I dont see how you could get the calipers spinning, the hydraulics cant be rotated. Alltho they allready used drum brakes as centrifugal clutch so they kinda did it.
The level of welding wizardry and eye-ball engineering that takes place on this channel is amazing. Never underestimate slavs when it comes to taking random stuff and mythbusting myths that no one asked for. :)
I love how creative you guys are! I've been a mechanic for almost 55 years, and I love the abuse that you put on your projects! And thank you for using my oil products! LOL Carry on Vlad! :)
Friction is friction, but clutch plates are designed to briefly slip and lock solid when released, whereas brakes pads are designed to apply progressive pressure to both sides of a rotor. Both are manufactured from completely different compounds of friction material.
I think the main thing here is that a clutch is designed to hold however much torque the engine can make, but brakes have to handle WAY more torque than that during hard braking. And so they're both designed accordingly
It's a shame your correct explanation is so low already. It's the same reason why you let out the clutch without revving the engine because you'll burn up the clutch medium. It's like they were doing a clutch drop at red line in top gear.
@@thecrazyfarmboy Clutches essentially function by applying friction to multiple plates thus eventually forming a single rotating mass, to progressively couple crankshaft rotation to the clutch/gearbox and driveshaft. Brakes however are designed specifically to apply much greater hydraulic pressures, equally distributed between opposing brake pistons/pads pinching against a single rotating mass. 👍
If you used the clutch diaphram and a fly wheel would it have a better surface area. I love your creativity your shows are so good to watch everytime. From Australia 🇦🇺
You guys should try making brakes and pads with the materials swapped, Smooth steel brake pads and brake pad material on the discs. (Add bevels on the edges of the steel pads so they dont dig into the pad material on the discs).
That's similar to what they just did but even if they actually got the brake friction material attached well enough, I suspect you'd just see them overheating very quicky.
The main reason he had to use so much peddle is because the master cylinder needs to operate double the volume of the original front slave cylindersystem, if he matched the master cylinder i think it would yeild better results
I remember thinking about this as a teenager. I wondered if you could put the pad in middle [circular, such as done here] and metal rings around the outside and have the metal rings clamp the friction surface. The metal rings would not turn, so they could be heavily finned like an air cooled engine and this might dissipate heat better. Changing the friction surface would be more involved, but that doesn't happen too often and this might reduce brake fade on tracks. This shows that brakes dissipate way more horsepower per second than any clutch plate adds.....
What you made is found in aircraft. Spinning brake rotor (rotors) and stationary metal plates (stator). They normally have a 5S 4R configuration with 7 pistons.
Now i want to see them take this idea to the next level, instead of the clutch being on transmission input shaft, put a clutch on each wheel of a welded diff and connect it to levers so you can steer the car like a tank!
i am surprised no manufacturer has done this... its actually a pretty good idea. can have plenty of friction material, using only that portion allows it to cool... and the pads, being the metal, and stationary, can easily be water-cooled... wouldnt be any harder to change...
@@mann_idonotreadreplies some already do use a similar system... multiplate truck brakes. not quite the same, but there you go... annular friction "discs" or rings... or clutch plates... you miss the point. you can WATER COOL THE METAL COMPONENT. and the friction material having only, say, 1/3rd in contact at any time allows for pretty good air flow and... cooling.
How about using brake parts as clutch using differential in it? Driveshaft 1 as input from the engine, driveshaft 2 as output to the gearbox and the propshaft as clutch (Brake disc and caliper). The output will of course spin in opposite direction but just turn the rotation with gears or flip the differential around from the rear axle. This system would be interesting to see!
@@Flies2FLLSorry, I'm not native english speaker, so it's hard to explain, but if you know what differential is, you should know pretty easily what i mean. Cars differential has 3 drive flanges, one for propshaft, and two for driveshaft, so if you turn one driveshaft flange, you can adjust the other driveshaft's flange torque and speed by holding the third flange in place (flange for propshaft) with brake disc and caliper system. hope this helps.
@@Hertte_1234 Use an online translator. (Your language) to English. It will do a decent job. Thank you for trying! We want to hear what you have to say.
@@Flies2FLL He suggests to recreate the transmission of the ford model T, by using a cars axle differential gear. the model T had one clutch for forward, one clutch for reverse. they were geared together by epicyclic gears.
Everyone speak up if he feel the same way watching this guy's like a father you'd ever had and the fact that he does everything low cost in an abstract way with technology not getting in the way I feel like I'm actually learning how things work on fundamental level clearly the guy can work on a brand new German car or a car that was made 100 years ago the same intensity it's insane I've never physically met a person this intelligence
Energy increases with the square of the speed. So 60 kmh equals 3,600 units. 80 squared is 6,400. So dividing 6,400 by 3,600 equals 1.777 so 77.7% greater energy to dissipate. Love your creativity.
I remember an experimental braking system where they put two brake disks side by side and a caliper on each one on every side of the car to effectively double the surface area of the brakes. I would like to see that one done. Fitting the calipers will probably be a problem along with the extra weight.
The need to press the brakes hard in a set with a clutch disc to obtain the required force could result purely from the fact that two calipers were installed on one side while leaving the standard brake servo. The demand for output increased, but the power supply remained the same. The same effect is when you modify the brakes in a car, installing larger discs and calipers from another vehicle, when the caliper has a larger piston, it also has a greater demand for fluid in mililiters, so often in such cases the new, larger brakes work worse than the factory ones, because the system cannot build up the appropriate pressure. In this case, the caliper capacity increased twice, which certainly significantly reduced the force exerted by the calipers on the discs.
I would suggest. Cut the brake rotor to half of it's thickness then revet the clutch friction plate material to it. Then use metal pads or same brake pads to calculate the results 😊. A much better solution.
Clutch discs are made to clamp or release, not to slip. Brake pads / rotors are designed to do exactly the opposite. As for the one showing worse damage than the other, I think that the clutch disc is designed to be directional, which would cause the one rotating the opposite direction to shred worse. That said, I think this would have worked better as a pressure plate arrangement rather than a caliper piston.
In the engine clutch, the pressure on the plate is controlled by springs alone. In the brake system, you can put many times more the amount of pressure on the disc, so it just exploded under the pressure.
The clutch normally has minimal slippage, but brakes are always slipping when slowing until you stop or lock up the wheels, so the clutch isn't normally going to get as hot as the brakes.
man! this was one of the most unique things I've seen on here, amazing! but, you got too much surface area, that's why they hard to push, like if you took, a stock brake setup, but changed the small pads to pads that were big and round the same size of the rotor, and then tried it out, you would have the same problem... because you only have a certain useful amount of psi you can squeeze, but you trying to spread that over a larger area, needing that much more psi to have the same clamping force. if you understand, . that's why we have a big rotor, with a SMALL pad... you need to change your setup to keep the disc material the same, but just use one caliper, with 2 steel 'pads' inside like you would have had normal pads.... that's the key, heck, just put in normal pads but backwards, so the steel side rubs the friction disc.
The brake pads being smaller means more pressure per inch, the clutch spreads that across the entire disc, so that pressure is alot less per inch but still has more friction. Awesome to see it tried tho.
No puedo recordar cuantos videos de este canal ya he mirado, en ningun mire que usaran extintores o alguna medida de seguridad, eso es lo que le llamo fuerza bruta, ser ruso. XD
I was hoping you'd just make a set of steel brake pads and fit into the standard calipers. Would maybe let more heat escape. The bottom line is though, the friction materials are very different. Doesn't take long to burn up a slipping clutch
I assume, a clutch only needs to briefly match up gearbox rotation to engine rotation.. and a brake needs to constantly do that. Also, the material seemed to rip itself apart, due to how the indentations on it were pointing outwards.
Great job .by increasing the surface area you decrease brake effort regardless of the extra calipers good ideas keep it coming how about all four piston firing at once for a lad engine or a apposed flat8 I had a ts3 commer when I was a lad what brut.or a bike engine conversion have a great day and thankyou from the UK
Consider powering one thing such as an engine powering one wheel. Consider attaching a differential differential to the wheel with the drive going to the motor, as usual. The other side of the differential going to a . brake. This kludge would act as a clutch which is engaged when the brake is on. All motion goes from the motor to the wheel although the wheel goes twice as fast as usual.
I was so disappointed when you said you removed the springs 😢. I think it would be triple fun with them on if you can install a spacer to connect to the shaft instead.
If you had clutch hubs, what if you had a crank shaped axle that runs through the engine block? The axle could then rotate all the time until you engage the clutches on the hubs!
The likely reason you had to apply more pedal effort and travel is that the master cylinder does not displace enough volume for dual calipers on each wheel.
If the disk was using brake pad compound instead of clutch compound, I bet it'd be a pretty effective brake design for motorsports. Less brake fade and more overall performance.
Of course clutches are meant to smooth power from the engine to the transmission so even if you have more surface area it isn't designed to bite into a rotor as with typical pads with such force and as much heat lol. Somewhat fun idea to toy with still I suppose.
brake pads are meant to be slipping across the rotor the clutch is meant to slip a little then hold the contact point all the time. its gonna burn through the clutch instantly
I love your experiments. can you run a car , and the motor is an air compressed motor like an impact drill to rotate the transmission to power the car? just an idea .
At first thought, I imagined the disc driven with the wheel and your having used gray cast iron pucks. Of course, that wouldn't have worked. Then, I realized that the clutch was meant to transmit much lower torque, as the tranny is the torque multiplier. If you were to have used a mechanism like a multi-plate motorcycle clutch, you would have fared better.
The backwards brake! shoulda used stacks of oe brake pad backing plates with the oe calipers. Full coveragi gave good contact patch but no heat disipation.
![Felix "Unfair" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Oswujxm2Ag0/mqdefault.jpg)
Now use a brake disc as clutch?
Seconded
Thirded
I dont see how you could get the calipers spinning, the hydraulics cant be rotated. Alltho they allready used drum brakes as centrifugal clutch so they kinda did it.
@@DookieMcPoo brake disc. The rotor, the disc.... not the caliper and no hydraulics tf?
Oh you ment just the disc...thats kinda meh...
The level of welding wizardry and eye-ball engineering that takes place on this channel is amazing. Never underestimate slavs when it comes to taking random stuff and mythbusting myths that no one asked for. :)
If they still had that show junkyard wars they would be the undefeated champion!!
@@evilbeetlekustomscreations4965definitely
The USA has this kind of wizardry and eyeballing too, it just happens in the redneck woods where there's no Internet or camera access lol
Idk if they’d appreciate being called Slavs
@@HU1212ICAN3nobody was questioning that
I love how creative you guys are! I've been a mechanic for almost 55 years, and I love the abuse that you put on your projects! And thank you for using my oil products! LOL Carry on Vlad! :)
Rolf! Love your oil! 😆 😆
Yo, it’s Rolf!
You have an entire shop with tools and still hammering on the floor 😂😂😂. I notice a new release from these guys, I watch it immediately.
Russian Style!
The floor is a tool to.
Imagine taking it to the shop and asking for a clutch cange on all four corners😂😂😂😂😂😂
That would be some Rolling eyes in the garage :D :D :D
What's the vin number and model please hahaha lol
Change the clutches at all 4 corners, and while you're at it, please put a new set of brake pads in the bellhousing! 😂
Friction is friction, but clutch plates are designed to briefly slip and lock solid when released, whereas brakes pads are designed to apply progressive pressure to both sides of a rotor. Both are manufactured from completely different compounds of friction material.
I think the main thing here is that a clutch is designed to hold however much torque the engine can make, but brakes have to handle WAY more torque than that during hard braking. And so they're both designed accordingly
It's a shame your correct explanation is so low already. It's the same reason why you let out the clutch without revving the engine because you'll burn up the clutch medium. It's like they were doing a clutch drop at red line in top gear.
@@thecrazyfarmboy Clutches essentially function by applying friction to multiple plates thus eventually forming a single rotating mass, to progressively couple crankshaft rotation to the clutch/gearbox and driveshaft. Brakes however are designed specifically to apply much greater hydraulic pressures, equally distributed between opposing brake pistons/pads pinching against a single rotating mass. 👍
Ok bill nye the liar guy.
@@pohldriveryou sometimes need gas to slip clutch
lol every time I see welding I instinctively close my eyes. Great video as usual
The best car idea stuff on RUclips
When it turns out contrary to what one was expecting ... THAT is why it's best to test vs assume. Testing for the win. Nicely done guys.
I love this channel 😄covers all the random automotive intrusive thoughts all gearheads have ever had.
10:27 Me after Taco Bell😂😂😂😂😂
put it in slow motion
*MUCH* more torque is present during braking than the engine dishes out during normal operation of a clutch.
Perfect.
Average.
@@R3cKi7 Bozo.
@NoBSChurch Bozo.
Garage 54 is such a great channel for engineering students.
If you used the clutch diaphram and a fly wheel would it have a better surface area. I love your creativity your shows are so good to watch everytime. From Australia 🇦🇺
Next time: "We try use the plastic intake as a exhaust manifolds" 😂
I always wonder if these guys will run out of ideas, and the videos just keep coming. Good stuff.
Or ladas😂😂
Need Brake pads for clutch disk now lol
Iron brake pads 🙂
Usung regular pads would most likely just break the clutch
You guys should try making brakes and pads with the materials swapped, Smooth steel brake pads and brake pad material on the discs. (Add bevels on the edges of the steel pads so they dont dig into the pad material on the discs).
great idea!!
That's similar to what they just did but even if they actually got the brake friction material attached well enough, I suspect you'd just see them overheating very quicky.
The main reason he had to use so much peddle is because the master cylinder needs to operate double the volume of the original front slave cylindersystem, if he matched the master cylinder i think it would yeild better results
I always admire how huge this guy is.
I remember thinking about this as a teenager. I wondered if you could put the pad in middle [circular, such as done here] and metal rings around the outside and have the metal rings clamp the friction surface. The metal rings would not turn, so they could be heavily finned like an air cooled engine and this might dissipate heat better. Changing the friction surface would be more involved, but that doesn't happen too often and this might reduce brake fade on tracks.
This shows that brakes dissipate way more horsepower per second than any clutch plate adds.....
I learned Russian from watching you guys. с любовью, смотрю из Висконсина, США
What you made is found in aircraft. Spinning brake rotor (rotors) and stationary metal plates (stator). They normally have a 5S 4R configuration with 7 pistons.
I just love your content, one of the best channel for automotive fun. Keep up the good work guys! 👍🔥
Love this channel best on RUclips love from UK 🇬🇧
“They only had one stop in them!!!” Best quote in some time!
That's really interesting. I did not expect that end result.
I Love This Channel Relaxing and Entertaining.
All in the name of science and backyard engineering lol
Now i want to see them take this idea to the next level, instead of the clutch being on transmission input shaft, put a clutch on each wheel of a welded diff and connect it to levers so you can steer the car like a tank!
i am surprised no manufacturer has done this...
its actually a pretty good idea.
can have plenty of friction material, using only that portion allows it to cool...
and the pads, being the metal, and stationary, can easily be water-cooled...
wouldnt be any harder to change...
No factory wants to use this because it's stupid. Lots of heat generated it's not worth it even if you get more brake performance
@@mann_idonotreadreplies some already do use a similar system... multiplate truck brakes. not quite the same, but there you go... annular friction "discs" or rings... or clutch plates...
you miss the point. you can WATER COOL THE METAL COMPONENT. and the friction material having only, say, 1/3rd in contact at any time allows for pretty good air flow and... cooling.
How about using brake parts as clutch using differential in it?
Driveshaft 1 as input from the engine, driveshaft 2 as output to the gearbox and the propshaft as clutch (Brake disc and caliper). The output will of course spin in opposite direction but just turn the rotation with gears or flip the differential around from the rear axle. This system would be interesting to see!
I honestly have no idea what you are saying. Use an online translator if you are not a native English speaker.
@@Flies2FLLSorry, I'm not native english speaker, so it's hard to explain, but if you know what differential is, you should know pretty easily what i mean. Cars differential has 3 drive flanges, one for propshaft, and two for driveshaft, so if you turn one driveshaft flange, you can adjust the other driveshaft's flange torque and speed by holding the third flange in place (flange for propshaft) with brake disc and caliper system. hope this helps.
@@Hertte_1234 Use an online translator. (Your language) to English. It will do a decent job. Thank you for trying! We want to hear what you have to say.
@@Flies2FLL just use gpt
@@Flies2FLL He suggests to recreate the transmission of the ford model T, by using a cars axle differential gear. the model T had one clutch for forward, one clutch for reverse. they were geared together by epicyclic gears.
Brakes turned into a clutch now 💚💛❤️
Fantastic idea. You are one of the best motoring channels on RUclips.
Everyone speak up if he feel the same way watching this guy's like a father you'd ever had and the fact that he does everything low cost in an abstract way with technology not getting in the way I feel like I'm actually learning how things work on fundamental level clearly the guy can work on a brand new German car or a car that was made 100 years ago the same intensity it's insane I've never physically met a person this intelligence
Energy increases with the square of the speed. So 60 kmh equals 3,600 units. 80 squared is 6,400. So dividing 6,400 by 3,600 equals 1.777 so 77.7% greater energy to dissipate. Love your creativity.
Cool story bra
That was very impressive! And I was hoping that it worked better!👌😂👍you guys are always full of surprises!
10:53
If it saves you once a year, it's a Goodyear
@0:21 "lot a Lada" 😂
Using diesel as coolant
i like these interesting videos one of the best auto channels!!
Them lada's pull up to a stop pretty good
I remember an experimental braking system where they put two brake disks side by side and a caliper on each one on every side of the car to effectively double the surface area of the brakes. I would like to see that one done. Fitting the calipers will probably be a problem along with the extra weight.
This is what i wanted to know...thanks Garage 54
PLEASE make a custom in-line seven engine! I have to hear what it sounds like!
The need to press the brakes hard in a set with a clutch disc to obtain the required force could result purely from the fact that two calipers were installed on one side while leaving the standard brake servo. The demand for output increased, but the power supply remained the same. The same effect is when you modify the brakes in a car, installing larger discs and calipers from another vehicle, when the caliper has a larger piston, it also has a greater demand for fluid in mililiters, so often in such cases the new, larger brakes work worse than the factory ones, because the system cannot build up the appropriate pressure. In this case, the caliper capacity increased twice, which certainly significantly reduced the force exerted by the calipers on the discs.
These lada’s are truly customizable
That ball joint at 15:17... it's dangerously loosened up :o
I would suggest. Cut the brake rotor to half of it's thickness then revet the clutch friction plate material to it. Then use metal pads or same brake pads to calculate the results 😊. A much better solution.
Clutch discs are made to clamp or release, not to slip. Brake pads / rotors are designed to do exactly the opposite. As for the one showing worse damage than the other, I think that the clutch disc is designed to be directional, which would cause the one rotating the opposite direction to shred worse. That said, I think this would have worked better as a pressure plate arrangement rather than a caliper piston.
I love this channel😂
In the engine clutch, the pressure on the plate is controlled by springs alone. In the brake system, you can put many times more the amount of pressure on the disc, so it just exploded under the pressure.
No idiot. The pressure is controlled by the hydraulic clutch pedal.
The clutch normally has minimal slippage, but brakes are always slipping when slowing until you stop or lock up the wheels, so the clutch isn't normally going to get as hot as the brakes.
man! this was one of the most unique things I've seen on here, amazing! but, you got too much surface area, that's why they hard to push, like if you took, a stock brake setup, but changed the small pads to pads that were big and round the same size of the rotor, and then tried it out, you would have the same problem... because you only have a certain useful amount of psi you can squeeze, but you trying to spread that over a larger area, needing that much more psi to have the same clamping force. if you understand, . that's why we have a big rotor, with a SMALL pad... you need to change your setup to keep the disc material the same, but just use one caliper, with 2 steel 'pads' inside like you would have had normal pads.... that's the key, heck, just put in normal pads but backwards, so the steel side rubs the friction disc.
Cool, story, bra,
The brake pads being smaller means more pressure per inch, the clutch spreads that across the entire disc, so that pressure is alot less per inch but still has more friction. Awesome to see it tried tho.
A simple set of steel brake pads may have worked better. I think the compound of friction material simply isn't up to the job though
They have a Lada parts lying around. 😏
Maybe you could try the experiment with ceramic clutch discs
No puedo recordar cuantos videos de este canal ya he mirado, en ningun mire que usaran extintores o alguna medida de seguridad, eso es lo que le llamo fuerza bruta, ser ruso. XD
Eure Experiment sind der einfach Hammer. Macht weiter so ich schaue euch sehr gern. Viele Grüße von Deutschland.
Now make a clutch out of brake material
They have, a centrifugal clutch using drum brake parts.
@@Markcain268oh really! thanks for the info 👍
I was hoping you'd just make a set of steel brake pads and fit into the standard calipers. Would maybe let more heat escape. The bottom line is though, the friction materials are very different. Doesn't take long to burn up a slipping clutch
The very first disc brakes (on airplanes) were in fact adapted from disc clutches.
Holy Cow, good one.
I assume, a clutch only needs to briefly match up gearbox rotation to engine rotation.. and a brake needs to constantly do that. Also, the material seemed to rip itself apart, due to how the indentations on it were pointing outwards.
Great job .by increasing the surface area you decrease brake effort regardless of the extra calipers good ideas keep it coming how about all four piston firing at once for a lad engine or a apposed flat8 I had a ts3 commer when I was a lad what brut.or a bike engine conversion have a great day and thankyou from the UK
Cool story bra.
Make Lada rear mounted transmision (u can use passat or audi fwd trannsmision) like r35 gtr
the end result reminded me of the Stearns brakes I see on electric motors at work
I love these guys
Where do you guys find the time for all those projects ? It's fckn hilarious all of them 😂 Good to see we can still have fun with cars.
Consider powering one thing such as an engine powering one wheel. Consider attaching a differential differential to the wheel with the drive going to the motor, as usual. The other side of the differential going to a . brake. This kludge would act as a clutch which is engaged when the brake is on. All motion goes from the motor to the wheel although the wheel goes twice as fast as usual.
Lack of support to the disc. Pads is the correct design
The Kubota RTV I drive around has front brakes that are just like a multi layer clutch but they are in an oil bath.
Super interesting video as always
Are there already any bets how long the flashing CFL lamp in the workshop will stay broken?😅 Ive seen it in many last episodes.
I was so disappointed when you said you removed the springs 😢. I think it would be triple fun with them on if you can install a spacer to connect to the shaft instead.
Jumbo jets use a similar brake design...except the brake rotors are steel alloy with friction plates
If you had clutch hubs, what if you had a crank shaped axle that runs through the engine block? The axle could then rotate all the time until you engage the clutches on the hubs!
Cool video
G'day Garage54 & BMI,
"Spoiler Alert"
😲WOW! that went a LOT WORSE than I thought
Did they finally kill all the old lada? This one looks 10 years or More newer than the others
The likely reason you had to apply more pedal effort and travel is
that the master cylinder does not displace enough volume for dual calipers on each wheel.
Surface area does make a difference, more surface area = lower pressure across the surface as the force is spread out.
Awesomeness! I've never been this early!
If the disk was using brake pad compound instead of clutch compound, I bet it'd be a pretty effective brake design for motorsports. Less brake fade and more overall performance.
I want to see this again but with clutches from dump trucks or big rigs
Will a Lada engine run if you replace the crankshaft bearings with Babbit bearings?
it all begins with "hey there fellas" you know some funky engineering about to go down
Of course clutches are meant to smooth power from the engine to the transmission so even if you have more surface area it isn't designed to bite into a rotor as with typical pads with such force and as much heat lol. Somewhat fun idea to toy with still I suppose.
brake pads are meant to be slipping across the rotor
the clutch is meant to slip a little then hold the contact point all the time. its gonna burn through the clutch instantly
I love your experiments. can you run a car , and the motor is an air compressed motor like an impact drill to rotate the transmission to power the car? just an idea .
At first thought, I imagined the disc driven with the wheel and your having used gray cast iron pucks. Of course, that wouldn't have worked. Then, I realized that the clutch was meant to transmit much lower torque, as the tranny is the torque multiplier. If you were to have used a mechanism like a multi-plate motorcycle clutch, you would have fared better.
So its a clutch brake like you would jave on a Model T?
Find someone or some where that will put brake pad material in the clutch disc. It could be a sound idea just need right pad material.
Next experiment should be to make disc brakes made of brake pads and brake pads made of disc brakes
The backwards brake!
shoulda used stacks of oe brake pad backing plates with the oe calipers. Full coveragi gave good contact patch but no heat disipation.
cool, another one on the done that list
Make a break pad that covers the entire rotor.
I like this idea 👌
@@R3cKi7 thanks, I'm surprised it's not been done.
What about break leathers on the clutch disc
Well a clutch disk and a brake pad are basically made from the same material if in stock form
10:56 something looks off with that tire... :P
I know I noticed that too.
Use brake pads as clutch now? Or try clutch pads(pucks) as pads, rivets inset inside the metal backings.
double calipers also doubles the force applied to the brakes.