Fischer to Haworth Projection

Поделиться
HTML-код
  • Опубликовано: 1 окт 2024
  • Fischer to Haworth Projection: This video gives an elaborate explanation on how the cyclic Haworth projection is formed from the open chain Fischer projection for both galactose and glucose. More specifically, it builds from the old presentation and comes into its own at 3min 10 seconds giving an elaboration on how (and why) the OH group on carbon 5 bonds with carbon number 1 as opposed to the OH from the 6th carbon. The presentation also explains how to label alpha and beta anomers for both D and L glucose and galactose while also proving a range of examinable questions with model answers. Enjoy :-)

Комментарии • 367

  • @العنزيالعنزي-و6و
    @العنزيالعنزي-و6و 6 месяцев назад +22

    By God, the Most High, the Great, you, professor, deserve millions of likes because of this great explanation, the idea of ​​which thousands of teachers were unable to convey.

  • @racheloracion1189
    @racheloracion1189 4 года назад +30

    Thank you for this video, it help me a lot to understand this.

  • @deathlokarena8515
    @deathlokarena8515 2 года назад +51

    I was getting confused in these structures even after studying 'em 3 times from my biology textbook (Chapter Biomolecules)......after watching ur easy and awesome explanations I won't forget them anytime soon!! Thanks a lot Sir!!

  • @stewste4316
    @stewste4316 4 года назад +16

    totally the best video about Fischer and Haworth Projection currently available on youtube, thank you so much

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад +1

      thanks!

    • @doodoobearlove
      @doodoobearlove 3 года назад +2

      totally I agree. and no smart talk like other videos try to make chem sounds so complex and enjoy audience suffering something only they know better or explain the unnecessary. this one just facts right to the points and critical clarification that test taker needs to know.

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад +2

      Thank you

  • @deniseligores3745
    @deniseligores3745 4 года назад +14

    Thank you for teaching this! I’ve been having a hard time with this for daaays😅

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад +1

      Thanks Denise. How exactly did the video help you in your understanding? Just keen to know which segments of the video you found to be of most benefit. This will help me in how i create my future videos. Thank you :-)

    • @deniseligores3745
      @deniseligores3745 4 года назад

      Hi! It helped me understand how the structure was formed because you taught it step by step, and also how the different atoms interact with each other 😊

  • @reinaci0
    @reinaci0 5 месяцев назад +5

    I could cry. I finally think I understand this idea. Thank you so much.

  • @oxell4925
    @oxell4925 3 года назад +2

    How do you know if the #5OH group is going to be pointing up or down to form the alpha or beta anomer from the Fischer projection? I can make the Haworth, but it seems to me every fischer projection in this video has been with the #5OH pointing down, so I don't know how to make anything other than the alpha anomer.

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад +2

      Hi Andrew, recall that objective of the OH functional group located on carbon number 5 of the fischer projection it to react and form an intramolecular bond with the aldehyde functional group located on carbon number 1. It is therefore non-existant after the formation of the cyclic structure and therefore has no bearing on whether the newly formed haworth structure is alpha or beta. What you should be focusing on is the relative positions of the CH2OH located on carbon 5 (cyclic structure) and newly formed OH on the anomeric carbon formed on carbon 1 (cyclic structure). If they are opposite sides of the ring (i.e., one facing up while the other is facing down) then you would be looking at the alpha anomer. On the other hand they are on the same side of the ring (both facing up or both facing down) then this would be the beta anomer. Feel free to contact me if you are still struggling with this. Regards, MG :-)

    • @JaneDoe-ob9dr
      @JaneDoe-ob9dr Год назад

      "I'll be RIGHT DOWN"
      "Left it UP to me"

  • @benklein9008
    @benklein9008 Год назад +30

    I was struggling horribly with this concept. Never have I felt more able to learn a concept that I have taken hours and hours looking into previously than this. Now every monosaccharide seems to be a breeze when converting to the Haworth projection! Thank you!

  • @the_wookiees
    @the_wookiees 4 года назад +14

    So well explained! Love the animations you used to showcase the reaction mechanism

  • @heelouv4902
    @heelouv4902 3 года назад +2

    i’m accepting my path. i’m failing chemistry.

  • @leamed7235
    @leamed7235 4 года назад +7

    Thank you! i'm a french student and it was exactly what i needed

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад +4

      Merci beaucoup. Je suis heureux que vous ayez trouvé ma vidéo utile. Salutations d'Australie!

  • @ayishaharuna7347
    @ayishaharuna7347 Год назад +1

    Sir please we would be happy if you give a very detailed video on the formation of acetal and hemiacetal mechanism
    acetal and hemiketal mechanism.

  • @TheDacker57
    @TheDacker57 3 года назад +3

    THANK YOU! Nowhere in my textbook did it make sense like it did here.

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      No worries Jake. Thats great that video helped so much!! Feel frre to share with your fellow students :-)

  • @chiara5760
    @chiara5760 4 года назад +6

    i’ve been watching videos on this all afternoon long but i knew when i saw yours that this was the one haha. thank you for explaining details that are often left out, such as what atoms change their places during the switch to the cyclic form and with what motivation, why it has to be the fifth carbon atom reacting with c1 and why on earth the substitutes on the left have to go on top. will be sending this to all the chem students in my hear. thanks for making this

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад +2

      Hi Chiara, thank you so much for your positive comments. It means a great deal to me. Thanks once again!

  • @WOA1
    @WOA1 3 года назад +1

    Are all saccharides has the same cyclic structure regarding on the position of oxygen between carbon 1 and 5? Could it be possible that the other functional groups will be attach to other carbon group (2, 3, 4)?

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      It depends on whether it would be thermodynamically stable or not. For example fructose forms a ring structure between C2 and C5 as opposed to C1 and C5. This gives a 5 membered ring structure as opposed to a 6 membered ring structure.

  • @username8701
    @username8701 3 года назад +4

    Where has this video been all my life!!! I need more of this in all subject areas. Thank you soooo much.

  • @justtoseegoodthing6856
    @justtoseegoodthing6856 4 года назад +14

    You literally saved my life with this video, thank you so much !!! In this quarantine i am all by myself with my schoolstuff but this really helped me !! 👏🏻👏🏻👌🏼👍🏻🔥

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад

      Your welcome. Feel free to reach out if there is anything else that you think would be beneficial for a future presentation.

  • @mdabduljaliljalil5335
    @mdabduljaliljalil5335 3 года назад +1

    Thank you so much sir,i am bangladeshi student, i was some confusion to this topics. Your delivered lacture helps me to understand.

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      Hi thank you for your kind words. I am glad the my video helped you understand this concept. Kind Regards, Wonders of Chemistry in Australia

  • @_JoynalUddin
    @_JoynalUddin 3 года назад +1

    Thank a heap sir,,,,your presentation is so much excellent,,, i am from Bangladesh

  • @FranticEnemy126
    @FranticEnemy126 3 года назад +2

    Bro thank you very very much...

  • @roxon6929
    @roxon6929 3 года назад +1

    I have a very important exam of my life on 3rd October ( the Jee advanced) it can almost make life...
    The video helped me a lot..
    Love from India

  • @yutongdai8645
    @yutongdai8645 Год назад +2

    This has been such an helpful video! I finally understood what substituents to look at when determining whether they are on the same side or the opposite side of the ring. One caveat I would have though, is alpha is on the SAME side, while beta sugar is on OPPOSITE side. I think the video might have reversed the two

  • @allenfrancisestonactoc7353
    @allenfrancisestonactoc7353 4 года назад +3

    thank you❤️😭

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад

      I am happy that the video helped you . Thank you for your comment. :-)

  • @silviaberger352
    @silviaberger352 Год назад +1

    SUPERB explanations!

  • @srijahnavi3320
    @srijahnavi3320 2 года назад +1

    you are a life saver, thanks a lot

  • @SMILE-iq6vo
    @SMILE-iq6vo 3 года назад +1

    I can't describe your work qulification it is so legendly

  • @bonbonpony
    @bonbonpony 2 года назад

    04:02 So why _doesn't_ it exist? I don't buy that "prefer to exist" explanation, because we're talking about non-sentient, inanimate molecules here - they can't _prefer_ anything. They can only obey laws of physics and chemistry. So what particular law puts them into this particular form with 6-membered ring and not 7-membered ring? BTW there's also a 5-membered ring possible (galactofuranose). Does it mean that in a solution there will be some sort of an equilibrium between galactopyranoses and galactofuranoses?

  • @kolar06
    @kolar06 Год назад +1

    I’m at last high school class in Poland. That topic was one of the most important for me and i always had trouble to learn it. After i watched this video i urserstood everything. Thanks a lot!!

  • @이선학-t4y
    @이선학-t4y 3 года назад +1

    THANKyou god bless you..I totally understood

  • @laudiavrskaa1124
    @laudiavrskaa1124 3 года назад +1

    Nice video, thanks for the explanations👌

  • @armyblink6086
    @armyblink6086 4 года назад +2

    حد يشرحلي كلامو لانو بالجد بفهم بس لانو بالانجليزي 😭💔

  • @sofia_m762
    @sofia_m762 3 года назад +1

    Holy smokes. This is one of the best, if not the best, video i've seen. It made me understand so well, and it answered all my questions. Thank you so much.

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      Thanks Sofia. What a lovely thing to say. It is much appreciated. Hope all is well on your side of the world. Regards, Wonders Of Chemistry :-)

  • @AnujaAriyaratne
    @AnujaAriyaratne 4 года назад +3

    Give this man an award

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад

      Thanks Anuja. Your positive comments are much appreciated :-)

  • @4bdaw-iledenjoys.487
    @4bdaw-iledenjoys.487 3 года назад +2

    Thanks for this.

  • @nateriver3541
    @nateriver3541 2 года назад +2

    Brillant Video made the concept crystal clear. I was struggling with the structure of L Beta Galactopyranose as I was just remembering that if the OH is down then it is alpha. It worked until I met with L structures. Your point about the look at c6 and the anomeric carbon is Brilliant. This made it so much easier. I literally can't stress enough how mindblowing this video is Thank you man really thank you so much.

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  2 года назад +1

      Hi Nate. Its been a while since i have looked at my youtube channel. What a lovely comment.Thank you so much. I might just start making more videos thanks to you. Regards, MG

  • @ichrak8750
    @ichrak8750 4 года назад +3

    Thank you so much you save my life😊😊❤️

  • @Mahi-eh2ps
    @Mahi-eh2ps 4 года назад +1

    Great work sir , I am from INDIA , so helpful video , i was struggling with this stuff . But you made it very simple and clear .

  • @snehasiva6579
    @snehasiva6579 3 года назад +1

    Super explanation sir I am from India....

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      Thank you for your positive comment. Regards, Wonders of Chemistry in Australia.

  • @ayishaharuna7347
    @ayishaharuna7347 Год назад +1

    Thank you very much

  • @maryemmirza3283
    @maryemmirza3283 Год назад +1

    Hi tysm this was super helpful. I'm still a little confused in assigning priorities in order to distinguish between the L and D galactose. I don't see how the carbon 6 has a lower priority than the carbon 4 molecule. Would you please be able to elaborate on that. I hope this doesn't sound confusing lol

  • @JaneDoe-ob9dr
    @JaneDoe-ob9dr Год назад

    Pneumonic to memorize placement "I'll be RIGHT down" put the function group down in Haworths projection.
    "They Left it UP to me" put the function group up :)

  • @ahnafmottakiutsho9744
    @ahnafmottakiutsho9744 5 месяцев назад

    Tnx a lot sir, I would be very happy if you could make a video about Glucofuranose fisher to howarth projections, little problem on that

  • @Kidshow02-o6d
    @Kidshow02-o6d 3 года назад

    This reaction are wrong because
    4. Number H-----OH. This are correct
    But you are Give to 4.number HO--------H.

  • @VyPham-iu3im
    @VyPham-iu3im Год назад

    I wonder if i dont remember the structual formula of any carbonhydrates, i just have molecule formula like C2H12O6 how can i define which side is L or D of a carbohydrate when i drawing the fischer projections. Cuz i some people draw then said the left side is downward, another said the left side is upwards

  • @aasthabajaj7444
    @aasthabajaj7444 4 года назад +2

    It was so perfectly explained...absolutely got it💓

  • @09erhamashraf62
    @09erhamashraf62 3 года назад +1

    in learning check 2 beta D Glucose, why the anomeric OH is upward but not downward? please guide

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад +2

      Hi thanks for commenting. The key is not to just look for the position (above or below the ring) of the OH on the anomeric carbon located on carbon 1, but rather its relative position to that of the CH2OH located on carbon number 5. Recall that if the OH on the anomeric carbon (located on carbon 1) is facing on the opposite side of the ring to that of the CH2OH (located on carbon 5), then this makes it the alpha anomer. This is not the case in learning check 2, both the OH (located on the anomeric carbon), and the CH2OH on carbon 5 are on the same side of the ring (they are both facing up). This makes it the beta anomer. I hope this helps clarify things for you :-)

    • @09erhamashraf62
      @09erhamashraf62 3 года назад +1

      @@wondersofchemistry Got it! thank you! :)

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад +1

      glad to be of assistance :-)

    • @09erhamashraf62
      @09erhamashraf62 3 года назад

      @@wondersofchemistry hey !can you please guide me a little bit ? i want to ask what happens when Nitromethylacetanilide reacts with Oh- first and then with H2O? what will be the structure of the product formed? please help!!!

  • @shenjier8060
    @shenjier8060 2 года назад

    questions:1. Why do you stick to the right-down left-up rule? Can you explain geometrically? 2. Why can you rotate the three groups around the 5 carbon either clockwise or anti clockwise? Isn’t it supposed to be a strong bond in a ring? In reality, the three substituents are even in the same plane? How can you rotate? Wouldn’t it affect the other parts of the ring structure?

  • @readytolearn77
    @readytolearn77 Год назад

    Thanks. If it is L-gucose, do you still turn the Fischer projection 90 degrees down wards to for the Haworth projection?

  • @cristianodimaina2899
    @cristianodimaina2899 3 года назад +1

    Hello and thank you very much for this explanation, you were very precise and I understood everything! Thanks again, many greetings from Italy

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад +1

      Ciao Cristiano, grazie mille per il tuo messaggio. Sono felice di essere stato di aiuto. Saluti, dall'Australia :-)

  • @lisa.13
    @lisa.13 5 месяцев назад

    this video is just perfect. God bless you, thank you so much for uploading on here such a clear explanation of this important part of biochem.

  • @TestimonyOtuya
    @TestimonyOtuya 3 месяца назад

    Lovely🤩
    Well understood 👏🏼👏🏼
    Arigato 🙏🏽🙏🏽🙏🏽

  • @neyofan123
    @neyofan123 4 года назад +1

    This video is gold much thanks

  • @hanaaktyman234
    @hanaaktyman234 3 года назад +1

    Awesome
    Makes it so clear and easy💓💓

  • @shreyashah9598
    @shreyashah9598 4 года назад +1

    oh yes you should do a video on amino acids and peptide bond formation in addition to lipid formation!

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад

      Have a look at my playlist on lipids. ruclips.net/p/PL5-8kYvBxU3pZEQnYtgAR8CfjF70KKKki You will see that i have included how lipids are formed. I will put peptide formation on my action check list :-)

  • @angikbhowmick
    @angikbhowmick 3 года назад +1

    Many many thanks for this session.

  • @annablueseas
    @annablueseas 9 дней назад

    this is the best explanation of converting fischer to haworth i have ever listened to. thank you so much!

  • @zainuddinmulla.5357
    @zainuddinmulla.5357 4 года назад +2

    how the movement of OH group occurs in forming howarth projection from FISCHER projection at 5th carbon whats the solution for that, reply

  • @shenjier8060
    @shenjier8060 2 года назад

    I understand the chemistry but I don’t understand your emotion towards me while you use puns to do so. From discard I think you are for the purple. But I don’t care. Anyway don’t join me that will make me dislike you.

  • @nuwanthaherath7388
    @nuwanthaherath7388 3 года назад +1

    Thank you for the explanation. it's really easy to understand by watching this video!

  • @johnx5k
    @johnx5k 9 месяцев назад

    Wow really good. You just won another subscriber. Thank you sir

  • @m.maheshwari7092
    @m.maheshwari7092 3 года назад +2

    Superb

  • @IyedFriendzone
    @IyedFriendzone 3 года назад +1

    Thanks for the explanation

  • @lilyapurado2698
    @lilyapurado2698 4 года назад +2

    thank you so much for this video, this made me understand the concept more and also understand fully well how different fisher and haworth projections. You saved my grades! More power and Godbless!

  • @AbdullahAg-w9p
    @AbdullahAg-w9p Год назад +1

    Niiiiiice Thx

  • @shayne7133
    @shayne7133 2 года назад

    Hello I'm confuse on the part where you are about to connect the ring. How does the transfer of atom happens? Plss explain

  • @harryfire411
    @harryfire411 3 года назад

    Fisher go into the orgo lab and find the Hayward projection for galactose using only the reagent Shelf have it by tomorrow morning or you're fired

  • @nisrinexf5925
    @nisrinexf5925 3 года назад +1

    Thank you soooo much sir; this video is exactly what i was searching for.. it is so helpful : )

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад +2

      Thank you for your feedback. I am happy the video helped you :-)

  • @Grace-ke3jb
    @Grace-ke3jb 4 года назад +2

    THANK YOU SO MUCH! i have my orgo final today and my professor didn't really explain how to do this, so thank you for easing my stress about this topic :)

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад +2

      It is my pleasure. I hope you exam goes well.

    • @Grace-ke3jb
      @Grace-ke3jb 4 года назад

      Wondersofchemistry It went great! Thank you so much(⌒▽⌒)

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад

      Thats great news! Well done!!

  • @luishelfer4204
    @luishelfer4204 4 года назад +2

    The presentation of the information was spectacular! The drawing and animation were some of the best I've seen on RUclips. Will be definitely looking into your other videos, keep it up!

  • @MuhammadIqbal-od6hj
    @MuhammadIqbal-od6hj 3 года назад

    Sir is that possible alpha and beta form occur in fischer structure because we konow thant alpha and beta form occur in Haworth projection but some body says alpha and beta form can also occur in fischer structure

  • @molybdenum20
    @molybdenum20 2 года назад +1

    Thank you so much! I was looking at my class's powerpoint slides since I typically fall asleep in class and was mega confused. You saved my final exam I think/hope.

  • @teresamontes2542
    @teresamontes2542 3 года назад +1

    Thank you for your teaching. Way better than on class

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      Thanks Teresa. Do you have any other suggestions on what you believe you and your fellow students could benefit from within the realm of biochmistry that i have not already covered on my chanel? Maybe have a chat to your fellow students as well to see what they are struggling with? Regards, Wonders of Chemistry

  • @krystianniewiadomski7968
    @krystianniewiadomski7968 3 года назад +1

    Thank you.

  • @ReassuringSmile
    @ReassuringSmile 2 года назад

    I'm stuck... How do you determine whether the OH on the anomeroc carbon is top or bottom? Or is it random????

  • @mbararachurchchoiruganda6884
    @mbararachurchchoiruganda6884 Год назад

    How can I differentiate between D-glucose and L-glucose using a ring

  • @nicholas3749
    @nicholas3749 3 года назад

    You have explained it well , articulate. But I was the one who has the problem 🥴😅

  • @athiba5945
    @athiba5945 3 года назад +1

    Amazing explanation.

  • @idissolvebutirecrystallize8410
    @idissolvebutirecrystallize8410 9 месяцев назад

    Wonderful explanation video thank you very much

  • @tanyasaxena3607
    @tanyasaxena3607 3 года назад +1

    I think this is the best video for understanding fisher's and hawarth's projection.
    After reading many books and papers now finally I'm able to understand this topic because of this wonderful vdo...

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  3 года назад

      Glad it was helpful! and thanks for your positive comments :-)

  • @valentinaparedes435
    @valentinaparedes435 11 дней назад

    Great video, super clear. Thanks!

  • @tanujtyagi7839
    @tanujtyagi7839 Год назад

    Damn you explained it so well I'm gonna remember it till I'm on my death bed💀

  • @sadatahmed4526
    @sadatahmed4526 8 месяцев назад

    sir please how will identify the D and L in the ring form for glucose

  • @allieuchristophermoiwa622
    @allieuchristophermoiwa622 Год назад

    Best explanation after watching 3 other different videos

  • @AndreannaFaithR.TAMBONG
    @AndreannaFaithR.TAMBONG 6 месяцев назад

    Thank you so much! This video is really helpful.

  • @sarouh26214
    @sarouh26214 21 день назад

    Very helpful for med school students thanks a lot !

  • @olan5607
    @olan5607 4 года назад +1

    Hey im from Poland. My english is so so. But this video is really good so I understand everything. Thank U ❤️

  • @sandrigomez2828
    @sandrigomez2828 3 года назад +1

    Thanks so much for this video!! It was so helpful for biochemistry!!!

  • @cherylannepaculba4592
    @cherylannepaculba4592 2 года назад

    Thank you so much sir for posting this it is really a big help for me.

  • @Academicallystressedout
    @Academicallystressedout 6 месяцев назад

    The only video that made me understand perfectly thank u

  • @airsports2012
    @airsports2012 4 года назад +1

    Great video! Surprised you don't have too many subscribers. You deserve a lot more!!

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад +1

      Thanks Antonio. Your channel looks pretty cool too. Regards, from Wonders of chemistry down under in Australia

  • @doodoobearlove
    @doodoobearlove 3 года назад +1

    explain it all without me even asking~~ thank you much i been wondering in my textbook why keep mentioned there is one more increasing * C after ring form and i been search which one lol now i see the whole meaning for this term and alpha beta clarification as well.

  • @lutfiakhan6090
    @lutfiakhan6090 4 года назад +1

    I could not find the structer of l galactose...but now in this video help me a lot....thx...we want more video....

  • @poutnik9001
    @poutnik9001 3 года назад +1

    Was a little scared about quality when there was a music at the beginning, but it turned out to be very helpful tutorial! thanks!

  • @光年盛夏
    @光年盛夏 3 года назад +1

    This is unbelievably amaz

  • @marywangeci7356
    @marywangeci7356 3 года назад +1

    This video has
    Really helped

  • @johnmardydizon5758
    @johnmardydizon5758 2 года назад

    what if there is 2 CH2OH? how to classify as beta and alpha

  • @marymargaretalmazan9235
    @marymargaretalmazan9235 4 года назад +1

    thank you. this was helpful beyond measure. more power to you.

  • @lilyapurado2698
    @lilyapurado2698 4 года назад +1

    thank you so much for this video, this made me understand the concept more and also understand fully well how different fisher and haworth projections. You saved my grades! More power and Godbless!

    • @wondersofchemistry
      @wondersofchemistry  4 года назад

      Lily, have a look at the updated version. I think you might find this especially useful ruclips.net/video/IOv_I4HGsAE/видео.html

  • @johnsmith-wi2mm
    @johnsmith-wi2mm 10 месяцев назад

    oh thank god bless you honestly.. i wasn't even studying chemistry this showed up in my biomolecules unit in bio and the alpha and beta glucose ring structures were bothering me so bad i had to make sense of it before i moved on... thank you!!!!!🙏

    • @johnsmith-wi2mm
      @johnsmith-wi2mm 10 месяцев назад

      u truly have a way with clearing all potential doubts a student could have before they could even think to pause and ask LOL

  • @dananguyen2388
    @dananguyen2388 2 года назад

    wonderful video. thank you so much