Immunology - Adaptive Immunity (B cell Activation, Hypermutation and Class Switching Overview)
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- Опубликовано: 21 июл 2024
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I'm studying for my graduate immunology course and your videos have been a life line. Please realize how much these videos help students learn and understand material instead of just memorization.
Hello. I have seen a few of your videos and it helps me understand some thing better than other videos. I just want to take this time to thank you and let you know that I appreciate it.
God bless
The precision of your drawing and lack of mistakes amazes me. Also, the pace and information choice is perfect. Best online lecturer for any subject I've ever seen.
I just want to thank you for the videos, they really helped me preparing my exam. Thank you..
Thank you so much!! Been following since my UG and now in my PG, you have saved me from failing this subject!
once again, your tutorials have saved my undergrad life thank you!
Hey,
You have to save the image. Then you have to print it in a A3 paper at least.
if the image fills a A3 paper, the image will be more visible.
Try it
Cheers
armando
I wish I'd found your video's sooner! But still great help for last minute overviews before my exam tomorrow! Will be using your other video's when my GAMSAT test comes around! Thanks xx
The clear and concise nature of this video is supreme. Thank you1
Thank you for not being as general as the other tutorials on here! You are my saviour.
Thankyou so much Armando, this really allows me to visualise the concepts.
Cheers from Australia :) -- Keep up the great work!
Thanks for your video Armando !! This is really really helpful !!
your explanations are amazing! you make everything so clear!
Spreading knowledge is virtue you are doing it
absolutely amazing like all of your other videos!! finally makes sense :)
special shoutout to this guy! i learn best with pictures! thank you!
It's my first year on medical school, and I have my finals in microscopic anatomy on next friday! I have sacrificed so much to learn everything. Its new year in 3 days, but I have cancelled all my plans.. None of my friends understand why I study so hard, and I don't blame them. Only medical students understand the struggle. I can't wait to see what the future will bring!
Thanks for the video!
super intérressent, merci beaucoups pour le temps passer à la réallisation.
He said he will take a closer look at the hypermutation and isotype switching but he literally just repeated exactly what he said on the overview. the mechanisms should be better explained in another more focused video, including enzymes and signaling or what not :/ still a great video! thank you so much
I was wondering the same :/ but I cannot find those videos. Did you find the video in the end ?
This is an awesome video, thank you so much!! Also I love your icon bracelet! I have a similar one :)
Hi there, great video. I was wondering if you (or anyone else reading this) could explain the role of iccosomes that are release by the follicular dendritic cells? Many thanks
Armando! Great vids! Would like to ask of you if you could insert bookmarks that indicate when you start talking about for example "somatic hypermutation" or "class switch combination" so it would become easier to navigate :)
Immunology is a challenging course. thank you so much for providing this wonderful video. It really helps me to understand the material.
your channel is just amazing!! Thanks for sharing so much information!!!
This is a very good basic introduction and follows along with my textbook, including the afferent pathway sentence. This should be a good review for your basic intro to immunology course.
You are honestly a lifesaver!!!
Great job on this one man! Really helpful :)
Hey,
I will do that, ill try to do it next week:)
Thank you so much! Very clear and easy to understand
This is pure gold! Thanks a lot!
Thank you for the great video ! 🎉
Thank you for posting these videos!!!
dude u are awesome! love this video....really cleared some things up for me.
Really good video, nothing is this good!!!
Thank you for the great immunology lesson!!!
Your videos are amazing
I'm a french medecine student, and I just want to say thank you and I hope you will continue to make this video on subject like physiology/anatomy ..!
you must be a doctor by now, lucky you
damn this is supreme! thankyou sm for your work
Very informative and simplified!
armando.....your explanations are great.... they make thing so clear so easily... thnks
Thank you for this! Amazing.
I love your videos! But do you mind linking the videos you mention at the end onto the video, because I find them hard to find. Thank you :)
Merci Mr bruscella pour cette excellente vidéo. Grâce à ça je suis sur d'avoir 20/20 au DS.
This saved my exam cheers!!!!
Thank you, Armando!!
I was thinking why the textbook we have don't explain like this?? :'( especially medical not at all clear...
It helps me make my concept clear.Thanks!
Thanks for your video !! This is really really helpful !!
Great video, thank you so much. I wish 8 years ago there was better audio recording equipment. :)
Excellent sir!!
One minor correction: Follicular dendritic cells do not possess MHC but rater presents antigen tightly bound on its membrane, if the centrocye can extract this antigen with high affinity and present it to T helper follicular cells via their MHCII, it will get selected.
Cells enter lymph node primarily through high endothelial venules (HEV) by L-selectin mediated rolling. Only about 10% of TCells actually come in through the afferent lymphatics. HEV's are in the paracortex and that is why the paracortex is filled with mostly T cells.
I agree with you
I think both T and B cells
Very clear explaination
your drawings are amazing
Best explanation ❤️
hello i love your videos, could you please do some on gene technology,biotechnology,crop plants, inherited change and regulation and control
Soso helpful! Thank you!
it's amazing armando.....thank you
hi your videos are really good and helpful i have a small doubt can you please tell me whats then use of lymphocytes when macrophages and dentritic cells have already digested the antigen why does it projects on the mhc class 1
Thanks a lot for you overview !!!
Thank you so much again, fantastic!
Where is the link quoted in the last minute of the video in which I should find the further information about the somatic hypermutation and class switching in a lot more detail? I can't find it...
Thanks in advance
You are amazing . Thanks a lot
thank a lot!!! nut I have a question: the process of hypermutation isn't supposed to hapen where B cells mature in the bone morrow?
and so what happens in the lymph node is peripheral tolerance?
Very good. But I thought a germinal center is in a follicle which is in turn in the cortex. So not in the medulla.
thank you so much! You have helped me alot.
love ur videos man... can u pls show T cell activation pathway with either MHC1 or MHC2...
thank you so much for this one.
Are you by any chance going to do Hypersensitivity reactions? Keep up the good work!!!
Armando slight mistake here. T-helper cells do not present antigens to the centrocytes. They do not process MHC2. They do activate b-cells but this is through them recognising antigen on the APC and then releasing the appropriate cytokines to trigger class switching and differentiation.
Yes
Thank you so much . You are a saviour
Thank you!
hey Armando its awosome u make things easy would please keep on.
at the end of the video isnt it missing the APPC as another effector mechanism of humoral immune reponse?
Amazing guy! Thank you.
If I pass this midterm, I'm going to find you and kiss you on the mouth. Or donate money to your channel, whichever ends up being easier.
did you pass that midterm 3 years ago?
I did! And have since entered a career HIV research!
ladies and gentlemen, here is another successful person :D
Proud of you even though i dont know you hehehe
did you kiss him or donated money to his channel ?
@@wassimabdou7649 He did both
The pause button is op, so use it, I paused this video a lot, and loved it !
does t lymphocytes drain from lymph to lymph nodes or they're already there waiting for antigen found on antigen presenting cells ?
How does the Tfh cells present antigen to the B cells in the germinal centers? They wouldn't have any MHC class 2 would they?
thank you .... thank you so much
Very helpful. Thank you
thank you so much
Hello, is AID responsible for class switch recombination as well?
I have a question about the CD4+ cells. At about the 3:30 mark you say that the Helper T cell presents the antigen to the mature B cell in the first place. I don't understand how this mechanism works considering Helper T cells don't express MHC II, but instead REACT to it. So if Helper T cells don't express MHC II how are they able to present an antigen? I thought all antigen presenting cells express MHC II. Any clarification would be great ty
apparently nobody knows.
I reckon that TH2 do not present an antigen, instead they react to the CD40 surface protein on a mature B cell (in which TH2 expresses CD40L when antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to TH2).
B-cell will present the antigen to T-helper cells (they act as APCs). When B-cells bind an antigen, their BRC will be internalized, the antigen will be processed (exogenous presentation) and presented on MHC class II molecules.Then a CD4+ T-helper (specific for that processed antigen) can bind the MHC-peptide complex and through CD40L expression can stimulate the B cell (which expressed CD40).
the purpose of the class switching is mainly to promote the union of the specific cell tipe that are professionals eliminating the infection for eg, eosinofilos have Rc. for IgE so when a TCD4 Th2 activates a B cell it will induce a class change to Ig E and not G that that would call macrofages and not eosinofilos to bind with the pathogen
thank you very much
Hlo sir ,I have studied that b cell recognise antigen in its native form then how can it recognise antigen presented by follicular dendritic cells or t cell
Hey, I do have a little question about the TCD4 helper cells. Do they express the antigen through an MHCI on their surface, or do they express only CD40 and TCR to interact with the Centrocits? The thing is that i didn't know that TCD4 cells could express an antigen on a MCH molecule!
Thanks
Th-cell can't express MHC, but they express CD40L, TCR and CD 4 which interact with CD40 and MHC-II on Centrotices.
After the hypermutation process, a Centrocite, with enhanced affinity, will interact and phagocytize an immune complex coated bodie known as Iccosome that is produced by Follicular DC. The Ag can now be processed and presented (again) on the Centrocite surface. The B cell will then interact with the Th-cell from which it recieves BCL-X, an antiapoptotic signal. This process is called Affinity Maturation and its purpose is the positive selection of the B cell with the highest affinity to a particular antign among the b cells with the enhanced affinity.
Thanks a lot 🤗
Hi! I have a question. What is the purpose of class switching? and how do T cells help in class switching? Thank you.
Those are the cutest B cells ever :3
If you set the speed to 0.5x, he sounds like a really smart really drunk lecturer.
I snorfled in the middle of the library from this, thank you xD
just like rick. lol
4:40 How can the B cell centrocyte recognize the antigen from the T helper cell? the T cell is not antigen representing...
I thought that the B cell with no match would live for several hours and finally goes apoptosis when it doesn't pas has specific antigen in that time. Is that true?
thank you!!
BRILLIANT
Very informative video. But you didn't talk about the role of bcl-6.
How b cell is Converted into plasma cells?? Normal process by t cell stimulation it is done by interlukin 4 but incase of Bruton disease the activation is done by tyrosine kinase... Which is the right answer????? Please clarify
@Shrimpcrackr Class swiping is important because they do different things. For example IgM can activate complement, but it's short lived and doesn't neutralize well. IgE and IgA a better at opsinization. IgE binds to mast cells.
thank you