Some eagle-eyed viewers caught something we missed! At 2:28 we give the conversion of 100˚C = 212˚F, which is true for temperature, but not true for a change in temperature! A change of 100˚C is a change of 180˚F.
Worse, you called this „temperature“ an excess „heat“, which is a common misconception mixing up temperature and heat, but it still hurts me a little as someone teaching student science teachers. But overall, a great video with a cool topic!
@@michaelpytel3280 well, if you live in the 19th century, you can use calories for no particular reason. In the 21st century we use Joule as for anything related to energy, with heat being thermally transfered energy.
If it's temperature differences, they should technically be given in Kelvin, not degrees Celsius. IIRC there's also a Fahrenheit-scaled version of absolute temperature units, of which the name escapes me right now.
Whenever I see those animations of how we believe the continents drifted over time, it just blows my mind that it can be demonstrated in just a few seconds, but it must have taken thousands of collective hours to put together all the information needed to work out the massive amount of detail contained within.
Decades, if not centuries of fieldwork. Paper maps and best guesses. And now with super computers we can run all that info to see if it matched our guesses.
I was watching old videos of this channel and just realized I've been watching y'all since high school... I'm a doctor now and every new video still fascinates me 💛
Stoppp I’m in high school right now, been watching eons for 3-4 years now and as I’m think about my future.. I’ve been considering going for a phd in evolutionary biology 😭😭 I’ve been looking for reasons to NOT spend lots of time in school not the opposite
It still makes me bug eyed as a Millennial, that I can learn all this fascinating info and just take it for granted, and yet my parents in their mid-60s are older than plate tectonics being widely accepted in science. Incredible how knowledge accelerated in that time.
I'm 70 and sometimes I feel older than plate tectonics. 😂 Actually, I remember reading as a kid in a science book in our school library that one of the leading theories for the origin of the Pacific Ocean (because it's so big) was a collision with another planet. It was half right - a collision did result in our Moon after all, though at the time Earth was a ball of flaming rocks.
I'm 72 yrs old and was in the first grade in 1958. It was the first time I had seen a large map of the world's landmasses, and I immediately told my teacher that they looked like they had been pulled apart. She scoffed at me and told me that, "No, they had always been that way." This was before the theory of plate tectonics was well known. All I can say is that out of the mouths of babes.... BTW, I remember it well because I got very upset that she couldn't see how obvious it was that South American fit so well with Africa.
Living life generally is an extreme sport. Deep history is formed by huge and horrible mass extinctions. History is formed by wars, famines and pestilences in this order. Just open up a conscise history encyclopedia. It is basically a list of horrible wars and it's battles, sprinkled with uprisings, coup d'etats.
It's beautiful to think this planet will go on for much longer and keep changing and changing, and imagining how it will all look on such a scale. The universe is truly breathtaking.
The planet will go on, and life will find a way. However, humans may become a very limited population or extinct. Regardless, the planet will keep on spinning until the Sun swells and devours it or a cosmic cataclysm affects the planet.
To think, just 50 million years after the most devastating mass extinction in Earth's history, caused by a massive basalt flood eruption, said events happened again! The Triassic couldn't catch a break, starting and ending with catastrophe!
These two more famous flood basalt eruptions as well as two others associated with the Carnian Pluvial event, linked to the Wrangellia flood basalt eruptions and associated mass extinction around 230 Ma, and the Capitanian mass extinction event 262-259 Ma linked to Emeishan Traps are likely all linked together in origin. The latter of which was only recently with more precise dating determined to be a distinct extinction event from the more famous Great Dying some 7 million years later with the lack of a prolonged recovery period likely contributing to the severity of the mass extinction that followed. There is also a slightly earlier Permian mass extinction which isn't well understood in terms of what caused it which when combined with the Carboniferous rainforest collapse as a result of Pangaea's formation brings the total of Pangaea associated mass extinctions to 6. In essence with these flood basalt eruptions it seems to have taken 3 rounds of failed super continental break up before one finally succeeded. While the reasons behind the break up have yet to reach a consensus Geochemically their melts are all similar and have geochemistry's analogous to the more primitive melts of Mt. Paektu a volcano which we now know is fairly uniquely driven by compositional upwelling of saturated sediment enriched hydrated mantle forced out of the stagnant subducted Pacific slab as it undergoes recrystallization at the Mantle Transition zone. Notably Mt. Paektu produced the Millennium eruption of 946 a high end VEI 6 possibly low end VEI 7 eruption. The ash layers from ice cores are notable for the lack of a strong sulfur dioxide spike a trait only seen contemporaneously with the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai eruption and like that eruption the high amount of water is likely the culprit causing the sulfur dioxide released to react with water and combine into sulfuric acid though as a subaerial eruption that sulfuric acid would have been injected into the atmosphere directly. The Millennium eruption was also notably immediately followed by the Medieval warm period in the Northern hemisphere which has been linked to the northwestern Pacific notably the same part of the world where Mt. Paektu is located. In other words water may very well been the driver for all of these events and the aforementioned eruptions which broke up Pangaea and the previous long lasting Supercontinent Rodinia. (Pannotia was breaking up as soon as it formed or alternatively could be considered two minor supercontinents sliding past each other and so it never experienced this kind of cataclysmic break up). Incidentally the Cryogenian glaciations have been linked to Rodinia's break up which again had the same relatively unique volatile enriched magma chemistry notable for its extremely high levels of phosphorus compared to typical magmas. Incidentally it is an unsolved question how much water these magmas had when they started we know it is quite high likely well above the 1-7% water by weight typical of subduction melts but was it 10%, 20%, 30%, +...? We don't know but regardless of the value it would have been bad for life especially given the land locked conditions of a late supercontinent with very little of the hospitable coastal and continental shelf habitats effectively minimizing the livable land area. There is a reason why some paleontologists have taken to blaming Pangaea itself for these mass extinctions. Supercontinents are hell for life. In the end the Triassic began with a mass extinction experienced a smaller mass extinction part way through and then ended in a mass extinction. Its hard to say life was ever thriving during the late Permian and Triassic as pretty much every time life started to recover a new disaster occurred with extinction levels staying well above background rates at even the best of times, it was only in the Jurassic after Pangaea had finally truly ended increasing the hospitable continental shelves and costal land areas that life really began to recover.
I remember in grade school in the 60s noting how Africa and South America looked like puzzle pieces that could be put together and being told it was coincidental. Plate tectonics was just starting to be widely accepted and I personally don't think my teachers had a clue about it. Cheers....
I had similar thoughts in middle and high school. The shape was just too close. It wasn't until a geology class that the spreading was covered in depth. It is really interesting how they put it all together.
I remember sitting in history class in 6th grade (early 90s) and noticing the pattern of the continents. Even then, several of my classmates still had a difficult time believing the continents had once been together.
I recall pointing out to my teacher back in the mid 1950s that the continents looked like they must have been joined together. She told me not to be silly, How right I turned out to be, but nobody is ever going to credit a 5 or 6 year old boy.
This was a great video, I love seeing what incredible things we've learned about so long ago. FYI, the temperature conversion at 2:28 (100 C = 212 F) is only true for actual temperature, not a change in temperature like you are talking about. Adding 100 C (or 100 K) is equal to adding 180 F.
6:22 ouch. They really went for it, saying the quiet part out loud. Eons has reassured me that the next iteration of sapient life might overcome our mistakes when they get their chance.
0:20 When i visited my neighbouring country Finland years ago, i realised it sits mainly, if not entirely, on granite as compared to where i live that has thick crust of limestone despite being not too far away from each other and it made me wonder if Finland was never properly submerged under water. This simulation of continental drift confirmed my thoughts
I used to live in Raleigh, NC. When traveling between home and college along Interstate 40, I happened to notice that there was a long series of abrupt rolling hills in Durham and Chapel Hill. Curious about their geology, I learned these highly eroded hills are a series of filled-in rift valleys (called the Durham Basin) that formed in the Triassic from the breakup of Pangaea, part of a long series of rift basins that extend from South Carolina north through New York City to Nova Scotia called the Newark Supergroup. It's utterly wild to me that between ~220-190mya, these quiet, pine-forested hills, now dotted with sprawling McMansions from 2000s housing bubble, was once an active rift valley likely lined with lava-spewing volcanoes, dike swarms, and rift lakes.
It's got to be truly incredible to watch something as vast as a continent split and reform over the billions of years...I hope when I die I get to go into Spectator Mode and watch the Earth shift like this over the aeons.
Just need a bering straight bridge and you could go from the bottom of south America all the way to the UK but it will never happen the USA actively discourages trains/mass transit.
@@animallover7072 I'm not sure if you're in the USA and never ridden amtrak or in EU & think that amtrak is comparable to trains in modern countries but your comment is really funny.
I remember that Kurzgesagt once made a video about how volcanoes are the serial killers of earth, possibly responsible for many of the mass extinction events that has happened. It's crazy to see a video from Eons talking about lava and the correlation with an extinction event.
It always fascinates me how it wasn't until 70s that they started to figure all this out, while pretty much all elementary school kids seeing the atlas for the first time can tell that the continents fit into each other like puzzle pieces and that something sus must have been going on there.
Plate tectonics started being discussed in the 10s actually. The first theory of continental drift was based on the same argument of "they fit together". As for why it wasn't considered or even accepted until way later, the main reason is that people didn't accept the idea of the crust being fragmented
That study hall program sounds awesome, i live half a mile from ASU and have been thinking about going back to school. I'm probably going to start at community college, but that's awesome
This is so fascinating, paleontologists are some of the smartest people on earth for real. How do you even begin to investigate what’s under the ocean, let alone the ocean itself. And you can even tell when the Atlantic was birthed? Wow 🤩
they can track where the crust is moving, and work backwards to see where it came from, that's how we know what Pangaea and other supercontinents looked like using data models
I thought the Permian-Triassic eruptions were the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 600 million years. But this video, around 3:00, says that the Triassic-Jurassic eruptions covered the largest area in lava. Question:In what sense was the Permian-Triassic eruption larger? Total volume of lava? Total cubic miles of all material ejected from the Earth, including ash? Question: What was the volume of the material erupted during both periods?
It’s probably area covered by the eruption vs. amount of material erupted. The CAMP covers a far larger area, basically all of the coasts around the Atlantic. The Siberian traps cover a smaller area but the amount of lava in them would have been more. The CAMP is like taking all of the volcanoes of the pacific rim and considering them one eruption. It’s a huge amount of territory.
There’s also some recent research that Slab Pull on the west coast of Pangea, where the passive margin of the continental crust of Pangea and the oceanic crust in the Pacific Ocean was different than what is presented in traditional models (I.e the Faralon plate). And what was actually going on was that during the breakup there was westward subduction, with Slab Pull assisting the breakup.
Is this a fellow Zentnerd I spy? Anyways yeah the onset of major subduction out in Panthalassa was likely huge for actually driving the true break up. That said the tenure of true supercontinents does seem to involve a duration of prolonged reduced tectonics slowing down the nutrient cycling. The kinds of magmas associated with the break up of supercontinents are strange being abnormally rich in phosphorous and other light elements with the only contemporary analog volcano in terms of magma composition being Mt. Paektu which thanks to seismic tomography we know derive sits melt from the oversaturated mantle above where the stagnant Pacific slab is undergoing recrystallization. This likely played a role in these events and the 4 associated flood basalt eruption which occurred during Pangaea's tenure. If I had to guess the magma likely helped drive the onset of major slab pull which then took over as the dominant driver of splitting the continents apart.
@@Dragrath1 hahaha. Guilty. I’ve watched almost everything Nick has posted. But the Baja-BC series, specifically showing Karin Sigloch’s work blew my mind. I’ve always been skeptical of the breakup of Pangea having to overcome the push from the Faralon. Your explanation is amazingly detailed. Love it!
@@PlayNowWorkLater There is so much fascinating stuff out there and the Karin Sigloch and Robert Hildebrand episodes/material were so mindblowing they sent me on a major research binge. Trying to piece together the likely picture of all the competing models with the new data is so interesting and somewhat complements my academic background in physics. The picture of ocean plates we have been taught increasingly seems overly simple with the oceanic crust looking to more or less be the thin oceanic crust formed by lowered pressures and temperatures being merely the skin of mantle convection cells that arise primarily from slab pull downwelling. Its clear the main player is subduction but the deep structure of major mid ocean ridge systems compared to other minor ocean ridge systems seems to be complicated and part of the picture. I suspect its the pile up of slab material which is increasingly dominant in driving the cycle after all the Large Low Sheer Velocity provinces down in the mantle appear to feed the deep rooted mantle plumes and some other work has shown that contrary to the standard picture these plumes do move generally converging with mid ocean ridges and feeding into these systems in some way. A complicated thermochemical convection system mainly powered by water. Generally across disciplines if something looks simple you probably don't have the full picture. I like that Nick takes dives into those depths letting us know about them but generally not getting so deep that you get lost in the depths. I do think the Bretz Ice age megaflood livestream A to Z series this past winter was a bit too long winded for my taste (over 3 hours long for some of those) I hope he can keep the next one a bit more focused even as it is allowed to wander with the direction of new revelations/ data. The amount of old historical notes and records was amazing but it was a bit to much all at once.
Pangea's creation and death is by far the most fascinating thing in evolutionary history to me, both geologically and biologically. The heat, the pressure, I can't even imagine! It's so astounding. IMagine the world without the Atlantic. Yeah, I can't , either.
Should we interpret the spreading causing the volcanism or the volcanism causing the spreading? Are the continents being pushed apart, or are they pulled apart allowing magma to gush to the surface? At subduction zones, there is volcanism because the subducted ocean crust is saturated with water, and the water lowers the melting point of the rocks at-depth. But you don't see plate rifting at volcanic arcs at subduction zones. Does that imply seafloor spreading is more of a pulling action? Is water also part of the melting there or is the mantle hotter there? Is mantle material welling up at the mid-ocean ridge, then diverging into convective cells to the east and west, and the continents are being dragged along like a conveyor belt?
Error at 2:13. The directions of the circular arrows below the crust should be reversed. The arrows above show spreading of crust, but the arrows below would pull the crust together. A wonderful show and a wonderful series.
Love the episode, Michelle! Welcome back. We haven't seen you in a while. How about an episode on migration patterns on our favorite Dinos. The evidence and whether it was due to "cold" seasons or breeding. Later, Professor.
It is incredible to think that gentle eruptions like Hawaii and Iceland were the most dangerous. It goes to show you how enormous the magma volume was for these flood basalts.
Can we hurry up with forming the next supercontinent? I’m tired of always having to fly places. It would sure be nice to drive from Texas to Africa to Australia and be able to stop at all the roadside attractions.
Well, if you build a bridge over the Bering strait (about the same size as the currently existing longest bridge), then you could already get from Texas to Asia, Europe and Africa (ignoring that a few strips of road are kinda unsafe due to wars and stuff). Australia would require a few very expensive bridges and tunnels across the Pacific / South Asian islands - not sure how feasible this is - are you okay with taking a ferry instead? After that we only have to close that tiny jungle gap in Mesoamerica and build a little bridge from South America to Antarctica and ... voila! You can go to every continent by car! That of course leaves a few pesky island nations which are too far out to build a bridge - Madagascar, Hawaii, Guam....
@@KonradTheWizzard I’d prefer that things be closer together. Having all the continents squished back together would be a lot more convenient. Plus, I’m not a fan of cold weather, so driving across Alaska and Дальний Восток России. Once the Gulf of Mexico is squished back together with Africa, it’ll be a much shorter and warmer trip by car. Guess I should get my car’s A/C fixed first, though, as the interior of the new supercontinent will probably be a giant, hot desert.
I had to laugh when I saw the Great Lakes in the Pangea splitting animation. I am sure there are many mistakes, but that one caught my eye immediately.
"Creeped" is the past tense of "creep" in the sense of "creep out." "That person creeped me out." The past tense of "creep" as in "to move slowly" is "crept."
Something I’m really curious to know: 9:09 how do they (geologists, scientists, whoever) measure how much the Atlantic Ocean is widening by? Do they measure the widening of the fissure at the center? If so what is the exact process they employ to do this?
You may have heard of the magnetic "pole flip"? This is the swapping of the Earth's North and South magnetic poles. This is NOT a flipping over of the rotational axis of the Earth, just a change of magnetic polarity. Our Sun does it every 11 years, Earth is much slower and less regular. Reversing every half million years or so.... Give or take 200,000. When new lava solidifies at the mid-Ocean ridge, Iron rich minerals form and actually become little compass needle crystals, trapped in basalt, pointing out where north was when they got magnetized by the Earths field. Once geogists got to play with the military's fancy towed sub-hunting magnetometers... They were able to map these reversals outward from each seafloor spreading ridge. And tell which ridges were speading faster than others by the relative widths in different ocean basins. To peg the absolute dates they borrow oil exploratory drilling rigs and grab a sample from the seafloor at the site of a magnet flip, and run the usual Uranium-Lead and Potassium-Argon radiodating on them.
You can check the orientation of magnetic particles in the crust and extrapolate from the frequency of inversion of the earth's magnetic field, but these days .. gps!
They use Very Long Baseline Interferometry with radio telescopes and pulsars. This is also how we know that Australia is the fastest moving continent for the present.
![BLACK BAG - Official Trailer [HD] - Only in Theaters March 14](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Du0Xp8WX_7I/mqdefault.jpg)
Some eagle-eyed viewers caught something we missed! At 2:28 we give the conversion of 100˚C = 212˚F, which is true for temperature, but not true for a change in temperature! A change of 100˚C is a change of 180˚F.
Worse, you called this „temperature“ an excess „heat“, which is a common misconception mixing up temperature and heat, but it still hurts me a little as someone teaching student science teachers.
But overall, a great video with a cool topic!
Shouldn't heat be measured in Calories ? Temperature vs Heat.
@@michaelpytel3280 well, if you live in the 19th century, you can use calories for no particular reason. In the 21st century we use Joule as for anything related to energy, with heat being thermally transfered energy.
If it's temperature differences, they should technically be given in Kelvin, not degrees Celsius. IIRC there's also a Fahrenheit-scaled version of absolute temperature units, of which the name escapes me right now.
@@little_forest Thanks.
Whenever I see those animations of how we believe the continents drifted over time, it just blows my mind that it can be demonstrated in just a few seconds, but it must have taken thousands of collective hours to put together all the information needed to work out the massive amount of detail contained within.
I wish we split at the cratons not our current continent shapes
Decades, if not centuries of fieldwork. Paper maps and best guesses. And now with super computers we can run all that info to see if it matched our guesses.
I really wonder how correct that simulation is to what actually happened.
You need to thank Robert Scotese and his paleomap project 😊
Scotese!!!!
I'm excited to hear about Earth getting a new supercontinent. It's always nice when the band gets back together for a new album.
????
😂
😂🤘🤘
A Magnum opus before their final extinction
Back in the past, they split due to "irreconcilable differences". I guess you could say they just drifted apart.
I was watching old videos of this channel and just realized I've been watching y'all since high school... I'm a doctor now and every new video still fascinates me 💛
Gratz for your doctorate!
Keep on learning
Well that's awesome!
6 years is a lot of time
Me too! Started early in college. Now I’m a doctor.
Stoppp I’m in high school right now, been watching eons for 3-4 years now and as I’m think about my future.. I’ve been considering going for a phd in evolutionary biology 😭😭 I’ve been looking for reasons to NOT spend lots of time in school not the opposite
It still makes me bug eyed as a Millennial, that I can learn all this fascinating info and just take it for granted, and yet my parents in their mid-60s are older than plate tectonics being widely accepted in science. Incredible how knowledge accelerated in that time.
I'm 70 and sometimes I feel older than plate tectonics. 😂
Actually, I remember reading as a kid in a science book in our school library that one of the leading theories for the origin of the Pacific Ocean (because it's so big) was a collision with another planet. It was half right - a collision did result in our Moon after all, though at the time Earth was a ball of flaming rocks.
we have learned more in the past 30 years, than the past 200 years, it is all being proven and accepted
That's why a lot of hippies believe in Atlantis and Lemuria and other stuff, because the going hypothesis at the time was that landmasses sink.
I'm 68 and never adequately learned about plate tectonics. We heard the term "continental drift" but nothing about how it might work.
I'm 72 yrs old and was in the first grade in 1958. It was the first time I had seen a large map of the world's landmasses, and I immediately told my teacher that they looked like they had been pulled apart. She scoffed at me and told me that, "No, they had always been that way." This was before the theory of plate tectonics was well known. All I can say is that out of the mouths of babes.... BTW, I remember it well because I got very upset that she couldn't see how obvious it was that South American fit so well with Africa.
Living in the Permian and the Triassic is truly an extreme sport
I had to stop doing the Permian my sinuses were dried out all the time
The Holocene aint gonna end pretty.
Living life generally is an extreme sport.
Deep history is formed by huge and horrible mass extinctions.
History is formed by wars, famines and pestilences in this order. Just open up a conscise history encyclopedia. It is basically a list of horrible wars and it's battles, sprinkled with uprisings, coup d'etats.
I didn't mind it.
@@patreekotime4578 We already facing Holocene Mass Extinction tho
Sometimes Earth feels cute, sometimes Earth will delete later.
Control Alt Delete
Controls the type of life
Alters that life and land
and can
Delete that life
all at the same time
Delete you? Yes, at any given moment!
@@Alexadria205 who hurt bro
Rawr xd
@@Alexadria205did yo parents say ur a disappointment like chill man
Ah yes, Pangexit
This should be top comment 💯🤣😂
😂
Pangexit means Pangexit
It's beautiful to think this planet will go on for much longer and keep changing and changing, and imagining how it will all look on such a scale. The universe is truly breathtaking.
The planet will go on, and life will find a way. However, humans may become a very limited population or extinct. Regardless, the planet will keep on spinning until the Sun swells and devours it or a cosmic cataclysm affects the planet.
To think, just 50 million years after the most devastating mass extinction in Earth's history, caused by a massive basalt flood eruption, said events happened again! The Triassic couldn't catch a break, starting and ending with catastrophe!
And therefore it had the opportunity to enjoy the weirdest animals in our entire evolutionary history. 🦕
I wonder who the next dominant species are going to be.
These two more famous flood basalt eruptions as well as two others associated with the Carnian Pluvial event, linked to the Wrangellia flood basalt eruptions and associated mass extinction around 230 Ma, and the Capitanian mass extinction event 262-259 Ma linked to Emeishan Traps are likely all linked together in origin. The latter of which was only recently with more precise dating determined to be a distinct extinction event from the more famous Great Dying some 7 million years later with the lack of a prolonged recovery period likely contributing to the severity of the mass extinction that followed. There is also a slightly earlier Permian mass extinction which isn't well understood in terms of what caused it which when combined with the Carboniferous rainforest collapse as a result of Pangaea's formation brings the total of Pangaea associated mass extinctions to 6.
In essence with these flood basalt eruptions it seems to have taken 3 rounds of failed super continental break up before one finally succeeded.
While the reasons behind the break up have yet to reach a consensus Geochemically their melts are all similar and have geochemistry's analogous to the more primitive melts of Mt. Paektu a volcano which we now know is fairly uniquely driven by compositional upwelling of saturated sediment enriched hydrated mantle forced out of the stagnant subducted Pacific slab as it undergoes recrystallization at the Mantle Transition zone.
Notably Mt. Paektu produced the Millennium eruption of 946 a high end VEI 6 possibly low end VEI 7 eruption. The ash layers from ice cores are notable for the lack of a strong sulfur dioxide spike a trait only seen contemporaneously with the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai eruption and like that eruption the high amount of water is likely the culprit causing the sulfur dioxide released to react with water and combine into sulfuric acid though as a subaerial eruption that sulfuric acid would have been injected into the atmosphere directly. The Millennium eruption was also notably immediately followed by the Medieval warm period in the Northern hemisphere which has been linked to the northwestern Pacific notably the same part of the world where Mt. Paektu is located. In other words water may very well been the driver for all of these events and the aforementioned eruptions which broke up Pangaea and the previous long lasting Supercontinent Rodinia. (Pannotia was breaking up as soon as it formed or alternatively could be considered two minor supercontinents sliding past each other and so it never experienced this kind of cataclysmic break up). Incidentally the Cryogenian glaciations have been linked to Rodinia's break up which again had the same relatively unique volatile enriched magma chemistry notable for its extremely high levels of phosphorus compared to typical magmas.
Incidentally it is an unsolved question how much water these magmas had when they started we know it is quite high likely well above the 1-7% water by weight typical of subduction melts but was it 10%, 20%, 30%, +...? We don't know but regardless of the value it would have been bad for life especially given the land locked conditions of a late supercontinent with very little of the hospitable coastal and continental shelf habitats effectively minimizing the livable land area. There is a reason why some paleontologists have taken to blaming Pangaea itself for these mass extinctions. Supercontinents are hell for life.
In the end the Triassic began with a mass extinction experienced a smaller mass extinction part way through and then ended in a mass extinction. Its hard to say life was ever thriving during the late Permian and Triassic as pretty much every time life started to recover a new disaster occurred with extinction levels staying well above background rates at even the best of times, it was only in the Jurassic after Pangaea had finally truly ended increasing the hospitable continental shelves and costal land areas that life really began to recover.
@@kellydalstok8900 I think after this it's Dolphin World
@@Dragrath1 TLDR
I remember in grade school in the 60s noting how Africa and South America looked like puzzle pieces that could be put together and being told it was coincidental. Plate tectonics was just starting to be widely accepted and I personally don't think my teachers had a clue about it. Cheers....
I had similar thoughts in middle and high school. The shape was just too close. It wasn't until a geology class that the spreading was covered in depth. It is really interesting how they put it all together.
Yeah, they told us the same thing in the 70s.
I remember sitting in history class in 6th grade (early 90s) and noticing the pattern of the continents. Even then, several of my classmates still had a difficult time believing the continents had once been together.
@Rowanstarr They learned from all of their students who laughed out loud at them.
That wasn't the squirrel from the Ice Age?
This is the immediate effects that was happened after that damn squirrel turns the earth's core
Lmfao
Glaciers aren’t tectonic plates.
@kiuk_kiks he breaks more then just glaciers with that acorn. He flies a space ship with that thing
his name is Scrat XD
I recall pointing out to my teacher back in the mid 1950s that the continents looked like they must have been joined together. She told me not to be silly, How right I turned out to be, but nobody is ever going to credit a 5 or 6 year old boy.
I’m afraid Wegener beat you by 30+ years. 😉
Buddy you did not discover pangea tf 😂😂
The Faults in our Crusts
😒
this series is so well done, thank you!
Pangaea Proxima in 250 million years: WE ARE SO BACK!
We don't have that degree of certainty about the future of plate tectonics.
This was a great video, I love seeing what incredible things we've learned about so long ago. FYI, the temperature conversion at 2:28 (100 C = 212 F) is only true for actual temperature, not a change in temperature like you are talking about. Adding 100 C (or 100 K) is equal to adding 180 F.
100C = 374K.
@@rimbusjift7575 not for a change in temperature, adding 100 C is the same as adding 100 K
I was going to say exactly this, but I shouldn't be surprised I wasn't the only one to notice.
That is correct! A change of 100˚C is 180˚F! Thank you for watching so closely!
@@Ryan-fi4qp
Ah... missed the "change".
Yay! New Eons!!!
6:22 ouch. They really went for it, saying the quiet part out loud. Eons has reassured me that the next iteration of sapient life might overcome our mistakes when they get their chance.
0:20 When i visited my neighbouring country Finland years ago, i realised it sits mainly, if not entirely, on granite as compared to where i live that has thick crust of limestone despite being not too far away from each other and it made me wonder if Finland was never properly submerged under water. This simulation of continental drift confirmed my thoughts
Getting scoured by glaciers also helped
@@ellenbryn Any neighbor of Finland probably also got scoured.
Mind.....Blown. As usual.
Love learning new stuff thank you.
Thanks, Eons! 🧬🧬
I used to live in Raleigh, NC. When traveling between home and college along Interstate 40, I happened to notice that there was a long series of abrupt rolling hills in Durham and Chapel Hill. Curious about their geology, I learned these highly eroded hills are a series of filled-in rift valleys (called the Durham Basin) that formed in the Triassic from the breakup of Pangaea, part of a long series of rift basins that extend from South Carolina north through New York City to Nova Scotia called the Newark Supergroup. It's utterly wild to me that between ~220-190mya, these quiet, pine-forested hills, now dotted with sprawling McMansions from 2000s housing bubble, was once an active rift valley likely lined with lava-spewing volcanoes, dike swarms, and rift lakes.
It's got to be truly incredible to watch something as vast as a continent split and reform over the billions of years...I hope when I die I get to go into Spectator Mode and watch the Earth shift like this over the aeons.
Pls do an ep of when India was an island during the cretaceous period before it slams into Asia.
Me too . I am interested in the connection between the Deccan traps and the extinction of the dinosaurs
Same here
Yes please!
They listened ❤
@@ayushbharadwaj2536 😭👏👏👏
Beautifully done! Thank you 👏👏👏👏
I want a supercontinent so i can take a train to Europe
Just need a bering straight bridge and you could go from the bottom of south America all the way to the UK but it will never happen the USA actively discourages trains/mass transit.
@@michaelmayhem350 how does America discourage trains when they use Amtrak ?
Gross
@@animallover7072 I'm not sure if you're in the USA and never ridden amtrak or in EU & think that amtrak is comparable to trains in modern countries but your comment is really funny.
@@michaelmayhem350 I live in America and I’ve never rode Amtrak. Lol
I don’t know much about trains.
Thanks!
Hey I love these vids and just wanted to say the subtitles are greatly appreciated!
PBS is truly our natural treasure
Too bad it will be axed with project 2025
A terrific video that was superbly written and narrated. Dang, I wish I had video explanations like this when I studied earth science 70 years ago.
Hears the word 'crust' , is lost in dreams of pie for next 5 minutes 😶
forbidden cobbler
the bubbling fruit cracks the crust 🥧
I remember that Kurzgesagt once made a video about how volcanoes are the serial killers of earth, possibly responsible for many of the mass extinction events that has happened. It's crazy to see a video from Eons talking about lava and the correlation with an extinction event.
Why is that crazy?
Yeah, why would that be crazy?
It always fascinates me how it wasn't until 70s that they started to figure all this out, while pretty much all elementary school kids seeing the atlas for the first time can tell that the continents fit into each other like puzzle pieces and that something sus must have been going on there.
Plate tectonics started being discussed in the 10s actually. The first theory of continental drift was based on the same argument of "they fit together".
As for why it wasn't considered or even accepted until way later, the main reason is that people didn't accept the idea of the crust being fragmented
As any man can tell you, just because it fits, doesn't mean they should go together
Happened to me over 50 years ago. It's a bit of a boggle to the mind that what I assumed as a 10 year old was "discovered" or solved decades later.
@@jacobgame2757😂
we have learned more in the past 30 years, than the past 200 years, it's just being proven in front of us
With so many toxic gases and materials on earth, it is a miracle that lives were ever able to take hold.
"started slowly at first, for about 30 million years" time is crazy
Beautiful video. Nice that you mention the probable future subducting boundary in front of the Iberian peninsula.
Very nicely presented and a fascinating bit of natural history! 🤗
Michelle really improved her hosting skills a lot since she joined the team, way to go!!
Interesting. I remember being told the Atlantic would continue to spread, and the Pacific would close and that would make the new supercontinent.
Who the hell really knows?
O BOY we are on the move again seems like only a few days or millions of years ago we got here thank you stay safe ALL thank you
That study hall program sounds awesome, i live half a mile from ASU and have been thinking about going back to school. I'm probably going to start at community college, but that's awesome
This channel kept me entertained during the pandemic
I’d love to see an episodes about Rhynchosaur and those crazy cheek bones!
Awesome video, thanks for sharing Eons :)
A super video with lots of information.
This is so fascinating, paleontologists are some of the smartest people on earth for real. How do you even begin to investigate what’s under the ocean, let alone the ocean itself. And you can even tell when the Atlantic was birthed? Wow 🤩
they can track where the crust is moving, and work backwards to see where it came from, that's how we know what Pangaea and other supercontinents looked like using data models
@@danielzhang1916 I see, but still, continents are gigantic
Absolutely Wonderful. Thank you all.
Are those... tardigrade earrings?
(I love them)
I thought they were brains.
I thought the Permian-Triassic eruptions were the largest volcanic eruptions in the last 600 million years. But this video, around 3:00, says that the Triassic-Jurassic eruptions covered the largest area in lava.
Question:In what sense was the Permian-Triassic eruption larger?
Total volume of lava? Total cubic miles of all material ejected from the Earth, including ash?
Question: What was the volume of the material erupted during both periods?
It’s probably area covered by the eruption vs. amount of material erupted. The CAMP covers a far larger area, basically all of the coasts around the Atlantic. The Siberian traps cover a smaller area but the amount of lava in them would have been more. The CAMP is like taking all of the volcanoes of the pacific rim and considering them one eruption. It’s a huge amount of territory.
Duration is also a factor. Siberian Traps likely occur for 2 million years while the CAMP only lasting over 600,000 years
I love every hosts unique style! They seem genuinely themselves.
There’s also some recent research that Slab Pull on the west coast of Pangea, where the passive margin of the continental crust of Pangea and the oceanic crust in the Pacific Ocean was different than what is presented in traditional models (I.e the Faralon plate). And what was actually going on was that during the breakup there was westward subduction, with Slab Pull assisting the breakup.
Is this a fellow Zentnerd I spy? Anyways yeah the onset of major subduction out in Panthalassa was likely huge for actually driving the true break up. That said the tenure of true supercontinents does seem to involve a duration of prolonged reduced tectonics slowing down the nutrient cycling. The kinds of magmas associated with the break up of supercontinents are strange being abnormally rich in phosphorous and other light elements with the only contemporary analog volcano in terms of magma composition being Mt. Paektu which thanks to seismic tomography we know derive sits melt from the oversaturated mantle above where the stagnant Pacific slab is undergoing recrystallization. This likely played a role in these events and the 4 associated flood basalt eruption which occurred during Pangaea's tenure. If I had to guess the magma likely helped drive the onset of major slab pull which then took over as the dominant driver of splitting the continents apart.
@@Dragrath1 hahaha. Guilty. I’ve watched almost everything Nick has posted. But the Baja-BC series, specifically showing Karin Sigloch’s work blew my mind. I’ve always been skeptical of the breakup of Pangea having to overcome the push from the Faralon.
Your explanation is amazingly detailed. Love it!
@@PlayNowWorkLater There is so much fascinating stuff out there and the Karin Sigloch and Robert Hildebrand episodes/material were so mindblowing they sent me on a major research binge. Trying to piece together the likely picture of all the competing models with the new data is so interesting and somewhat complements my academic background in physics.
The picture of ocean plates we have been taught increasingly seems overly simple with the oceanic crust looking to more or less be the thin oceanic crust formed by lowered pressures and temperatures being merely the skin of mantle convection cells that arise primarily from slab pull downwelling.
Its clear the main player is subduction but the deep structure of major mid ocean ridge systems compared to other minor ocean ridge systems seems to be complicated and part of the picture. I suspect its the pile up of slab material which is increasingly dominant in driving the cycle after all the Large Low Sheer Velocity provinces down in the mantle appear to feed the deep rooted mantle plumes and some other work has shown that contrary to the standard picture these plumes do move generally converging with mid ocean ridges and feeding into these systems in some way. A complicated thermochemical convection system mainly powered by water.
Generally across disciplines if something looks simple you probably don't have the full picture. I like that Nick takes dives into those depths letting us know about them but generally not getting so deep that you get lost in the depths.
I do think the Bretz Ice age megaflood livestream A to Z series this past winter was a bit too long winded for my taste (over 3 hours long for some of those) I hope he can keep the next one a bit more focused even as it is allowed to wander with the direction of new revelations/ data. The amount of old historical notes and records was amazing but it was a bit to much all at once.
You know you're old when you have fond memories of Pangea as a kid.
I love this channel.
Spent the first few minutes trying to figure out what the earrings were before realizing gleefully theyre tardigrades (i think)
I love love love this series! You do such a great job. Wish I was on the team!
Pangea's creation and death is by far the most fascinating thing in evolutionary history to me, both geologically and biologically. The heat, the pressure, I can't even imagine! It's so astounding. IMagine the world without the Atlantic. Yeah, I can't , either.
it's really just one big world ocean, we just give it names to split it all up
Excellent presentation. Thank you for sharing.
Awesome vid love you guys
This has become my favorite time period to learn about. :D
Imagine the ocean on the opposite side of pangaea. Frightening!
Panthalassa!
Say It's Name......
The Pacific is already terrifying as it is
The waves 🌊 must have been sky high.
that's what a supercontinent is, all the land is on one side of the planet
Gonna need a bigger boat
As always. Well done. Thank you.
Should we interpret the spreading causing the volcanism or the volcanism causing the spreading? Are the continents being pushed apart, or are they pulled apart allowing magma to gush to the surface?
At subduction zones, there is volcanism because the subducted ocean crust is saturated with water, and the water lowers the melting point of the rocks at-depth. But you don't see plate rifting at volcanic arcs at subduction zones. Does that imply seafloor spreading is more of a pulling action? Is water also part of the melting there or is the mantle hotter there?
Is mantle material welling up at the mid-ocean ridge, then diverging into convective cells to the east and west, and the continents are being dragged along like a conveyor belt?
Pulled apart, surely. Pressure in rising magma can be relieved by its flowing up and onto the surface of the plates.
Two sides of the same coin, it depends on the perspective
I really enjoy this topic. Thank you for covering it.
Error at 2:13. The directions of the circular arrows below the crust should be reversed. The arrows above show spreading of crust, but the arrows below would pull the crust together. A wonderful show and a wonderful series.
absolutely incredible amazing wonderful outfit thank u michelle for blessing us omg
thank you for interesting video
I love how what is now called the state of Michigan is so easy to see on the map @1:41! Mainly 'cause I live there!
Atlantic to Mozes:' Watch this.'
Love the episode, Michelle! Welcome back. We haven't seen you in a while. How about an episode on migration patterns on our favorite Dinos. The evidence and whether it was due to "cold" seasons or breeding. Later, Professor.
6:20 "roughly as much as humans will by the year 2100" 👀 They took aim, fired, and DID NOT miss with that shot! Goodness!
This was so interesting!!!!
and here I thought the Siberian Traps eruption was the largest volcanic eruption... turns out that it was only about 2/3's that of the CAMP
What if another of these eruptions occurs and lasts for a long time.
The supercontinent, long united, must divide; long divided, must unite. Thus it has ever been.
4:43 That almost looks like something from the opening credits of the first Willy Wonka movie. Y'know, with all the chocolate being made?
YAAAY a new video !
can't wait for the next pangea updates.
Yeah, the Devs been lazy for too long
It is incredible to think that gentle eruptions like Hawaii and Iceland were the most dangerous. It goes to show you how enormous the magma volume was for these flood basalts.
Can we hurry up with forming the next supercontinent? I’m tired of always having to fly places. It would sure be nice to drive from Texas to Africa to Australia and be able to stop at all the roadside attractions.
Well, if you build a bridge over the Bering strait (about the same size as the currently existing longest bridge), then you could already get from Texas to Asia, Europe and Africa (ignoring that a few strips of road are kinda unsafe due to wars and stuff). Australia would require a few very expensive bridges and tunnels across the Pacific / South Asian islands - not sure how feasible this is - are you okay with taking a ferry instead? After that we only have to close that tiny jungle gap in Mesoamerica and build a little bridge from South America to Antarctica and ... voila! You can go to every continent by car! That of course leaves a few pesky island nations which are too far out to build a bridge - Madagascar, Hawaii, Guam....
@@KonradTheWizzard I’d prefer that things be closer together. Having all the continents squished back together would be a lot more convenient. Plus, I’m not a fan of cold weather, so driving across Alaska and Дальний Восток России. Once the Gulf of Mexico is squished back together with Africa, it’ll be a much shorter and warmer trip by car. Guess I should get my car’s A/C fixed first, though, as the interior of the new supercontinent will probably be a giant, hot desert.
The middle of a supercontinent is not that nice. Think climate of central Asia, only more so. Mostly dry and alternating between too hot and too cold.
@@wwoods66 yeah, the biggest desert the earth ever had
I live near a lot of CAMP lava deposits. They're really beautiful
I've seen models of earth's shape (sans water) TODAY, but man, I want some models of pangea-era earth sans water
Isn't it crazy that we might cause the same impact as the biggest geological event on Earth in less than a hundred years?
No
I had to laugh when I saw the Great Lakes in the Pangea splitting animation. I am sure there are many mistakes, but that one caught my eye immediately.
Is it a mistake or there to give a reference point? I'm thinking the latter.
7:33 Lavos... it was Lavos that broke up Pangea...
Yesssss!
Well, the Reptites were pretty pissed :P
Who???
I enjoy supercontinents. Looking forward to the next one.
Dude! Where are the new episodes???
This show NEEDS TO BE WEEKLY!
I think we need to throw more money at them to make that happen. We'd all appreciate more Eons, though!
can’t wait for the Pangea Reunion Tour in January ~300,002,024!! already got my tickets ready!
She's gotten so much more relaxed and she such a vibe now I'm happy she's a host on this channel
I love your geology content!
Tectonic upsets aside, love that outfit. Very copper.
More geological ! It is refreshing to move thoughts outside our little lives! Chemistry is also great but I’m a beginner
Yay they let Michelle do a geology video lol
Siberian traps are related to bigger volcanic event that CAMP.
Siberian traps are linked to Perm-Triassic extinction 252 million years ago.
I too sometimes have brief, CAMP eruptions
Hey Eons! Can you do an episode on Tasmania Animals? I really find the Tasmania animals so intriguing . Even the palaeontology on them is fascinating.
Mercury gasses sound pretty unpleasant!!
4:43 the lava flow looks like Jabba the Hut for a second 😂
"Creeped" is the past tense of "creep" in the sense of "creep out." "That person creeped me out." The past tense of "creep" as in "to move slowly" is "crept."
🤓
@@ortherner Damn right.
Who died and made you King of English?
@AndrewTBP Lindley Murray.
At 2.43 dont it kinda looks like professor Farnsworth skiing down the trail in his sleep 🤣🤣🤣🤣
The animation of India forming the Himalayas looks so aggressive.
It was!
it's like two cars slamming into each other, the force and pressure pushes the ground up
Something I’m really curious to know: 9:09 how do they (geologists, scientists, whoever) measure how much the Atlantic Ocean is widening by? Do they measure the widening of the fissure at the center? If so what is the exact process they employ to do this?
You may have heard of the magnetic "pole flip"?
This is the swapping of the Earth's North and South magnetic poles.
This is NOT a flipping over of the rotational axis of the Earth, just a change of magnetic polarity.
Our Sun does it every 11 years, Earth is much slower and less regular. Reversing every half million years or so.... Give or take 200,000.
When new lava solidifies at the mid-Ocean ridge, Iron rich minerals form and actually become little compass needle crystals, trapped in basalt, pointing out where north was when they got magnetized by the Earths field.
Once geogists got to play with the military's fancy towed sub-hunting magnetometers...
They were able to map these reversals outward from each seafloor spreading ridge.
And tell which ridges were speading faster than others by the relative widths in different ocean basins.
To peg the absolute dates they borrow oil exploratory drilling rigs and grab a sample from the seafloor at the site of a magnet flip, and run the usual Uranium-Lead and Potassium-Argon radiodating on them.
You can check the orientation of magnetic particles in the crust and extrapolate from the frequency of inversion of the earth's magnetic field, but these days .. gps!
Plus, i imagine they can use satellite images to actually measure the distance from one side to the other.
They use Very Long Baseline Interferometry with radio telescopes and pulsars. This is also how we know that Australia is the fastest moving continent for the present.