Dr. Stafford Warren was a radiologist and pioneered nuclear medicine. In fact, he invented the mammogram. He was present at the Trinity test where he was responsible for safety, he was sent to Japan after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to see what effects the radiation might have on American soldiers, and later he became the first dean of the UCLA medical school. He was THE expert on radiology at the time. This guy was a GENIUS... and apparently an amazing fish catcher.
My dad knew a guy who was sent to Hiroshima days after the nukes, when he started suffering from the problems that you would except someone who did that to suffer from, his dr said it had nothing to do with Hiroshima In a documentary about a group of soldiers on an island having nukes tested on them the same thing happened to them, except they had it even worse
Literally one of the earliest versions of that actual issue. That's where that came from. That and the time they had a placebo control group for syphilis that targeted black men. And other things they did. At one point the US Government did experiments on prisoners and there are people still alive from the era when they forcibly sterilized people for "defects" like seizure disorders and other medical issues or even because of their race in some instances like with unnecessary hysterectomies a doctor did to maximize her own income. One doctor actually "euthanized" a man for being too obese during her panic after hurricane Katrina but obesity was the patient's only medical issue in the hospital. So many reasons not to trust someone just because of their official importance or lisc.
The Baker test happened during Operation Crossroads. The Navy drug a bunch of surrendered combatant ships out and made a big bullseye out of them. I know this because my grandfather told me all about it. He was a boatswain's mate on USS Mount McKinley and was present for this test. He got tasked with using a motor launch to carry scientists over to the bombed ships. As an epilogue to the story, my grandfather passed away in 1998 from Sepsis after cutting himself working on sheet metal. Before that he was in great health despite being present for a nuclear test and smoking Marlboro Lights for 50 years.
Thanks to your grandfather for his service to America and bless you for remembering him and all the other service members that served and the ones still serving
There is a small chance the events were connected. That sort of exposure to ionizing radiation can have long-term effects on your immune system. It may have been harder for his body to fight the infection as a result. Of course, even if that was the case, there's a very good chance the difference would be a matter of days or even just hours. It sounds like the old man lived plenty of life after he left the service, though. Talk about a wild story to tell!
@@Belladonna-x2c he made it to retirement age in good health. He might even still be with us if he had not cut himself. He was rebuilding a golf cart barn at the golf course he played golf at daily when he cut himself. I think about him often.
i had a "weekly reader" from 1945. one of those newsletters for school kids. they went on about how safe Hiroshima was because there were no xrays. another article takes about how safe ddt was... wish I still had that.
@@CatastrophesheI wonder if it also depends on where you go to get checked out. I worked with someone who had pulmonary fibrosis (I believe that was his condition) from trash pits and it was deemed service related hence why he was medically discharged (so disability pay) and he got meds and treatment from the local VA. I don’t remember what he specifically did in the military though.
My great grandfather was actually one of the guys that had to go on the ships afterward. They sailed on the ships back to dock, but they got told that the ships were too hot (aka too much radiation) and had to scrub the radiation from the ships. They also ate food that had been on the ships during the test. As far as I know, they weren't given any proper protection when they scrubbed the radiation off of the hull of the ship
People all over the world.That stuff stays in the atmosphere and just look at how many have been tested over the years.Nuclear one reason cancer is alive
@@rachinvocat9587 wrong, only America has done this. The glorious USSR and perfect China have never done anything wrong like this and are outraged at the human rights violations committed by the heinous USA.
What's even weirder is many of the street names at the Los Alamos National Lab are named after the island they blew up. When I first drove through on the way to my new job at TA 54 I was thinking "oh gawd, they didn't 🙄"
Soldiers on the ships were told to cover their eyes and ears when the blast was to go off and multiple people that were there reported seeing their own bones through their palms when the blast went off
@@Loading-lg6hs He is right, our eyes can only detect visible light, so you arent seeing an "xray" its just that the flash is so bright it completely shines through your flesh. Looking into it would probably cause permament retinal burns.
@@HelsenbergFan it’s a wild thought that two people could have the same idea, not like we’re all the same fucking animal being subjected to similar stuff
the worse part is they knew how fucked they were, they were there at the testing. before the bomb went off, they were told to cover their heads with their hand. when the flash came they could see their own bones in their hands.
@@HOTDOG401 well, it absorbed so much plutonium that that plutonium was emitting enough ionising radiation that it caused the fish to emit x-rays from this ionisation. These x-rays created that picture by traveling through the fish then hitting the plate. At least that what I think is happening even still, having enough ionising radiation present in that fishes body to take an x-ray, terrifying; as that is most definitely a dead fish walking or swimming as it was.
It's really cool to see this topic being brought up today. My great grandpa was involved in these tests and he got extremely sick from them, but he's still around and has spend a lifetime researching the history of these tests and their impact on the service members' lives.
@@codyshelton1405 you forget that science was looked at like nerd stuff and not the real world. just like therapy and stuff is only accepted for a very short while. The sceience guy was just a rambling person, let the soldiers do their work!
@@bas_ee To be honest, it still feels that way even today. A lot of people don't consider what scientists have to say as things applicable to the real world.
@@codyshelton1405you say that now, after humanity has been forced to learn our lesson after many many many events such as this. Back then, though, the effects of radiation were known to be "if you stand directly next to the explosion, you might get sick."
@@dacksonflux yeah but to be fair they also had the knowledge of "if you stand directly next to the explosion, you might get vaporized", so not getting vaporized was a plus i guess?
When you hire an expert to tell you about the thing. But then you ignore the expert telling you about the thing because you don't like what they have to say about the thing.
Just like the Chernobyl incident they ignore all the warning signs the expert gives them until u see terrible results…the ego in humanity is truly ridiculous.
In case you don't fully understand what the fish means, I'll try to explain this as simply as I can. I take x-rays all the time at my job, so I have a decent understanding of it. When you take x-ray images, there are 2 parts. The part of the machine that releases X-ray radiation, and the tray containing the film that absorbs the radiation, which places images onto the film inside the tray. We have computers to do this digitally for us now. Whenever x-ray radiation is released from the machine, the crystals inside the tray react with the film, and place the imprint of whatever was in way of the x-rays on the film, which can then be processed. This guy, literally just took a fish, and placed it onto the tray, didn't turn on the x-ray machine, and the tray reacted the same way it would have to x-ray radiation. To summarize, the fish had absorbed so much radioactive material, that it didn't even need x-ray radiation for the fish to be imprinted onto the film. And that is terrifying! Hope this helped!
Sorry but that's wrong, a better explanation is that the fish BECAME the x-ray machine. The fish had absorbed enough radioactive plutonium such that the x-rays and gamma rays being emitted from the inside of the fish could be used to x-ray itself
X Rays are radioactive waves. The fish was so radioactive that its waves imprinted on the photo and made the X ray photo. And so the crew finaly realised how much radiation was around them @@bunnyphoenix2992
Grandpaw was a sailor on one of those boats . He suffered from the effects until his death in 2014 . Radiation made him break out in full body hives like 3 times a year
@@Stormtrooper_edits lmfaooo now I'm imagining a fish outta the ocean, looks around in the human civilisation and infrastructure, and just goes "fuck this shit i'm out" 🤣🤣
I don’t know what’s more impressive, the fact he pulled a fish straight out of the ocean or that the one he grabbed happened to be an certified x-ray technician
My father-in-law was on a hotel ship during this test. He went to sea weighing 225 lbs and had red hair. When he arrived in San Francisco he was 163 lbs and his hair had turned white. This was 6 weeks later. The navy decided the ship was too hot to be in the harbor. They sailed the ship out and spend another month cleaning the ship. They came back in to the harbor. It was determined it was still too hot. They had the sailors sail the ship to Oregon and filled it with cement and sink the ship. My father in law spend 12 weeks on this ship.
Wow… did he live long? And I was wondering how long it took but was not expecting 6 weeks… and then another 6 weeks… did he have complications from the radiation or was he fortunate enough to escape the radiation
@@sherribreeden1906 He had a huge weigh loss. Lost his hair color and then started to bald. He lived to be 61 but was on medical treatments for bone cancer
@@sherribreeden1906 I don't know if you know this. Government records from WW11 were stored at 9600 Page Blvd St Lousi Mo on the 6th floor. Conveniently there was a fire on the 6th floor. Instead of trying to save what records were left they took a bobcat and bulldozed everything off the 6th floor. Now the Building is only a 5-stories When veterans try and claim benefit or service connected medical, the VA tells them they have to provide their on records. Many people who served do not have their own records. After all it has been over 50 years for some of these veterans. The Government has saved Billions of dollars denying benefits to veterans
An x-ray uses huge amounts of radiation to see through stuff like looking for tumors or cancer cells, this is safe-ish. The fish absorbed so much radiation the paper it was on had its x-ray on it.
I once saw a documentary about these poor marine people that where at these A-bomb testing grounds. I remember It was a rarity to be able to get some of these brave veterans interviewed about that topic. It was a top secret operation. They where barely briefed about what was going to happen, let alone they knew what an A-bomb was. Before detonation they where told to crouch on deck, to hold their heads down with their eyes closed while covering their eyes with their hands. One of the interviewed veterans said the flash of the blast was so bright he could count all the bones in his hands. A lot of these men died young from cancer, became infertile or got other serious health issues. The government used these poor men as their guinea pigs and they where warned not to talk about what happend that day, ever. The men that are still alive never received an apology till this day… truly sickening.
No apology, no memorial, and only a brief footnote in the pages of history, yet one of the most frightening ways to die. May whatever God they worshipped rest their souls.
It's a lot worse than that. The people of the Marshall Islands have also had severe problems from the bombs too. There was fallout covering the whole area. The bikini atoll and the enewetak atoll are more radioactive than _Chernobyl._
Comments like this are a bit of a silly take. Yes, there are examples of tests blatantly done intentionally. But with these, we had no idea back then. I’m Nevada, nuclear tests were tourist attractions, with people driving away from Vegas - and out into the desert to watch the detonations. Even when we detonated the first one with the Manhattan project, scientists weren’t sure what was going to happen. Some even INVOLVED didn’t want to do the test because they thought it might ignite and burn off the entire atmosphere. But alas, whaddya gonna do, not try to win the war? ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Lol My point is, yes there are lots of conspiracies, but not EVERYTHING is a conspiracy. We don’t know everything at all times. It’s easy for us to do now in retrospect, but it’s not easily said if you were a scientist back then. It’s not like that dude was the only scientist that wanted safety back then. Other scientists thought it was fine.
Autoradiograph is probably the scariest word. You're emitting so much radiation that you become your own source for the x-ray. I can imagine the fish didn't live long
@@s7robin105 It baffles me how many people still think its a "real problem" and not invented to tax people for "carbon credits" for literally breathing and introducing "Green Energy" bullsh*t which is even more harmful and wasteful. I guess if media and academia keep repeating the same lies over and over again it will make it come true. Isn't it strange how many inventors got brought out or suddenly died in weird circumstances when they had invented more effective or clean solutions for energy generation? You can't tax that stuff and it would destroy petrocurrency so of course it had to be shut down any way possible.
I like to think he was looking everyone in the eye when he put his hand in the ocean and caught a goddam fish like its the most normal thing in his life
Wow that’s an amazing story. Imagine being told “everything is fine” then you see that guy’s fish xray experiment first-hand. 😳 I would be shitting my pants
ACTUALLY, bikini bottom IS in fact named after bikini island, the island the US used for nuclear military tests. The OG lore of the show is the idea that the nuclear waste changed and affected the sea life, turning them into the characters we know today ✨
Its why all the fish and life in bikini bottom are able to speak and function on a higher level, because of nuclear radiation, the flower shaped clouds in the sky are actually signs of radiation.
Imagine looking crazy trying to convince everyone that the radiation threat exists and getting looked at like your crazy then proving it with the most terrifying eveidence a fish taking its own X ray
They just had no idea. Operation Crossroads was the first test of nuclear weapons after the bombings of Japan. Shot Baker was only the fourth plutonium device ever detonated in history. There were only a handful of men who worked in the Manhattan Project that had the slightest idea what these could do, and even they were largely still in the dark because their goal was to create a functional military weapon as quickly as possible, not to understand it. We take it for granted that every kid in high school learns about radiation, but back then it was still theoretical. May as well ask a military commander today to grasp the highest levels of physics on the level of Stephen Hawking.
Well technically thanks to that, we are fully aware of the capabilities of an Atomic Bomb and Nuclear weapons. Remember, during those times, scientists have to gather experiments on everything, before realising the danger of it
@@amarketing8749That's probly the worst part. You're standing there, knowingly getting all flavors of cancer and radiation poisoning and pleading to gtfo but your commander just says "Lol no".
I retired 13 years ago, so this event occurred almost 20 years ago. I had a WW2 Sailor who served on a ship that was there in the Bikini Atoll. He was the last man alive from that group, he had a civilian and VA MDs. I treated him for his skin cancers, he had many minor skin surgeries. He said they stood on the decks to watch the bomb, and only wore sunglasses.
It's funny you bring up spongebob on a nuclear test vid, and don't mention the implication of the name 'bikini bottom'. All of those happy go lucky characters are actually mutants. Lol
Some answers to common questions in this comment section: Q: Why didn't the Geiger counters detect the radiation? A: The typical Geiger counter detects gamma radiation but cannot detect alpha radiation released by plutonium. Q: I don't understand (not a question, but I'll humor it). A: It was releasing so much radiation in the X-ray range of the spectrum that a photograph of the fish was a radiograph. Q: Don't they still do this where they give you something to drink before an X-ray? A: They definitely do not do this in medical procedures. If they made you swallow something that can cause you to produce enough X-ray radiation to produce a radiograph in a typical photo, you'd be dead very quickly. What they actually give you is barium. It _absorbs_ X-rays, so it shows as white on a radiograph. This is used to track fluid movement.
Also also, they do give you radioactive stuff to take, but not for an X-Ray. On PET scans, you take a radioavtive version of glucose that then goes to the most glucose-hungry parts of your body (like your kidnes and brain. Or an infection or tumour...) The catch is that it is not on a regular photographic paper, but on a pretty sensitive equipment so you don't need that high of a dose. Also, the special glucose (F6 fluoroglucose) has a very small half-life (a few hours, IIRC), so it only emits for about as long as they need it to for the scan. Oh, something similar is also done with Tecnetium 99m, a pretty rad (as in cool) isotope of tecnetium that lasts for long enough for them to use for this purpose. I'm a bit more iffy on the details of this one, but, once again, the doses should be low enough it is mostly safe
@Pedro Franca fun fact, the machines that are used to make this technetium isotope are called "Moly Cows" because they use molybdenum that is bombarded with neutrons.
Historical context for Baker: It was the third nuclear test and the fifth detonation of a nuclear device. It was a part of Operation Crossroads, a post-war effort to test the effects of nuclear weapons at sea. There were two shots in the Crossroads test series, shot Able and shot Baker.
@@MarloSoBalJr It's actually where Spongebob is located. Bikini Bottom (other than being a pun) is also located under Bikini Atoll, where the Baker et al. tests took place. The swimsuit is also named after Bikini Atoll because of the notoriety of the nuclear tests at the time.
I think he'd be court martialed for deserting the army, and at very least would be the shame of being dishonorably discharged. His claims would later be buried since he didn't bring any evidence forward and he'd lose his military benefits that his family probably lived off. There's so much red tape involved
you know you fucked up when fishes start taking xrays
Bruh.
X-selfies
The fish didn't take the x-ray photo. literally made it.
@@JohnDoe-fe9zx skeletal hacks
I think this is my new favorite quote.
Dr. Stafford Warren was a radiologist and pioneered nuclear medicine. In fact, he invented the mammogram. He was present at the Trinity test where he was responsible for safety, he was sent to Japan after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to see what effects the radiation might have on American soldiers, and later he became the first dean of the UCLA medical school.
He was THE expert on radiology at the time. This guy was a GENIUS... and apparently an amazing fish catcher.
Yooo :D That’s so cool
The word your looking for is fisherman. Lol jk interesting stuff bro
My dad knew a guy who was sent to Hiroshima days after the nukes, when he started suffering from the problems that you would except someone who did that to suffer from, his dr said it had nothing to do with Hiroshima
In a documentary about a group of soldiers on an island having nukes tested on them the same thing happened to them, except they had it even worse
"He invented the mammogram"
I can't not think of the Wikipedia admin every time someone mentions that
@@Cheesepuff8 sounds like the "vaccines"
"it took its own X-ray"
What he failed to mention was that the fish also went to a medical school for 12 years and was a licensed radiologist.
It has 2 kids now...boy and a girl...3 years apart
@@Beyonder710 let’s not forget they’re conjoined…the sister didn’t start growing till later…she now has a boyfriend and the brother can’t stand him
@@RED89P13 I'm very curious as to what genitals they have
Most of his friends went to fish studies, and couldn't find a job afterwards.
What you didn't mention was the fish also took its own life due to the toxic work environment at the hospital.
The sheer fucking terror one must have felt when realization finally struck
"Took it's own X-Ray" is probably the scariest thing I've heard today
This morning I heard my local liquor store would be closed before I get off work. Leaving me dry for the night. The x Ray fish still scared me more
*its
@@Tulanir1 Bajs correcting people's grammar LULE
Oh wait nvm
You’re right
“Your cancer is not service related.”
It's even worse... they didn't know till they are all dead
Your fish is not service related
@@Hoshimaru57Your balls exploding is not service related
Literally one of the earliest versions of that actual issue. That's where that came from. That and the time they had a placebo control group for syphilis that targeted black men. And other things they did. At one point the US Government did experiments on prisoners and there are people still alive from the era when they forcibly sterilized people for "defects" like seizure disorders and other medical issues or even because of their race in some instances like with unnecessary hysterectomies a doctor did to maximize her own income. One doctor actually "euthanized" a man for being too obese during her panic after hurricane Katrina but obesity was the patient's only medical issue in the hospital. So many reasons not to trust someone just because of their official importance or lisc.
@@tuvoca825Read the book called Bad Blood.
"the fish took it's own x-ray" is probably the first time that's been said in human history
And we probably should make it the only time it happens
u reckon the Dr said it when he put the fish there or did he use more colourful language out of exasperation?
X-rays were discovered in 1895 so we had a 51 year period where humans knew about X-rays but a fish hadn’t take one yet
@@JamesTDG very good idea
And it can be found for sure in the Babbel's library
The Baker test happened during Operation Crossroads. The Navy drug a bunch of surrendered combatant ships out and made a big bullseye out of them. I know this because my grandfather told me all about it. He was a boatswain's mate on USS Mount McKinley and was present for this test. He got tasked with using a motor launch to carry scientists over to the bombed ships.
As an epilogue to the story, my grandfather passed away in 1998 from Sepsis after cutting himself working on sheet metal. Before that he was in great health despite being present for a nuclear test and smoking Marlboro Lights for 50 years.
Thanks to your grandfather for his service to America and bless you for remembering him and all the other service members that served and the ones still serving
God bless your grandpa!!! I know what he went through and what he did being a boatswainsmate myself!!!
GO NAVY!!!
@@Glenn-m1t Go NAVY!
There is a small chance the events were connected. That sort of exposure to ionizing radiation can have long-term effects on your immune system. It may have been harder for his body to fight the infection as a result.
Of course, even if that was the case, there's a very good chance the difference would be a matter of days or even just hours.
It sounds like the old man lived plenty of life after he left the service, though. Talk about a wild story to tell!
@@Belladonna-x2c he made it to retirement age in good health. He might even still be with us if he had not cut himself. He was rebuilding a golf cart barn at the golf course he played golf at daily when he cut himself. I think about him often.
“Do NOT evacuate”
“Would you like this X-ray of a fish?”
“Evacuate CALMLY”
"AAAAAAAAAAARHGHTHRJK"
@@AXharothstroke?
@@tayadonmommiracle musical
Said Dumbledore?
"Why did you Xray a fish?"
"We didnt, the fish did..."
“We have determined that your radiation poisoning is not service related.”
it prob was what one was told
We have also investigated ourselves and found that we have done no wrong
“Also you are being deployed to New Mexico, where you totally won’t dissapear”
@@_Its_Ya_Boy And anyone ever trying to bring truth to light will never be termed as conspiracy theorist.
Fish related.
Everybody gangster till the fish turns into an X Ray
I though the fish got up and took an
X-ray of itself. 😂
Shqipe lol
rayman Spongebob
@@helldronez what
@@zonaab8252 man ray i mean lol
i had a "weekly reader" from 1945. one of those newsletters for school kids. they went on about how safe Hiroshima was because there were no xrays. another article takes about how safe ddt was... wish I still had that.
Ahh. You brought back a good memory for me with the “Weekly Reader”. Loved them. ❤
You should be more worried today about what things they are telling you are safe now.
“Your injuries are not workplace related.”
- US Navy
The VA has determined that your injuries are not service related.
It's sad how many times military denied ppl health got corrupted by military work...
Other example burning trash pits in Iraq n Afghanistan 😐
@@Catastropheshedudeeeee camp lejune????? did that one just go over everyone's heads? im effected!
@@CatastrophesheI wonder if it also depends on where you go to get checked out. I worked with someone who had pulmonary fibrosis (I believe that was his condition) from trash pits and it was deemed service related hence why he was medically discharged (so disability pay) and he got meds and treatment from the local VA. I don’t remember what he specifically did in the military though.
Your cancer is simply the result of you sitting to close to the tv when you were a child.
scrolling through vsauce videos is like an acid trip, one minute he’s making a pun about ties and the next he’s talking about x-ray fish
hello
@@jwhbos yellow
Lol that tie video was the one i saw b4 this one 🤣🤣
Same
@@jwhbos my brother
Imagine how frustrating it is to be the only man who has sense but your superior command chain just won’t listen while people are slowly dying
mmmmmmYa...... pretty much happens every time you have hierarchy....
@@sputnikcat666 And chaos happens every time we don't. Humans are pretty good at failing.
Fauci
It still happens. But until it affects the people in charge it isnt a problem.
Not all that uncommon, unfortunately.
My great grandfather was actually one of the guys that had to go on the ships afterward. They sailed on the ships back to dock, but they got told that the ships were too hot (aka too much radiation) and had to scrub the radiation from the ships. They also ate food that had been on the ships during the test. As far as I know, they weren't given any proper protection when they scrubbed the radiation off of the hull of the ship
That's some hard times 🙌
Did he got some health issues after that?
RIP bikini bottom. Spongebob just wanted a normal life.
Your thinking of bikini atoll
Wasn’t that like castle bravo
how else do you think a sponge started talking.
@@Jcktmn they tested nukes over there too
@@johnstamos54288 was gonna say the same 😂😂😂
It must be so frustrating when your superiors don’t listen to you like that
Put the 'Murica right in the job description.
Refuses to acknowledge anyone else's opinion.
Welcome to the US military. Everyone is expendable, profit is all that matters.
@@DisasterYT Profit ? How do you make profit on the military side of things ?
@@simonmasset2238the billions upon billions that are made with manufacturing and supplying weapons to every country in the world basically
@@simonmasset2238 is that a serious question? If it is I will provide a serious answer. Let me know.
"I'm Fisher Parker, I was bitten by a radioactive fish"
underrated
Peter Fisher, in the FishMan Fisherverse trilogy
But Peter's name isn't Spiderer.
"I'm peter parker, I was bit by a radioactive peter"
pescado parker, then you can keep the alliteration this way
This happened on Bikini Atoll, Marshall Island. It’s sad what happen to the people that lived on and near the baker test.
More sad that alot of countries do this but we wont ever hear about all of them until years later
People all over the world.That stuff stays in the atmosphere and just look at how many have been tested over the years.Nuclear one reason cancer is alive
@@rachinvocat9587 wrong, only America has done this. The glorious USSR and perfect China have never done anything wrong like this and are outraged at the human rights violations committed by the heinous USA.
What's even weirder is many of the street names at the Los Alamos National Lab are named after the island they blew up. When I first drove through on the way to my new job at TA 54 I was thinking "oh gawd, they didn't 🙄"
@@jacobfromallstate4963 not just the US, also the French in the French Polynesia. See the documentaries, it was atrocious.
“This is Baker”
“No Michael that’s a fucking bomb”
Potato Potaato
Okay you've got me wheezing damn
This one has me rollin 🤣🤣
He ain't wrong
No this is Patrick
“If a fish absorbs enough radiation, it takes a screenshot”
☠️
the more you know
knowledge is key
Why?😂 😂😂
..
Soldiers on the ships were told to cover their eyes and ears when the blast was to go off and multiple people that were there reported seeing their own bones through their palms when the blast went off
Well, that's simply because of the brightness of the explosion instead of the radiation
@@AHHHHHHHH21 ...
@@Loading-lg6hs He is right, our eyes can only detect visible light, so you arent seeing an "xray" its just that the flash is so bright it completely shines through your flesh. Looking into it would probably cause permament retinal burns.
@@baronvonslambertHail Kane!
@@baronvonslambertyou can WHAT
This does such a good job at being genuinely terrifying with the music and the mounting pressure that we know what’s wrong but they don’t, well done
I'd love to get a long-form exploration of this incident.
Give Kyle Hill 2 weeks
@@aadityakumar4072 came here to say this. An hour late :(
Marines in 1946 stood in the middle of the ocean for a week. What happened next might surprise you.
It wasn’t an incident, it was an experiment
@@WTFBOOMDOOM Or would it?
You know it's bad when a fish takes a screenshot of its own body
Fr
is this ai bro so many commetns just chatgpt rephrase the top comment
@@HelsenbergFan nope, just saw the image and that is what came to my mind and i decided to share it
@@HelsenbergFanpeople having similar thoughts as other people🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯
@@HelsenbergFan it’s a wild thought that two people could have the same idea, not like we’re all the same fucking animal being subjected to similar stuff
next time i break my leg im gonna ask for a fish
Next time, guys got plans.
Your going to have to go to Bikini to get it
Next time? What happened the first time?
Next time I break my leg, I'm gonna nuke the ocean
I don't get it.
"The fish had absorbed so much plutonium it too it's own x-ray." Is one of the hardest lines I've heard in a while lmfaoo
“The VA has determined your injuries are not service related.”
E
Damn... that's about right
It's honestly sad that this is accurate and made me laugh. We really need to get our shit together on too many levels now.
@@jasonbarbrie1018 true
💀💀
Imagine testing all these weapons and having fun with your platoon, and then one day a guy shows you how absolutely fucked you are
Yeah, as my last, living act would be to take some officers with me. Because they made the dumb decisions and I need to prevent them to make more.
For quite some time, radiation was almost like a modern mercury. By the time you’re body begins reacting to it, you’re already past dead
Then you accuse them of terrorism cause they weapons as good as yours and go spread freedom in their country
the worse part is they knew how fucked they were, they were there at the testing. before the bomb went off, they were told to cover their heads with their hand. when the flash came they could see their own bones in their hands.
The fact that the government didn’t provide any support to them either, most were in the dark and didn’t know what this could do to their bodies
As someone who has a relative in the imagery field of medicine "the fish took it's own X-ray" is one of the most terrifying things I've heard.
what does that mean?
like what does taking its own xray mean
I'm with Nicolas....what does it mean to take its own x-ray.
@@HOTDOG401 well, it absorbed so much plutonium that that plutonium was emitting enough ionising radiation that it caused the fish to emit x-rays from this ionisation. These x-rays created that picture by traveling through the fish then hitting the plate. At least that what I think is happening even still, having enough ionising radiation present in that fishes body to take an x-ray, terrifying; as that is most definitely a dead fish walking or swimming as it was.
I know nothing of how it works and it was still terrifying to me.
Don't forget that X-rays aren't radioactive decay
yes they are or can be at least and in this case were,
It's really cool to see this topic being brought up today. My great grandpa was involved in these tests and he got extremely sick from them, but he's still around and has spend a lifetime researching the history of these tests and their impact on the service members' lives.
That’s wild he recovered and is still around. Super cool he’s studying it as well. Props to him
I'm rooting for your great grandpa. Sounds like a cool guy
So, your great grandpa would be 77 correct? How old is your non-great grandpa? How old are you?
@@soup_fetcher_boi My great grandpa is 100
@@jacobgonsler5251 sorry, i didn't take into account the fact that your grandfather wouldn't be a newborn when that happened lol
I think using Geiger counters that can't see the metals you just blew up is a pretty big hole in your plan to not die.
But also I'd listen to a frantic scientist saying that I'm about to die lmao instead of being like "oh that's crazy talk I'm gonna be fine"
@@codyshelton1405 you forget that science was looked at like nerd stuff and not the real world. just like therapy and stuff is only accepted for a very short while. The sceience guy was just a rambling person, let the soldiers do their work!
@@bas_ee To be honest, it still feels that way even today. A lot of people don't consider what scientists have to say as things applicable to the real world.
@@codyshelton1405you say that now, after humanity has been forced to learn our lesson after many many many events such as this.
Back then, though, the effects of radiation were known to be "if you stand directly next to the explosion, you might get sick."
@@dacksonflux yeah but to be fair they also had the knowledge of "if you stand directly next to the explosion, you might get vaporized", so not getting vaporized was a plus i guess?
Not sure what’s scarier, the fact that a fish took its own X-ray, or that there’s a name for it… So it’s happened more than once..
It could just be putting auto in front of the word for an x ray
@@freddiesimmons1394Don't bother explaining to the morons, they will not read your comment.
Yeah, it's just a bunch of root words. Auto meaning self and a radiograph being, well, a radio graph.
Imagine reporting my comment for making you feel dumb lmao
it did happen way more than just once but it was in controlled environments not by accident
And the "Filet'o fish was born
X-ray o' fish
‘Sir I will not evacuate’
‘…we have the fish’
And thus, Fishtagram was born
And shortly after, died
That was a quick trend huh😂
😅😂😂😂😂😭🤣🤣🤣😭😭😭😭
Wow
nah i use Basschat
The fish had enough and decided to examine its own problems
😂
Underrated
Always self-advocate.
DAMN - sounds like he would have been an AMAZING fisherman! 🎣
Dude missed his calling.
When you hire an expert to tell you about the thing. But then you ignore the expert telling you about the thing because you don't like what they have to say about the thing.
Tis gonna be my excuse when my ma be mad at me for answering why I broke the vase even though she asked why.
Just like the Chernobyl incident they ignore all the warning signs the expert gives them until u see terrible results…the ego in humanity is truly ridiculous.
@@unliving_ball_of_gas what?
"Let them irradiate"
“Government “
In case you don't fully understand what the fish means, I'll try to explain this as simply as I can. I take x-rays all the time at my job, so I have a decent understanding of it.
When you take x-ray images, there are 2 parts. The part of the machine that releases X-ray radiation, and the tray containing the film that absorbs the radiation, which places images onto the film inside the tray. We have computers to do this digitally for us now.
Whenever x-ray radiation is released from the machine, the crystals inside the tray react with the film, and place the imprint of whatever was in way of the x-rays on the film, which can then be processed.
This guy, literally just took a fish, and placed it onto the tray, didn't turn on the x-ray machine, and the tray reacted the same way it would have to x-ray radiation.
To summarize, the fish had absorbed so much radioactive material, that it didn't even need x-ray radiation for the fish to be imprinted onto the film. And that is terrifying! Hope this helped!
Amazing, thank you!
Goat
Yha k you!
dang thanks
Sorry but that's wrong, a better explanation is that the fish BECAME the x-ray machine. The fish had absorbed enough radioactive plutonium such that the x-rays and gamma rays being emitted from the inside of the fish could be used to x-ray itself
"What's this?"
"An X-Ray of a fish."
"...But we don't have an X-Ray machine on this ship."
"Exactly."
Blah
So that's why they pick x-ray fish for x in the phonics song
Famous last words 💀
How tf does that even work in dumb explain pls
X Rays are radioactive waves. The fish was so radioactive that its waves imprinted on the photo and made the X ray photo. And so the crew finaly realised how much radiation was around them @@bunnyphoenix2992
I wish he was still making full length content but am really happy we get these snippets
Me too man, me too
Grandpaw was a sailor on one of those boats . He suffered from the effects until his death in 2014 . Radiation made him break out in full body hives like 3 times a year
Holy SHIT that must have sucked ass for your grandpappy, man.
What are those
@@Daboah hives? Like an intense rash that can bubble and blister
@@dylancuccia970 any super powers?
@@dylancuccia970 you’re so fucking lucky to be alive tbh
Fish really said
“Let me cook.”
Underrated comment
This some despicable garbage imagine all the Dolphins and such they killed. Im sure many people got radio active from this such as eating the fish
@@derekstaroba Just by this comment I can tell that you want us to be free :)
LMFAO
@@karammasri1437 ayo I was just saying to myself "underrated a-" 😂
“It took its own x-ray” is the coldest line I have heard in science related stuff
I thought he was about to say "it took its own life"
Lol😂@@Stormtrooper_edits
@@Stormtrooper_edits lmfaooo now I'm imagining a fish outta the ocean, looks around in the human civilisation and infrastructure, and just goes "fuck this shit i'm out" 🤣🤣
Hottest line, too
The fish be like, "look mom I'm XRAY" 😂
Ngl, thought he was gonna say "the fish took it's own life"
same 😂😂😂
Fr I thought the same thing
Same
Same
Me too
“Took its own xray” just sent shivers from head to butt hole
Your legs and feet: "I mean it seems alright bro, you're being dramatic"
@intellicadeebleach is needed
Bro had to go into detail
I wanna give you shivers 😩😫😩
What does that even mean.. took its own X-ray
I don’t know what’s more impressive, the fact he pulled a fish straight out of the ocean or that the one he grabbed happened to be an certified x-ray technician
Underrated comment😂
Ya unfortunately once the military thinks they know something its damn near impossible to convince them otherwise
My father-in-law was on a hotel ship during this test. He went to sea weighing 225 lbs and had red hair. When he arrived in San Francisco he was 163 lbs and his hair had turned white. This was 6 weeks later. The navy decided the ship was too hot to be in the harbor. They sailed the ship out and spend another month cleaning the ship. They came back in to the harbor. It was determined it was still too hot. They had the sailors sail the ship to Oregon and filled it with cement and sink the ship. My father in law spend 12 weeks on this ship.
Wow… did he live long? And I was wondering how long it took but was not expecting 6 weeks… and then another 6 weeks… did he have complications from the radiation or was he fortunate enough to escape the radiation
@@sherribreeden1906 He had a huge weigh loss. Lost his hair color and then started to bald. He lived to be 61 but was on medical treatments for bone cancer
@@billstapleton1084 so sorry for your loss.. the government treated them horribly
@@sherribreeden1906 I don't know if you know this. Government records from WW11 were stored at 9600 Page Blvd St Lousi Mo on the 6th floor. Conveniently there was a fire on the 6th floor. Instead of trying to save what records were left they took a bobcat and bulldozed everything off the 6th floor. Now the Building is only a 5-stories When veterans try and claim benefit or service connected medical, the VA tells them they have to provide their on records. Many people who served do not have their own records. After all it has been over 50 years for some of these veterans. The Government has saved Billions of dollars denying benefits to veterans
@@billstapleton1084 sorry for your loss!! this is crazy..
LOOK AT THE FUCKIN' FISH! IT TOOK A PICTURE OF ITSELF!
That fish did the first biological screenshot
@@lejoueurfreetoplayor invented selfies
I love you for your jokes❤😂
@@julianbrelsfordbro got the record of lowest IQ required ro take a selfie
Octogram
And that's how Bikini Bottom was made
It was tested in Bikini Atoll, the place Bikini Bottom is based on
😂
Be quiet, the world isn't ready for this knowledge
I think this may actually be canon in SpongeBob
And Gojira 😳
“Until the fish took its own x-ray”
What as in the fish turned black and white?
An x-ray uses huge amounts of radiation to see through stuff like looking for tumors or cancer cells, this is safe-ish. The fish absorbed so much radiation the paper it was on had its x-ray on it.
I once saw a documentary about these poor marine people that where at these A-bomb testing grounds. I remember It was a rarity to be able to get some of these brave veterans interviewed about that topic. It was a top secret operation. They where barely briefed about what was going to happen, let alone they knew what an A-bomb was. Before detonation they where told to crouch on deck, to hold their heads down with their eyes closed while covering their eyes with their hands. One of the interviewed veterans said the flash of the blast was so bright he could count all the bones in his hands. A lot of these men died young from cancer, became infertile or got other serious health issues. The government used these poor men as their guinea pigs and they where warned not to talk about what happend that day, ever. The men that are still alive never received an apology till this day… truly sickening.
No apology, no memorial, and only a brief footnote in the pages of history, yet one of the most frightening ways to die. May whatever God they worshipped rest their souls.
Classic America. Concealing what they have done.
This is why you don't take orders from governments
It's a lot worse than that. The people of the Marshall Islands have also had severe problems from the bombs too. There was fallout covering the whole area.
The bikini atoll and the enewetak atoll are more radioactive than _Chernobyl._
@@adamgerald849agreed
The fish must have watched too many medical dramas.
here before the “OMG UR EVERYWHERE!!” replies
Who are you
Bot
Im a failed radiologist so this fish hit me hard, literally
😂😂😂😂
I could watch mushroom clouds all day dude… they’re so magnificent and gorgeous!
Chilling af once you know what’s happening- but gah! So pretty!!!
So basically they sent those sailors to be test subjects.
Nothing new tbh
They never stopped, they've been testing shit on unsuspecting service-members for longer than you can imagine.
Many ended up dying, unfortunately
@@WhooptieDo "Many ended up dying, unfortunately." I hate to break it to you, but 77 years later, they're ALL dead.
Comments like this are a bit of a silly take. Yes, there are examples of tests blatantly done intentionally.
But with these, we had no idea back then. I’m Nevada, nuclear tests were tourist attractions, with people driving away from Vegas - and out into the desert to watch the detonations.
Even when we detonated the first one with the Manhattan project, scientists weren’t sure what was going to happen. Some even INVOLVED didn’t want to do the test because they thought it might ignite and burn off the entire atmosphere. But alas, whaddya gonna do, not try to win the war? ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ Lol
My point is, yes there are lots of conspiracies, but not EVERYTHING is a conspiracy. We don’t know everything at all times. It’s easy for us to do now in retrospect, but it’s not easily said if you were a scientist back then. It’s not like that dude was the only scientist that wanted safety back then. Other scientists thought it was fine.
Autoradiograph is probably the scariest word. You're emitting so much radiation that you become your own source for the x-ray. I can imagine the fish didn't live long
Of course it didn't! It was flopping around on a plate lol
In soviet russia, filet of fish microwave u
Imagine being there for a week knowing pretty full well whats going on but no one listens
Humans disgust me.
That's how it feels for a lot of people with climate change. We know what's going on and how to solve it but no one wants to listen :/
That was the whole career of Ignaz Semmelweis.
@@s7robin105 It baffles me how many people still think its a "real problem" and not invented to tax people for "carbon credits" for literally breathing and introducing "Green Energy" bullsh*t which is even more harmful and wasteful.
I guess if media and academia keep repeating the same lies over and over again it will make it come true.
Isn't it strange how many inventors got brought out or suddenly died in weird circumstances when they had invented more effective or clean solutions for energy generation? You can't tax that stuff and it would destroy petrocurrency so of course it had to be shut down any way possible.
@@tiborklein5349 Semmelweis reflex indeed!
This audio deeply frightens me. I don’t know how it just does.
we need a full Vsauce video on this
There isn't a full video on this? I definitely am with you on that.
dude a full vsauce video just popping out out of nowhere would be baller
Didn't he just explain everything about it though?
“Look man, we can’t be doing this. We gotta get outta here. Something feels very wrong. Images are appearing on the floor and shit”
That would indeed definitely be a sign
"America had no idea of the consequences" yeah right
They still don't.
f them mericans
@@siddharthjoshi3328 "don't"
The real test was probably to see how long the sailors would survive being surrounded by that much radiation
Yup^
"This is baker" For the first time, you're wrong. It's the SpongeBob explosion
Ah Poe's law in action. I cannot tell if this is satire
"We've found your radiation sickness to not be service related"
you know you should leave whenever the fishes starts taking x-selfies 💀
X-selfies 😂
Xelfies
You should have worded it better but i get your point
@@sWooSH_wHooSH no u
What u mean by the fishes TAKING x selfies
Fish really just went 🤳
fr 💀💀💀💀💀
🩻🤳
🧾
"hey vsauce Michale here your nuke is really strong... or is it?"
Okay but can we talk about the badass move of this dude to convince people
Grabbing a fish from the ocean?
I like to think he was looking everyone in the eye when he put his hand in the ocean and caught a goddam fish like its the most normal thing in his life
@@YagirusJust, like, hillbilly handfishing off the side of the boat?
Fr
@@parkerellis746yes
Wow that’s an amazing story. Imagine being told “everything is fine” then you see that guy’s fish xray experiment first-hand. 😳 I would be shitting my pants
Warren wrote that of his efforts to convince skeptics of the danger, "a self x-ray of a fish ... did the trick"
Lol you’d probably already be doing that with all the radiation poisoning you had experienced that week.
@@Vsauce hi sir
@@Vsauce 1 gram of example is worth 1 ton of advice
@@Vsauce Ayye thank you for sharing, that is hilarious and terrifying lol
damn, is that why spongebob can morph into texas
Also why the one fish has bones brittle as glass
ACTUALLY, bikini bottom IS in fact named after bikini island, the island the US used for nuclear military tests. The OG lore of the show is the idea that the nuclear waste changed and affected the sea life, turning them into the characters we know today ✨
Cartoons tell many tales 🙃😶
Its why all the fish and life in bikini bottom are able to speak and function on a higher level, because of nuclear radiation, the flower shaped clouds in the sky are actually signs of radiation.
This clip of the bomb going off was actually used in an episode of SpongeBob. Season 2 episode 24a
Imagine looking crazy trying to convince everyone that the radiation threat exists and getting looked at like your crazy then proving it with the most terrifying eveidence a fish taking its own X ray
Fish start singing "I'm radioactive, radioactive!"
I feel it in my bones, enough to take xrays alone
if you think about it, when a radioactive fish can take its own x-ray, why would it be impossible for it to somehow play this song like a... radio?
Welcome to the new wave, to the new wave, welcome to the new wave, the new wave
lmao
@@anx6125*Vsauce music starts playing*
High level military intelligence.
Yeah bro they got fishes taking X-rays n shid
Ain't gonna ruin that 69 likes
Yeah they must a been pretty high.
lol how r they supposed to know the unknown??? they were trying to learn about it because the weapon was needed to save the world from Hitler.
They just had no idea. Operation Crossroads was the first test of nuclear weapons after the bombings of Japan. Shot Baker was only the fourth plutonium device ever detonated in history.
There were only a handful of men who worked in the Manhattan Project that had the slightest idea what these could do, and even they were largely still in the dark because their goal was to create a functional military weapon as quickly as possible, not to understand it. We take it for granted that every kid in high school learns about radiation, but back then it was still theoretical. May as well ask a military commander today to grasp the highest levels of physics on the level of Stephen Hawking.
Meanwhile America: no marine life is damaged and water doesn't contain any radioactive materials
anyone who says otherwise is a conspiracy theorist btw don't listen to them
yet we went on to free the world of fascist filth. hitler, mussolini, hirohito..
And the covid virus started at a wet market in Wuhan where bat meat was sold.
"Hey dude did you know that America has been poll-"
*KABOOM*
Meanwhile Americans: barley come home from school 😊🔫
thx god they stop that fish from take even more rad or it'll become the new member of XMEN
More impressive than the irradiated fish is Serviceman Long. He caught a fish barehanded off the side of a warship? Incredible
Long 🤣🤣🤣🤣
He got superpowers from the radiation
*radioactive fish
Could it have been floating perhaps?
The fish was flying
Our government is insane.
Wait till you learn what the soviets did to their soldiers
Yup
Our *governments
Well technically thanks to that, we are fully aware of the capabilities of an Atomic Bomb and Nuclear weapons. Remember, during those times, scientists have to gather experiments on everything, before realising the danger of it
@@jg54sayaka11so? They’re still bad
I think something taking its own x-ray is possibly one of the most horrifying sentences I've ever heard
Why didn't they at least look at all the people who were left in Hiroshima and Nagasaki???
This government is criminal!!!
bro that ain't a baker that's the whole baking industry
But in france
Best comment
what
Worst comment
@@spudsbuchlaw your humor sucks if thats funny to you.
It's almost like we shouldn't be detonating enormous radioactive bombs.
Whatever gave you that idea?
@@timopper5488 At least he's smarter than those us folks lol
they didnt know what we know now
@@warbossonxy
Yeah they did. That’s why they were developing a nuclear bomb. To kill people.
@@warbossonxy i feel like it doesnt take a genius to see a weapon that can glass an entire city and think "maybe we took a wrong turn somewhere"
Props to the guy for sticking around to save everyone
He could have noped right out but he stayed to make them listen. Very brave
If he was on a ship, he was probably part of the navy. He wanted to get out of there, because who wants to stand around in fallout.
@@amarketing8749That's probly the worst part. You're standing there, knowingly getting all flavors of cancer and radiation poisoning and pleading to gtfo but your commander just says "Lol no".
No wonder cancer rates go up and up with bs like this happening in modern history. Absolute screwballs
He couldn't leave without convincing them too.
I retired 13 years ago, so this event occurred almost 20 years ago. I had a WW2 Sailor who served on a ship that was there in the Bikini Atoll. He was the last man alive from that group, he had a civilian and VA MDs. I treated him for his skin cancers, he had many minor skin surgeries. He said they stood on the decks to watch the bomb, and only wore sunglasses.
“Who let bro cook?”
- Us Navy
More like "Who let bro bake?"
@🎉radioactiveassassin5218
Fr
Watched this footage of baker over a 100 times and still to this day, it terrifies me of humanity.
Humanity is worse than this you know.
Well, not all humanity, not all countries have atomic weapons..., and try them out.
Did the fish sue?
Lovely US.
@@TheRealHucasysthey ain’t gotta try them out when we already did it being as the first ones to the race others just had to make them to have them
nah that was a result of spongebob tripping and throwing a pie at squiwards face
*When squidward fed SpongeBob a pie with a bomb in it*
Or when squidward drove off a cliff with his bike
It's funny you bring up spongebob on a nuclear test vid, and don't mention the implication of the name 'bikini bottom'. All of those happy go lucky characters are actually mutants. Lol
This deserves all the love and recognition.
"why does everyone have cancer, and the oceans are dying?"
"It is a mystery 👻"
Fr 😭😭
Fr fr
@@RalphWiggumcrayonok, i blame government. now what?
@@RalphWiggumcrayon everyone does already
It will be alright. Let's all believe it was caused by climate change and not the nuclear bomb of 1946, ok.
“Fish x-rays itself. Not great, not terrible.”
self rays
1/5 stars because 0 stars isn't an option
Some answers to common questions in this comment section:
Q: Why didn't the Geiger counters detect the radiation?
A: The typical Geiger counter detects gamma radiation but cannot detect alpha radiation released by plutonium.
Q: I don't understand (not a question, but I'll humor it).
A: It was releasing so much radiation in the X-ray range of the spectrum that a photograph of the fish was a radiograph.
Q: Don't they still do this where they give you something to drink before an X-ray?
A: They definitely do not do this in medical procedures. If they made you swallow something that can cause you to produce enough X-ray radiation to produce a radiograph in a typical photo, you'd be dead very quickly. What they actually give you is barium. It _absorbs_ X-rays, so it shows as white on a radiograph. This is used to track fluid movement.
Also also, they do give you radioactive stuff to take, but not for an X-Ray. On PET scans, you take a radioavtive version of glucose that then goes to the most glucose-hungry parts of your body (like your kidnes and brain. Or an infection or tumour...)
The catch is that it is not on a regular photographic paper, but on a pretty sensitive equipment so you don't need that high of a dose. Also, the special glucose (F6 fluoroglucose) has a very small half-life (a few hours, IIRC), so it only emits for about as long as they need it to for the scan.
Oh, something similar is also done with Tecnetium 99m, a pretty rad (as in cool) isotope of tecnetium that lasts for long enough for them to use for this purpose. I'm a bit more iffy on the details of this one, but, once again, the doses should be low enough it is mostly safe
Very informative. Should be pinned by VSauce.
thank you... maybe you could add the fact that "pulling a fish" out of the water, can be done with a fishing pole, and not just by hand.
@Pedro Franca fun fact, the machines that are used to make this technetium isotope are called "Moly Cows" because they use molybdenum that is bombarded with neutrons.
@@pedroff_1 spot on!
Historical context for Baker:
It was the third nuclear test and the fifth detonation of a nuclear device. It was a part of Operation Crossroads, a post-war effort to test the effects of nuclear weapons at sea. There were two shots in the Crossroads test series, shot Able and shot Baker.
They baked the fish so much it took a screenshot of itself.
Isnt that the explotion they used in spongebob? 😂
Yep!
...Ow.
No wonder Bikini Bottom is the way it is 😂
@@MarloSoBalJr It's actually where Spongebob is located. Bikini Bottom (other than being a pun) is also located under Bikini Atoll, where the Baker et al. tests took place. The swimsuit is also named after Bikini Atoll because of the notoriety of the nuclear tests at the time.
@@vituperation According to Etymonline the origin of bikini swimwear is uncertain.
"Autoradiograph." Sheesh; sends shivers down my spine.
Brave man to stay and fight for the sailors safety instead of just saving himself
I think he'd be court martialed for deserting the army, and at very least would be the shame of being dishonorably discharged. His claims would later be buried since he didn't bring any evidence forward and he'd lose his military benefits that his family probably lived off. There's so much red tape involved