The World Before Plate Tectonics
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- Опубликовано: 15 июн 2020
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There was a time in Earth’s history that was so stable, geologists once called it the Boring Billion. But the fact is, this period was anything but boring. In fact, it set the stage for our modern version of plate tectonics - and probably for the rise of life as we know it.
Thanks to Fabrizio de Rossi for the excellent supercontinent reconstructions: / artoffabricious
This video features a map by the USGS as well as this Paleogeographic Map: Scotese, C.R., 2019. Plate Tectonics, Paleogeography, and Ice Ages, RUclips video: • Scotese Plate Tectonic... .
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1f... 
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This channel is a jewel. To me, one of RUclips's very finest. Thanks so much.
Really could not agree more, idk how i would be surviving without these guys
This and Space Time, and it's Okay to be Smart.
Amen
Jeah and jake paul right
Absolutely. This is what RUclips was made for.
"Hey supercontinent, what's your name?"
"Nuna ya business."
No
Hey now that's MY super continent. 😉❤️
That's gold 😂
Oahkery I wish I could take away all of your "likes". You don't deserve a single one.
Forced.
Geologists call it the Boring Billion.
Then came Disco.
You my friend are one funny two-legger.
Leonardo Crocetta I hate the term boring billion. But I like your comment.
As I remember it, Disco resulted in catastrophic mass extinction... of rock.
@@donkeyslayer4661 AFAIK, rock wrecked disco in the 80s.
Then the plates start moving and don't stop moving because disco is not dead
"Geologists have opinions about that"
How dare they
🤣🤣🤣
It's true! I actually disagree with the conclusions in this video: I think plate tectonics is way older than 800 million years, and different processes were responsible for the boring billion.
Source: I'm a geology grad student studying exactly this!
And nobody expected an opinion!
@@Muskoxing hey Adam, I'm not expert on this at all but wondering how you explain some of the things mentioned in this video, like for example no Archean metamorphic rocks that reached a mantle-deep depth, other than the mantle was too hot and would melt anything that approaches that depth?
@@Muskoxing hi I don’t have any good questions like the guy above me but what school do you go to
In case anyone's curious, the names of the supercontinents in order from oldest to youngest are:
Vaalbara
Ur
Kenorland
Arctica
Atlantica
Columbia (Nuna)
Rodinia
Pannotia
Gondwana
Laurasia and Gondwana
Pangaea
For everyone wondering the REAL super continents in order from youngest to oldest here you go:
Ohio
“It’s all Ohio?” You might say. *clocks gun* Always has been.
Cool! Thank you!
I didn’t know there were so many lmao
Cheers. I'd only heard of the last few on the list and this is a subject I love
Much obliged, I wasn't aware of this
The word Nuna took me by surprise for a moment as it is a word from Inuit languages, Kalaallisut being my native language.
"Nuna" simply means "Land".
Cool! That's probably where it's from. Better than calling it Columbia, too confusing: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)
And I mean also... because y'know... lets not name things after Columbus.
In Swedish slang, Nuna means face :-)
We learned something today. 🤯
Interesting. “Nuna” seem to be a cognate of “duta” and “yuta” in my dialect (Hiligaynon from some islands in the Philippines). The words have very similar tongue placement, and mean the same thing: land. I’m not saying that the words are related, but they’re quite similar to my ear.
The Ur-supercontinent Nuna is now more often referred to as Columbia.
How far back in time could a stranded time traveler still survive by living off the land?
Devonian. Plant life expanded and diversified and there wasnt anything on land that could harm human (as we know for now).
Very good question
Most likely we won't the food will be vastly different and we probably wouldn't even be able to digest these ancient plants
Maybe 500,000 years ago, with the rise of homo sapiens. Humans are a deeply social species. Co-operation is our competitive advantage. Most people can not survive long term isolation. You start to see neurological decay after a week in solitary confinement.
Part of being a co-operative species is having access to a store of knowledge developed by ancestors. What is safe to eat. What is poisonous or venomous. How to take shelter. How to forage. All of which gets taught in childhood. Humans have a greater store of knowledge that includes stuff like how to make tools, and when the rains will come. Little of which a stranded time traveler would have.
Even if a lone time traveler can bare up mentally, and actually know what is safe to eat,, it is almost inevitable that there will be some accident that will prevent them from foraging for a period. Which is the start of a disaster cascade, as they get less and less able to survive.
Long term survival requires hooking up with other homo sapiens. Although maybe others from the homo genus would do in a pinch.
@@theunknown4645 Ironically ancient plants could've been safer to eat. Because toxins that modern plants have, evolved as defence mechanism against herbivores. No herbivores - no need for defence of any kind
You know, I wouldn't mind being a squishy microbe.
what if we’re just oversized squishy microbes
Ll
Lll hll look ou
L ko
Pbh
Hllhllhhll
Poul h u
Edie STEWART pour h
Phlhhu
P to
This channel makes me feel like a kid again. I always used to want to be a paleontologist and you guys make me feel a bit closer to that dream :)
me too. But not because i wanted to be a paleontologist, but by the way she speaks like a kindergarten teacher.
I always wanted to be one too. Ive moved to herpology/zoology but paleontology will always hold a special place in my heart
If the old 1950's grammar school books were true concerning geology our planet would STILL be a "stagnant lid" planet w/o plate tectonics because plate tectonics was pretty much laughed at in the world of our grandparents.
And watching videos is much easier on the back!
The Boring Billion: a long period of time where (supposedly) very little happened
2020: a short period of time where *everything* happens
Wacko culture is something to behold, no?
-Cries in 2022
The best thing about this channel is the lack of comments from people denying evolution and the fact the earth is billions of years old.
@@gkraith2995 idk what's up with you but this dude is literally just pointing out the lack of those comments... a lot of other sci vids have them so it's a valid thing to notice. they're literally saying it's a good thing (i think)
That is not common any more. There are calls by religious leaders to start pushing their beliefs on others periodically. It doesn't last long and the zealots expose themselves to new ideas that they would never have gotten otherwise, opening their eyes to the much bigger, much more complicated, world around them. If I remember correctly the last big religious onslaught was about 6 or 7 years ago, and reasonable discussions about biology and geology of any kind in the comment section were almost impossible.
I think they just block them. Which is the right thing to do. They are just polluting the discussion and making learning harder for many.
I don't want to start anything but I'm a saved Christian. I'm into my eighth decade on this rock and have been fascinated by and studied science my entire life. Geology is one of my favorites. And paleontology, and biology and astronomy and electromagnetism. All of it.
Einstein proved time is relative. 6 billion, 6 thousand, or 6 days. There are places in this universe where each is the true age.
It's all so fascinating and elegant and wonderous for us. Just us (so far).
I don't get why many scientists claim atheism nor why religious folks deny science.
To me every discovery, invention, change in perspective is another brushstroke on the portrait of god.
I can't see how all the dominoes were set up just so and the first one fell over by accident.
It's beyond me not to have a creator.
I am gnostic about Christ. I can't shake him. He won't let go. My prayers get answered a lot.
Haven't been a member of a church in 50 years.
Maybe I am starting something. We know we don't know everything. The more we know, the less reason I see to reject the notion that there is intelligence behind it.
A lot of us are jazzed about learning stuff. I mean life committing jazzed. Where did that come from? It's almost like it was built in.
No its 2020 years old
I have a hard time imagining the earth without plate tectonics.
Earth was pretty much just a huge shallow ocean
maybe like seattle is now ??? LOL
Just have a look at Venus: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Venus#Tectonic_activity
... .. Mars!
@@404here5 Because people in Asia look like people in the middle east which look like Africans who look like Europeans. We essentially evolved on a supercontinent or a landmass all connected to each other in which we can migrate.
First of all, this is a fantastic video. I'm actually doing my Masters on this exact topic!
However, the claim at 7:15 is not supported by the latest science. The mineral referred to is glaucophane, which can only occur in modern-style cold steep subduction zones. Korenaga (2016) showed that glucophane would not have been able to be formed before around 800 Ma, due to the different composition of oceanic crust. Therefore, the appearance of glaucophane-bearing rocks does not mark the start of modern-style plate tectonics.
There's lots of other evidence for plate tectonics being much, much older. Balica et al (2020) showed evidence for tectonics all the way back in the Archean 3.3 billion years ago.
In-text citation in a comment?? slow down there bud.
@@granodiorite9032 Gotta cite your sources!
I am glad you said this! I found it hard to believe that a hotter Earth with a thinner crust would have no plate tectonics. I can imagine the convection currents being less uniform and not making giant rifts like we have today, but not nonexistent.
@@gwenstarnes1177 More intense plate tectonics isn't straight-up correlated to a hotter mantle. A hot thin crust will behave quite differently than modern plate tectonics. During the early Archean you had more vertical tectonics. 'Granite-greenstone belts' is the search term if you want to learn more.
Ooo! Thanks for the research topic! I'll look into that.
I love it when they do geology videos
I see you like roccs
Earth: We must rise up against subduction
Also Earth: hold my crust!
Chuck Norris: Not anytime soon
Wait, did you say "we must rise up against suction of the sub section?" No wonder people are trashing you. /s
BOTTOM TEXT
You guys make actually learning about Earth fun. Ive been a patron for a few months now, happy to support a channel promoting knowledge!
I've been a patron Patreon for over a year and it's worth every penny.
I'm currently doing my Masters on the tectonics of the Boring Billion! This is a great video, that I'll definitely link to my friends to explain what I'm studying!
You're definitely right that there's debate about this, the start of modern-style plate tectonics is a hot topic (no pun intended) in geology right now. With regards to the comment at 7:15 about finding minerals exclusive to deep subduction indicating the start of plate tectonics, Palin & White (2016) and Korenaga (2016) showed that those minerals might not have been able to form during early Earth history due to the different composition of the subducting crust. So it's possible that blueschist-facies subduction went on earlier, despite the lack of old blueschists.
There's also geochemical evidence for thicker continental crust all the way from the Archean to present (Balica et al 2020), which would indicate consistent modern style plate tectonics starting at about 3.2 Ga.
Roberts (2013) attributes the thin crust during the Mesoproterozoic to 'lid tectonics', where the supercontinent Nuna insulated the underlying mantle, keeping things hot and thin. Neat stuff!
Great video as always!
Edit: said eclogite when I meant blueschist. Whoops!
Hmmm, what rocks do they expect instead of eclogite? I was also wondering if the metamorphosis in this time differs due to the over all higher temperature in the mantle. Is it then more like HP granulite? Great to have a expert in the comment section!
@@Ullmannite Ah, that should say 'blueschist' instead of eclogite. Whoops!
Palin and White showed using phase petrology that the more Mg-rich mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) that you'd have in the Archean/Proterozoic should generate a mineral assemblage that looks like greenschist, rather than glaucophane like you'd expect in blueschist. So some of the 'greenschists' in greenstone belts may actually be obducted blueschists. There's even some simple chemistry that you can do to show that, though as far as I know no work on that has yet been done.
What did the pacific ocean look like before plate spreading?
@@Eveseptir It didn't really exist. None of the oceanic crust today is more than a few hundred million years old. Oceanic plates in the Archean were similar to today, but the ocean would have been bit shallower since everything was hotter.
If the Earth's early crust was a uniform layer of basalt covered by ocean, what initiated the first phase of crustal melting (or plate tectonics) if every spot on Earth looked the same? Large meteorite impacts? Differences in the Earth's rotational velocity at higher latitudes?
Holy, as a geologist I can say this was pretty accurate and VERY didactic. What a video, congratulations. Sharing this with all my community.
Glad you enjoyed it!
"It's all Ohio..."
*gun* "Always has been..."
Was looking for this
I was searching for this comment
O-H
Should have made that the globe in the beginning 🤣
its really hard to focus on the video because the Ohio Super Continent is all i can think about
Scrat is the reason why this is no longer the world we live in.
I misread this as "scat" at first.
..and is not longer "boring". Finally a qualified opinion, thx.
Lmaoooooo XD
I dislike u
@@zakz5319 hey that's rude.
Can you imagine an earth with no life on land? How incredibly eerie it would be to stand on a beach during that time.
Nothing but the sound of the surf and wind, your only company the bacterial colonies out in the shallows and the muck in the tide pools.
As a former time traveler, I don't actually need to imagine it. It was pretty peaceful, just some wind, the sound of the ocean, had to breathe through an oxygen unit cause there was too much CO² in the air but I gotta say, ancient earth, looked a lot like every 70's sludge/stoner metal album cover ever depending on when and where you go to. Word of advice though if you do figure out how to build a time machine for yourself, there's gonna be a lot of trial and error, space and time aren't always synchronous, and I've had many trips where I did in fact travel through time but my position in real space didn't change meaning I was stuck floating in space 500 million years in the past. I found I had higher luck in remaining spacially synchronized with shorter jumps. Oh and if anyone ever tries to tell you to upgrade your temporal displacement system with a Strong Force Amplification Coil Loop, you tell them to shove it those things are a total scam. The loop filaments overheated and shattered ALL THE TIME, I made that mistake and now my time machine is dead because I don't remember how I built the original hydrogen fueled subatomic oscillation matrix.
@@sorrenblitz805 so you're stuck here with us now?
sorry.. 🙂
Please do a video on every super continent!! And the animals that used to live in that era!!
I think they already talked about the supercontinents saga.
@@alexiscoutinho8078 I mean a video that details each continent, with their respective wildlife's and eco systems. So a video per super-continent ...My mouth is watering just thinking about it :P
I second this
I really value these videos from you. I am a retired registered nurse and have been studying the creation of the earth ( among other things ) since the coming of Covid. I love learning and find your programs easy to understand and very informative. I tell people that I am learning through the University of U Tube. Keep up the good work. Much appreciated.
I didn't realize plate tectonics was a recent thing (geologically speaking). Thanks for sharing! 👍
It's an intense debate in geology actually. 800 million years ago is way on the young end of estimates. Many researchers (myself included) believe modern-style plate tectonics started in the Archean, around 3 billion years ago.
You should look up earthquakes in your area. I just did, and it's insane how often they happen. Mostly small ones that we don't even feel, but still. I live on the Pacific subduction zone, so we definitely don't want a big one any time soon. We get little earth quakes at least once a day here though, just don't feel them because they're so deep
@@Muskoxing Finished your degree? Any update on the estimated start of plate techtonics?
Yeah, absolutely. But I guess 90% Geologically speaking, and 10% Astronomically speaking too! 🙂
The moon was much closer causing much more crustal flexing.
Yiglic Persfactious the moon being closer would have had an effect for sure. We just don’t know how much. Mercury, Venus, and Mars have no large moons.
Crustal Flexing is the name of my Guns n Roses cover band.
@@nibrocnoel3240 Norom.
Wouldn't that raise the question on why/ how it was a landmass in the first place?
@D K Tidal bores must have been insane.
Noob question: why did continents form in the first place? I mean, why were certain parts of the crust thicker than others during the 'supercontinent era', if I may call it that?
This is a great question, and a hot debate in geology! The initial crust of the earth would have a silica-poor basaltic composition, like the oceanic crust of today. When you start to melt a basalt, the first fraction to melt is more silica-rich than what you started with. This more silica-rich crust is less dense, so it sits ('floats') higher in the mantle. This is the first continental crust! The first continents likely accumulated from these initial blocks of crust piling up together.
@@Muskoxing well done! Great explanation without getting too complex.
@@Muskoxing Thank you so much! That's really interesting 😊
Adam Brudner that’s a good way of putting it!
This can lead to a nice video!
I agree with previous commenters. This series is superb at *so many* levels! Thank you for this, PBS and all the interesting presenters, animators, and others. PBS has always been a treasure.
I love this channel so much, watched almost everything you ever posted. There's just an overwhelming feeling when you think what odds we beat to exist right now, but also how crazy it is that all lined up favorably for life, and how insignificant we actually are on the timeline of billions of years. This channel is amazing.
See, the world before plant life is so mind boggling. We have become so used to the idea of grass and trees being part of our everyday environments that seeing a time without it is strange. For me at least, I consider grass and moss as part of the ground. And when I see recreations of pre-life earth it always amazes me how much plant life actually affects us
uk is very green..
i like that 🙂
My favorite topic-- Plate techtonics!
I would love to see a video covering the Illinois Basin, and how that formation also gave us faults and Starved Rock. The little bit I've learned so far is fascinating!
Oddly enough you can't spell the name of your favorite topic.
@@gabor6259, I am often guilty of ignoring Spell check when I'm in a hurry, lol.
@Dana Chapin thank you! I'll check the library!
No matter how much I learn about this topic, I am still always overwhelmed by how old the earth is, and how much it has been through and how our lives are just tiny little blips in comparison!!
"Hot fresh ocean crust" now I'm hungry. Time for some plate tectonics.
Man, I love Geology. Just took a course at college and completely fell in love with it !
even starting to get into geology on Mars!
You should see the geology around the Sudbury crater.
I love how you guys can make an interesting video covering something as broad as plate tectonics, or something as isolated as the evolutionary history of a single species of animal on an island, it’s one of my favorite aspects of this channel.
It brough me back to my geology class and made me feel so excited about the rock cycle and the plates movements . I love your channel!! Looking forward to the next videos.
I have just discovered this channel and I just want to say God bless whoever came up with this. Its amazing.
Next time someone complains about life being boring, show them this video and/or time-travel them to the era for a little bit.
Remember to bring oxygen tanks and lots of as high as possible SPF solar cream! :D
Could you do a video on the divergence between marsupials, monotremes and eutherians?
Check out their video titled “How the Egg Came First”
Am i right in assuming eutherians are mammals?
@@bumblingfool2211 Yep. They're placental mammals.
(Well, okay, the early forms may not have had a placenta yet, so weren't strictly speaking placentals. But that's a technical distinction most people probably wouldn't care about.)
I got addicted to watching PBS Eons. Thanks a lot! Your content helps me to teach about Earth's history and rocks better in my environmental classes.
This episode just further proves that PBS Eons is one of the best programs on RUclips. I love when they dive into very early times on earth like this.
"Like cookies right outta the oven".....crap!!...now I gotta bake some cookies....hahahahaha...great video!! THANX!
I love your videos ❤️ I always go to this channel to inform myself about life before us. I always recommend this channel to my friends and family.
You guys make fascinating videos. Hats off to the technical crew and the hosts, who are all amazing. I look forward to seeing your videos every week.
If I didn't become a physicist, I might have followed your professional path.
Nobody:
PBS Eons: Earth *insert epoch here* was a very different place than it is today
you're not wrong
And it just works
But then we're curious to know about it!
I guess you could say this episode really helped PBS Eons live up to its name.
I love how even PBS Eons' world map doesn't include New Zealand, which technically is its own continent.
Thanks so much PBS Eons! love your content every time I see it!
Thanks PBS! Loved the description of the early mantel as soft cookies just taken out of the oven.
0:05 it may have been more extreme than today, but not more XTREME!! than the late 90s early 2Ks...
😎
Disgusting
Yes a new Eons video! Love you guys! Pumping out videos even with a pandemic ❤️
Wonderful perspectives! Thanks, PBS Eons!
Thank you again for another wonderful presentation.
I love it!
I love this RUclips channel! Wonderful content presented on a level the layperson can understand. Keep up the great work!
I agree. Their pbs space channel used to be good but evolved into a site for advanced physicists.
I love the narrator. It's like a storytelling. And not kind of book-reading. She is my fav than any other narrator! ❤
The amount of serotonin I get when I see a new video keeps me going
Thank you PBS Eons ❤️
Awesome!!! Information is easy to digest. Excellent job guys 👍👍
I love this channel, one of the best on RUclips. You make complicated and controversial subjects easy to understand.
I'm french. I don't get how any of this could be even slightly controversial, but then we don't have religious crazies here, and they most certainly wouldn't have a say about public education.
It's a scary thought.
(But then, most comments' sections of RUclips scare me, so does Twitter.)
@@ChristmasLore hi, well this video is not controversial, but when Eons does broach a controversial subject (like support for human evolution), they diffuse the tension and make it easier to understand.
@@jimspace3000 , I got it, but I what I wrote having specifically evolution in mind.
Around here, we only have a handful of mormons doubting it, and that's about it 🍃
But indeed they're doing amazing job, making it easy enough to understand even to people to whom these topics are not their usual field.
@@ChristmasLore yes that’s it. LOL about the handful of Mormons. And yes the RUclips comments section can be a scary place depending on the channel. 👍
Absolutely love this channel. I feel like a kid on a Saturday morning again watching these, chomping on a bowl of cereal and watching a 'wild kingdom' show. I learn so much from you folks. Please don't stop!
this channel continues to suprise and entertain. thank you for creating it.
PBS Eons: serious geologic talk about the Ring of Fire
Me: (imitating Bloat) THE RING OF FIRE!!
Ooh! I think Farron Cousins is great!
Shark Bait Ohhh Haa Haa!!!
Always fascinating. Great channel.
Like always is great information, I'm thankful to have the opportunity of learn more in each video
This is the period I always wanted to study but could never find much on. This is great and I learned some things. Made me happy.
Ooo cool! Watching documentaries about Earth is what's been getting me through this pandemic! Now another cool video to watch yahs!
Lol
I remember before internet. When I was sick and bedridden and had to start permanent quarantine. It has come a very long way since then. Almost far enough to make permanent quarantine bearable.
None of us searched for this but we all watched it
Funny enough...I DID search this a week ago...and now it shows up lol.
@@Rhaenarys oof
I searched for it out of curiosity. sorry
I did
beautiful & mesmerizing.... Thank you!
I loved your episode about Earth early tectonics and definitely not a boring subject. Cheers !
I can watch Eons forever, so does my son. Love it!
When you learn more by watching PBS Eons than you did in school.. keep it up
I like this channel because it's about Geology, Biology and Paleontology and Chemistry. Very beautiful!
yaaay, i've been looking for a video on the boring billion for a while, and i see this posted an hour ago. thanks guys!
Jeopardy app: A very dull time
Me: What is the boring period.
Don’t: Comment
Like: This
I had no idea that there were different names for the supercontinents! Going to be useful at the next trivia night.
Oh yeah! Fun fact, Nuna used to be called 'Columbia', but the scientific community has been shying away from that name over the past several years, for obvious reasons.
I thoroughly enjoy PBS EONS. A cool surprise at the end of this episode is the ad for the Prehistoric Road Trip. It included a pic of the Snowy Range Pass sign 35 miles west of Laramie, Wyoming. I fly fish regularly within 3 miles of the sign. Float tubing at 10,000ft while watching Bald Eagles fish & moose wander the shore line is a wonderful way to spend a summer day. The road is only open from Labor Day to mid to late October. In Laramie we just got 4" of snow on Tuesday, 9/08/2020.
I meant Memorial Day weekend to late October.
I always admide you guys channel.. Always enlighten me with something new.. Great job!
Ok , I was early on an early Earth video.
Neat.
Ok, I was early to be alive on Earth.
Neat.
Yum! I very rarely hear about pre-cambrian Earth, so I absolutely loved this vid! Nice and long too UwU
When quarantine has you horny for geology
Always interesting, thank you.
Thank you, for another amazing presentation. Love how you explain things so even an old dude like can clearly understand. Till next time...
Earth and life are in a symbiotic relationship that goes back billions of years.
@0 0 yeah true i think we're gonna replace earth with a new home
Red I think we’ll just die
Wow, I was early this time.
LaSt TiMe I wAs ThiS eArLy ThE eArTh DidN't HaVe TecToNiCs
Omgme2
Ive become completely addicted to this channel. Watching in my lunch half hour.
Slow progress is still progress, they call it boring yet it’s calm and clean
Wow...94 dislikes...are these people in disagreement with the science?
Or bored...or alternate facts?
Look up EXPANDING EARTH THEORY
@Bob TrenwithHistorically, it was a genuinely considered hypotheses before the continent shapes were explained by plate tectonic theory.
Could easily be people on mobile clicking stuff as they scroll. Happens fairly often to me. That's the problem when the screen and interface are the same and only thing.
Probably religious types clinging to a young earth model.
I bet they believe that the Earth is only 6,000 years old lol
That moment when you wait on the voice to know is hosting a new video. Like Christmas morning all over again
PBS Eons is awesome! I learn so much each time, and Kallie is a fantastic host!
My grandpa and i just visited the painted hills formation yesterday and the sheep rock formation today and were going to the clarno formation tomorrow in the John day paleontology area!!!
STEVE, WE CAN’T FORGET STEVE!!! HI STEVE!!!!! THANKS STEVE!!!!
better than 'and the rest of the family'.
🍪"Like cookies straight out of the oven" 😋🍪
TYSM for your amazing content!!!
I learned something new. Thank you all. The channel is fantastic. And Nuna is a cute name for the supercontinent. :)
This is something I havent looked into before, this'll be an interesting watch 👀
0:54 The 9 dislikers of this videos are from New Zealand I suppose
Love the approach of info!!!
The music was great in this episode, very atmospheric 👍
The Boring Billion is Earth being emotionally stable before a toxic relationship
Oo, now I'm curious -- when she says at the end that Earth is so far the only planet we've found that has this type of plate tectonics, have we found many planets that definitely *don't* have this type of geologic movement, or is it more a matter of not having found any that definitely do?
Mars and Mercury are dead and static. Venus seems to have it's own weird thing where the crust breaks and the mantel errupts, covering the entire surface in magma periodically
You presented this video very well.
This is my favourite episode you have done, tectonic plates have always confused me since i had no idea how they really worked until i watched this video. Also, what is the music used for this episode? It's very calming and music like this helps me do work from home.