Это видео недоступно.
Сожалеем об этом.
How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 16 фев 2015
- View full lesson: ed.ted.com/lessons/how-we-thin...
Imagine you swallowed a small bird and suddenly gained the ability to fly … or you ate a cobra and were able to spit poisonous venom! Well, throughout the history of life (and specifically during the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells) things like this happened all the time. Adam Jacobson explains endosymbiosis, a type of symbiosis in which one symbiotic organism lives inside another.
Lesson by Adam Jacobson, animation by Camilla Gunborg Pedersen.
I'm glad that no one else is worried about the Human-Bird-Cobra Hybrid TED has just released into the world.
No need of imaginary thing, we had Donald Drumph for that!
@@naughtyat25 Good lord, TDS is strong with this one.
Uhh... I’m not allowed to disclose that information, O5 doesn’t want that thing getting into the wrong hands.
Ye
2020 took notes:
I wish they had mentioned that this is still happening, from the algae engulfing slugs (Elysia chlorotica), to aphid endosymbionths, to even fungi endosymbionths :)
I watched this at the beginning of the school year. I’m watching it again to prepare for my biology semester final. I’m noticing a lot more and putting things together faster. Man, the stuff you learn in half a year is crazy. School is amazing.
gotta agree man, coming back to different topics and now being able to put the pieces together because of the new knowledge is sooo ancouragung to keep studying.
My brain told me this was how complex organisms evolved while I was tripping hard on mushrooms. Interesting to see confirmation.
I fucking love this channel.
"Poisonous venom"
I take issue with this oxymoron.
I noticed that too XD
Being injected with it _or_ swallowing it is bad for you.
stiimuli Snap!
Same here
Not an oxymoron an oxymoron is something like : ’open secret’ or ‘jumbo shrimp ‘ it is a redundancy
I ate a cow, so now I can jump over the moon.
ok.
I ate a spoon, now I can walk
I ate some nuts yesterday
Where do you think you got the superpower of ... farting ;)
Stomach Acid: Hold my hydrogen ion
Excellent presentation. Clear, concise, compelling. I really enjoyed watching it.
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
So...
+Nic S Dark Mane is love Dark Mane is life.
+Nic S
yes exactly why these new hybrids became prominant, they were more efficient,
but cells can create energy without mitocidia
cytoplasm can be a powerhouse, it just sucks at it.
0:08 well thats kirby sir XD
Ted, I have the same lesson in school. But you people make it feel that this things are something worth. And an encouragement to explore more.
Thank you for"lessons worth learning "
I LOVE YOU TED-ED THIS HELPED ME WITH MY EXAM I ACTUALLY LOVE YOU
micropotria is the power house of the cell
- dark mane
ATP is the energy currency of the cell. - school
You are what you eat! ;)
Tell that to a 🐖
so dont eat feet
🍑
Are you calling me a cockroach
Meow
First mitochondria invaded a cell and then then chloroplast,not vice versa.
Charoun Chousein they don’t have any way of moving so unlikely
ok
@@megazion34 But since all eukaryotes have mitochondria and not all of them have chloroplasts, the mitochondria would have to come first or there would be cells with chloroplasts but no mitochondria.
Where did you learn that?
I will eat a bird today to see what happens.
Or you can just drink red bull
Figy Figvam red bull didnt gave me wings
How much did you drink?
Figy Figvam 25 liters.
25 liters? That's for the weak! You need to drink lots lots of gallons. Drink like a real man! >:)
Thanks! I was looking forward for a video like this, it was really easy to understand despite the fact that I'm still learning English🙈
0:37 Pure cuteness.
"Poisenous venom".
That's... Not phrased correctly.
"Quiet silence"
Idiotic moron hahaha
Burning fire
Wet water
"Sticky glue"
thanks to a game call Parasite Eve, i actually learn this lesson years ago. who say you dont learn useful stuff from a game?
Semi-idiots, that’s who.
who are you, who are so wise in the ways of words?
Very well explained! :)
This reminds me of the chimera ants from HunterxHunter.
Phagogenesis
What a absolute reference 🤩
i am watching this for a school assignment and i just happened to see this comment! 😂 i really like the chimera ants as an example! it’s my fav anime ;)
😂😂
Thank you for sharing this video
This is so well made.
Kirby and the endosymbiosis
New copy abilities,
Mitocondria! Let’s you convert sugar into energy!
Photosynthesis! Let’s you convert sunlight into sugar!
Kirby and the endosymbiosis
Only on nintendo switch.
Life is fascinating
I never knew this happened. I have one question though, how did they get the DNA from ancient bacteria? I thought that DNA breaks down after a while.
That's a really good question and you'll be happy to hear it has a simple answer. There are bacteria around today that are thought to be related to the forerunners of mitochondria and chloroplasts based on DNA and functional evidence, so we can get DNA from them :)
It didn’t happen. This is pseudoscience
Great video, I thought I knew about endosymbiosis-theory before, but this video definitely provided a lot more to know about, than I learned in school. Though I wonder how the earth is already green at 0:50 if there were only procariots at that time ;)
green procariots
Marvin Elsen art
what about the outer and inner membrane of the cell's nucleus?
What's the explanation for that?
Very nice explanation
The beginning of the video sounds like The Visitor.
Amazing I really love this video
Just a few qs for clarification;
1. What happened to the bacteria's cell wall who got engulfed to become mitochondria and chloroplasts?
2. Why does chloroplasts have double membrane of their own and mitochondria a single since all prokaryotic organisms have double lipid bilayer? So shouldn't both have them have the same no. of membranes?
3. Why are both the organelles semi autonomous and not fully? Also, I'm not sure and correct me if I'm wrong but as far as I know both of these organisms make less proteins for their replication and majority are made by their hosts, Again semi autonomous which is odd.
4. What does this theory say about other organelles like ribosomes, golgi apparatus etc?
5:12 - "The results were species that were capable of more than they were when they were separate organisms"
Sounds a lot like Fusion in DBZ!
"Poisonous venom"
Poison and venom are different things, you know.
Oh wait, you are LITERALLY THE PEOPLE WHO TOLD ME THAT.
Venom is a sub classification of poison. Saying poisonous venom is redundant, but not incorrect.
I literally just learned about this in class today
Great videos
I've been thinking about it for quite sometime
I like how the snake pop out wondering what just happened to his bird friend.
Really good, but mitochondrias were first than chloroplasts, and in the animation seems to be the other way around
Hi, do you believe that no one but God can write dna code
@@Newmoon19 I don't believe in God
@@aliciacuber2713 what if God created us, we don't have that intellect that we can prove his existence. Hypothetical on the day of judgement after resurrection and in front of God, Who will you blame for your ignorance?
@@Newmoon19 "what if leprechaun s exist"
"We dont have the intellect to prove their existence"
"So hypothetically when a rainbow comes, at the end of the rainbow, and in front of their pot of gold, who will you blame for your ignorance?"
@@Newmoon19 god is the greatest praise the lord
How does the cell division work for each of them though?
I swear videos like this are the only reason ill make it through college
So does that make each one of our cells a kind of multi-cellular organism? o.O
Yes. We are a multicelled organism that is made up of multicelled organisms that form into a multicelled organsim.
Stuff living in the cells > Organs > Whole body.
Cell-ception.
yo dawg, I heard lo liked cells...
What I would like to know is:
Why can't I have the chloroplast ones too? I wouldn't need to eat as much anymore.
TheAs57 This does not have to do with anything here. Get out with your 2.5 year old crap.
I don't know, but maybe it would be incompatible with our type of cellular respiration? Because we need CO2 in order to do that, whereas chloroplasts need O2 and sunlight to produce glucose? It seems like both types of cellular respiration are opposites, but I don't know why they couldn't/ didn't both happen simultaneously within a single cell.
I wish this came out and I knew about it the time I was writing Bio in High School
5:07 *"KIRBY KIRBY Kirby That's A Name You Should Know--"*
Wonderful, better than school!
Ted Ed is the best 😊
I'm guessing the two organisms become more and more dependent on each other, until they need each other to survive, and then merge even more?
If so, I can think of one example that's not microscopic - the Portuguese Man of War. It's a couple organisms that act like one and can't survive without each other, but each has their own brain ad nervous system.
aye this was uploaded on my birthday hehe
Say it with me now: mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell
“Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell”
Now that's TEAMWORK ^_^
Question: Do all complex organisms contain roughly the same organelle composition? In other words, did we all come from one single instance of a bacteria absorbing these organelles or did it happen everywhere with different combinations of organelles?
By us, i mean kingdom animalia
+Christian Elim we all have defended from a common fusion result, protocoflaggeleta
The predecessor of sponges
Thanks for the dumbed down version, we know this already but the question is how?
How do you animate a video like this? Like, which software do you use?
omfg you saved me! exam tomorrow and didnt understand this shit till now
Mitochondria almost certainly was engulfed first.
so is euglena or euglenozoan the primary endosymbiosis of green algae?
this new kirby game is looking good so far
Isso vídeo é Explicativel Interessante e Informativo se pudesse dava MIL LIKES
Answer me this how did we turn from single cells to a human? And also there was a bit where it was like “and that’s when oxygen started to appear in the atmosphere” that rhymes
Absorbing affects dna? Or do all the orange cells just happen to receive some green and purple bits every time one is created?
Due credit to Lynn Margulis for the Endosymbiotic theory. It's a shame she never received a Nobel peace prize for her discovery.
What about viruses, how they evolved?
Please Make a video on it.
Our best guess right now is a bacteria evolved to infiltrate bigger cells and over time shed most of its organelles and RNA to become more efficient; In this way, they are not much different from mitochondria, aside from the fact our bodies tolerate the latter.
What about the 3-layer membrane in Euglena's chloroplasts? Why is it so?
but from the newest edition of New Scientist magazine, some people (David and Buzz Baum) propose the "inside out", so ‘Blebs’ of outer membrane extrude through cell wall, trapping surface bacteria and then the blebs fuse
damn, I'm confused
So the proteins and DNA informations comes where in that explanation??
Nowhere. That wasn't explained because they still have nothing even close to a feasible way that could have happened.
I have a question: How could we get the DNA of the ancient bacteria to compare with the mitochonria that we have now? Or there are still ancient bacteria living to today?
Yeah there still around.
Awesome
0.00 - 0.25 That would make you a Zerg.
+Teoh Tong Wei Except that zerg is a thing from a video game
exactly what I was thinking
I can understand the symbiosis of mitochondria and the cell, but i keep wondering how reproduction works when mitochondria is a lifeform of its own. So there must be enough mitochondria swimming around in the cell so that when cell division occurs enough of them are in each new cell?
great question, from what i read (im not a scientist) the genes from the mitochondria are transfered to the host in successful evolutions. But im not sure
So I do kind of get it since it is said here that,that thing happened but never said how it happened but it's understandable that this video was not supposed to direct every single details or information because its just a short explanation of kirby.
Thanks
Why did you recount the history of the zerg between 0:00 and 0:42 ? :P
But how did they eventually sync in mitosis?
Does endosymbiosis satisfy the irreducible complexity question?
So is this basically the science of Kirby?
Feed somebody and you’ll see
We are whatever we eat
0:52 now we know how illuminati were created, from a cell
Dixel 21 lol
where do they start water or land
or do they star on the sky Liliana Earth
How did they come to being able to create multicellular organisms? More specifically, how did the "combine" and "gather" all the genes to reproduce the multicellular organisms that include all three of them?
Cells mutated to stick together. Cell colonies had advantages in certain situations. Colonial cells adapted to live in colonies. Colonial cells began to specialize. Colonial cells could no longer survive individually. The cells merge to the point where they can no longer be considered separate organisms. Multicellular life.
cells developed/mutated/evolved a component in their membrane called "adhesin"
Thanks for all your responses!
I imagine it is all about getting to a point where in colonial life, as specific cells specialized, certain cells became in charge of dealing with DNA replication, and that would have created stem cells in order for replicated cells to differentiate into different cells that got specialized?
That is the step that holds the question mark for me still.
I looked up "adhesin". It says it to keeps certain cells (bacteria, etc) in a specific part of the body, but how does it "create" development of DNA delegation and creation of reproductive cells for multicellular life?
Can we observe this phenomena, or can it be proven or replicated in laboratory?
So are the big blob-like cells a mini version of Kirby?
"their existence became linked" - you could even say _interlinked_
Is this the same thing as eukaryogenesis?
Can organisms showing symbiotic relationships evolve into single organism in near future?
Yes, but where did the first cell come from and how was it formed?
Abiogenesis
+Axel Chicahuala Ferreyra hello :) isn't it a bit deceptive to throw the term abiogenesis as if it is a proven theory? I am not saying that it will not be proven but at the moment it is not and naming something does not make it true.
Erfeyah Hello :P That's the theory with more evidence and supported by scientists. Although it may be wrong, today is the most accepted. If incorrect 're trying to find out, for now everything points to the same or similar.
Axel Chicahuala Ferreyra Yes, and I am not trying to imply that there is some kind of break in the continuity of evolution there. I just wanted to point that the right answer to the comment is not "Abiogenesis" but "we don't know". Maybe the answer abiogenesis points to your current personal belief (hypothesis) of what the answer is? What most scientists think or believe can easily be wrong as it has been shown throughout scientific history. Aloha! :)
Erfeyah For now, that's the answer he needed. I can not go to the future and see if refuted, science does not work that way. I can do (and did) it is to say that this is not one hundred percent sure if it's what literally happened. But to deny the current science without foundation is so anti-science as blindly believing in current theories, being that science in general is not exactly an exact science (or is not one from which all variants are known) and that everyone should have the open mind.
Ci vediamo :D
Is nucleus also a bacteria? it too has a double membrane right
Man I love biology
Is there species that is big , walk and perform both photosynthesis and Respiration.
plant cells and some bacteria and algae are only organisms that have both photosynthesis and respiration
im sick and i skipped today and hace a test tomorrow and i dont understand this even though my gpa is/was a 3.5 unweighted im gonna die
question is why the bigger cell did not digest the smaller bacteriums,
i mean can we repeat this hybrid process nowdays with like n"normal" cells and the modern versions id like to see that
+Austin Pinheiro You wouldn't like to see that at all - it would indicate a complete failure in your immune system.
Heather Spoonheim
not asking to see it in general but if there are ways to recreate the process and create our own hybrid cell
+Austin Pinheiro There is a lot of cutting edge biology research going on - assembling genes into custom DNA, inserting into generic lipid sphericals - someone is likely adding mitochondria and chloroplasts - maybe look for a biology research news site.
a quality video
do we can be change our body in the future ??
The one thing I struggle to understand about the endosymbiotic theory is how, for example, a plant first produces a chloroplast. It was stated in the video that the plant's cells do not have the DNA coding for the production of chloroplasts, and there are no previous chloroplast-containing cells, so does a photosynthetic prokaryote just happen to be absorbed while the plant is developing? That seems kind of unlikely.
So where did all simple organisms originate. If there taken away, destroyed they don't come back, so how did they originally come about?
You have to put more pictures
*the mitochondria is the power house of the cell*
pretty cool
So , chloroplasts entered plant cells only ? Or cells that contained chloroplasts then evolved into plant cells while the rest didn't ? For instance , the cell wall , was it formed before endosymbiosis ?
Volazjerino Kripperino first of all , thanks for replying . I still have a number of questions : 1) why would they consume more energy than they provide ? Does that happen in plants too ?
2) from reading i realised every difference there is between plant and animal cells is due to the existence of a cell wall ( correct me if i'm wrong ) and the cell wall i assumed is an evolution of the cell when a chloroplast entered it because it no longer needed to move and search for fuel , so the cell wall formed to provide a rigid structure and enhance photosyntheses
3)carnivores wouldn't have become carnivores if their primitive cells contained a chloroplast
Does this mean that all chloroplasts and all mitochondria in eukaryotic cells today are still separate or did they merge overtime into singular cell structures? It says that if you remove the chloroplasts from a eukaryotic cell they will not grow back, but does this mean they are separate cells or are they still considered organelles of a singular cell structure? I think this was just a bit too oversimplified for me lol. I was under the assumption that all cells replicate every part of itself as one unit but this video suggests that the organelles must separately divide individually, or am I just over thinking it?
Scientific analysis always leaves us with more questions than answers. I'm on the same boat as you. This helps explain where we came from, but obviously something more is going on today in our own cells.
Yes, plastids and mitochondria DO undergo fission (they do multiply within the cell).
They lost the ability to be individual cells.
Jorge Salas So it's similar to the symbiotic evolution of our inner intestinal bacteria?
No, that's a seperate topic: the human micro biome.
how about lysosomes?