silence in the professional segment of scientists without rebuttal of the unusually simple math required to reduce SLAC's vast one thousand light year E158 ratio down to the short fraction of a second light speed distance of 453.6 miles.
The question of whether "mass affects neutrinos" struck me as interesting. Best information at present is that neutrinos are not massless, but that their mass is (1) extremely tiny (like one-millionth the mass of an electron or less) and (2) that the three different flavors of neutrinos have different masses. My thought is that if it was the case that mass _does_ _not_ affect neutrinos, they could escape from black holes, and would provide a means (in theory, anyway) for imaging the processes in the interior of black holes. Of course, if they have mass, they must be subject to gravitational attraction and the curvature of space that is caused by concentrations of mass.
Gravity effects space-time curvature, so even massless particles cannot get out of a black hole, including photons. The reason nothing can escape a black hole is because there is no pathway through space-time that leads out. Spacetime is curved towards the center of the black hole. In other words there's no other direction than down.
Knitting woman at 40:10 brings something peaceful and existential to this, decent indeed, talk about unimaginable energies and violent Universe - what a contrast...)
I'm finding it hard to understand how the supernova collapse produces a powerful burst of neutrinos yet is still dense enough for 2hrs to hold all light (I mean it holds all the light inside for 2hrs due to gravity). I'm guessing the brightness of the object stays fairly constant during the collapse before becoming hugely brilliant? ... 2hrs seems like an incredibly long time in terms of what is going on and would surely require some element of equilibrium/pressure inside the object so that it can happen so slowly? Yet apparently 99% of all the energy is already expelled or in process or expulsion as neutrinos... So what is holding the rest of the material up for 2hrs? I would have thought that by the time things are at the state where this neutrino conversion is happening that nothing will be able to hold it up and it will fully collapse and rebound out very quickly ... not 2hrs later.
While the supernova material is expanding rapidly, it still remains dense enough to remain opaque to photons for a certain period of time thus giving neutrinos a head start.
Neutrinos are even less reactive than photons. Kind of obvious really, with how photons bounce off of all materials and thus can be picked up by our eyes and interpreted as colors. Neutrinos need to travel through a *light year worth of lead* to have a close to 100% chance to be stopped.
It is similar to photons created in core of the sun travel for thousands of years from the core to the surface. It is because photons are being scattered by the dense material falling inwards.
Question from a dullard: If photons have no mass why does it take so long for them to emerge from a star? What can a 'massless particle' possibly bump into? And if neutrinos have mass how are they able to emerge instantaneously?
4:00- it takes about 200,000 years for light to get out from the center of the sun. To stop a neutrino it takes a sheet of lead one light year thick? Do you mean literally bring to a halt, the way a net catches a ball, or simply create a series of ricochets that have a statistically significant chance of deterring a neutrino from passing through that thickness?
What he means is that in order to have a 100% chance for a Neutrino to collide with a material, you need something at least as dense as lead to be a light year thick.
What is the interaction between neutrinos and a black hole? Are neutrinos able to pass through a black hole? Is the path of a neutrino deflected by the gravity of a black hole? Could a sufficiently advanced technology use neutrinos to "xray" a black hole and decipher its interior?
Neutrino's are still affected by gravity. Nothing can escape a Black Hole once it has passed through its Event Horizon. It is called a Singularity because nothing can escape even theoretically.
+Dakota: That's not correct. Neutrinos are affected by gravity as much as everything else. They have very little rest mass, though, so even though they lose energy to climb out of a potential well of a massive neutron star, their speed is still very close to speed of light. Neutrino can escape from neutronization event because they don't interact much with neutron degenerate matter.
simply tame a neutrino and ask it personally. I have a feeling we will find this stuff out some day. But not yet. Great question though, I'd love to see something defeat a blackhole
I've always thought nutrinos still travel the fabric of spacetime. Therefore, when space and time itself falls into the infinite abyss at the singularity; the Nutrino falls right along with it.
I wonder where those Pev neutrinos come from. Offcourse it probably has something to do with black holes. But neutrinos are the product of nuclear reactions or particle physics. And getting away from a black hole or a neutron star which seems more realistic only reduces the amount of energy the neutrino is carrying. Is this the old cosmic radiation question that's still unsolved?
Weakly interaction: Neutrinos interact only through two of the four known forces: the weak force and gravity. This is why it is called weakly interacting. The fact that this is extremely rare is not related to the name.
Whats the gauge boson for the neutreno? They say weakly interacting but does that mean it interacts through the weak force? They said the nucleus of the atom so that means its not the photon and it escapes the supernova so little influence by gravity and no electromagnetic influence. I don't think it would be the strong force because of beta decay if you run ii backwards.
[17:14] Closer analysis shows SN1987A neutrinos above the 10 MeV soft-threshold were multiples of 7.2 MeV... obviously matched-multiples... please, histogram and explain how neutrinos could be 'lasered' in close-spaced coherence if they are particles, ('spoiler alert': fast particles act like waves, but these are 'wimp' neutrinos).
DUNE scientists will look at the differences in behavior between neutrinos and antineutrinos, aiming to find out whether neutrinos are the reason the universe is made of matter. DUNE will look for the gigantic streams of neutrinos emitted by exploding stars to watch the formation of black holes and neutron stars in real time, to learn more about these mysterious objects in space. DUNE’s search for the signal of proton decay - a signal so rare it has never been seen, but has been theorized - will move scientists closer to realizing Einstein’s dream of a unified theory of matter and energy. lbnf-dune.fnal.gov/about/science-goals/
Actually, interacting with any force not stronger than the weak force. Gravity would fit the bill, for example. On the other hand, that is the current definition in the context of searching for the constituents of dark matter; I'm not sure if it has always been used that way historically.
Touche! On the other hand, The case can certainly be made (and has been made by numerous experts) that Gravity isn't a force per se, because it's really just the effect of mass warping spacetime. I wonder why interaction with the higgs boson isn't considered the fourth "fundamental interaction." In gravitation, there is no particle interaction occurring.
7 лет назад
gravitational waves seems to me very powerfull, and a force.
Physicists have observed tachyons, so they are no longer “hypothetical.” Most physicists do not know it, but all neutrino speed measurements have yielded average speeds slightly faster than the speed of light. And the neutrinos’ rest mass-squared has been measured from neutrino oscillations, and they are negative. The square-root rest masses are thus imaginary. According to special relativity, positive relativistic mass must always travel slower than the speed of light. Conversely, negative relativistic mass must always travel faster than the speed of light. Thus, neutrinos have negative relativistic mass and negative-imaginary rest mass. Neutrinos are tachyons and cannot rest but must travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. Although we would measure neutrinos as going backward in time, they do not actually go there. We measure what occurred in the past. The arrow of time goes uniformly forward in the rest frame. Everything we see and measure is in the past, but nothing goes there. There is no “tachyonic antitelephone.” I have uploaded several papers on these properties to Academia.edu.
I watched Dr Alex's video & i read the comments & i would like to make some comments from an aether perspective (ie a non-Einsteinian perspective). I like Ranzan's idea that a neutrino is made of 2 photons attached side-by-side (the fields negate). Or (even better i think) a neutrino is made of two (helical) photons sharing the same axis (the fields negate). Hencely a neutrino has a mass of twice the mass of a single photon (whereaz the standard model says that photons dont have mass). Anyhow the destruction of a neutrino produces two photons. Dr Alex says that a neutrino is a particle, i don’t agree. I reckon that a free-neutrino is made of two semi-free free-photons. A free-photon "attached" to another free-photon is lets say semi-free. I think that all quantum stuff is made of "free-photons" (eg light) or is made of "confined-photons" (elementary particles)(eg electrons & quarks). Neutrinos can be classed as free-photons, or they can be given a third class named "semi-free-photons". Electro-magnetic-charge "fields" can be said to be a fourth class of quantum stuff. These fields are made of what i call photinos which are a part of every photon & emanate radially out from the main (helical) core of every photon, the photon & photino both propagating at c. Such fields (photinos) are a vibration or vortex of the aether, & might have mass (which would add to the mass of the core). Aether itself is subquantum (it has no mass or energy). I don’t know how to classify the weak force field & the strong force field, but if they exist then they will have an aetheric explanation. Elementary particles are made of confined-photons (a free-photon bites its own tail forming a loop)(Williamson). I don’t know of any theory whereby a free-neutrino forms a confined-neutrino, it might be possible, it would create a new particle(s)(perhaps it already has). Photons are (1) slowed in air & water & plasma etc, & (2) are slowed near mass (eg Sun). Both slowings probably have the same cause. Neutrinos are probably not slowed by (1) nor (2) & hencely must travel faster than light if-when the light has to travel throo plasma near a supernova (ie due to (1)) & also while the light is near the mass of the supernova (ie due to (2)). Aetherists are aware that there is a third effect, (3), light travels at c+v & c-v, where v is the aetherwind. (3) probably affects photons & neutrinos equally. Gravity is due to the acceleration of aether inflow into mass where aether is annihilated, hencely gravity is a form of (3). It is ok to talk of a gravitational field, but this field should not be classed as a fifth class of quantum stuff, because it isn’t stuff. Anyhow we know that the Sun's gravity bends a photon's trajectory by 1.75 arcsec due to (2)&(3), & i reckon that the Sun's gravity bends a neutrino's trajectory by say 0.87 arcsec due to (3). Hencely we have lensing of neutrinos, but such lensing is weaker than for light. (4) Neutrinos travel straighter than photons because light bends due to (1)&(2)&(3) whereas neutrinos bend due to (3) only, therefore light has further to travel. Re neutrinos escaping from BlackHoles, light is retarded by (1)&(2)&(3), whereas neutrinos are only retarded by (3). No star can produce an aether inflow v of more than c, therefore c-v can never be zero, therefore all neutrinos can escape from all stars. Very massive stars can have an escape velocity v (v is the speed of aether inflow) greater than the speed of light in the star's plasma (ie v can exceed c"), but neutrinos travel at c, & v can never be as great as c. Very massive stars can be blueholes due to Cherenkov (blue) light, hencely there is no such thing as a blackhole, they are blueholes. Einsteinian BlackHoles (where the mass can become a point & where the escape velocity equals or exceeds c) are impossible. Dr Alex mentions neutrinos interacting with each other, i am not sure what he means. But i reckon that photons are sticky in some way, because they are happy to cohere & form waves & wavefronts & wavetrains etc. And perhaps neutrinos can do much the same. But i suspect that Dr Alex means some other sort of interaction, more to do with the oscillations (if they exist)(which i find hard to swallow).
Neutrinos bend the same way light bends. They travel a course through spacetime like anything else. Most of your other comments just don't make any sense. You've used a lot of scientific terms that don't mean anything together, so it's really impossible to comment on them.
Wow I wonder who's doing experiments on neutrino detector photogrammetry, using some AI and corroborated (no coincidental) event datasets? Feed in the vague directionality allowed by the various detectors to goal seek I guess you might call it?
Good lecture. Is there an infinitesimal point source for the neutrinos to originate from? As they can pass through everything and anything, what determines the direction of travel and neutrino-flux-density? If neutrinos do pass through everything unaltered, does that include black holes and therefore mean they do not undergo gravitational lensing? So many questions still to be asked!
neutrinos do interact with things, they don't pass through everything that altered. It's just unlikely that they interact with normal matter. They traveled through curved space-time like everything else, So they are affected by gravity and cannot pass through a black hole. As far as we know, nothing passes through a black hole because space time inside the black hole is curved towards the center, there's no way through because they're simply is no other pathway other than towards the center of the black hole.
You said that during the explosion of a star super nova 1987 a, you have detected neutrinos after 2 hours before the light is observe.. you seems violated the laws of physics itself as the way you explain... you are telling me that neutrinos travel faster than speed of light, while the law of physics stated that the ultimate speed limit is the speed of light.. nothing is going faster than that.. 158, 200 light years the distance of the magelanic clouds from earth.. and how can you filter that the neutrino you are detecting came from that super nova.
Larry Furigay Did you watch the whole video? There's no violation of the laws of physics. The light that come from a star takes more time to reach us because it's too dense inside and the photons interact much more with matter than neutrinos do. So, those photons aren't travel at the maximum speed due to its interactions and collisions with matter. But neutrinos interact very weakly and passes through the matter without hitting it.Then you'll detect neutrinos first than photons. You have to keep in mind that the "speed of light" ~ 3E8 m/s is the speed of photons in *vacuum!* I will not answer your second question because the speaker in the video has already explained it.
The reason why scientists even started looking for a Neutrino particle was because our Physics Theories predicted it. We use mathematics to calculate how reality works.
I believe chemical element #120 (8s2) can be found inside the center of stars. It has all 120 electron spots filled. When a neutron splits it gives off one electron, one proton, and energy. Since all 120 electron spots are filled, the electron, proton and energy go outside of the atom. One electron and one proton is basic hydrogen, (of which the Sun is basically made up of), and the Sun certainly gives off energy. I put #120 (8s2) at the bottom of the Helium group on the periodic table of the elements as it's outer shell is full of electrons. It's position on the table would help dictate it's properties.
You're not going to find element 120 inside stars because the projected half life is only about 3 seconds, so short that it would decay into something else. Unbinilium is the proposed name of the hypothesized element. The energy to create it cannot exist inside regular stars. It can't be created inside of regular main sequence stars because it cannot be created through regular fusion. Anything above iron on the periodic table does not regularly fuse. Those elements are only created when energy is added into the system. A star can only burn and fuse elements up to iron. what's the star creates iron, the fusion stops in the star dies. So that element can exist inside of a star. It can't be fused in a main sequence regularly burning star. When a neutrino strikes the nucleus of an atom It could possibly create an proton from a neutron, so the atomic number of the element would just go up by one. This is a common and very well-known process that takes place inside of stars. But the rate of it should happen from neutrinos coming from outside the Sun is incredibly small and not enough to affect anything. You can look up the R- Process if you're interested in how the atomic number of an element can increase inside of a star.
I believe chemical element #119 (8s1) could possibly be found inside at least some black holes. It has only one electron in it's outer eighth energy shell with room for only one more electron. Energy might enter into this atom via the opening in it's outer shell and then most of that energy gets trapped inside of the outer shell's area, hence we perceive a black hole. I put #119 (8s1) at the bottom of the Hydrogen group on the periodic table of the elements. It's position on the table would help dictate it's properties.
The neutrino is the photons force carrier space separating the weak force from the strong force and is connected to the machinery of Consciousness that creates a particle making clock. It's easy to prove using basic math anyone can do to follow along with just by showing CERN's (v-c)/c=2.48e-5 sec mistaken superluminal gain of 2.48e-5 of a second matches SLAC's E158 weak force asymmetry ratio {a}, and because E=T (T=time) time like energy must be conserved. Therefore exactly as the math shows time has a reverse phase arrow and the neutrino must have an asymmetrical force carrier partner associated with the asymmetry in time created which SLAC confirmed in 2012. The asymmetric return force carrier space or "particle" measures bigger and the subtrahend is left to form a well of gravity that builds up every Mass oscillation. CERN's muon neutrino was created at the speed of light adding its phase timing gain, an observation of the photon that goes back to the great Sommerfeld in the 40's. We are observing everything from a state of oscillation and that accounts for the 3 generations of particles. Adding a weight to the end of a stick does not increase it's Mass. But is DOES increase the moment arm in time. Physics has a long ways to go to catch up with the top music techs that are miles ahead of understanding the basic concepts of time connected to space. O=E=W=T, (e{a})/t=E
Weak Force Asymmetry {a} adds 1 hour/3600 seconds every 1000 years. RE: SLAC E158 ratio “using clocks”. 3600 sec / 1000 years = 3.6 seconds WF Asy {a} added in one year. 3.6 sec x 186282 (speed of light) = 670615.2 which is the {a} WF asy in distance added to the speed of light in one year so.... 670615.2 / 365.2425 days in a year = 1836.082055072999 is the {a} WF asy SOL distance added to speed of light in one day 1836.082055072999 / 24 hours = 76.50341896137498 is the {a} WF asy time/distance added to speed of light in one hour 76.50341896137498 / 60 minutes = 1.275056982689583 is the {a} WF asy added to speed of light in one minute 1.275056982689583 / 60 seconds = 0.021250949711493 is the {a} WF asy added to speed of light in one second Now if the Earth were bigger and OPERA/CERN's neutrinos had traveled a little over 186282 miles (one second + WF Asy gained @ SOL) we would be done, but since they only traveled 453.6 miles we need to keep going till we get to the value of {a} added to the SOL in 453.6 miles. So we divide the miles light travels in one second by the miles CERN's neutrinos traveled. 186282 miles or one second/453.6 miles, the percentage of a one second gain which is = 410.6746031746032 Now we divide 410.6746031746032 into the WF Asy one second gain of .021250949711493 0.021250949711493 / 410.6746031746032= 5.174644243208279e-5 That just gave us the total forward and back total neutrino oscillation WF Asy {a} time gained in 453.6 miles. Now notice it is almost exactly double CERN's 2.48e-5 sec SOL gain announced Worldwide before the politics SLAC ignored stepped in. The next two calculations dividing it in half by using the 2.48e-5 forward arrow "stopping point" to add the .10e-5 sec remaining difference to the other half exposes a 4th oscillation phase of the atom (missing graviton) and adds a second reverse arrow to time to support gravity as an asymmetry in time with an obvious and very short moment arm of force exposed. 5.174644243208279e-5 /2 = 2.58732212160414e-5 sec. Subtract the difference: 2.58e-5 - 2.48e-5 = 0.10e-5 sec... and add it to the other half. 0.10e-5 + 2.58e-5 = 2.68e-5.... to give the second reverse arrow a length of 2.68e-5 and an asymmetry in time, IE: a difference in length of .20e-5 sec compared to the forward arrow at 2.48e-5 sec. 2.68e-5 - 2.48e-5 = .20e-5 sec. This shows wave cancellation with the remaining .20e-5 sec not canceled out to create the weaker force of gravity. So using basic math we see that CERN and OPERA's neutrino measurement announced worldwide @ (v-c)/c =2.48e-5 sec in 453.6 miles creates an asymmetry in time of .20e-5 sec just as predicted by using CERN's forward arrow gain of 2.48e-5 sec to show where we "fold" space to add the remaining spacetime that fits by filling in the second reverse Mass oscillation arrow with 2.68e-5 sec. creating an asymmetry in time of 0.20e-5 sec. The measurement was correct but the neutrino did not exceed the speed of light, it was created at the speed of light and added to it because the neutrino is the photon's force carrier space, an empty eggshell of space so to speak, separating the weak force from the strong force and is a mechanical component of the weak force creating a speed of light clock generating photons. And that did change physics... but it did so by proving Einstein was correct AGAIN not wrong as they thought by replacing the uncertainty principle he was ridiculed for not accepting with SLAC's E158 weak force asymmetry ratio.... which was not known until 2004. And without it Einstein couldn't finish unification, and without Einstein there would be no foundation for SLAC and CERN working with OPERA to build on and deal with time dilation.... now a known and proven constant: (e{a})/t=E. Why would you even think about watching a physics video?
@@JohnFHendry You should write technobabble for Star Trek. They need more people that can stream together a bunch of uncorrelated words to sound like something sort of intelligent, well except to those that know something about physics.
thought I had the speed at 1.5, turns out this fart smeller enjoys coffee. this guy has a firm grasp on particle theory. very informative and no hesitations on hard questions
Stop saying "right" every three seconds!!!!!!! (This guy is a prime candidate for behavioral modification by hypnosis. They can take care of "you know" at the same time....)
And yet you are typing that comment on an electronic device which was created through basic scientific research. Eliminate fermilab and other basic scientific research, and you can't do what you just did. Maybe you should rethink your uninsightful uneducated and not well thought out comment.
I am not a physicist nor an astronomer but I found this interesting and accessible and it taught me a lot about neutrinos. Good job of Alex Himmel.
I wanna thank for this detailed and crystal clear presentation for ordinary people.
the questions these guys are asking are really impressive. it really shows that whoever the audience is are critical thinkers.
They would be, Fermilab is out in a field almost an hour outside of Chicago. It's not like a college campus with random riff-raff wandering in to the lectures.
"Random riffraff." Very funny.
Right!
Are you kidding me? One guy asked why the neutrinos got there faster then light breaking the speed of light. Photons don't take a straight path and interact heavily with matter. Its the opposite of faster then light because the neutrino oscillates meaning it has to experience time to experience time it has to have mass acting as a break keeping from light speed. A massless particle can't experience time as its clock is stopped at the speed on light.
A C it doesnt interact with particals if did it would be easily detected lol .they still trying to figure out neutrinos lol it doesnt react with an atom ok lol it doesnt touch an atom it too fast to interact with it lol
One of the most in-depth public talks I've ever seen -- thanks!
thanks, your enthusiasm for neutrinos, is super!
Thanks for an awesome talk!
I loved the questions and was so pleased that there was an answer for them, and if not, at least a honest
"I/We don't know"
❤
this is one of the most interesting lectures I heard!
This due to the lecturer and the audience
great times!
thank you for sharing this LECTURE !!
I really like this fermilab subscription.
Thank you so much for the superb explanation.
Without a doubt the neutrino when put into a working model of "E" moving Itself through time via Mass Oscillation creating a byproduct of particle matter along the way holds the key to answering all the major mysteries in physics and astronomy to hand over to all fields of science. And 15:30 makes it rather obvious (being as space is relative to time and there are no gaps in time even in a wait state), that the neutrino has a function in Nature and is the photon's left over force carrier space separating the weak force from the strong force... like an empty eggshell left over which in turn shows the weak force and the strong force holding the chicken together are real forces made out of time, not just concepts to support the particle view of physics. And because each force holds E (a fixed constant by "size" and potential energy to do work) each force MUST be two separate "relative" inertial frames of reference with opposite oscillation phase timing to maintain E's constant potential energy during Mass oscillation just as the fine structure constant shows exposing constant time dilation in effect as E does the Moon Dance with a foot on each direction arrow to maintain the forward arrow of time: (e{a})/t=E.
I say "relative" inertial frames of reference because there can only be one true or "initial" inertial frame of reference best described as the Mass state of Singularity before Mass oscillation and the creation of the 4 forces associated with time (and space) occurred in the Universe's time line of particle based information.
In reference to the algebraic symbol {a} used above, the asymmetry of the weak force value was measured by SLAC's E158 team in 2004 and is a ratio created by adding the exact distance light travels in one hour to the exact distance light travels in one thousand years. Therefore as shown in 2011 {a} adds 2.48e-5 sec to the speed of light traveling 453.6 miles by creating an asymmetry in time of 0.20e-5 sec using OPERA's neutrino data announced in 2011. SLAC later confirmed time has asymmetry in 2012 giving the verification of the discovery a sigma 14 level of certainty with 3 separate experiments supporting it thanks to SLAC's E158 team, SLAC's BaBar team, and the honest scientists that worked together and announced the muon neutrino was being measured traveling 453.6 miles @ (v-c)/c=2.48e-5 of a second in an attempt to find out why... which didn't take long thanks to Nature's Forum where the simple math reducing SLAC's E158 ratio down to the distance of 453.6 miles was posted along with other sites creating a deep silence in the professional segment of scientists without rebuttal of the unusually simple math required to reduce SLAC's vast one thousand light year E158 ratio down to the short fraction of a second light speed distance of 453.6 miles.
You set it off a lot of stuff and it is all just about completely wrong. But it's good that you were trying to learn more things.
Sir dr Phill plate and sir Dr Lincoln made me eligible for understanding this whole gorgeous lecture...and this sir love you and thanks very much 💓💓💓
Privilege to listen. Thank you.
Greetings from Lead, South Dakota, home of the former Homestake mine (and current home to the lab!)
Please fermilab more 1hr duration talks...good talk
Really great presentation.
I was so focused I didn't notice Alex use the word right.
That's af-fermi-ative
Feel like I owe this guy some money
Byron Wilks send it to me, i will make sure he gets it.
Great talk. Thanks for posting.
I learned a lot from this presentation. I hope I didn't learn to say "right" after everything I say. Right?
A single-word earworm. _Nasty._
Great lecture. I lost track of how many times he said “right”.
Verbal tics are fascinating.
Right?
Fun fact kids, 1Pev is comparable to the energy of a small swarm or mosquitoes in flight.
The question of whether "mass affects neutrinos" struck me as interesting. Best information at present is that neutrinos are not massless, but that their mass is (1) extremely tiny (like one-millionth the mass of an electron or less) and (2) that the three different flavors of neutrinos have different masses.
My thought is that if it was the case that mass _does_ _not_ affect neutrinos, they could escape from black holes, and would provide a means (in theory, anyway) for imaging the processes in the interior of black holes.
Of course, if they have mass, they must be subject to gravitational attraction and the curvature of space that is caused by concentrations of mass.
Gravity effects space-time curvature, so even massless particles cannot get out of a black hole, including photons. The reason nothing can escape a black hole is because there is no pathway through space-time that leads out. Spacetime is curved towards the center of the black hole. In other words there's no other direction than down.
Neutrinos are like oven timers, letting you know when where and why the data goes dark.
Knitting woman at 40:10 brings something peaceful and existential to this, decent indeed, talk about unimaginable energies and violent Universe - what a contrast...)
I'm finding it hard to understand how the supernova collapse produces a powerful burst of neutrinos yet is still dense enough for 2hrs to hold all light (I mean it holds all the light inside for 2hrs due to gravity). I'm guessing the brightness of the object stays fairly constant during the collapse before becoming hugely brilliant? ... 2hrs seems like an incredibly long time in terms of what is going on and would surely require some element of equilibrium/pressure inside the object so that it can happen so slowly? Yet apparently 99% of all the energy is already expelled or in process or expulsion as neutrinos... So what is holding the rest of the material up for 2hrs? I would have thought that by the time things are at the state where this neutrino conversion is happening that nothing will be able to hold it up and it will fully collapse and rebound out very quickly ... not 2hrs later.
Rees Archibald ........nothing stops neutrinos
While the supernova material is expanding rapidly, it still remains dense enough to remain opaque to photons for a certain period of time thus giving neutrinos a head start.
Neutrinos are even less reactive than photons. Kind of obvious really, with how photons bounce off of all materials and thus can be picked up by our eyes and interpreted as colors. Neutrinos need to travel through a *light year worth of lead* to have a close to 100% chance to be stopped.
they also do not interact with anything as they travel after being ejected. light will interact as it travels.
It is similar to photons created in core of the sun travel for thousands of years from the core to the surface. It is because photons are being scattered by the dense material falling inwards.
I say right a lot too but you give me a run for my money. Still, great lecture.
It's annoying as hell.
Question from a dullard: If photons have no mass why does it take so long for them to emerge from a star? What can a 'massless particle' possibly bump into? And if neutrinos have mass how are they able to emerge instantaneously?
Using temperature measurements are we going to be able to determine more accurately when our sun goes micronova?
4:00- it takes about 200,000 years for light to get out from the center of the sun.
To stop a neutrino it takes a sheet of lead one light year thick? Do you mean literally bring to a halt, the way a net catches a ball, or simply create a series of ricochets that have a statistically significant chance of deterring a neutrino from passing through that thickness?
What he means is that in order to have a 100% chance for a Neutrino to collide with a material, you need something at least as dense as lead to be a light year thick.
The latter.....
Blair Schirmerx halt as in collide and interact with something.
What is the interaction between neutrinos and a black hole? Are neutrinos able to pass through a black hole? Is the path of a neutrino deflected by the gravity of a black hole? Could a sufficiently advanced technology use neutrinos to "xray" a black hole and decipher its interior?
Neutrino's are still affected by gravity. Nothing can escape a Black Hole once it has passed through its Event Horizon. It is called a Singularity because nothing can escape even theoretically.
Neutrinos are not affected by gravity, that's why the neutrinos got to observer before the photons.
+Dakota:
That's not correct. Neutrinos are affected by gravity as much as everything else. They have very little rest mass, though, so even though they lose energy to climb out of a potential well of a massive neutron star, their speed is still very close to speed of light.
Neutrino can escape from neutronization event because they don't interact much with neutron degenerate matter.
simply tame a neutrino and ask it personally. I have a feeling we will find this stuff out some day. But not yet. Great question though, I'd love to see something defeat a blackhole
I've always thought nutrinos still travel the fabric of spacetime. Therefore, when space and time itself falls into the infinite abyss at the singularity; the Nutrino falls right along with it.
I love science!!🤘😘
I love your mind
Great talk...right?
I wonder where those Pev neutrinos come from. Offcourse it probably has something to do with black holes. But neutrinos are the product of nuclear reactions or particle physics. And getting away from a black hole or a neutron star which seems more realistic only reduces the amount of energy the neutrino is carrying. Is this the old cosmic radiation question that's still unsolved?
Incredible that nobody's bothered to triangulate where the supernova is.
Solar Micronova… Geomagnetic Excursion… Earths disaster cycles… must focus
Could this be how we come to understand plasma?
Sinior Isaacino Neutrino. It takes a Richard Find-one to find one.
Weakly interaction: Neutrinos interact only through two of the four known forces: the weak force and gravity. This is why it is called weakly interacting. The fact that this is extremely rare is not related to the name.
I'm curious what information neutrinos can tell us about other extreme phenomenona in our universe, such as pulsars
Whats the gauge boson for the neutreno? They say weakly interacting but does that mean it interacts through the weak force? They said the nucleus of the atom so that means its not the photon and it escapes the supernova so little influence by gravity and no electromagnetic influence. I don't think it would be the strong force because of beta decay if you run ii backwards.
I like this guy.
[17:14] Closer analysis shows SN1987A neutrinos above the 10 MeV soft-threshold were multiples of 7.2 MeV... obviously matched-multiples... please, histogram and explain how neutrinos could be 'lasered' in close-spaced coherence if they are particles, ('spoiler alert': fast particles act like waves, but these are 'wimp' neutrinos).
We read at that time that other NDE's saw neutrino activity five hours earlier-what, became, of those reports....
You have mentioned the temperature at the center of the Sun. What do you think it is.
Around 27 million degrees F.
When a neutrino from a supernova is detected is it possible to know after how long the photon will be detected?
I love fundamental physics, thanks for the talk.
Right?
Right.
Something like trying to identify Van Der Waal's forces?
So that is the physics of neutrino detectors... What are we looking to understand from DUNE? Better understanding of what specifically?
DUNE scientists will look at the differences in behavior between neutrinos and antineutrinos, aiming to find out whether neutrinos are the reason the universe is made of matter.
DUNE will look for the gigantic streams of neutrinos emitted by exploding stars to watch the formation of black holes and neutron stars in real time, to learn more about these mysterious objects in space.
DUNE’s search for the signal of proton decay - a signal so rare it has never been seen, but has been theorized - will move scientists closer to realizing Einstein’s dream of a unified theory of matter and energy.
lbnf-dune.fnal.gov/about/science-goals/
How can mankind benefit from this ?
Send that grad student underground! Lol
Oh, right, right, right.
Interesting
What about Micro nova’s?
What about recurrent Novas ?
Nice
Uh... "Weakly interacting" means that it only interacts via the weak force.
Actually, interacting with any force not stronger than the weak force. Gravity would fit the bill, for example. On the other hand, that is the current definition in the context of searching for the constituents of dark matter; I'm not sure if it has always been used that way historically.
Touche! On the other hand, The case can certainly be made (and has been made by numerous experts) that Gravity isn't a force per se, because it's really just the effect of mass warping spacetime.
I wonder why interaction with the higgs boson isn't considered the fourth "fundamental interaction." In gravitation, there is no particle interaction occurring.
gravitational waves seems to me very powerfull, and a force.
How many times does he use the word "right"
My guesstimate is once every 5 seconds or about 720 times. Right ?
Right.
rofl)))
Physicists have observed tachyons, so they are no longer “hypothetical.” Most physicists do not know it, but all neutrino speed measurements have yielded average speeds slightly faster than the speed of light. And the neutrinos’ rest mass-squared has been measured from neutrino oscillations, and they are negative. The square-root rest masses are thus imaginary. According to special relativity, positive relativistic mass must always travel slower than the speed of light. Conversely, negative relativistic mass must always travel faster than the speed of light. Thus, neutrinos have negative relativistic mass and negative-imaginary rest mass. Neutrinos are tachyons and cannot rest but must travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
Although we would measure neutrinos as going backward in time, they do not actually go there. We measure what occurred in the past. The arrow of time goes uniformly forward in the rest frame. Everything we see and measure is in the past, but nothing goes there. There is no “tachyonic antitelephone.”
I have uploaded several papers on these properties to Academia.edu.
Is this how we come to understand plasma?
I watched Dr Alex's video & i read the comments & i would like to make some comments from an aether perspective (ie a non-Einsteinian perspective). I like Ranzan's idea that a neutrino is made of 2 photons attached side-by-side (the fields negate). Or (even better i think) a neutrino is made of two (helical) photons sharing the same axis (the fields negate). Hencely a neutrino has a mass of twice the mass of a single photon (whereaz the standard model says that photons dont have mass). Anyhow the destruction of a neutrino produces two photons.
Dr Alex says that a neutrino is a particle, i don’t agree. I reckon that a free-neutrino is made of two semi-free free-photons. A free-photon "attached" to another free-photon is lets say semi-free. I think that all quantum stuff is made of "free-photons" (eg light) or is made of "confined-photons" (elementary particles)(eg electrons & quarks). Neutrinos can be classed as free-photons, or they can be given a third class named "semi-free-photons".
Electro-magnetic-charge "fields" can be said to be a fourth class of quantum stuff. These fields are made of what i call photinos which are a part of every photon & emanate radially out from the main (helical) core of every photon, the photon & photino both propagating at c. Such fields (photinos) are a vibration or vortex of the aether, & might have mass (which would add to the mass of the core). Aether itself is subquantum (it has no mass or energy).
I don’t know how to classify the weak force field & the strong force field, but if they exist then they will have an aetheric explanation.
Elementary particles are made of confined-photons (a free-photon bites its own tail forming a loop)(Williamson). I don’t know of any theory whereby a free-neutrino forms a confined-neutrino, it might be possible, it would create a new particle(s)(perhaps it already has).
Photons are (1) slowed in air & water & plasma etc, & (2) are slowed near mass (eg Sun). Both slowings probably have the same cause. Neutrinos are probably not slowed by (1) nor (2) & hencely must travel faster than light if-when the light has to travel throo plasma near a supernova (ie due to (1)) & also while the light is near the mass of the supernova (ie due to (2)).
Aetherists are aware that there is a third effect, (3), light travels at c+v & c-v, where v is the aetherwind. (3) probably affects photons & neutrinos equally. Gravity is due to the acceleration of aether inflow into mass where aether is annihilated, hencely gravity is a form of (3). It is ok to talk of a gravitational field, but this field should not be classed as a fifth class of quantum stuff, because it isn’t stuff.
Anyhow we know that the Sun's gravity bends a photon's trajectory by 1.75 arcsec due to (2)&(3), & i reckon that the Sun's gravity bends a neutrino's trajectory by say 0.87 arcsec due to (3). Hencely we have lensing of neutrinos, but such lensing is weaker than for light.
(4) Neutrinos travel straighter than photons because light bends due to (1)&(2)&(3) whereas neutrinos bend due to (3) only, therefore light has further to travel.
Re neutrinos escaping from BlackHoles, light is retarded by (1)&(2)&(3), whereas neutrinos are only retarded by (3). No star can produce an aether inflow v of more than c, therefore c-v can never be zero, therefore all neutrinos can escape from all stars. Very massive stars can have an escape velocity v (v is the speed of aether inflow) greater than the speed of light in the star's plasma (ie v can exceed c"), but neutrinos travel at c, & v can never be as great as c. Very massive stars can be blueholes due to Cherenkov (blue) light, hencely there is no such thing as a blackhole, they are blueholes. Einsteinian BlackHoles (where the mass can become a point & where the escape velocity equals or exceeds c) are impossible.
Dr Alex mentions neutrinos interacting with each other, i am not sure what he means. But i reckon that photons are sticky in some way, because they are happy to cohere & form waves & wavefronts & wavetrains etc. And perhaps neutrinos can do much the same. But i suspect that Dr Alex means some other sort of interaction, more to do with the oscillations (if they exist)(which i find hard to swallow).
Neutrinos bend the same way light bends. They travel a course through spacetime like anything else.
Most of your other comments just don't make any sense. You've used a lot of scientific terms that don't mean anything together, so it's really impossible to comment on them.
So how fast do neutrinos go?
At almost the speed of light - so fast that direct measurements weren't able to tell a difference.
Wow I wonder who's doing experiments on neutrino detector photogrammetry, using some AI and corroborated (no coincidental) event datasets? Feed in the vague directionality allowed by the various detectors to goal seek I guess you might call it?
They found that when they thought upon these subjects they affected them. Wolfgang Pauli and the like discovered this
[46:09] Knitting, why not (far left)...
Good lecture. Is there an infinitesimal point source for the neutrinos to originate from? As they can pass through everything and anything, what determines the direction of travel and neutrino-flux-density? If neutrinos do pass through everything unaltered, does that include black holes and therefore mean they do not undergo gravitational lensing? So many questions still to be asked!
neutrinos do interact with things, they don't pass through everything that altered. It's just unlikely that they interact with normal matter.
They traveled through curved space-time like everything else, So they are affected by gravity and cannot pass through a black hole. As far as we know, nothing passes through a black hole because space time inside the black hole is curved towards the center, there's no way through because they're simply is no other pathway other than towards the center of the black hole.
You said that during the explosion of a star super nova 1987 a, you have detected neutrinos after 2 hours before the light is observe.. you seems violated the laws of physics itself as the way you explain... you are telling me that neutrinos travel faster than speed of light, while the law of physics stated that the ultimate speed limit is the speed of light.. nothing is going faster than that.. 158, 200 light years the distance of the magelanic clouds from earth.. and how can you filter that the neutrino you are detecting came from that super nova.
Larry Furigay Did you watch the whole video? There's no violation of the laws of physics.
The light that come from a star takes more time to reach us because it's too dense inside and the photons interact much more with matter than neutrinos do. So, those photons aren't travel at the maximum speed due to its interactions and collisions with matter. But neutrinos interact very weakly and passes through the matter without hitting it.Then you'll detect neutrinos first than photons.
You have to keep in mind that the "speed of light" ~ 3E8 m/s is the speed of photons in *vacuum!*
I will not answer your second question because the speaker in the video has already explained it.
The universe is the creation of the father. Soon all is revealed.
Right!
Neutronization ??? my brain is hyperventilating
I have teeny tiny opinion. I am neutrinal.
Paul Freedman - LOL! Thanks for the laugh 🙂
how do u know where the neutrinos came from? how can u tell it was from a supernova?
dave brown ........listen again.
The reason why scientists even started looking for a Neutrino particle was because our Physics Theories predicted it. We use mathematics to calculate how reality works.
Wimps are cool.
Good lecture, but says "right" too much.
I hope to hell he reads this.
I believe chemical element #120 (8s2) can be found inside the center of stars. It has all 120 electron spots filled. When a neutron splits it gives off one electron, one proton, and energy. Since all 120 electron spots are filled, the electron, proton and energy go outside of the atom. One electron and one proton is basic hydrogen, (of which the Sun is basically made up of), and the Sun certainly gives off energy. I put #120 (8s2) at the bottom of the Helium group on the periodic table of the elements as it's outer shell is full of electrons. It's position on the table would help dictate it's properties.
You're not going to find element 120 inside stars because the projected half life is only about 3 seconds, so short that it would decay into something else.
Unbinilium is the proposed name of the hypothesized element. The energy to create it cannot exist inside regular stars. It can't be created inside of regular main sequence stars because it cannot be created through regular fusion. Anything above iron on the periodic table does not regularly fuse. Those elements are only created when energy is added into the system. A star can only burn and fuse elements up to iron. what's the star creates iron, the fusion stops in the star dies. So that element can exist inside of a star. It can't be fused in a main sequence regularly burning star.
When a neutrino strikes the nucleus of an atom It could possibly create an proton from a neutron, so the atomic number of the element would just go up by one. This is a common and very well-known process that takes place inside of stars. But the rate of it should happen from neutrinos coming from outside the Sun is incredibly small and not enough to affect anything.
You can look up the R-
Process if you're interested in how the atomic number of an element can increase inside of a star.
Right? right? right? right? right? right? right? right? right?
I believe chemical element #119 (8s1) could possibly be found inside at least some black holes. It has only one electron in it's outer eighth energy shell with room for only one more electron. Energy might enter into this atom via the opening in it's outer shell and then most of that energy gets trapped inside of the outer shell's area, hence we perceive a black hole. I put #119 (8s1) at the bottom of the Hydrogen group on the periodic table of the elements. It's position on the table would help dictate it's properties.
There are no elements inside of black holes.
I think there were 2 dozen "rights" over 10 seconds.
Say right again! I dare ya!!
The neutrino is the photons force carrier space separating the weak force from the strong force and is connected to the machinery of Consciousness that creates a particle making clock. It's easy to prove using basic math anyone can do to follow along with just by showing CERN's (v-c)/c=2.48e-5 sec mistaken superluminal gain of 2.48e-5 of a second matches SLAC's E158 weak force asymmetry ratio {a}, and because E=T (T=time) time like energy must be conserved. Therefore exactly as the math shows time has a reverse phase arrow and the neutrino must have an asymmetrical force carrier partner associated with the asymmetry in time created which SLAC confirmed in 2012. The asymmetric return force carrier space or "particle" measures bigger and the subtrahend is left to form a well of gravity that builds up every Mass oscillation. CERN's muon neutrino was created at the speed of light adding its phase timing gain, an observation of the photon that goes back to the great Sommerfeld in the 40's.
We are observing everything from a state of oscillation and that accounts for the 3 generations of particles. Adding a weight to the end of a stick does not increase it's Mass. But is DOES increase the moment arm in time. Physics has a long ways to go to catch up with the top music techs that are miles ahead of understanding the basic concepts of time connected to space. O=E=W=T, (e{a})/t=E
Right? Right.
Lmfao 😄😂
Weak Force Asymmetry {a} adds 1 hour/3600 seconds every 1000 years. RE: SLAC E158 ratio “using clocks”.
3600 sec / 1000 years = 3.6 seconds WF Asy {a} added in one year.
3.6 sec x 186282 (speed of light) = 670615.2 which is the {a} WF asy in distance added to the speed of light in one year so....
670615.2 / 365.2425 days in a year = 1836.082055072999 is the {a} WF asy SOL distance added to speed of light in one day
1836.082055072999 / 24 hours = 76.50341896137498 is the {a} WF asy time/distance added to speed of light in one hour
76.50341896137498 / 60 minutes = 1.275056982689583 is the {a} WF asy added to speed of light in one minute
1.275056982689583 / 60 seconds = 0.021250949711493 is the {a} WF asy added to speed of light in one second
Now if the Earth were bigger and OPERA/CERN's neutrinos had traveled a little over 186282 miles (one second + WF Asy gained @ SOL) we would be done, but since they only traveled 453.6 miles we need to keep going till we get to the value of {a} added to the SOL in 453.6 miles. So we divide the miles light travels in one second by the miles CERN's neutrinos traveled.
186282 miles or one second/453.6 miles, the percentage of a one second gain which is = 410.6746031746032
Now we divide 410.6746031746032 into the WF Asy one second gain of .021250949711493
0.021250949711493 / 410.6746031746032= 5.174644243208279e-5
That just gave us the total forward and back total neutrino oscillation WF Asy {a} time gained in 453.6 miles. Now notice it is almost exactly double CERN's 2.48e-5 sec SOL gain announced Worldwide before the politics SLAC ignored stepped in. The next two calculations dividing it in half by using the 2.48e-5 forward arrow "stopping point" to add the .10e-5 sec remaining difference to the other half exposes a 4th oscillation phase of the atom (missing graviton) and adds a second reverse arrow to time to support gravity as an asymmetry in time with an obvious and very short moment arm of force exposed.
5.174644243208279e-5 /2 = 2.58732212160414e-5 sec.
Subtract the difference: 2.58e-5 - 2.48e-5 = 0.10e-5 sec... and add it to the other half. 0.10e-5 + 2.58e-5 = 2.68e-5.... to give the second reverse arrow a length of 2.68e-5 and an asymmetry in time, IE: a difference in length of .20e-5 sec compared to the forward arrow at 2.48e-5 sec.
2.68e-5 - 2.48e-5 = .20e-5 sec. This shows wave cancellation with the remaining .20e-5 sec not canceled out to create the weaker force of gravity.
So using basic math we see that CERN and OPERA's neutrino measurement announced worldwide @ (v-c)/c =2.48e-5 sec in 453.6 miles creates an asymmetry in time of .20e-5 sec just as predicted by using CERN's forward arrow gain of 2.48e-5 sec to show where we "fold" space to add the remaining spacetime that fits by filling in the second reverse Mass oscillation arrow with 2.68e-5 sec. creating an asymmetry in time of 0.20e-5 sec.
The measurement was correct but the neutrino did not exceed the speed of light, it was created at the speed of light and added to it because the neutrino is the photon's force carrier space, an empty eggshell of space so to speak, separating the weak force from the strong force and is a mechanical component of the weak force creating a speed of light clock generating photons. And that did change physics... but it did so by proving Einstein was correct AGAIN not wrong as they thought by replacing the uncertainty principle he was ridiculed for not accepting with SLAC's E158 weak force asymmetry ratio.... which was not known until 2004. And without it Einstein couldn't finish unification, and without Einstein there would be no foundation for SLAC and CERN working with OPERA to build on and deal with time dilation.... now a known and proven constant: (e{a})/t=E.
Why would you even think about watching a physics video?
@@JohnFHendry
You should write technobabble for Star Trek. They need more people that can stream together a bunch of uncorrelated words to sound like something sort of intelligent, well except to those that know something about physics.
thought I had the speed at 1.5, turns out this fart smeller enjoys coffee. this guy has a firm grasp on particle theory. very informative and no hesitations on hard questions
Just texting off subject
RIGHT?!
Fascinating stuff but I had to stop listening after the 4,286th "right"...
Jon Vance your loss
Jon Vance ruined it
you know? Right?
No shit.
It got more and more funny for me each time he said it...was nearly in tears.
Hey, I have a question...why do we fart at all?
Problem isn't the use of "right" though it is annoying, it's the propensity for a lot of narrators to trail-off their sentences into unintelligibilty.
Really interesting topic but ruine by the speaker saying "right" every fifth word, drove me crazy.
Keith Drew Right
Keith Drew ......your obsession. I didn't notice, more interested in the content.
I hadn't noticed until I read your comment. Now it'll bug me.
Shirley Mason I was like you and didn't notice. Now after reading the comments, I do big time.
Also he sometimes pronounces the word "processes" correctly and sometimes pronounces it like "processeez"
Is that lady in the second row weaving? WTF! Then how about washing feet? Take some notes or GTFO!
Stop saying "right" every three seconds!!!!!!! (This guy is a prime candidate for behavioral modification by hypnosis. They can take care of "you know" at the same time....)
You talk too fast
Stop saying "right"
I'm sorry but after 20 min of hearing "right" and "you know" I gave up.
I had the same thought but I hung in for the ifo.
how about doing some science on weather neutrino`s a void from the gravitational influence of dark stars
Never allow questions during a presentation (lecture.)
Fermi wastes tax paying dollors
And yet you are typing that comment on an electronic device which was created through basic scientific research.
Eliminate fermilab and other basic scientific research, and you can't do what you just did. Maybe you should rethink your uninsightful uneducated and not well thought out comment.