Hey y'all! We want to clear up some confusion one of our timeline graphics created about when placental mammals evolved: India and Madagascar broke away from Africa sometime 120-100 mya, then Madagascar split off around 90 mya and India was on its own. The oldest placental mammal fossils we've found date to right around or just after the K-Pg mass extinction, ~66 mya, and, while there are a variety of estimates for the exact range of dates, molecular studies tend to put the origin of placentals sometime in the Late Cretaceous (100.5-66 mya). This would mean they originate after India broke away from Africa, which is the point we were making in this episode.
I have a question. How does it comes that the human is the only specias that is so close to each other? Lions and Tigers are quite distinct, jet they can produce some Ligers. Even for Bears, Sneakes or even differant types of Apes it is quit uncommn to have a Birth from onother specias in theyr family etc. ... But for some reason this kind of barrier seems not to exist for humans ? Is it a special gene? A mutation ? Or do have some people a higher chance to produce offsprings wich whoeffer they meet?
@@lordbalbero348 I’m confused by what you mean, but let’s get this straight: the lions and tigers can have offspring, but because of their genetics, their offspring tend to die at a young age. Those that survive into adulthood have genetic problems and tend to be infertile. Their last common ancestor dates back around 5 million years ago. As for humans, we are the only genus left, and we did breed with other human relatives like Neanderthals and Denisovans. When we look to our last common ancestors with chimps, the closest living relative still around, our last common ancestor was 6 to 7 million years ago, if not a little older. Genes play a role in determining if a species can breed; chimps have roughly 22,000 sets of genes, whereas humans have roughly around 100,000. In the case of humans, many of our genes are simply incompatible when mixed with, let’s say, chimps. We do share genes, but we also developed through evolution genes not shown in either species, except, perhaps, our extinct relatives.
@@lordbalbero348 As for tigers in India, it is estimated that tigers entered the subcontinent long after humans did. Humans entered India about 65,000 years ago as one of the first places they reached after leaving Africa. There were many ways humans migrated out of Africa; some followed the coast into India, while others traveled straight from West Asia to Central Asia and also through Anatolia before spreading out further. In terms of tigers, they have only been in the subcontinent for roughly 12,000 to 16,500 years.
The formation of the Himalayas triggered a chain reaction of Global cooling hence starting the last known Ice Age of the modern era. And to know we are still ongoing in the last ice age.
@@shadowyt376 No it wasn't. There might have been a more visible "stepping stone" island chain but you can see even from millions of years ago, Sri Lanka was a separate island.
Just watching the continents move is fascinating. India left Madagascar behind but dragged Seychelles almost half way before it too got left behind, yet Sri Lanka seemingly held on. Crazy to think that they were once so close together.
@@mohitbhardwaj2025 Geologists refer to the Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge, which underlies all those atoll archipelagos. It formed after the Seychelles separated from India.
You are right The western ghats of india are remnants of the central highlands of Madagascar . Many flora & fauna in here have closer relationship with their Malagasy counterparts. 😉😉😉😉😉 . Combining with the Deccan plateau & the eastern ghats it helps in preserving the unique landscape of Peninsular India .
@Dr.Kraig_RenIndia does have a lot of fossils though. They are just not that well known outside the circles of Paleontologists and Geologists and the sites are very severely neglected. Many a vandalized by locals who don't know the relevance and worse is the cement industry mines every bit of fossil strata it can find and the government would rather have cement than preserve fossils.
@Dr.Kraig_Ren maybe it's bcz the lava vents that made Deccan plateau engulfed all of them. It was not so easy natural disaster. Scientists even say maybe these lava vents were the main reason why dinosaurs got extinct. And the epicentre was india. So their is no chance that they might have survived and even preservably fossilized. Also the govt and local is a big factor also.
Before the discovery of tectonic plates, scientists thought that there was a sunken landmass between India and Madagascar called Lemuria because there were Lemurs in Madagascar but not Africa, and there were also Lemurs in India.
I think even after tectonic plate theory, there is submerged landmass in arabian ocean which broke from western part of india . That why weastern coast of india the ports r not deep
@@death_parade I think what he means to say is the records were 1st noted in the Sangam lierature Tholkapiam etc...the observations would have been made by people living in the south (closer to the source) and eventually travvelled northwards
@@Kshitij.with.nature-channelSimilarly India wasn’t there i mean whats the point. Buddha was born in Nepal , Lumbini in 500 BCE , indian formed one block country empire by Ashoka in 300 BCE . So no Nepal was never a part of India. Vedas , holy books of Hinduism was written in Damauli of Nepal in a place called Vyas . Modern Nepal was formed in mid 1700s and Modern India was formed in 1947. Nepal is older by 200 years! India was a collection of countries before British like Sikh empire, Maratha Empire, Rajputanas and many more . There are many British treaties and Nepal-Sikh treaties to prove it. Indian leader Sardar vallabhai Patel had to invade Haydrabad, Kashmir to merge those countries to India. So no india is not the most epic country as you think. FYI : Indian flag is Dust East India’s flag Nepal’s flag is 2700 year old Hindu flag from Ne-wa civilization of Kathmandu. And i am a indian who knows everything about Sanatan dharma and our continent. So please stop spreading misinformation here.
The i in india is small letter quite deliberately. If you don’t know why. You need to read. And prepare to throw everything you think you know about yourself!
@@gokulena8518 India is not today's India tho. You should know that this word was given to Indian subcontinent in 4th century by greeks, Hind, which was more older than that, and Sindh, which was given by our own people. But it actually was not limited to indus valley civilisation.
I'm a Japanese person who wants to do research on mammals. I didn't know much about Indian mammals, but thanks to this video I gained new knowledge. thank you
What excellent timing for this one! Especially with the ancient Indian mega-snake Vasuki indicus recently described. It seems to have ruled insular India during the Eocene.
@@dannystark7668Vasuki is the name of a snake from the Puranic lore where he was used as a long churning rope tightened around the gigantic mountain named Mandara to churn the ocean of milk from which came the immortal nectar amṛta amongst other valuables.
How do you feel about the discovery enabled by the great Sumatra quake of 2004 that the break up of the IndoAustralian plate has already finished and that the ongoing break up is secondary fragmentation of the now independent Indian plate into several smaller plates driven primarily by tectonic stresses associated with the Himalayas?
Yes, Indian Subcontinent, Indian Ocean, Indian Tectonic Plate, Indo European Languages etc.... So many things suggest India is distinct. India should be a continent like Europe. It should not be included in Asia.
As a Sri Lankan, I always wanted to learn about this more. It's crazy to see that our island was a separate entity from all those years ago, before pretty much all other countries were glued-together blobs.
Think Lanka is just a portion of a mountain range on Gondwana, that got cut off by the mantle-plume that seperated India+Madagascar. It remains over water thanks to that mountain-segment that got cut off.
@@mohitbhardwaj2025 Funny I was reading about the Nikitin Seamont just yesterday for the first time. Somehow India is trying to claim it even though it's closer to Sri Lanka.
Surely India was a continent not an island. It had its own tectonic plate and several continental crust cratons. The Indian plate also collided with Asia and did not subduct otherwise there would be volcanoes in the Himalayas thus demonstrating continental crust buoyancy.
Assuming the graphics are broadly accurate, there were more discrete large landmasses than there are today. Today, differentiating between a large island and a small continent is simple because of land area and tectonic plates. During the time India was on its own, I suspect the distinction was blurry
In the vedas and puranas (ancient vedic texts) its mentioned that gods called india as jambudweepa and the world is made of 7 oceans/seas and 7 continents(dweeps). Makes you wonder about the whole history behind hinduism. Damn..
@@digitalbath6057yes dweep mean island Even when I read Mahabharata there maharshi vyas mention how world map look from sky And today that 90% similar to modern map He also mention so detail about Asia and Africa
@@IndianTiger-0P Haha yes, it's curious as to why we call them two different continents- when we should use the Eurasia term. (same continental plate afterall).
@@blackholeofprocrastination7198true so technically it's all India but more like saprated india and I am sure British divided this country from india lol
Fossils of a Snake species named Vasuki Indicus has been discovered recently. It was dated back to Eocene Epoch when Indian Subcontinent was insular. It was as large as a Titanoboa.
Insular India is so underrated in terms of it's unique biota, and the role it played in the evolution/survival of many species! Some of these include: -Avashishta, possibly the last surviving non-mammal synapsid on Earth, living at the end of the Cretaceous. -"Deltapodus" a fossil trackman of a possible Cretaceous stegosaur (still disputed) -Lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas), which may have come from Asia and got their evolutionary start in India, like cetaceans. -Vasuki, an madtsoiid from the Eocene, ranking with Titanoboa as among the largest snakes to ever exist.
And after collided with Asia, all of its uniqueness lost since India invaded by Eurasian animals. Although some of its endemic creatures still survive and even spread wider than ever like lagomorph and odd toed ungulate
@@prasetyodwikuncorojati2434That's what happens when different ecosystems and biospheres are brought into contact with one another - we see it today with modern invasive species introduced by humans, but throughout prehistory you can see instances of geological and geographical changes bringing about these interchanges. Same thing happened between North and South America, and multiple times between North America and Eurasia, and it'll happen again in a few million years when Australia hits Southeast Asia. It's not great for the species involved, for obvious reasons, and it's something we should avoid if we can, but it happens.
Don't miss out the largest land mammal of Earth till the end of Ice Age what our ancestors have witnessed, Palaeoloxodon the Straight Tusk Elephant rivaled Paraceratherium.
OK. Now I know where Indian trains like Super Vasuki got their name from. But for some reason, whenever I had seen the name of the Super Vasuki train till now, my brain used to render the face of Vasooli from Golmal movie.
A former PM of India once said, you can choose your friends but not neighbours. As an East Indian, who was once neighbouring Antarctica, now has bay of Bengal on my neighbourhood.
In Hindu rituals, we start the ritual by stating where we are and it goes something like this, "Jambu dweepe, Bharata varshe..." meaning "on the island of Jambu, in the country of India..." I often wonder how old humans really were and how old and knowledgable Indian civilization had to be to identify all of this.
@@deepanshumolasi7151 nothing is stupid brother. Our ancient wisdom is much more sophisticated than the current so-called modern science. We knew about TIME DILATION thousands of years before Einstein's theory of relativity... The story of Kak Bhushundi is one such example.
Hold on, i see a big error here. The graphic timeline at 6:46 say that placental mammal evolved 62 million years ago, after the K-pg mass extinction when this is not the case. Placental mammals definitely originated sometime in the Late Cretaceous. This is supported by molecular clock study and fossil record (Protungulatum is almost certainly a placental, lived 66 mya).
or PBS, please update Wikipedia as well, if you can.. "True placentals may have originated in the Late Cretaceous around 90 mya, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early Paleocene, 66 mya, following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event."
In our ancient texts, our land is always referred as Jambu Dweep (island)... How advanced were those early civilisations were that knew millions of years history without modern science! Surely, they had some other kind of technology...
Only a few days ago I was suddenly struck by this thought that India, where I live, was neighbours with Madagascar, Antarctica and others once upon a time and wondered aloud what that time must have been like in here, what creatures must have inhabited here and what it must have been like when the landmass became an isolated island, and then this PBS Eons video pops up...suffice to say it is great work!❤
Awesome! I started suggested this topic years ago and now it's finally a video! Regardless of whether or not that was a catalyst I'm glad that this obscure subject is getting the attention it deserves.
They didn't even thought about Palaeoloxodon Namadicus, the largest land mammal on Earth lived in India until the end of Ice Age what our ancestors have witnessed. India was the true home of giants.
Here's a suggestion. Can you do a video on how coral reefs evolved and what other organisms were the major reef builders during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic?
Technically yes, but more specifically their ancestral species did, as they wouldn't be identifiable as "whales" or "horses" yet. For example, a species like cambaytherium would have been a common ancestor to perissodactyls (horses, rhinos and tapirs), but calling it a "horse" or "rhino" could be inaccurate
As a long time audience of PBS Eons I am absolutely loving a whole episode dedicated to my country. Unfortunately Paleontology is an extremely neglected subject in india due to lack of funding for research, lack of initiative etc and most people/policymakers only care about archeology when it comes to understanding about our past...
@@ssppeeaarr praveen mohan is a hallucinator. All he does is make up stories that dont have evidence. Hope you change your way of looking at that guy videos
Jambudweep is Ancient name of India in Hindu scriptures. So is Aryavarta. Although nowadays we call India Bharatvarsha or simply Bharat, as it was called a couple millennia ago.
@@soubhagya8808 The source is wayang golek purwa (Sunda version), Sanghyang Manikmaya/Batara Guru/Nilakanta-Tirta Amertasari story, Manu folklore (manawa dharmasastra), Mahapralaya story-Sanghyang Wanuh/Manu (giant flood during the end of the ice age)... These folklore stories are Aji Saka/Ajivaka's legacy in Indonesia... He is our unifying figure who introduced agama tirta (animism-dynamism), aksara Hanacaraka/Javanese script and Saka calendar... His birthplace is in Bumi Majeti region/Kali Serayu river...
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuySometimes the alone path is the only path to walk on. Like every Men for himself is what world always comes down to bud. Those who rely on allies never survive.
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuy well you are free to believe what you like. I understand. Many have felt like you back in time and those are the ones we are fighting today. Feel free to join them. Some human are herd animals and some are not. Seems that there are two sub species of human.
dont forget, there likely was a brief time between sea and mountains existing where India likely was not isolated and was easy to cross the plains and hills that would eventually become the Himalayas.
The sea floor between India & Asia was squashed & lifted to form the Himalayas. So the Himalayas existed on the Asian coast, before India could make land contact. So North India was a sea, that got filled up with erosion sediment form the Himalayas and gradually became land.
@@Amoghavarsha. Yes, you are right. I am referring to India after we connected with the Asian continent. Due to mountains, our ancestors evolved in insolation and faster than others, leading us to invent and discover lots of stuff before the world.
As an Indian i need to give a visit to my long lost neighbour Madagascar...🙌 Earth history has been insane.. we have just lived a miniscule part of our planet long journey...🙇🏼♂️🌍
When the vedas were written [around 5000 - 2000 years ago), people already knew about this (jambudweep). The mention of jambudweep is there in the vedas which literally translates to a large island that is India… the Vedic era knowledge must be tested more vigorously.
@@anandprasadsharma5067 why? Just because I know a few shlokas? Absence of evidence doesn't necessarily mean evidence of absence. I can't think of any other reason as to why jambudweep could have been mentioned in the shlokas. You think about the 10 avatars of Vishnu and how they nicely fit the evolution of mammals... Is it a mere conincidence? If so, I'd like to test what other coincidences are right
@@victorphillips7770 Ignore the hater. Even Carl Sagan who mentioned that the cycles and times of the universe match with universe must be an Andh Bhakt according to this pseudo intellect. We are encouraged to question as Nasidiya Suktam encourages us to wonder about the vastness of universe. The Puranas have very interesting concepts such as Kalpa Bheed, Dash Avatar, birth outside of womb(Gandhari+ Kunti), time dilation and multiverse presented in the form of stories.
@@victorphillips7770 No it is because you are quick to confirm your bias. Jamun wasn't even present when India was a island. Its ancestor which form the family that includes plants like eucalyptus and guva had evolved around 50 million years ago in what is modern day Australia. But people just want to jump to conclusion that because there is reference to jamun dweep.
WOW i was googling just yesterday about this topic, i'm very fascinated to learn how the animals that lived on this massive island in the middle of the ocean evolved.
India was an island approximately 120 million years ago. It was part of a supercontinent called Gondwana, which eventually broke apart. India, as a separate landmass, then drifted northward across the Tethys Ocean. This incredible journey took millions of years, and eventually, India collided with the Eurasian continent, forming the majestic Himalayas.
You have explained it very nicely. I live Pune city which one of the IT hubs in India, located on top of Deccan traps. The word Deccan comes from the Sanskrit word Dakshin, which means south. I often explore dense jungles of gigantic Sahyadri mountain range near Pune to study flora and fauna. I am blessed to have this basaltic mountain range in my backyard as it plays a crucial role in condensing monsoon clouds and thus providing water to my city.
11:00 Hank, my buddy, you can't say something like "bring back the wooly mammoths" unless you are talking about cloning and de-extinction the species. You got my hopes up so high right there. I guess the articulated doll is pretty cool though.
The entire northern India was a shallow sea, ideal for huge carbon deposits. Why there is little to no oil or gas deposits found? It is similar to Tethys Sea that constitute modern day Arabia and Persia.
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuy Correction, the British would be rich as af and India would never have been allowed to gain independence from the British empire. >_
@@Dragrath1 more likely, the British would’ve done what they did with France in the Middle East: Split India into multiple fragmented countries so no one nation has too much oil.
When you drive in Himalaya, Ladakh mountains, you can still get some sea shell remains if you take intrrest in scratching sandy walls. The animal remains from Tethys sea after 50 million years ago at 10,000 - 17000 feet above sea.
Fun fact : the western ghats of India have a big gap known as Palakkad gap stretching around 40 km. The other part of that puzzle can be seen in Madagascar. Even the living beings in Madagaskar and Western ghats do share some similarity, although millions of years of evolution did differentiate them in great extend.
Thank you Kallie for this brilliant exposition on the movement of India and related matters. Vast swaths of time given clear concise consideration. Clues from many areas of science. Wow.
Hey y'all! We want to clear up some confusion one of our timeline graphics created about when placental mammals evolved:
India and Madagascar broke away from Africa sometime 120-100 mya, then Madagascar split off around 90 mya and India was on its own. The oldest placental mammal fossils we've found date to right around or just after the K-Pg mass extinction, ~66 mya, and, while there are a variety of estimates for the exact range of dates, molecular studies tend to put the origin of placentals sometime in the Late Cretaceous (100.5-66 mya). This would mean they originate after India broke away from Africa, which is the point we were making in this episode.
The point you made is still correct, people were just disputing the exact 62 MYA date you gave for evidence of the first placental mammals at 6:46
I have a question.
How does it comes that the human is the only specias that is so close to each other?
Lions and Tigers are quite distinct, jet they can produce some Ligers. Even for Bears, Sneakes or even differant types of Apes it is quit uncommn to have a Birth from onother specias in theyr family etc. ... But for some reason this kind of barrier seems not to exist for humans ?
Is it a special gene? A mutation ? Or do have some people a higher chance to produce offsprings wich whoeffer they meet?
@@lordbalbero348wtf are you taking about? There's only one species of humans nowadays.
@@lordbalbero348 I’m confused by what you mean, but let’s get this straight: the lions and tigers can have offspring, but because of their genetics, their offspring tend to die at a young age. Those that survive into adulthood have genetic problems and tend to be infertile. Their last common ancestor dates back around 5 million years ago. As for humans, we are the only genus left, and we did breed with other human relatives like Neanderthals and Denisovans. When we look to our last common ancestors with chimps, the closest living relative still around, our last common ancestor was 6 to 7 million years ago, if not a little older. Genes play a role in determining if a species can breed; chimps have roughly 22,000 sets of genes, whereas humans have roughly around 100,000. In the case of humans, many of our genes are simply incompatible when mixed with, let’s say, chimps. We do share genes, but we also developed through evolution genes not shown in either species, except, perhaps, our extinct relatives.
@@lordbalbero348 As for tigers in India, it is estimated that tigers entered the subcontinent long after humans did. Humans entered India about 65,000 years ago as one of the first places they reached after leaving Africa. There were many ways humans migrated out of Africa; some followed the coast into India, while others traveled straight from West Asia to Central Asia and also through Anatolia before spreading out further. In terms of tigers, they have only been in the subcontinent for roughly 12,000 to 16,500 years.
Animals on India for millions of years: “are we there yet?”
The Indian Plate: We get there when we get there.
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuy What do you mean?
😂
@@sj7178 the animals are waiting for the collision into the Asian continental shelf.
@@OsirisLord Oh, I got what you meant, I was wondering what mistake BeardGuy was referring to though
Thanks for not adding indian classical music as background score. Honestly appreciate it for not falling into stereotype magma.
Yep I was dreading the stereotype Indian sitar as the video started
Not a lot of music 70 million years ago.
@@UnknownGhostK that is my classical music which I love. I just don’t like it on every video that has anything to do with India.
@@spicysealion-et8kf😂
@@spicysealion-et8kf 🤣
Teasing the Himalayas like that is a great cliff hanger!
HA I get it!
Peak humor
I see what you did there
we were better off asia 🤣🤣
The formation of the Himalayas triggered a chain reaction of Global cooling hence starting the last known Ice Age of the modern era. And to know we are still ongoing in the last ice age.
Sri Lanka & India best travel buddies ever!
Sri Lanka is like the biggest wingman in the world haha, follows India everywhere
it was practically a part of india so yeah
@@danielzhang1916 Wish we drifted towards Australia.
@@shadowyt376 No it wasn't. There might have been a more visible "stepping stone" island chain but you can see even from millions of years ago, Sri Lanka was a separate island.
@@theascendunt9960 size of tasmania and sri lanka is same. So Australia already has a sri lanka of its own
Just watching the continents move is fascinating. India left Madagascar behind but dragged Seychelles almost half way before it too got left behind, yet Sri Lanka seemingly held on. Crazy to think that they were once so close together.
make sesne tho cuz a lot of animals evolved via paraellel evolution like elephants and tigers especially
No one is talking about Diego Garcia and Maldives.
@@mohitbhardwaj2025 Geologists refer to the Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge, which underlies all those atoll archipelagos. It formed after the Seychelles separated from India.
Four friends walked out from a bar, 2 of them crashed on the way 😆
We are so fragile, its just lucky we are not dead and surviving some how😅..
India: Alright, Imma Slide now
SriLanka: Bro, Am coming too!
They were connected through a land mass until recently… so they cannot b considered separate islands in prehistoric times.
Wish we had seperated from india and drifted towards thailand.
@@rnrcreations-lanka3258 buddy you are india
Your ancestors are indian
@@hiteshkumarv9253 Nope. Our genetics show we have more bengali and south asian dna like that of cambodians, thai people ect.
@@hiteshkumarv9253 The bengali's might have belonged to indian empires but that does not count our dna.
You are right
The western ghats of india are remnants of the central highlands of Madagascar . Many flora & fauna in here have closer relationship with their Malagasy counterparts.
😉😉😉😉😉 .
Combining with the Deccan plateau & the eastern ghats it helps in preserving the unique landscape of Peninsular India .
this is the orogin of "lemuria" continent.
I don't think PBS needs you to tell them they are right 😅
@Dr.Kraig_RenIndia does have a lot of fossils though. They are just not that well known outside the circles of Paleontologists and Geologists and the sites are very severely neglected. Many a vandalized by locals who don't know the relevance and worse is the cement industry mines every bit of fossil strata it can find and the government would rather have cement than preserve fossils.
@Dr.Kraig_Ren maybe it's bcz the lava vents that made Deccan plateau engulfed all of them. It was not so easy natural disaster. Scientists even say maybe these lava vents were the main reason why dinosaurs got extinct. And the epicentre was india. So their is no chance that they might have survived and even preservably fossilized. Also the govt and local is a big factor also.
We need a history of Nikitin seamont in the Indian ocean
Before the discovery of tectonic plates, scientists thought that there was a sunken landmass between India and Madagascar called Lemuria because there were Lemurs in Madagascar but not Africa, and there were also Lemurs in India.
Before the discovery of tectonic plate,
Indians in South had a legend about Kumari Kandam(the Southern Lands that submerged under water)
@@jirachi-wishmaker9242 Huh? Us North Indians know about Kumari Kandam too though. Its a pan-Indian belief.
I think even after tectonic plate theory, there is submerged landmass in arabian ocean which broke from western part of india . That why weastern coast of india the ports r not deep
Oceanographer don't believe in Kumari Kandam..they found nothing from the bed of Indian Ocean.@@death_parade
@@death_parade I think what he means to say is the records were 1st noted in the Sangam lierature Tholkapiam etc...the observations would have been made by people living in the south (closer to the source) and eventually travvelled northwards
🇳🇵 🇧🇹 : what a lovely day at the beach
🇮🇳: continent go brrrr
😂😂
Nepal wasn't even there, if it's there it was in India
@@Kshitij.with.nature-channelSimilarly India wasn’t there i mean whats the point.
Buddha was born in Nepal , Lumbini in 500 BCE , indian formed one block country empire by Ashoka in 300 BCE . So no Nepal was never a part of India.
Vedas , holy books of Hinduism was written in Damauli of Nepal in a place called Vyas .
Modern Nepal was formed in mid 1700s and Modern India was formed in 1947.
Nepal is older by 200 years!
India was a collection of countries before British like Sikh empire, Maratha Empire, Rajputanas and many more . There are many British treaties and Nepal-Sikh treaties to prove it.
Indian leader Sardar vallabhai Patel had to invade Haydrabad, Kashmir to merge those countries to India. So no india is not the most epic country as you think. FYI : Indian flag is Dust East India’s flag
Nepal’s flag is 2700 year old Hindu flag from Ne-wa civilization of Kathmandu.
And i am a indian who knows everything about Sanatan dharma and our continent. So please stop spreading misinformation here.
The i in india is small letter quite deliberately.
If you don’t know why. You need to read. And prepare to throw everything you think you know about yourself!
@@gokulena8518
India is not today's India tho. You should know that this word was given to Indian subcontinent in 4th century by greeks, Hind, which was more older than that, and Sindh, which was given by our own people. But it actually was not limited to indus valley civilisation.
Should have mentioned how India's isolation played a big role in creating one of the longest snakes in the world, Vasuki indicus.
Makes sense,India always had great snake biodiversity.This video also points to the reasons why.
...and frogs, too!
Still not bigger than my ex
😂😂😂but girl don't have snake it only found in boys 8 inchs😂@@blaze_ts
@@blaze_ts😂
I'm a Japanese person who wants to do research on mammals.
I didn't know much about Indian mammals, but thanks to this video I gained new knowledge. thank you
そうですか？面白いですね。
I’m part Japanese but have never met my family in Japan haha
I Live in Japan too. Hope we can chitchat someday. haha
I want to do more research on Godzilla. 😀
@@charlessmith3758 Monarch wants to know your location. 🤔
What excellent timing for this one! Especially with the ancient Indian mega-snake Vasuki indicus recently described. It seems to have ruled insular India during the Eocene.
WTS the inspiration behind that name vasuki indicud
@@dannystark7668Vasuki is the name of a snake from the Puranic lore where he was used as a long churning rope tightened around the gigantic mountain named Mandara to churn the ocean of milk from which came the immortal nectar amṛta amongst other valuables.
I know fellow Indian😑,just trying to find out the half baked knowledge of the op here.@@rmohan3240
@@rmohan3240W explanation
@@rmohan3240I'm hindu but still the lore regarding even the tiniest Indian related discoveries have such mind boggling lore, love it
India is distinct not just culturally, but even geologically. Also, my most favourite tectonic plate is the Indo-Australian Plate.
How do you feel about the discovery enabled by the great Sumatra quake of 2004 that the break up of the IndoAustralian plate has already finished and that the ongoing break up is secondary fragmentation of the now independent Indian plate into several smaller plates driven primarily by tectonic stresses associated with the Himalayas?
We need a history of Nikitin seamont in the Indian ocean.
Geography dictates culture..so yes. Unique geography calks for distinct culture
Favourite tectonic plate. ? 😂😂😂😂
Yes, Indian Subcontinent, Indian Ocean, Indian Tectonic Plate, Indo European Languages etc.... So many things suggest India is distinct. India should be a continent like Europe. It should not be included in Asia.
As a Sri Lankan, I always wanted to learn about this more.
It's crazy to see that our island was a separate entity from all those years ago, before pretty much all other countries were glued-together blobs.
We need a history of Nikitin seamont in the Indian ocean
Think Lanka is just a portion of a mountain range on Gondwana, that got cut off by the mantle-plume that seperated India+Madagascar.
It remains over water thanks to that mountain-segment that got cut off.
@@mohitbhardwaj2025 Funny I was reading about the Nikitin Seamont just yesterday for the first time. Somehow India is trying to claim it even though it's closer to Sri Lanka.
@@theascendunt9960 Yes, application has been already been sent to International Seabed Authority (ISBA)
Hey continental best friend (by land)
Srilanka country is like a best bud always following India. From millions of years India and Srilanka were together. ❤
Bad luck doesn't leave your back easily !
We would have more fishing areas 🤑 if that little island didn't exist at all 😬
Surely India was a continent not an island. It had its own tectonic plate and several continental crust cratons. The Indian plate also collided with Asia and did not subduct otherwise there would be volcanoes in the Himalayas thus demonstrating continental crust buoyancy.
"and did not subduct " - yes it did and the Tibetan plateau is the result.
Assuming the graphics are broadly accurate, there were more discrete large landmasses than there are today. Today, differentiating between a large island and a small continent is simple because of land area and tectonic plates. During the time India was on its own, I suspect the distinction was blurry
There are many other areas of Eurasia that had their own tectonic plates too like the Amur plate that covers the Koreas and eastern Russia.
The Indian Sub-continent! 😮
@@AutriBanerjee It is a sub-continents now after it collided with Asia.
This is a great show. I like to binge episodes while I crochet. Thanks PBS and hosts!
In the vedas and puranas (ancient vedic texts) its mentioned that gods called india as jambudweepa and the world is made of 7 oceans/seas and 7 continents(dweeps).
Makes you wonder about the whole history behind hinduism. Damn..
Yes that is extremely interesting, ancient calling it an island
@@digitalbath6057yes dweep mean island
Even when I read Mahabharata there maharshi vyas mention how world map look from sky
And today that 90% similar to modern map
He also mention so detail about Asia and Africa
I remember reading my geography book 20yrs back in school about this. And from then on, I’ve always called India the sub continent.
Funfact: This word was also commonly used during the mughal empire and is still used in Pakistani textbooks
If Europe and Asia can be two continents then India can be a different planet
@@IndianTiger-0P Haha yes, it's curious as to why we call them two different continents- when we should use the Eurasia term. (same continental plate afterall).
@@GinoBrand5 Racism from the Euro half of Eurasia.
@@blackholeofprocrastination7198true so technically it's all India but more like saprated india and I am sure British divided this country from india lol
Fossils of a Snake species named Vasuki Indicus has been discovered recently. It was dated back to Eocene Epoch when Indian Subcontinent was insular. It was as large as a Titanoboa.
Larger than titanoboa
It is not snake.
@@holycat8312 it is
@@holycat8312 see the skeleton
@@tingle2323 not larger but longer.
You just summoned the whole indian island now.
The big tamale
hello sarrrr 🇮🇳
😭😭😭
@Mayochup191 Sar means Head/Head of the group or the individual you are talking to
Sar means head. Whos head are you talking to ? 😂@@Mayochup191
Insular India is so underrated in terms of it's unique biota, and the role it played in the evolution/survival of many species! Some of these include:
-Avashishta, possibly the last surviving non-mammal synapsid on Earth, living at the end of the Cretaceous.
-"Deltapodus" a fossil trackman of a possible Cretaceous stegosaur (still disputed)
-Lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas), which may have come from Asia and got their evolutionary start in India, like cetaceans.
-Vasuki, an madtsoiid from the Eocene, ranking with Titanoboa as among the largest snakes to ever exist.
everyone forgets the Naga
And after collided with Asia, all of its uniqueness lost since India invaded by Eurasian animals. Although some of its endemic creatures still survive and even spread wider than ever like lagomorph and odd toed ungulate
@@prasetyodwikuncorojati2434That's what happens when different ecosystems and biospheres are brought into contact with one another - we see it today with modern invasive species introduced by humans, but throughout prehistory you can see instances of geological and geographical changes bringing about these interchanges. Same thing happened between North and South America, and multiple times between North America and Eurasia, and it'll happen again in a few million years when Australia hits Southeast Asia. It's not great for the species involved, for obvious reasons, and it's something we should avoid if we can, but it happens.
Don't miss out the largest land mammal of Earth till the end of Ice Age what our ancestors have witnessed, Palaeoloxodon the Straight Tusk Elephant rivaled Paraceratherium.
OK. Now I know where Indian trains like Super Vasuki got their name from. But for some reason, whenever I had seen the name of the Super Vasuki train till now, my brain used to render the face of Vasooli from Golmal movie.
India was also surrounded by 33-36° C oceans during a lot of that time. Nice and warm!
In freedom units that's 91-97°F 🫡
@@SeptemberMeadows🫡
In Nerd units thats 305 Kelvin to 308 Kelvin.
Now it's just warm 😮
@@pokemonfanmario7694 🔬🤓🧪
A former PM of India once said, you can choose your friends but not neighbours.
As an East Indian, who was once neighbouring Antarctica, now has bay of Bengal on my neighbourhood.
Better to have nothing than having bad ones
You weren’t bordering any of them. This all happened before humans existed. Why are you people so obsessed with making this nonsense point?
@@1080lights Touchy? You must be one of those neighbours!
You must be fun at parties @@1080lights
As another Indian, pretty happy with our neighbours.
In Hindu rituals, we start the ritual by stating where we are and it goes something like this, "Jambu dweepe, Bharata varshe..." meaning "on the island of Jambu, in the country of India..."
I often wonder how old humans really were and how old and knowledgable Indian civilization had to be to identify all of this.
That's a mystery
Have been fascinated by Jambu Dvipa from a long time. How did our ancestors know Bharat was a Dvipa (60 million years ago)...
@@sridharvr2194 there's a lot of things we can't comprehend , maybe we'll find out after death
@@sridharvr2194 sages could go out of their bodies and observe the earth from far away or from space. i know sounds stupid but its true.
@@deepanshumolasi7151 nothing is stupid brother. Our ancient wisdom is much more sophisticated than the current so-called modern science. We knew about TIME DILATION thousands of years before Einstein's theory of relativity... The story of Kak Bhushundi is one such example.
These shows have a strange nostalgia for me. Like when in elementary or middle school, but the parts of it i like.
Hold on, i see a big error here. The graphic timeline at 6:46 say that placental mammal evolved 62 million years ago, after the K-pg mass extinction when this is not the case. Placental mammals definitely originated sometime in the Late Cretaceous. This is supported by molecular clock study and fossil record (Protungulatum is almost certainly a placental, lived 66 mya).
Thank you for pointing this out.
Must be a mistake from their side
@@KC.edits1 - Or the placental mammals are fibbing.
or PBS, please update Wikipedia as well, if you can..
"True placentals may have originated in the Late Cretaceous around 90 mya, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early Paleocene, 66 mya, following the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event."
Where did you see/read/hear this? Timestamp? ... I do not see this claim.
Wow, I’ve never been so early. There isn’t enough info about this topic, thanks for covering the fastest island!
I love how happy and excited she is narrating this.
So India Gave us Beautiful Dolphins and Whales 🥰
Jainosaurus for plant eating dinos reflects much about Jain diet here in India 👍
That is named after surname of the indian paleontologist. Not after the jain as a religion, even though jains have jain as surname.
@zyzyx1111 - I was hoping that, too.
@@cinema6444 Bruh I learnt that... its just a coincidence 😆
@cinema6444 you ruined it. Nice.
😂😂😂😂😂
In our ancient texts, our land is always referred as Jambu Dweep (island)... How advanced were those early civilisations were that knew millions of years history without modern science!
Surely, they had some other kind of technology...
Only a few days ago I was suddenly struck by this thought that India, where I live, was neighbours with Madagascar, Antarctica and others once upon a time and wondered aloud what that time must have been like in here, what creatures must have inhabited here and what it must have been like when the landmass became an isolated island, and then this PBS Eons video pops up...suffice to say it is great work!❤
Madagascar left India but Sri lanka followed along until the end.
😂
it's not a separate plate
😂😂😂
Bad luck doesn't leave ur behind easily..
Loyal buddy
@@anomalous94As a sri lankan I got hurt
OMG. Thanks for choosing my suggestion!😊
Lucky, hopefully they take my lactase persistence one 😁
@@MDuarte-vp7bm do you feel better after leaving this comment?
Awesome! I started suggested this topic years ago and now it's finally a video! Regardless of whether or not that was a catalyst I'm glad that this obscure subject is getting the attention it deserves.
They didn't even thought about Palaeoloxodon Namadicus, the largest land mammal on Earth lived in India until the end of Ice Age what our ancestors have witnessed. India was the true home of giants.
Here's a suggestion. Can you do a video on how coral reefs evolved and what other organisms were the major reef builders during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic?
Always worth waiting for a PBS Eons episode. Also wonderful to see an animation featuring C.R. Scoteses' Palaeo globe project. Many many thanks.
So what I am understanding is that horses and whales originated in India?
but not Pomeranians 😂
Technically yes, but more specifically their ancestral species did, as they wouldn't be identifiable as "whales" or "horses" yet. For example, a species like cambaytherium would have been a common ancestor to perissodactyls (horses, rhinos and tapirs), but calling it a "horse" or "rhino" could be inaccurate
@sj7178 ok thanks!
These are fabulous episodes! The commentstors are great, and the outtakes at the end are hilarious.
As a long time audience of PBS Eons I am absolutely loving a whole episode dedicated to my country. Unfortunately Paleontology is an extremely neglected subject in india due to lack of funding for research, lack of initiative etc and most people/policymakers only care about archeology when it comes to understanding about our past...
ya tell praveen mohan about it...
👌
@@ssppeeaarr praveen mohan is a hallucinator. All he does is make up stories that dont have evidence. Hope you change your way of looking at that guy videos
@@kovelamanas9905 lol somethin wrong with u ok 😟
@@ssppeeaarr praveen mohan...he is a fool
Yes in Indonesia we called this period as Jambudwipa/Guava island according to wayang golek purwa (folklore)
Jambudweep is Ancient name of India in Hindu scriptures. So is Aryavarta. Although nowadays we call India Bharatvarsha or simply Bharat, as it was called a couple millennia ago.
I think I heard this name somewhere before.
@@soubhagya8808 The source is wayang golek purwa (Sunda version), Sanghyang Manikmaya/Batara Guru/Nilakanta-Tirta Amertasari story, Manu folklore (manawa dharmasastra), Mahapralaya story-Sanghyang Wanuh/Manu (giant flood during the end of the ice age)... These folklore stories are Aji Saka/Ajivaka's legacy in Indonesia... He is our unifying figure who introduced agama tirta (animism-dynamism), aksara Hanacaraka/Javanese script and Saka calendar... His birthplace is in Bumi Majeti region/Kali Serayu river...
Lmfaoooo what???
@@ariapinandita9240 Jumbudvipa refers to the era when humans actually existed. Lol what?
Thanks!
Back to watching eons after soo long. Mahn, I have missed watching, you guys are amazing!!!!
Incredibly excited for this new season of episodes! I've missed Eons so much ❤
I’m just learning the largest snake in history was roaming India at that time, fascinating
Yess vasuki indicus
India: I’m moving on from you.
Sri Lanka: Like hell you are.
it was the only country that chose its own path and went its own way alone, thats why everyone was looking for India.
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuySometimes the alone path is the only path to walk on. Like every Men for himself is what world always comes down to bud.
Those who rely on allies never survive.
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuy well you are free to believe what you like. I understand. Many have felt like you back in time and those are the ones we are fighting today.
Feel free to join them.
Some human are herd animals and some are not.
Seems that there are two sub species of human.
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuyBut why do you feel that way ? You sound like your parents didn't love you.
@@WarriorOG-ql7gv : LOL, THERE ARE ACTUALLY MORE THAN 21 !😄
@@rexxbailey2764 as I said you are free to believe what you want. That's a fundamental right. Everyone has that right. Including Asylum patients
Fascinating topic, nice to know the Indian subcontinent has always been so awesome!
We need a history of Nikitin seamont in the Indian ocean
dont forget, there likely was a brief time between sea and mountains existing where India likely was not isolated and was easy to cross the plains and hills that would eventually become the Himalayas.
The sea floor between India & Asia was squashed & lifted to form the Himalayas.
So the Himalayas existed on the Asian coast, before India could make land contact.
So North India was a sea, that got filled up with erosion sediment form the Himalayas and gradually became land.
This is something that I've always wondered about but there wasn't a huge amount of information out there on. So thanks for doing this video!
I was feeling like it'd been a while since an Eons episode came out, and now there's a new one the day before my birthday! Nice!
I make sense now, why we Indians are so reliant in nature and adapt in any environment even if the environment is toxic AF.
When India was an island there were no Indians on it .
This all happened before the existence of humans. I don't know what the hell you're talking about.
@@Amoghavarsha. Yes, you are right. I am referring to India after we connected with the Asian continent. Due to mountains, our ancestors evolved in insolation and faster than others, leading us to invent and discover lots of stuff before the world.
Our ancestors didn't 'evolved' in India. They migrated there from Africa.
Yea!!!!! ❤❤❤❤ you guys are back!!!!🎉
As an Indian i need to give a visit to my long lost neighbour Madagascar...🙌 Earth history has been insane.. we have just lived a miniscule part of our planet long journey...🙇🏼♂️🌍
I NEEEEED the Himalayan mountains video!
I LOVE MY INDIA TO THE MARS AND BACK!!
When the vedas were written [around 5000 - 2000 years ago), people already knew about this (jambudweep). The mention of jambudweep is there in the vedas which literally translates to a large island that is India… the Vedic era knowledge must be tested more vigorously.
Andhbhakt spotted 😂
@@anandprasadsharma5067 why? Just because I know a few shlokas? Absence of evidence doesn't necessarily mean evidence of absence.
I can't think of any other reason as to why jambudweep could have been mentioned in the shlokas.
You think about the 10 avatars of Vishnu and how they nicely fit the evolution of mammals... Is it a mere conincidence? If so, I'd like to test what other coincidences are right
@@victorphillips7770 Ignore the hater. Even Carl Sagan who mentioned that the cycles and times of the universe match with universe must be an Andh Bhakt according to this pseudo intellect. We are encouraged to question as Nasidiya Suktam encourages us to wonder about the vastness of universe. The Puranas have very interesting concepts such as Kalpa Bheed, Dash Avatar, birth outside of womb(Gandhari+ Kunti), time dilation and multiverse presented in the form of stories.
@@anandprasadsharma5067lol troll got triggered 😂
@@victorphillips7770 No it is because you are quick to confirm your bias. Jamun wasn't even present when India was a island. Its ancestor which form the family that includes plants like eucalyptus and guva had evolved around 50 million years ago in what is modern day Australia. But people just want to jump to conclusion that because there is reference to jamun dweep.
Thanks. You answered all my questions about the Deccan Traps.
WOW i was googling just yesterday about this topic, i'm very fascinated to learn how the animals that lived on this massive island in the middle of the ocean evolved.
I was always curious about how India moved so quickly! Whale origins just a bonus!
Thank you for showing the correct map of India ☺
wdym? what is the wrong map of india
Also remember Himalayas made major resources of water for Asia.
Yes ganga, yamuna ,saraswati, brahmaputra,Sutudri,Vipas,Parusni,Asikni,Vitasta etc. all major rivers originates from himalaya
India was an island approximately 120 million years ago.
It was part of a supercontinent called Gondwana, which eventually broke apart. India, as a separate landmass, then drifted northward across the Tethys Ocean. This incredible journey took millions of years, and eventually, India collided with the Eurasian continent, forming the majestic Himalayas.
Yes, that's what the Lady said.
@@mikeblair2594it's for us with adhd that can't pay attention for long 😅
@@MaryAnnSweetAngel Then do what I do, turn it on double speed.
Thank you, i was really looking forward to this.
The return of PBS Eons marks this as a day that shall be long remembered!
You have explained it very nicely. I live Pune city which one of the IT hubs in India, located on top of Deccan traps. The word Deccan comes from the Sanskrit word Dakshin, which means south.
I often explore dense jungles of gigantic Sahyadri mountain range near Pune to study flora and fauna. I am blessed to have this basaltic mountain range in my backyard as it plays a crucial role in condensing monsoon clouds and thus providing water to my city.
Appreciate Sri Lanka being the best travel buddy ever!
Everyday is a new day to learn. A learning opportunity for growth.
I have never been so early to a PBS EONs video. Also from India!
Thanks for correct India map 4:40
11:00 Hank, my buddy, you can't say something like "bring back the wooly mammoths" unless you are talking about cloning and de-extinction the species. You got my hopes up so high right there. I guess the articulated doll is pretty cool though.
10:10 I thought you were going to do a Yoda there, "Survived the mass extinction they did."
Yay! Welcome back. You were missed.
4:38 Thanks for putting correct Map of India.
Self consoler 😂
The entire northern India was a shallow sea, ideal for huge carbon deposits. Why there is little to no oil or gas deposits found? It is similar to Tethys Sea that constitute modern day Arabia and Persia.
There is some oil and gas fields in Potohar plateau in northern Pakistan but not very large.
Also source of Himalayan pink salt
@I.K.illedThatBeardGuy Correction, the British would be rich as af and India would never have been allowed to gain independence from the British empire. >_
@@Dragrath1 more likely, the British would’ve done what they did with France in the Middle East: Split India into multiple fragmented countries so no one nation has too much oil.
When you drive in Himalaya, Ladakh mountains, you can still get some sea shell remains if you take intrrest in scratching sandy walls. The animal remains from Tethys sea after 50 million years ago at 10,000 - 17000 feet above sea.
I am a simple indian. I see a video on india I like it 😊
@SpiritualSeeker-oq5pt i think you should consider bathing instead. works all the time.
@SpiritualSeeker-oq5ptno i don't and will never do.
I bathe instead of using deodorant.
@SpiritualSeeker-oq5pt Thats great!!!! FYI there is a similar product called a faucet i assure u its better than wiping with a paper towel.
We need a history of Nikitin seamont in the Indian ocean
@@Murali1974we have something called toilets here in india, is that still a foreign concept for you?
As an Indian, I would love to hear about the story on Himalaya that you hinted upon in a future episode ❤
now we know actual boundaries of India
This was so interesting. I didn't know any of this about the land of India.
I’ve been wanting an episode on this! Another Eons classic here
2:20 Love the Desi Dinosaur names 🫰🏻☺️
Was a research assistant for Scotese when I was at UT Arlington. Cool dude.
India is india was Mysterio then ,is mysterious now and will always be the jewel of mystery it is
Fun fact : the western ghats of India have a big gap known as Palakkad gap stretching around 40 km. The other part of that puzzle can be seen in Madagascar. Even the living beings in Madagaskar and Western ghats do share some similarity, although millions of years of evolution did differentiate them in great extend.
This is one of the most jam-packed and surprising episodes i have watched.
Can you talk more about the horse origins? How did they go from starting there, to North America to spreading back to Eurasia?
PREPARE FOR RAMMING SPEED
full throttle!!!!!!
India is like driving a tank or Hummer into a wall haha
Commander our ship can't handle that.
- Vernabas(Assassin Creed Odessy)
I think I've watched them all, and this may be your most interesting episode to date - to me at least.
Bes wishes
So glad to get a new ep!! Hopefully its not 2 months until the next one
Thank you for this, the data around the evolution of earth is so much better now than when I was in college. Astonishing information to the layman.
Now we need an episode on Zealandia!
Following this topic, you could talk about the closing of the tethys ocean and current remains of the ocean.
Funny the most ancient name of India mentioned in Vedas was 'Jambudweep' literally means Giant Island
which is what makes India so fascinating as an exploratory place
Thank you Kallie for this brilliant exposition on the movement of India and related matters. Vast swaths of time given clear concise consideration. Clues from many areas of science. Wow.
Bhutanese 🇧🇹 & 🇳🇵 Nepalese animals - Ohh what a sunny day on beach
India 🇮🇳 - YEAHHHHH BUDDY