@@nadimaarahimii4073 Stryer - Written by Jeremy Berg, covers all the fundamental topics of Biochemistry, which is better than Lehninger. But if you really want to to study Biochemistry from the perspective of Clinical Biochemistry, then you must focus on books which solely focus on Clinical Biochemistry by William Marshall
I swear to God you are a blessing for any STEM student =) .. Thanks for your efforts, they really make great effects in the life of those who watch the lectures, me among them ^^ .. I really appreciate what you do! Thanks and keep the good work. =) (I'm a first year undergraduate Medical Student doctor, btw).
every time I am lost I come and check your channel to see if you have a video on that topic.. and you always do ... so helpful and I don't get sick from listening to one of your videos over and over one day this channel will be something really big.. I just hope you never stop doing this
Recommended for any biochem student. I think I have the most difficult professor out there and this has given me the best shot at combating them. You're saving my future my man.
I was staring at my textbook for hours not understanding anything, found your videos... I feel like I now have it not only memorized but also have a genuine understanding. Thank you.
Im a undergrad for Biology, and every time I need to understand concepts that neither professors nor books teach me in a comprehensive way, I look for your videos. You are an awesome teacher! Thanks very much!
Taking MCAT soon (2.5 months)! Just wanted to tell you that you are absolutely brilliant. Confusing steps made very very easy and enjoyable to learn. Have seen your glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and numerous other videos of yours! Keep up the excellent work, sir.
Also question: How long does it take for you to write up everything you do for each board and then explain it? Your writing is quite thorough and your images are very nice. It seems like it must take long, haha. Def. worth it.
These videos are so helpful!! I'm in my third year of my undergrad and my biochemistry final exam is tomorrow... you're a godsend, thank you for being so clear and so thorough!!!
I'm also a med student and I had such a hard time understanding this in the lecture but now it perfectly makes sense after watching your video only once! Great explanations, thank you for these videos!
your biochemistry lectures are undoubtedly remarkable...your detailed lectures are really helpful ...especially fr me as a physiology student having biochem as a major portion of our studies...i indeed have no words to thank u....
the way u give ur detailed lecture is fantastic! repeatedly stress important points and hand write every single point. thanks for ur effort! it's really helpful for us students from china
Thank you very much. I really appreciate your efforts and dedication. Without your explanation I cannt go through easily with this tough ones. Thank you a lot
Thanks for such amazing video sir...I'm really tired of this topic as it was not getting properly anywhere and suddenly I found your channel. Such an amazing explanation and easy notes... Medical entomology here ..love from India❤
im a second year pharmacy student at haddash's ain karem hospital in Jerusalem. I really have nothing to say but you are a legend! you make it so easy. thank you so much!
im studying 11th std. before my class, i always watch ur lectures. when my teacher taught about electron transport chain topic, i have noticed some sort of mistakes made by my teacher during the lecture. thank u so much for creating these wonderful videos sir.
Not only does pumping protons across the IM help generate the proton gradient but also the formation of water molecules does the same by removing protons from the matrix.
I have a question. So in total there are 8 protons taken from the matrix? 4 protons are taken up from the matrix to oxygen to release two water molecules. Then an additional 4 protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermolecular space?
2H+ are exported to the intermembrane space every time 2 electrons are transported through the chain. In the last diagram he's displaying the formation of an oxygen molecule, which requires the transport of 4 electrons to be formed, hence the 4H+ exported
Nadimaa Rahimii thank you so much! Honestly it was in my prep book which is why I asked. Otherwise I wouldn’t have bothered. The mcat asks tricky questions all the time so I wanted to be ready
The videos seen were, very detailed,with excellent explanations. Special thanks to you sir . That was the first time viewing those videos. Would you be able to emphasize, the fundamentals,of each, (ETC chain)during the videos? Once again,special thanks and gratitude,to you sir. Anthony M Hope Barbados
As per your video 4 protons are transferred from matrix to inter membrane space through complex IV but in some books e. g. Lehninger's, only 2 protons are transferred. How come?
I believe the idea here is that indeed it trasports 4H+ but using 4cytochrome C. However, one mol of NADH will produce only two molecules of chytochrome C therefore u will need two molecules of NADH to produce 4 cyt C and as a result the net per molecule of NADH is 2H+ not 4H+.
It's interesting that you refer to heme a and heme a3 as hemes and not cytochrome, but in complex III you use the cytochrome nomenclature. I realize a cytochrome contains a heme group, but I'm curious as to why you flip-flop in the nomenclature used. Thanks!
Please advise as to what the spatial arrangement is of cytochrome bc1 ( complex III ) to cytochrome oxidase ( complex IV ) on the inner mitochondrial membrane. It would seem that four Complex III would surround one Complex IV because four cytochrome c must be passed from III to IV.
what is it about the properties of copper that allow the electrons to be bound to oxygen, as the copper must be the metal that will ensure that this happens, but why and how is copper that final metal in the respiratory chain that allows this binding. So my ? is what is it about the qualities of copper that make this happen! great lecture thank you...
So if we inhibit complex 4 with CO, that will reduce the consumption of O and ATP production, but what does it do to the offloading of electrons from NADH onto complex one and further down the ETC?
great lecture!!...i've watched all your ETC lectures starting from your introduction to individual step by step explanations of each complexes videos and i have to say that all of it are greatly executed and explained. I've totally understood all of them, However, my only concern is that during your previous video in the introduction part, you stated it there that the complex III pumped 2 protons while complex IV pumped 4 protons. Adding that to the 4 protons pumped from complex I gaining 10 protons in the intermembrane space. But in your separate video of the Complex III lecture, you said there that the total protons pumped per Q cycle is 4.....And from this video, again you said 4 protons where produce in Complex IV. It is contradicting to that 10 protons produced in the intermembrane space you stated in your introductory video, because Adding 4 protons form complex I, 4 protons from Complex III and 4 protons from Complex IV is 12 protons all in all. Which is which? Thank you for the in depth lecture by the way:-)..You are a great help.
I think using only 1 electron pair generates 10 protons but to have two cytochrome C’s reduced requires 2 electron pairs so thats why there would be an extra 2 protons pumped instead of 2
for anyone that is asking the same question, it's 10 protons PER NADH. An oxygen molecule is diatomic so in order to reduce it into water you're going to need 4 protons and 4 electrons, making 2 water molecules. 1 NADH can only account for 2 of those electrons so a second NADH would need to come in and provide the other 2 in order to fully convert oxygen into water. It should be more like 2 NADH produces 20 protons but people simply reduce it down. Hope this helps.
I was reading Lehninger but your explanation is more complete and better than the book
Read Stryer.
@@nadimaarahimii4073 Stryer - Written by Jeremy Berg, covers all the fundamental topics of Biochemistry, which is better than Lehninger. But if you really want to to study Biochemistry from the perspective of Clinical Biochemistry, then you must focus on books which solely focus on Clinical Biochemistry by William Marshall
@@kalpshah3273 read rodney boyer
dude. I'm here going, what? The book. The lecture. It's all so confusing.
@@EdenCultures still you are confusing?
If yes, I will send my notes.
I swear to God you are a blessing for any STEM student =) .. Thanks for your efforts, they really make great effects in the life of those who watch the lectures, me among them ^^ .. I really appreciate what you do! Thanks and keep the good work. =) (I'm a first year undergraduate Medical Student doctor, btw).
Abdo mo Thank you! I really appreciate that! Glad to help with your medical studies! Work hard! :)
every time I am lost I come and check your channel to see if you have a video on that topic.. and you always do ... so helpful and I don't get sick from listening to one of your videos over and over
one day this channel will be something really big.. I just hope you never stop doing this
you are just awesome, totally saved me listening to my teachers lectures for hours and hours. Dental student here.
Yes! I am a medical student too and I watch youre videos over and over for any of my bc examen :D thank you so much! This is a true talent !
alsh123am thank you for your kind words, wish you all the best in your medical studies!
Nutrition student here, its 1:18 a.m. and I don't get tired of your videos. You are the best. Greetings from Peru.
Recommended for any biochem student. I think I have the most difficult professor out there and this has given me the best shot at combating them. You're saving my future my man.
Your videos are the gold standard. Thank you so much.
I was staring at my textbook for hours not understanding anything, found your videos... I feel like I now have it not only memorized but also have a genuine understanding. Thank you.
Im a undergrad for Biology, and every time I need to understand concepts that neither professors nor books teach me in a comprehensive way, I look for your videos. You are an awesome teacher! Thanks very much!
it just got absorbed into my understanding. thank you and love from Korea!
thank you for making videos n helping medical students for better performance
The best professor ever😊❤️
I really appreciate these videos. Breaking down each phase into a detailed video is what is took to really drill the information into my brain.
Taking MCAT soon (2.5 months)! Just wanted to tell you that you are absolutely brilliant. Confusing steps made very very easy and enjoyable to learn. Have seen your glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and numerous other videos of yours! Keep up the excellent work, sir.
Also question: How long does it take for you to write up everything you do for each board and then explain it? Your writing is quite thorough and your images are very nice. It seems like it must take long, haha. Def. worth it.
These videos are so helpful!! I'm in my third year of my undergrad and my biochemistry final exam is tomorrow... you're a godsend, thank you for being so clear and so thorough!!!
You are absolutely brilliant! I'm a med student and I often see your videos 'cause you make everything so simple!!
thank you so much
Thank you for saving my Bachelors, greetings from Germany
I love the way you explain such difficult things in a very simple ways. Thank you so much!!
I'm also a med student and I had such a hard time understanding this in the lecture but now it perfectly makes sense after watching your video only once! Great explanations, thank you for these videos!
Ahhh thank you! It takes a special kind of person to be able to explain it this well!
I just saw your entire electron transfirt chain lectures.
THANK YOU!!!!
it was great!!!!
that was so well explained, i even understood it 100% without english being the language i study in!!!
Thanks for the eyeopening facts!
your biochemistry lectures are undoubtedly remarkable...your detailed lectures are really helpful ...especially fr me as a physiology student having biochem as a major portion of our studies...i indeed have no words to thank u....
the way u give ur detailed lecture is fantastic! repeatedly stress important points and hand write every single point. thanks for ur effort! it's really helpful for us students from china
Thanks a lot from Italy you're amazing!!!!
This is so extensive, still hasn't covered to this depth in our course, but left a like &comment neverthless for m'man Andrey!
Im hapoy to have found this, i was confused regarding all these complexes... Youre a life saver💯
Thank you sir for all ur help to us....
It's really great to have a teacher like you....🙂
Msc biotechnology student...
Bless you, Sir. Your videos have helped me understand the complexes so much!!
God bless u sir!! Amazing detailed explanation
You are amazing, your lectures are so easy to understand THANK YOU!!!!!
+NadineRants you're welcome! :)
now I can say that I will pass my CSIR NET exam :D thanks!!
Thank you very much. I really appreciate your efforts and dedication. Without your explanation I cannt go through easily with this tough ones. Thank you a lot
It gives a coplete concept; what a great effort!
Thanks for such amazing video sir...I'm really tired of this topic as it was not getting properly anywhere and suddenly I found your channel. Such an amazing explanation and easy notes... Medical entomology here ..love from India❤
AK, you're a best m8
thank you for the thousandth time
I am doing PhD and still I watch your lecture. You explain it better than any professor or any book.
im a second year pharmacy student at haddash's ain karem hospital in Jerusalem. I really have nothing to say but you are a legend! you make it so easy. thank you so much!
Not sure what you're up to these days, but know that you are regarded as a legend by the pre-med.
Your videos are amazing! Thank you for making this and for being so thorough!
thank you so much for making these kind of great videos for us to save our time .
If there is a noble prize for teaching you will definitely aim one👌
Thanks sir.
I am following you since long..your lectures r simple and also much informative.
This man is the GOAT
superb congrats from kenya.love you sir
This channel will blow up one day ^_^
You are great! I love your lectures! Please keep up the good work
Thank you so much!! You have been very helpful!
Thank You Sir for such clear amd easy explanation! Really helpful to a much much greater extent than Lehninger any time!❤️
What a brilliant lecture! Thank you so much
Yes !2021! AK LECTURES!!!
Lot of help for a med student....
im studying 11th std. before my class, i always watch ur lectures. when my teacher taught about electron transport chain topic, i have noticed some sort of mistakes made by my teacher during the lecture. thank u so much for creating these wonderful videos sir.
Remember Cyt C carries only one e- at a time!
Loved ur explanation . Thank you 😊
Very informative lectures 👍
thanks u AK Lectures
How are 4 protons pumped to the intermembrane space? They're taken up by the 2 oxygen molecules... Right?
I think that’s a separate mechanism that works simultaneously or coupled in complex IV.
OMG! What a nice diagrams and explanation . Thank u so much....
Thanks you made my understanding better
You saved me omg i'm so thankful!
Very good explanation sir
Not only does pumping protons across the IM help generate the proton gradient but also the formation of water molecules does the same by removing protons from the matrix.
Best explaination to understand thank you sir
you are a god sent
Thanks a lot!!! this mechanism is so complex and you make it so easy, even for me that english is not my mother languagge! jajaja. Congrats!
I have a question. So in total there are 8 protons taken from the matrix? 4 protons are taken up from the matrix to oxygen to release two water molecules. Then an additional 4 protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermolecular space?
same question
You are Great.
On point! Nicely done
Doesn't complex 4 export 2H+ to the intermembrane space? Why does it say 4H+ in the last diagram ??
That's what I was wondering as well. I think he made a mistake because my Kaplan book says it's 2H+
2H+ are exported to the intermembrane space every time 2 electrons are transported through the chain. In the last diagram he's displaying the formation of an oxygen molecule, which requires the transport of 4 electrons to be formed, hence the 4H+ exported
@@alejandroherron I'm not quite following you. What do you mean?
@@nadimaarahimii4073 I was, but I cleared the MCAT
Nadimaa Rahimii thank you so much! Honestly it was in my prep book which is why I asked. Otherwise I wouldn’t have bothered. The mcat asks tricky questions all the time so I wanted to be ready
PERFECT, PERFECT, PERFECT !!!
If i pass my biochemistry exam on tuesday, I will sooooo promise to donate.
The videos seen were, very detailed,with excellent explanations.
Special thanks to you sir .
That was the first time viewing those videos.
Would you be able to emphasize, the fundamentals,of each, (ETC chain)during the videos?
Once again,special thanks and gratitude,to you sir.
Anthony M Hope
Barbados
YOU ARE A MASTERPIECE!! i have a question. how many hydrogen ions are trasported from each complexes? NADH=10 H+ ions
Very well done.
As per your video 4 protons are transferred from matrix to inter membrane space through complex IV but in some books e. g. Lehninger's, only 2 protons are transferred. How come?
AK lectures are the best, but plz say hi guys b4 u start just to loosen us up a bit😅
Excuse me, l have a question.
Why complex 4 can pump 4 h ions?
Don't the 4 h ions become H2O?
Sorry my English is not fluency.😭
I believe the idea here is that indeed it trasports 4H+ but using 4cytochrome C. However, one mol of NADH will produce only two molecules of chytochrome C therefore u will need two molecules of NADH to produce 4 cyt C and as a result the net per molecule of NADH is 2H+ not 4H+.
Very helpful, thanks!
AK babu jindabad
Thanks a lot
You're hella good!
Thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you thank you
You are just awesome.......if iron man was a biochemst, it would be like you
7:44 for notes
Complex IV pumps only two protons. You have mentioned 4.may u plz clarfy
which has the strongest tendency towards the accumulation of electrons-coenzyme Q , cytochrome C, FAD, Oxygen and why
amazing
true lifesaver
It's interesting that you refer to heme a and heme a3 as hemes and not cytochrome, but in complex III you use the cytochrome nomenclature. I realize a cytochrome contains a heme group, but I'm curious as to why you flip-flop in the nomenclature used. Thanks!
thank u sooo much. you are amazing.
THANK YOU .
Please advise as to what the spatial arrangement is of cytochrome bc1 ( complex III ) to cytochrome oxidase ( complex IV ) on the inner mitochondrial membrane. It would seem that four Complex III would surround one Complex IV because four cytochrome c must be passed from III to IV.
AMAZING
Thanku so so sooo much sir❣️
what is it about the properties of copper that allow the electrons to be bound to oxygen, as the copper must be the metal that will ensure that this happens, but why and how is copper that final metal in the respiratory chain that allows this binding. So my ? is what is it about the qualities of copper that make this happen! great lecture thank you...
So if we inhibit complex 4 with CO, that will reduce the consumption of O and ATP production, but what does it do to the offloading of electrons from NADH onto complex one and further down the ETC?
THANK YOU!!!
great lecture!!...i've watched all your ETC lectures starting from your introduction to individual step by step explanations of each complexes videos and i have to say that all of it are greatly executed and explained. I've totally understood all of them, However, my only concern is that during your previous video in the introduction part, you stated it there that the complex III pumped 2 protons while complex IV pumped 4 protons. Adding that to the 4 protons pumped from complex I gaining 10 protons in the intermembrane space. But in your separate video of the Complex III lecture, you said there that the total protons pumped per Q cycle is 4.....And from this video, again you said 4 protons where produce in Complex IV. It is contradicting to that 10 protons produced in the intermembrane space you stated in your introductory video, because Adding 4 protons form complex I, 4 protons from Complex III and 4 protons from Complex IV is 12 protons all in all. Which is which?
Thank you for the in depth lecture by the way:-)..You are a great help.
biology.stackexchange.com/questions/42560/how-many-protons-are-pumped-out-per-pair-of-electrons-from-nadh-in-oxidative-pho
have you figured this out? is it 12 or 10?
I think using only 1 electron pair generates 10 protons but to have two cytochrome C’s reduced requires 2 electron pairs so thats why there would be an extra 2 protons pumped instead of 2
for anyone that is asking the same question, it's 10 protons PER NADH. An oxygen molecule is diatomic so in order to reduce it into water you're going to need 4 protons and 4 electrons, making 2 water molecules. 1 NADH can only account for 2 of those electrons so a second NADH would need to come in and provide the other 2 in order to fully convert oxygen into water. It should be more like 2 NADH produces 20 protons but people simply reduce it down. Hope this helps.
muy útil!