I have a written a new short story in Latin! with drammatically acted audiobook. Check it out: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage/products/fabula-anatina-a-duckish-tale-in-latin 🦆 It's a children's book about the odyssey of a duckling who wants to learn how to fly. 🦂 Support my work on Patreon: www.patreon.com/LukeRanieri 📚 Luke Ranieri Audiobooks: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com 🤠 Take my course LATIN UNCOVERED on StoryLearning, including my original Latin adventure novella "Vir Petasātus" learn.storylearning.com/lu-promo?affiliate_id=3932873 🦂 Sign up for my Latin Pronunciation & Conversation series on Patreon: www.patreon.com/posts/54058196
I feel like we russians have a HŪGE advantage over English speakers learning Latin. We have 6 noun cases, 5 of which seem to be identical to latin, we have verb condju...gations?... whatever those are called, we have free word order, and we don't have difthonguisation problem. The worst we can do is turning hard consonants into their softer counterparts like "tjibji" instead of "tibi". And we have weird sound coming from our cheeks, which makes Russian a terrible singing language.
Whenever I try pronouncing long wovels I sound like I'm making fun of italians: "pāsta italiāno ferrāri lamborghīni!, don't put pineāpples on pīzza! Thīs-ah īs-ah pipī-aquā, not-ah cōffee!"😂😂😂
I agree the traditional Latin mass is ipso facto the Roman church....or the mean trads because they are protective in the 60s ther was a concept by a movement to fix Catholicism to Lutherans etc...that's what the book Goodbye good men is about the Latin societies never left infact innovation on the liturgy was not accepted because ther is a seal over the Latin mass...today they are called the mean trads more Catholics are interested in the Latin mass and learning more about it and learning the language I applaud this
As Italian....I prefer the classical pronunciation. Listening the ecclesiastical pronunciation it sound to me as a dialect of latin. Grazie Luchino, i tuoi video non mi deludono mai.
Well, to say that shows you have what we call classical Latin in a higher value than the one we call ecclesiastical pronunciation. But this does not mean, one is better than the other. And the term "Dialect" is really vague, in this case your are using it to referring to the Latin we classify as ecclesiastical as a subbranch, a variation of the big system called classical Latin. But this is more your perception most than anything else, cause of course "ecclesiastical latín" is not a distorted classical Latin. This is a reductive way of understanding languages brought by non philologists and common people who do not master sociolinguistics
I don't know the philosopher's name anymore but he said something like: "The difference between a language and a dialect is that the language has an army behind it while the dialect does not." In other words, countries decide what a language is, not any logic.
Dico sempre che la pronuncia ecclesiastica sembra soltanto l'italiano ma un po' più fancy, o come una persona che tenta di parlare un'altra lingua ma non se ne frega niente dell'accento (pensi, Renzi quando parla l'inglese). Non è scorretto per niente ma decisamente preferisco quello classicale.
"Domne" is exactly how Romanians say "Sir" in the vocative case in a less formal way. I was a bit shocked to hear it in Latin. I was not aware of this short version.
In the Roman Breviary and in the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, we say “Jube, domne, benedícere.” when it is recited in common (with the priest to whom it is addressed by the cantor). But when it is to be prayer privately, we say “Jube, Dómine, benedícere.” i.e. addressed to God.
I prefer the proper historical (of course) given that it was the spoken language of this time. I'd of course want it to be the more natural sounding of the two given the choice. A very pivotal part of the film here .. I feel kinda bad for the actor and his English accent is that normal? Going either way for someone (myself) who don't know the language I would've never detected this cause I've not the slightest idea of what to listen for .. a huge part of why I came to Luke's channel for the details cause I want the facts. is this politically correct or is it (again) just for show?? Don't answer that cause I already heard Luke's take on this performance and the incorrect and proper use of the language as it seemed non apparent in some parts which he briefly explained but did so in such a way that makes it hard to see it as really nitpicking. To me it was more a proper rundown of how the speech was executed which again is vital to know as a viewer. For a film of this magnitude I'd want to know the truth about it and feel that is was in fact very important to hear his take on this cause I wouldn't want a falsely reconstructed version of the language I'd want the real thing. Luke (if you're here) please tell us your insights on how the film did overall and would you recommend language learners of any kind to watch it? Your input much like the reason for me coming to this channel is much needed here and would be very appreciated if you commented your exact thoughts on how the movie did and your thoughts on what needs to be done differently for the 2025 release if any changes at all. hope to hear from you soon! 🙂
I remember watching The Passion of the Christ and thinking that it was great that it made use of the languages of Aramaic and Latin (and some Hebrew at parts) and that it made it seem so much more real and authentic, you can enter into it in a deeper way. I always thought that this was really cool - similar to how Mel also uses Maya in Apocalypto. Despite the fact that the probounciation isn't authentic to that of the time, it is in many ways much better than just using English.
Let me just mention, the Aramaic phrase which Pontious Pilate asked Jesus (in this film) was- ܐܢܬ ܡܠܟܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܐ Anth mælka d’Yehudaye? 𝘈𝘳𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘸𝘴? But I love how Jesus responded in Latin which made Pontious Pilate seemingly amazed. 😉👍🏻
It's interesting how 2000 years later and only by growing up with Moroccan parents (north Africa far away from the holy land speaking an Arabic dialect which is far away from Arabic). I could understand so many Aramaic words. Makes you feel really emotional.
I think it would be quite easy for a native Finnish speaker to learn to pronounce classical Latin quite well, since the language share a surprising amount of phonemes. I would guess that a Finnish speaker would have a bit harder time learning the ecclesiastical pronunciation.
@@PaladinusSP The word shapes like autas, poika, túrinasta and Laikolassë definitely call to mind Finnish but his description of the exact articulations definitely looks more like Classical Latin. I expect Quenya isn't too far from what a Latin speaker trying to speak Finnish would sound like. (though it retains some features of Finnish that were absent in Latin like the combinations /axt/ and /ɛçt/ and also had features not present in either language, such as a palatal stop /c/).
I noticed how similar classical Latin and Finnish are when you pronounce properly words like "caesar" and "romanus", and you pronounce them pretty much how a Finn would. Especially the vowels are very Finnish-like.
I’m catholic and I would have preferred if they used Classical Latin for this movie for accuracy. I understand that the actors would not have been perfect in speaking the Latin either way, but using Classical Latin would have been such an easy thing to do for accuracy. Yes, Greek may have been even more accurate but you know what I mean.
What is done, is done! The ordinary person couldn't care less because the film has a lot to offer on many other levels. Gibson's film is a magnificent piece of Catholic art and who cares what the critics say, they are - nothing.
Mel Gibson stated the reason he did not use Greek was having 3 languages would have been confusing to the audience. If he had gone for full accuracy, all the dialog between Pilate and the Jews, and Christ should have been in Greek. With Pilate and his wife it could have been Latin, Greek, or a mix (Greek being to upper class Romans like a 2nd native language). And Greek is of course the language of the source material (the four Gospels).
Probably besides the philosophical 'τί εσθ΄ ἁλήθεια' (what is truth?), everything else between him and his wife would have been in Latin. I find the place of Greek in Roman society has been quite blown out of proportion recently.
OK just in response to both commenters saying the Romans would not have spoken Greek amongst themselves...to the Roman upper class Greek was as much a native language as Latin. Half (or more) of the ancient Roman literature was in Greek, especially histories and philosophy. As far as Josephus - he wrote in Greek. And he was a Roman citizen (like St. Paul) - there is no reason to think the average Jew knew Latin. As an example of how deeply Greek permeated into the Roman consciousness....consider that Julius Caesar's last words were reportedly in Greek "Kai su, teknon? (And you my son?)... as were his words when crossing the Rubicon: "Annariphtho kybos" (The die is cast.)...one would expect a man's final words on earth to be in his mother tongue...but Caesar chooses Greek. The emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote his most private thoughts (Meditations) in Greek. I think I've illustrated the point. I have nothing against Latin, it's just the Romans themselves (at least the elite) had a marked preference for Greek. That is not to say had no pride in Latin, especially after Virgil, and in the republican era Roman emissaries actually insisted on speaking it in missions to the Greeks, as a point of national honor, though most of them were completely fluent in Greek and could have spoken without an interpreter.
I definitely can hear the difference between classical Latin and ecclesiasitcal Latin (I studied mostly the latter). I grew up hearing a language with Semitic roots, and was able to understand a few Aramaic words in the movie. This movie "speaks" to me on many levels. :)
I study Latin and ancient history to escape these crazy modern times, especially woke politics and everybody talking about bloody Covid all the time. I'm so sick of it. When I study Latin or ancient history, I feel like I am escaping to another planet!
11:56: “Ergō rēx es” versus “est” - it sounds to me as “Ergō rēx es tū”. But with short vowel in non-stressed, weakly pronounced, “tu”, which perhaps kinda sounds like Italian speakers sometimes adding a vowel to avoid a closed syllable in the end of the word (“estu”, “estə”, or similar for “est”).
Hahaha this is how we Greeks react to foreigners speaking Greek, and English speakers in particular doing their round "o" sounds and their t and aspirated k sounds. Essentially you're doing the same reactions for your 2nd language! They did their work and rehearsals I reckon, gotta give them that. I guess Mel Gibson thought their accent was good enough.
Well, interestingly in Hebrew - to be more precise rabbinical Hebrew (which is the type of Hebrew spoken in the Roman period) and the subsequent eras of Hebrew (medieval and modern) - the name of Herodes is הורדוס (Hordos)
Same here. I knew this was the place to come for the truth. a very pressing matter if I was shooting this I'd want the correct language in it regardless of what I think or feel personally just for the simple fact that it's a movie about Jesus.
At first, I thought that the actor playing Pilate was Czech, but then, after hearing him say "Cllllaudia" I guessed that he was from Poland. When you revealed that he's actually Bulgarian, I did hear the similarity between his accent and my Bulgarian συντοπίτες.
@@Michail_Chatziasemidis polish phonology is hell if you are not a slavic speaker, it's harder than any other slavic language. but okay greek language has more similarities to slavic languages than english or any romance languages
@@polyMATHY_Luke It used to be widely spoken in the eastern part of the country (kresy in polish), but after WWII it's inhabitants were mostly deported. Few who remained, for example in modern day Belarus, still use it where a speaker of Standard Polish would use ł.
You would definetley be one of a few people in the world to be able the translate the gospels and ANY other scripture of ancient times...I envy this so much
@@SoldierOfGod778 The only other RUclips channel I know off the top of my head that has a scholar that can (and with them to a good bit does) translate the Gospels is Alpha & Omega Ministries, Doctor James White actually uses it often to explain textual transmission and context.
Very nice of you to phrase the orign of Ecclesiatical Latin, cause people moatly ignore that the church didnt have a civic institutional suport before Medieval Age, and the Apostolic Language that wss used during Mass celebretions among rhe Catholics was, FOR MANY CENTURIES. GREEK, KOINÉ GREEK. The change came by a papal decree dueing middle ages and it even sparkled some revolt and debate, because some tradionalist priests thought that Greek wss more close and coherent to a tradition that spans since the Apostolic era. But Latin was already a common ground during middle ages.
On Good Friday this year, I had hoped for this very video. I re-watch "The Passion of the Christ" each Good Friday. Thank you! I would have preferred Classical Latin pronunciations in the movie, but I understand their choice to use more Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations. Happy Easter, Luke!
Thank you for analyzing the spoken Latin in The Passion of the Christ. This was my first time expose to Latin in film, probably where my interest in Latin started. I remember back then only being able to understand some phrases and words here and there like: "rex es tu?", "quid fecisti? "mihi trahiderunt" etc. WHICH in Spanish would translate to: "eres (tu) un rey?", "que heciste?" and "me trajeron". It would have been interesting if they had hired a Spaniard/Latin-American person to speak Latin in the film; see if they would have made any minor mistakes. And if they their accent would have been noticeable. One part of the Passion of the Christ film that one of the speakers sounded like Spanish was when the pharisee priests said: "su excelentia, quaeso" and then in the beginning when King Herod soldier told the Roman soldier that Mary Magdalene was mad -- by saying in Latin, "est mala". I prefer the Classical Latin pronunciation but still like the Ecclesiastical Latin. As you were analyzing the words/texts I was thinking of words.
I think if a Spaniard they might fumble the s to th sometimes, and Spanish speakers in general will have the same issues with long vowels as Italians as well as making v into a soft b around vowels as I catch myself doing in Latin (which would probably be the case in Hispanian Latin anyway, that the 'w' sound went to the b-v halfway point of 'β' and then 'b' rather than to 'v'), but generally Spanish speakers are the most suited to Latin speaking after Italians of the widely-spoken Romance languages.
@@therat1117 , Well I generally agree. Spanish is the 2nd closest to Latin from all the major romance languages. At times, though, it sounds closer than Italian does. In Although in Spanish we do have accent marks/tildes on words that are inflected to conserve the ancient pronunciation of Latin. For example: Commūnis (latin) Común (spanish)
@@guillermorivas7819 That's true, Spanish has certain features that are more conservative, and Italian has others. The stress system of Spanish is near-identical to the Latin stress system, yes, although it tends to also happily be more regular due to the nature of sound changes in Spanish than the relative anarchy of the Italian stress system.
@@therat1117 , What makes Spanish sound closer to Latin is its sibilant S, verb conjugation, and ossified words. Even counting the alphabet in Latin sounds A, B, C, D closer to Spanish than Italian. Old Latin actually looks/sounds a lot closer to Spanish than classical latin in terms of verb conjugation like fued (fue) and dipthongs like duenos (buen/bueno) In Italian the long and short vowels are a given -- i.e., there is no need for tildes/accent marks but in Spanish it is mandatory for writing. The following words are other examples: Aún Último Sólo Solo Adhuc Ultimus Sōlum Solus
2:15 How Pontius Pilate says "Vos ite" here is almost exactly how Latin American speakers who use voseo would say "you, go". Voseo is the usage of the second person pronoun "vos"- however in Spanish this has become an informal pronoun and is used instead of "tú" in the regions that use voseo. These regions include Argentina, Uruguay, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and most of Central America. As someone who uses voseo, I find it fascinating that something you might say in everyday life is very similar to something a Roman governor would have said a long time ago! There are huge distances in time & space, and huge differences in culture separating us but links to the past like this are fascinating.
Siempre me ha fascinado que aunque «vos» era un pronombre plural en latín, se convirtiera en singular en español. Ya en la edad media los castellanos usaban el «vos» cuando hablaban con alguien de igual o superior condición social y usaban el «tú» cuando dirigían la palabra a alguien de menor rango. Esto a lo mejor ya lo sabías tú, pero nomás comparto lo susodicho porque la persistencia de ciertos elementos lingüísticos siempre me ha intrigado mucho.
Latin sounds so elegant, probably the most beautiful language ever spoken, thanks Luke for bringing it to life again. In any case, if Jesus Christ decided to speak in Latin to Pilate He would speak it perfect, with no accent. And if anyone would sense that He had an accent, then immediately, it would be the right way to speak it from then on.
It would be interesting to find out how Aramaic speakers pronounced Greek and Latin. Greek had been spoken in the region long enough for a patois to develop, I wonder if there's any evidence.
@@kyrieeleison1243 Thanks for your educated comment. From my perspective (and I respect other's opinions of course) I believe that He is God. So, he invented Latin. He would speak it with no regional accent, but with "the universal Latin correct accent". My perception is that, the intention of Gibson is to indicate that Jesus Christ can speak Latin because He is God, not because he learned it. Again, it is my humble opinion, regards.
@@hephaestus198 as a Catholic, I agree that Jesus is God, and that there is no limitations on God by definition. But, by taking the human nature, God by his own perfect Will imposed into Himself our human limitations. Therefore, God became one of us and as any of us He needed to be taught how to walk, and talk, he needed to be fed. He felt cold, and pain, He cried. With that in mind, it's not that Jesus could not speak perfect Latin if He wanted, it's that we know He wanted to partake in our nature, so He probably would have learned a second language just like He learned the first one, just like we learn and we have accents.
@@luizfelipe5399 You have a point. You wisely used basic theology and simple logic to conclude he would have had an accent. This changes my opinion, I approve yours. Greetings.
I saw this movie in the theaters when it came out back in 2004 with my oldest brother. We don't speak Latin but Italian/Spanish and we could hear Italian pronunciation throughout the movie. I can't believe it has been 17 yrs that has passed since I've seen this movie.
I have the dark Slavic L in my speech too because I spent a year learning Russian by literally only interacting with Russians and I developed a slight accent from it.
I used to only like the ecclesiastical pronunciation actually but ever since I really started hearing/trying the classical pronunciation, I have started to really fall in love with it!
Great analysis of the film. I like the depth you go into explaining the pronunciation rather than just correcting it in favor of one or the other without saying why it would be pronounced one way or another
Se hoje em dia existem diferentes acentos em todas a linguas faladas pelo mundo, imaginem no latim daquele tempo. Parabens pelo canal e pela iniciativa.
Concordo. Se já línguas como o Inglês Português espanhol francês é afins teem diferentes acentos, imagina o império romano. Apesar da distância hoje em dia Brasil Portugal é Moçambique estão incrívelmente mais conectados, que este e oeste do Império Romano. Devia ser uma loucura!
O latim era muito padronizado, na verdade, em torno do _sermō urbānus_ falado pela elite da cidade de Roma, fenômeno que não acontece, por exemplo, no português. Além disso, o latim é prescritivo e não descritivo.
I'm surprised how many similarities there are between Bulgarian and Portuguese. Before knowing, I definitely thought the actor was Portuguese, maybe a bit drunk but still Portuguese haha
Even though I'm an atheist, there are aspects of this film that I admire. Having Pilate speak to Jesus in Aramaic and Jesus respond in Latin (even if it is inaccurate for the time) is one of this aspects. A genius decision from the director.
Very nice video about the latin spoken in Passion of the Christ. I was very curious about this subject, because this was one of the first movie I watched spoken in ancient languages (aramaic and latin).
One theory is that Pilate hails from the Balkans, from wikipedia: "His praenomen (first name) is unknown;[21] his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin (pilum)," but it could also refer to the pileus or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman"
@@ivdragoslav Asia no Romania because if you see old maps, Pontus Euxinus is province, and is not about Romanian Black Sea here, is about Asian Province and Pilat is not from Romanian area . Is from old Asian Province (Pontus Euxinus) - today in turkish part
And if it wasn't clear enough that Cassius' actor is Italian, at 22:29 "Sēditiō" is pronounced like the Italian word "sedizione" (sedition) minus the "-ne" at the end.
But that’s just the Ecclesiastical pronunciation, which anyone can do and not necessarily have an Italian accent; what makes him as being Italian is his intonation and a few other speech characteristics.
Whatever you might think about Gibson, I really appreciate that he has chosen to make films such as this and Apocolypto, allowing modern audiences an opportunity to get a taste of how those languages may have sounded. At a time when we are supposed to be allergic to subtitles, Squid Game excepted.
I’m only partial to Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation because I’m a classical singer, and as nearly all of the Latin we sing is liturgical, using the church pronunciation makes sense. The only disagreement I have with my directors is how to pronounce intervocalic S; they prefer the /z/ sound like in Italian, but It’s my understanding that an /s/ would be more appropriate. Anyway, thank you for going over both ecclesiastical and classical pronunciations!
I just think, as an Italian, that Ecclesiastical is too damn easy for us to replicate (maybe because I studied Latin in this way 6 years at school). The power, and the sound of Classical then, reflects more the link between Latin and other Indoeuropean languages. It reminds me more, I don't know why, of Germanic like or Greek either listening to the tones, the rhythm... Thank you for your job Luke ! Salve !
Well, in certain ways it is (as we expect of an ancient language) closer to other branches of Indo-European. For instance, the W sound in "ventus" and "vidua" makes them sound closer to the English "wind" and "widow," and the hard K sound in "decem" of course shows the connection to the Greek "déka."
As an Italian, I strongly prefer the ecclesiatical pronounciation, which is traditional here - the “classical” one is too full of consonants, sounds like German ..
I am American and I also favor the Classical pronunciation (but not how other American Latinists pronounce Latin words with their accent, which sounds very wrong). Learning Romance languages like Spanish or Italian and mastering pronunciation really helped me get used to how Latin was meant to sound. I totally agree with you that the original Classical Latin accent sounds more powerful than the Romance languages because of the retracted S and the thicker vowels that result.
I just discovered Your Channel, and i find it wonderful, I am a classical languages lover. I learn ed them in the ecclesiastical form but I always like to learn more. Thank you
14:48 You can also hear that deep, masculine tone to his voice; characteristic (or maybe ”stereotypical” would be a better word) of Slavic gopniks, which gave me the idea that he might be Russian, or something like that. Now that I listened to him, again; I can also hear slight palatalization of some of the vowels; also, very Slavic.
One of my pet peeves with movie makers is that so many historical inaccuracies and anachronisms find their way into films these days. While watching the movie, I immediately realized that they were using Liturgical Latin, which didn't exist at the time. Incidentally, the only Aramaic word that they used which I recognized was the word for king, "meleke," which is similar in Arabic and Hebrew.
I am amazed, that an American guy hears AND can PRONOUNCE the nuances =) Please don't feel offended. It's a simple fact that English speakers have a special difficulty, to learn a language without the habitual heavy accent. When I was in German Highschool and lerned Latin... I wished I would have stumbled over this chanel.... As for now... i forgot much of latin... but i still love it and am amazed, that people like you are around =)))))
I like these videos so much, you're always so positive in your criticism as well as your praise haha. It's a pity that the rest of your audience might not be interested in a review of "Somnus" from FFXV. My friends told me the Latin is janky, but they don't know Latin as well as you to explain why. Anyways great video, as ever, and I can't wait till you drop the Luna one! 🌙
Of course is the Church that has kept the interest towards Latin to these days. Nobody serious enough can say that the interest of nowadays languague freaks was put of the blue without the influence of academic Catholics teaching Latin courses throughout the world, I mean universities are a creation of Catholic church, and that though knowledge in Latin, the US universities brought that same tradition to US universities for a long time. So, of course the big influencer here is the Catholic Church
@@abelpalmer552 just imagine if the Catholic Church ceased to exist. By the fall of the Roman Empire the education system crashed, most people were illiterate and the areas that spoke Latin dialects were dominated by German and Arabic speaking kingdoms by centuries. It was the Church that kept Latin in use as a liturgical language, as a language for Church law, for defining doctrine. Then it was a Catholic monk, Alcuin of York, that brought Medieval Latin for the usage in the administration of the Holy Roman Empire. Also, most of what we have left of Cicero's works and many other classical Latin literature are actually medieval copies made by monks. Then the Church created universities that taught in Latin, and that gave the impulse for Latin being used primarily all throughout the Renaissance up until the 19th century in science. Now, in the secular world, Latin became a niche thing for Classicists. Meanwhile, in the Catholic world, the last Pope created a Pontifical Academy for Latin, Latin Masses are still a thing in many dioceses (and even when they are not, Latin phrases and words still appear in vernacular Masses and Catholic literature), many people pray daily in Latin alone and together, many are listening and singing to gregorian chant, documents of the Church are being written in Latin, priests and lay religious are studying and reading it daily. You may not know this side of Latin because you are out of the religion, but that does not mean it does not exist.
@@luizfelipe5399 Hi Luiz, Thanks for your comment. I'd like to respond to a few things: 1. I'm extremely religious, and it's quite impolite to assume people's religious backgrounds. 2. No one doubts the historical contributions of the Catholic Church to Latin's survival. The original commenter conflated the survival of Latin TODAY with Ecclesiastical Latin, however, which isn't entirely true. The pope today has limited the usage of the Latin mass. The Vatican barely can speak Latin at all, for more info see Polymathy's video on this (3 out of 13 priests were willing to engage in his experiment). Yes, documents are written in Latin, but can you honestly say that's what's keeping the language alive? They are a small part in a larger continuum of Latinists, many of whom have no affiliation to the Catholic Church. I might name GrecoLatinoVivo, Vivarium Novum, the Weebly chats, and many, many other Latin immersion communities around the world. Channels like Latinitium and Polymathy, along with the natural-methodists are encouraging the speaking of Latin. The Catholic Church nowadays is no longer the major factor in the survival of Latin - let it cease to exist now, and Latin would certainly continue to thrive.
I mean, sure, it is not historical for the time period, but things are never perfect with productions like this: especially when it comes to using a language that has no native speakers today, with most people who know Latin being familiar with its Ecclesiastical form as opposed to Classical Latin (indeed, the language consultant was a Professor from the Society of Jesuits, Father William Fulco). Ecclesiastical Latin also being less stylized and rigid makes it more easy for actors to speak than Classical Latin. To someone like you who specializes in Latin in its various forms it would seem weird to have these people from the time period of Jesus speaking in Ecclesiastical Latin, but it is what it is (very few productions have used more archaic forms of Latin - and it is commendable that some have tried, don't get me wrong - but I think it is understandable why many productions opt to go for Ecclesiastical Latin). Really liking your videos and eagerly waiting to see more.
In Italian ecclesiastical pronunciation, mihi is traditionally pronounced (and occasionally spelled) michi, that is /miki/ The German pronunciation uses the local corresponding phoneme for "ch," (either /x/ or /ç/). Spanish manuscripts on the other hand, in particular mozarabic texts, spell the word as "mici."
Thanks for the vids! I was recently researching the Roman playwright Terence, and discovered that he came from Romanized Africa, a section of the empire set in Africa, that apparently consisted of a sizable population of, well, Romanized Africans...apparently with their own unique dialect of Latin! Do we know anything tangible about this? I would love to see a video on what we know about this version of Latin!
I've read an interview with William Fulco where he said that the reason he used ecclesiastic pronunciation is that he thinks classical pronunciation never existed and is only a German theory!!!
I find the idea that Pontius Pilate would try to communicate with Jesus in Aramaic to be a little implausible. When the Romans conquered Greece I clearly remember instances where their consuls insisted on speaking Latin and using a translator even though the consul actually spoke really good Greek. I think Pilate either would be pulling something like this and using a translator or just speaking with Jesus in Greek, which is a language the Jews had plenty of contact with (and of course the New Testament would be written in).
Nice analysis that you've made on The Passion of the Christ on how they'd used Latin on this film. I hope you could also make an analysis on this live action film, Thermae Romae as well soon and just like POTC, that movie also used Latin and the main actor who is a Japanese actor spoke it but you could hear his Japanese accent while speaking Latin. 😁
it is okay. He used מלך = (a) King instead of מלכא = the King. Also the pronounciation is a bit off. he said [k] instead of [x] in מלך , but then [x] instead of [h] in יהודיא
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Shopov Wikipedia disagrees with you, as does IMDB m.imdb.com/title/tt0335345/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_ttfc_3 The actor you named played John.
@@polyMATHY_Luke You're absolutely right about Pontius Pilate played by Hristo Shopov, as you correctly mentioned. I'm sorry for my mistake, I somehow mixed up the two actors!
The soldier that comes in at the end of the conversation between Pilate and Claudia is Abenader. One of the cavalry guys mentioned his name in an earlier scene in the movie.
What is the difference between the classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation prior to the ecclesiastical adoption of Italian phonology in the 20th century?
There was no official ecclesiastical pronunciation prior to the 20th century. Each country had its own traditional pronunciation going back to the Carolingian reform. The direct predecessor of the ecclesiastical pronunciation was the traditional Italian pronunciation, so it's not so much that Italian phonology was adopted in the 20th century, but rather the traditional Italian pronunciation of Latin since the 9th century was adopted in the 20th century as the universal pronunciation of the Catholic church.
@@Glossologia Thank you for clarifying. I’ve recently started attending the TLM and desire to learn the language but I think I will do so using the classical pronunciation.
@@Brandon55638 One of my favorite things to do is swear in Romanian using Slavic words (we have a Slavic superstrate in Romanian), and then say "pardon my Latin".
“Artificial is not bad” Thank you so much lute turning me on to Alcuin of York. From my upcoming book on Medieval Choir School: “The ecclesiastical Latin is a perfection in pronunciation according to the nature phonetics and the correct use of the vocal organ. It is a cultivation as apposed something “phony,” “novel” or “negative!” Its intent was to beautify, clarify and make intelligible various accents, distortions and dialectal impurities over the vast Carolingian Empire. You could say it homogenized the pronunciation according to beauty in speech and an economy of motion. This Liturgical Latin is the basis for correct singing and along with the punctuation marks of Carolingian Miniscule Script we have the origin of the music notation.
I'm amazed that I guessed the origin of the actor playing Pilate as soon as you asked yourself, long before the very revealing Claudia scene. My frequent conversations (in English) with Serbians, Russians and Ukrainians certainly helped. (Great video, by the way, as usual)
I noticed that even tho Pontius Pilate says ceasar that way, but in The same movie one of the jewish priest says ceasar the correct way for that time period ky-zer instead of chez-er
When I heard Pontius Pilatus, I immediately thought that it sounded like an Eastern European accent to me. In Italy we have several immigrants from Eastern Europe, so I'm fairly accustomed to hear that accent.
Great job! This was one of my favourite choices made in the film; the other being Christ's exchange with Our Blessed Mother using the language of Revelations 21:5. I think if the Synoptics had been used as the basis for the encounter with Pilate, then Greek would have been used. In those scenes, which aren't precluded in St. John's narrative, the high priests are present and effectively part of the conversation. But the segment in John that is understandably favoured in many film representations is more of a one-on-one. It seems obvious to me that Christ would speak Latin to Pilate, for the reason of courtesy as you mention, among others. As for whether He could have spoken Latin, it seems a silly question to me. He could have spoken Modern English, or Sumerian, or Japanese.
Here's a random recommendation "The Faraway Paladin". This is a currently airing Japanese anime which is using Latin for it's spells and unlike Harry Potter it would appear to be using real Latin words. Now what makes this a special recommendation is that it is Japanese VA's speaking Latin. I would imagine they are mispronouncing words due to the vast difference from their mother tongue as Japanese as a Language is vastly different to English or Latin (From what I remember there is no L or R sound in Japanese). What also makes it a cool pick is that the Latin has to be translated into both English and Japanese so that both English and Japanese speakers can understand what the spell is.
New fan here. I learned Spanish in Spain when I lived there for five years back in the early 2000s. I had asked many Spaniards (including my then boyfriend as well as my roommates) if they noticed a difference between “iglesia” and “iglaysia” with the “lay” pronounced like “lay down.” The two “e” sounds were clear to me, but apparently not to them. I had a cat named Canelo (rip.). Canelo or Canaylo, again, the same. When I returned with Canelo to SoCal (where I’m from) again, the same thing, only this time with native Mexican Spanish speakers. Is this a thing, where the two “e’s” are there, but the native listener doesn’t notice the difference?
Hi Piper. Right, so sound in "lay" is the diphthong transcribed /ei̯/ in IPA ruclips.net/video/tpR5GdKXpGc/видео.htmlsi=D6VMSh2gnZmgpjix This diphthong doesn't occur very often in Spanish, and the way we pronounce it in American English, it's a fairly narrow diphthong (meaning not a lot of distance traveled to articulate the two endpoints), so many Spanish speakers wouldn't notice it as distinct from /e/.
@@polyMATHY_Luke That is so odd yet fascinating to me. To my friends , I’d say the letters isolated “eh”, “eay” and they’d shrug their shoulders. Wild!
Historically speaking, Pilate would have spoken Latin when in Rome, but in the eastern Mediterranean, he would've spoken Greek. Most Roman nobles were bilingual, speaking both Latin and Greek.
I'm always here for the Sidney Allen shade. I just got accepted to university to study linguistics and legitimately part of the reason I wanted to study it is because I would like to, if the opportunity arises, do some serious reconstructive research into the vowel system of classical Latin, and perhaps spread the good word of the Calabrese system. Besides Allen and Calabrese I have found woefully little scholarly work on this topic.
I have a written a new short story in Latin! with drammatically acted audiobook. Check it out: luke-ranieri.myshopify.com/collections/frontpage/products/fabula-anatina-a-duckish-tale-in-latin 🦆
It's a children's book about the odyssey of a duckling who wants to learn how to fly.
🦂 Support my work on Patreon:
www.patreon.com/LukeRanieri
📚 Luke Ranieri Audiobooks:
luke-ranieri.myshopify.com
🤠 Take my course LATIN UNCOVERED on StoryLearning, including my original Latin adventure novella "Vir Petasātus"
learn.storylearning.com/lu-promo?affiliate_id=3932873
🦂 Sign up for my Latin Pronunciation & Conversation series on Patreon:
www.patreon.com/posts/54058196
Would like to know why the /m/ at the end of words after a vowel just indicates a nasal vowel and isn't also pronounced with a nasal vowel before?
@@SchmulKrieger because of elision: the -im -em -um -am of Latin have to act as a vowel of some sort in that environment.
With all those long and short wovels, I wonder how rap wasn't invrnted in ancient Roman empire😂
I feel like we russians have a HŪGE advantage over English speakers learning Latin. We have 6 noun cases, 5 of which seem to be identical to latin, we have verb condju...gations?... whatever those are called, we have free word order, and we don't have difthonguisation problem. The worst we can do is turning hard consonants into their softer counterparts like "tjibji" instead of "tibi". And we have weird sound coming from our cheeks, which makes Russian a terrible singing language.
Whenever I try pronouncing long wovels I sound like I'm making fun of italians: "pāsta italiāno ferrāri lamborghīni!, don't put pineāpples on pīzza! Thīs-ah īs-ah pipī-aquā, not-ah cōffee!"😂😂😂
You should go to a Traditional Latin Mass, Luke. They're very beautiful!
I agree the traditional Latin mass is ipso facto the Roman church....or the mean trads because they are protective in the 60s ther was a concept by a movement to fix Catholicism to Lutherans etc...that's what the book Goodbye good men is about the Latin societies never left infact innovation on the liturgy was not accepted because ther is a seal over the Latin mass...today they are called the mean trads more Catholics are interested in the Latin mass and learning more about it and learning the language I applaud this
Yes but the fucking Pope forbidden them...
✝️🙏🏻📿
That’s where I go. SSPX
@Straitsfan
I too attend an SSPX chapel.
As Italian....I prefer the classical pronunciation. Listening the ecclesiastical pronunciation it sound to me as a dialect of latin. Grazie Luchino, i tuoi video non mi deludono mai.
Well, to say that shows you have what we call classical Latin in a higher value than the one we call ecclesiastical pronunciation. But this does not mean, one is better than the other. And the term "Dialect" is really vague, in this case your are using it to referring to the Latin we classify as ecclesiastical as a subbranch, a variation of the big system called classical Latin. But this is more your perception most than anything else, cause of course "ecclesiastical latín" is not a distorted classical Latin. This is a reductive way of understanding languages brought by non philologists and common people who do not master sociolinguistics
I don't know the philosopher's name anymore but he said something like: "The difference between a language and a dialect is that the language has an army behind it while the dialect does not." In other words, countries decide what a language is, not any logic.
Dico sempre che la pronuncia ecclesiastica sembra soltanto l'italiano ma un po' più fancy, o come una persona che tenta di parlare un'altra lingua ma non se ne frega niente dell'accento (pensi, Renzi quando parla l'inglese). Non è scorretto per niente ma decisamente preferisco quello classicale.
giusto
"Domne" is exactly how Romanians say "Sir" in the vocative case in a less formal way. I was a bit shocked to hear it in Latin. I was not aware of this short version.
Yes, you can see it in inscriptions in Pompeii
Hai domne, lasă! Fugi cu cercu'!
@@ancadragoslav7613 :))))))))))))))))
In the Roman Breviary and in the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, we say “Jube, domne, benedícere.” when it is recited in common (with the priest to whom it is addressed by the cantor). But when it is to be prayer privately, we say “Jube, Dómine, benedícere.” i.e. addressed to God.
I prefer the proper historical (of course) given that it was the spoken language of this time. I'd of course want it to be the more natural sounding of the two given the choice. A very pivotal part of the film here .. I feel kinda bad for the actor and his English accent is that normal?
Going either way for someone (myself) who don't know the language I would've never detected this cause I've not the slightest idea of what to listen for .. a huge part of why I came to Luke's channel for the details cause I want the facts. is this politically correct or is it (again) just for show?? Don't answer that cause I already heard Luke's take on this performance and the incorrect and proper use of the language as it seemed non apparent in some parts which he briefly explained but did so in such a way that makes it hard to see it as really nitpicking. To me it was more a proper rundown of how the speech was executed which again is vital to know as a viewer.
For a film of this magnitude I'd want to know the truth about it and feel that is was in fact very important to hear his take on this cause I wouldn't want a falsely reconstructed version of the language I'd want the real thing.
Luke (if you're here) please tell us your insights on how the film did overall and would you recommend language learners of any kind to watch it? Your input much like the reason for me coming to this channel is much needed here and would be very appreciated if you commented your exact thoughts on how the movie did and your thoughts on what needs to be done differently for the 2025 release if any changes at all. hope to hear from you soon! 🙂
I remember watching The Passion of the Christ and thinking that it was great that it made use of the languages of Aramaic and Latin (and some Hebrew at parts) and that it made it seem so much more real and authentic, you can enter into it in a deeper way. I always thought that this was really cool - similar to how Mel also uses Maya in Apocalypto. Despite the fact that the probounciation isn't authentic to that of the time, it is in many ways much better than just using English.
Hi, Declan O'Flaherty, is that the Gaelic spelling of your name?
Alas, there was no Greek. Still peeved about that.
I agree, the use of those languages increased the immersion factor.
Despite being the best TV series ever, HBO's Rome would've been even better if it hadn't used English, but rather Latin.
I've had latin classes in high school here in greece and it was around that time that i first watched this movie, it was a treat!!
I was in high school studying Latin here in Croatia too when I first saw this movie at cinema.
Let me just mention, the Aramaic phrase which Pontious Pilate asked Jesus (in this film) was-
ܐܢܬ ܡܠܟܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܐ
Anth mælka d’Yehudaye?
𝘈𝘳𝘦 𝘺𝘰𝘶 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘸𝘴?
But I love how Jesus responded in Latin which made Pontious Pilate seemingly amazed. 😉👍🏻
Yep. As if Jesus was telling Pontious Pilate: ”I’m not as uneducated, as you think.”. 😅
הה אנת מלך יהיודיה
Our good and almighty lord knows all laguages 😜 haha
@@johannchristian2551 why your god is a Jew who spoke Aramaic and learned Latin? 😁
@@-Mitra-
Because he can, and he did, much more than this. What did your "god" ever do for you?
It's interesting how 2000 years later and only by growing up with Moroccan parents (north Africa far away from the holy land speaking an Arabic dialect which is far away from Arabic). I could understand so many Aramaic words. Makes you feel really emotional.
I think it would be quite easy for a native Finnish speaker to learn to pronounce classical Latin quite well, since the language share a surprising amount of phonemes. I would guess that a Finnish speaker would have a bit harder time learning the ecclesiastical pronunciation.
Agreed. Their only problem is oral posture and intonation
Incidentally, Tolkien's Quenya is based on Finnish, but supposed to sound like Latin.
@@PaladinusSP The word shapes like autas, poika, túrinasta and Laikolassë definitely call to mind Finnish but his description of the exact articulations definitely looks more like Classical Latin. I expect Quenya isn't too far from what a Latin speaker trying to speak Finnish would sound like. (though it retains some features of Finnish that were absent in Latin like the combinations /axt/ and /ɛçt/ and also had features not present in either language, such as a palatal stop /c/).
I noticed how similar classical Latin and Finnish are when you pronounce properly words like "caesar" and "romanus", and you pronounce them pretty much how a Finn would. Especially the vowels are very Finnish-like.
Maybe, but spanish and italian pronunciation are closer in terms of phonemes.
I’m catholic and I would have preferred if they used Classical Latin for this movie for accuracy. I understand that the actors would not have been perfect in speaking the Latin either way, but using Classical Latin would have been such an easy thing to do for accuracy. Yes, Greek may have been even more accurate but you know what I mean.
Same.
They used Aramaic
We should write a petition for a Special Edition that would come with 2 soundtracks, one dubbed into Classical Latin. :)
I thougt the same as you did
What is done, is done! The ordinary person couldn't care less because the film has a lot to offer on many other levels. Gibson's film is a magnificent piece of Catholic art and who cares what the critics say, they are - nothing.
Mel Gibson stated the reason he did not use Greek was having 3 languages would have been confusing to the audience. If he had gone for full accuracy, all the dialog between Pilate and the Jews, and Christ should have been in Greek. With Pilate and his wife it could have been Latin, Greek, or a mix (Greek being to upper class Romans like a 2nd native language). And Greek is of course the language of the source material (the four Gospels).
Probably besides the philosophical 'τί εσθ΄ ἁλήθεια' (what is truth?), everything else between him and his wife would have been in Latin. I find the place of Greek in Roman society has been quite blown out of proportion recently.
OK just in response to both commenters saying the Romans would not have spoken Greek amongst themselves...to the Roman upper class Greek was as much a native language as Latin. Half (or more) of the ancient Roman literature was in Greek, especially histories and philosophy. As far as Josephus - he wrote in Greek. And he was a Roman citizen (like St. Paul) - there is no reason to think the average Jew knew Latin.
As an example of how deeply Greek permeated into the Roman consciousness....consider that Julius Caesar's last words were reportedly in Greek "Kai su, teknon? (And you my son?)... as were his words when crossing the Rubicon: "Annariphtho kybos" (The die is cast.)...one would expect a man's final words on earth to be in his mother tongue...but Caesar chooses Greek. The emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote his most private thoughts (Meditations) in Greek. I think I've illustrated the point.
I have nothing against Latin, it's just the Romans themselves (at least the elite) had a marked preference for Greek. That is not to say had no pride in Latin, especially after Virgil, and in the republican era Roman emissaries actually insisted on speaking it in missions to the Greeks, as a point of national honor, though most of them were completely fluent in Greek and could have spoken without an interpreter.
Having 3 languages would have been confusing??? LOLz. If that was his answer, it was a tossed off, ludicrous dodge.
I definitely can hear the difference between classical Latin and ecclesiasitcal Latin (I studied mostly the latter). I grew up hearing a language with Semitic roots, and was able to understand a few Aramaic words in the movie. This movie "speaks" to me on many levels. :)
i assume you are maltese, my brother. the only semitic speakers of europe and of mostly southern italian ancestry! welcome friend!
Many thanks, I’ve been wanting an analysis of the Latin in that film for years now! ✝️
As a Spanish and Italian speaker, I really enjoy your videos, they are cultural dope in these "social" times. Thanks for sharing!!!
I study Latin and ancient history to escape these crazy modern times, especially woke politics and everybody talking about bloody Covid all the time. I'm so sick of it. When I study Latin or ancient history, I feel like I am escaping to another planet!
11:56: “Ergō rēx es” versus “est” - it sounds to me as “Ergō rēx es tū”. But with short vowel in non-stressed, weakly pronounced, “tu”, which perhaps kinda sounds like Italian speakers sometimes adding a vowel to avoid a closed syllable in the end of the word (“estu”, “estə”, or similar for “est”).
That must be it
I would say it's an unvoiced "u", it's rather common like in the Japanese word "desu" that sounds like "dess". We do that in Portuguese often too.
I ALWAYS HEARD " ERGO REX ES TU?" "THEN, ARE YOU A KING?"
Yes, that's what I always heard as well.
Hahaha this is how we Greeks react to foreigners speaking Greek, and English speakers in particular doing their round "o" sounds and their t and aspirated k sounds. Essentially you're doing the same reactions for your 2nd language!
They did their work and rehearsals I reckon, gotta give them that. I guess Mel Gibson thought their accent was good enough.
Honestly, you should be teaching at a University, your analyses are too good *just* for YT.
Very kind
I agree with this statement totally. Did you ever consider trying academical path? It's not too late ...
@@krunomrki Seriously? Academia is hell these days, take it from me.
Oh boy, I've been waiting for this!!
I was waiting for you to do a video on how is the latin on this movie for a while now! Thank you for composing this video!
Thanks for watching and sharing it!
Well, interestingly in Hebrew - to be more precise rabbinical Hebrew (which is the type of Hebrew spoken in the Roman period) and the subsequent eras of Hebrew (medieval and modern) - the name of Herodes is הורדוס (Hordos)
Yes.. back to critiquing pronociation from ancient times...this is what brought me to your channels Luke...most fantastic historic language teacher...
Same here. I knew this was the place to come for the truth. a very pressing matter if I was shooting this I'd want the correct language in it regardless of what I think or feel personally just for the simple fact that it's a movie about Jesus.
At first, I thought that the actor playing Pilate was Czech, but then, after hearing him say "Cllllaudia" I guessed that he was from Poland. When you revealed that he's actually Bulgarian, I did hear the similarity between his accent and my Bulgarian συντοπίτες.
Interestingly Polish is one of the few Slavic languages that doesn’t have the velar L, because the Proto-Polish velar L became ł which sounds like /w/
@@polyMATHY_Luke I guess I have to study more Polish phonology XD
@@Michail_Chatziasemidis polish phonology is hell if you are not a slavic speaker, it's harder than any other slavic language. but okay greek language has more similarities to slavic languages than english or any romance languages
@@SadSvit-d2x :As a Polish native speaker I agree. Polish language is Hell. But at least we use Latin Alphabet.
@@polyMATHY_Luke It used to be widely spoken in the eastern part of the country (kresy in polish), but after WWII it's inhabitants were mostly deported. Few who remained, for example in modern day Belarus, still use it where a speaker of Standard Polish would use ł.
You would definetley be one of a few people in the world to be able the translate the gospels and ANY other scripture of ancient times...I envy this so much
There are thousands of latin scholars and same with Koine Greek and Ancient Hebrew. They just don’t all have YT channels lol
@@SoldierOfGod778 The only other RUclips channel I know off the top of my head that has a scholar that can (and with them to a good bit does) translate the Gospels is Alpha & Omega Ministries, Doctor James White actually uses it often to explain textual transmission and context.
Very nice of you to phrase the orign of Ecclesiatical Latin, cause people moatly ignore that the church didnt have a civic institutional suport before Medieval Age, and the Apostolic Language that wss used during Mass celebretions among rhe Catholics was, FOR MANY CENTURIES. GREEK, KOINÉ GREEK.
The change came by a papal decree dueing middle ages and it even sparkled some revolt and debate, because some tradionalist priests thought that Greek wss more close and coherent to a tradition that spans since the Apostolic era. But Latin was already a common ground during middle ages.
Luca....come al solito hai migliorato la mia giornata. Grazie di cuore😍😍😍.
I've to say you spoil your viewers. Last week I asked a question if you'd do a video on the Passion of Christ and here you go... thanks!
On Good Friday this year, I had hoped for this very video. I re-watch "The Passion of the Christ" each Good Friday. Thank you!
I would have preferred Classical Latin pronunciations in the movie, but I understand their choice to use more Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations.
Happy Easter, Luke!
Happy Easter!
My favorite part of your analysis is figuring out the origin of the actors in the film. Geat video as always, Luke!
Thank you for analyzing the spoken Latin in The Passion of the Christ. This was my first time expose to Latin in film, probably where my interest in Latin started. I remember back then only being able to understand some phrases and words here and there like: "rex es tu?", "quid fecisti? "mihi trahiderunt" etc. WHICH in Spanish would translate to: "eres (tu) un rey?", "que heciste?" and "me trajeron".
It would have been interesting if they had hired a Spaniard/Latin-American person to speak Latin in the film; see if they would have made any minor mistakes. And if they their accent would have been noticeable. One part of the Passion of the Christ film that one of the speakers sounded like Spanish was when the pharisee priests said: "su excelentia, quaeso" and then in the beginning when King Herod soldier told the Roman soldier that Mary Magdalene was mad -- by saying in Latin, "est mala".
I prefer the Classical Latin pronunciation but still like the Ecclesiastical Latin. As you were analyzing the words/texts I was thinking of words.
I think if a Spaniard they might fumble the s to th sometimes, and Spanish speakers in general will have the same issues with long vowels as Italians as well as making v into a soft b around vowels as I catch myself doing in Latin (which would probably be the case in Hispanian Latin anyway, that the 'w' sound went to the b-v halfway point of 'β' and then 'b' rather than to 'v'), but generally Spanish speakers are the most suited to Latin speaking after Italians of the widely-spoken Romance languages.
@@therat1117 , Well I generally agree. Spanish is the 2nd closest to Latin from all the major romance languages. At times, though, it sounds closer than Italian does. In Although in Spanish we do have accent marks/tildes on words that are inflected to conserve the ancient pronunciation of Latin.
For example:
Commūnis (latin)
Común (spanish)
@@guillermorivas7819 That's true, Spanish has certain features that are more conservative, and Italian has others. The stress system of Spanish is near-identical to the Latin stress system, yes, although it tends to also happily be more regular due to the nature of sound changes in Spanish than the relative anarchy of the Italian stress system.
@@therat1117 ,
What makes Spanish sound closer to Latin is its sibilant S, verb conjugation, and ossified words. Even counting the alphabet in Latin sounds A, B, C, D closer to Spanish than Italian. Old Latin actually looks/sounds a lot closer to Spanish than classical latin in terms of verb conjugation like fued (fue) and dipthongs like duenos (buen/bueno)
In Italian the long and short vowels are a given -- i.e., there is no need for tildes/accent marks but in Spanish it is mandatory for writing.
The following words are other examples:
Aún
Último
Sólo
Solo
Adhuc
Ultimus
Sōlum
Solus
Old latin:
Esom/som
Es
Est
Somos
Esteis
Sont
Classical latin:
Sum
Es
Est
Sumus
Estis
Sunt
Spanish:
Soy
Eres
Es
Somos
Sois
Son
2:15 How Pontius Pilate says "Vos ite" here is almost exactly how Latin American speakers who use voseo would say "you, go". Voseo is the usage of the second person pronoun "vos"- however in Spanish this has become an informal pronoun and is used instead of "tú" in the regions that use voseo. These regions include Argentina, Uruguay, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and most of Central America. As someone who uses voseo, I find it fascinating that something you might say in everyday life is very similar to something a Roman governor would have said a long time ago! There are huge distances in time & space, and huge differences in culture separating us but links to the past like this are fascinating.
Siempre me ha fascinado que aunque «vos» era un pronombre plural en latín, se convirtiera en singular en español. Ya en la edad media los castellanos usaban el «vos» cuando hablaban con alguien de igual o superior condición social y usaban el «tú» cuando dirigían la palabra a alguien de menor rango. Esto a lo mejor ya lo sabías tú, pero nomás comparto lo susodicho porque la persistencia de ciertos elementos lingüísticos siempre me ha intrigado mucho.
In Castilian Spanish it would have been "idos" or "id vosotros"
@@guillermorivas7819 you can see how vos ite = ite vos > ide vós (as in Old Portuguese) > id vos > idos/id vosotros
Latin sounds so elegant, probably the most beautiful language ever spoken, thanks Luke for bringing it to life again.
In any case, if Jesus Christ decided to speak in Latin to Pilate He would speak it perfect, with no accent.
And if anyone would sense that He had an accent, then immediately, it would be the right way to speak it from then on.
It would be interesting to find out how Aramaic speakers pronounced Greek and Latin. Greek had been spoken in the region long enough for a patois to develop, I wonder if there's any evidence.
@@kyrieeleison1243 Thanks for your educated comment. From my perspective (and I respect other's opinions of course) I believe that He is God. So, he invented Latin. He would speak it with no regional accent, but with "the universal Latin correct accent". My perception is that, the intention of Gibson is to indicate that Jesus Christ can speak Latin because He is God, not because he learned it. Again, it is my humble opinion, regards.
@@hephaestus198 as a Catholic, I agree that Jesus is God, and that there is no limitations on God by definition. But, by taking the human nature, God by his own perfect Will imposed into Himself our human limitations. Therefore, God became one of us and as any of us He needed to be taught how to walk, and talk, he needed to be fed. He felt cold, and pain, He cried. With that in mind, it's not that Jesus could not speak perfect Latin if He wanted, it's that we know He wanted to partake in our nature, so He probably would have learned a second language just like He learned the first one, just like we learn and we have accents.
@@luizfelipe5399 You have a point. You wisely used basic theology and simple logic to conclude he would have had an accent.
This changes my opinion, I approve yours. Greetings.
@@luizfelipe5399 Agree!
I saw this movie in the theaters when it came out back in 2004 with my oldest brother. We don't speak Latin but Italian/Spanish and we could hear Italian pronunciation throughout the movie. I can't believe it has been 17 yrs that has passed since I've seen this movie.
Even Latin can't escape Slavic people's intimidating way of pronunciation!
A message from a Slavic person - ROMANES EUNT DOMUS!
I have the dark Slavic L in my speech too because I spent a year learning Russian by literally only interacting with Russians and I developed a slight accent from it.
I used to only like the ecclesiastical pronunciation actually but ever since I really started hearing/trying the classical pronunciation, I have started to really fall in love with it!
Great analysis of the film. I like the depth you go into explaining the pronunciation rather than just correcting it in favor of one or the other without saying why it would be pronounced one way or another
"Do you want to know my truth, Claudia?" Reflexively made me laugh. I appreciate the humour you bring to what can be a dense topic.
Thanks, Evan
If I'm not wrong it was the first Hollywood movie completely spoken in Latin and Aramaic.
Se hoje em dia existem diferentes acentos em todas a linguas faladas pelo mundo, imaginem no latim daquele tempo. Parabens pelo canal e pela iniciativa.
Concordo. Se já línguas como o Inglês Português espanhol francês é afins teem diferentes acentos, imagina o império romano. Apesar da distância hoje em dia Brasil Portugal é Moçambique estão incrívelmente mais conectados, que este e oeste do Império Romano. Devia ser uma loucura!
O latim era muito padronizado, na verdade, em torno do _sermō urbānus_ falado pela elite da cidade de Roma, fenômeno que não acontece, por exemplo, no português. Além disso, o latim é prescritivo e não descritivo.
Especialmente la manera como se pronuncian los diferentes sonidos. A veces es diferente incluso en la misma región.
Charlemagne speaking Latin with a Frankish/Germanic accent 🤣
Gratias plurimas! Mihi placet Pilati bulcarica pronuntiatio. Quae sonat bellicossissima!
Finally! Thank you! I have been waiting for you to cover this for MONTHS!!
Actually, the unstressed "o" vowels have become "u" in Bulgarian language, that's why the bulgarian actor was pronounciating sciu instead of scio
I'm surprised how many similarities there are between Bulgarian and Portuguese. Before knowing, I definitely thought the actor was Portuguese, maybe a bit drunk but still Portuguese haha
@@luizfelipe5399 Whenever I hear Portuguese out of blue, I always have this confusion if I hear some slavic language that I have no idea of :)
Even though I'm an atheist, there are aspects of this film that I admire. Having Pilate speak to Jesus in Aramaic and Jesus respond in Latin (even if it is inaccurate for the time) is one of this aspects. A genius decision from the director.
@Carlos Velasquez for the same reason an atheist watches a movie about the son of wizards (harry potter)
@Carlos Velasquez LOL do you also believe in father christmas?
@Carlos Velasquez of course you can watch anything i do not see the issue with that
Nah, I think it’s accurate for the time.
Very nice video about the latin spoken in Passion of the Christ. I was very curious about this subject, because this was one of the first movie I watched spoken in ancient languages (aramaic and latin).
One theory is that Pilate hails from the Balkans, from wikipedia: "His praenomen (first name) is unknown;[21] his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin (pilum)," but it could also refer to the pileus or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman"
Is from Pontus Euxinus . So, Black Sea...
Asia .
@@giuvannicammora2821 do you think that the Blaxy ( ;) ) is (entirely) in Asia?.. :-?
@@ivdragoslav Asia no Romania because if you see old maps, Pontus Euxinus is province, and is not about Romanian Black Sea here, is about Asian Province and Pilat is not from Romanian area . Is from old Asian Province (Pontus Euxinus) - today in turkish part
@@ivdragoslav im italian and i know the Truth about Pilat .
Is not from Romanian part, is from Asian part
At 12:00 Pilate is saying, “Ergo rex es tu?” The vowel in “tu” is just quiet for some reason.
And if it wasn't clear enough that Cassius' actor is Italian, at 22:29 "Sēditiō" is pronounced like the Italian word "sedizione" (sedition) minus the "-ne" at the end.
But that’s just the Ecclesiastical pronunciation, which anyone can do and not necessarily have an Italian accent; what makes him as being Italian is his intonation and a few other speech characteristics.
@@polyMATHY_Luke TIL that's one of the key differences between modern Italian diction and Ecclesiastical Latin. Gratie mille :)
Whatever you might think about Gibson, I really appreciate that he has chosen to make films such as this and Apocolypto, allowing modern audiences an opportunity to get a taste of how those languages may have sounded. At a time when we are supposed to be allergic to subtitles, Squid Game excepted.
I can't wait for his life and times of Mohammed follow up 😎😅
@@yvonnesanders4308 Reckon the Iranians would fatwa his ass for that one.
I finally started learning Latin 🥳 and now your videos are EVEN MORE useful, Luke 👏! I love ❤️ the content 🤗
I’m only partial to Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation because I’m a classical singer, and as nearly all of the Latin we sing is liturgical, using the church pronunciation makes sense. The only disagreement I have with my directors is how to pronounce intervocalic S; they prefer the /z/ sound like in Italian, but It’s my understanding that an /s/ would be more appropriate. Anyway, thank you for going over both ecclesiastical and classical pronunciations!
I just think, as an Italian, that Ecclesiastical is too damn easy for us to replicate (maybe because I studied Latin in this way 6 years at school). The power, and the sound of Classical then, reflects more the link between Latin and other Indoeuropean languages. It reminds me more, I don't know why, of Germanic like or Greek either listening to the tones, the rhythm... Thank you for your job Luke ! Salve !
Well, in certain ways it is (as we expect of an ancient language) closer to other branches of Indo-European. For instance, the W sound in "ventus" and "vidua" makes them sound closer to the English "wind" and "widow," and the hard K sound in "decem" of course shows the connection to the Greek "déka."
As an Italian, I strongly prefer the ecclesiatical pronounciation, which is traditional here - the “classical” one is too full of consonants, sounds like German ..
I am American and I also favor the Classical pronunciation (but not how other American Latinists pronounce Latin words with their accent, which sounds very wrong). Learning Romance languages like Spanish or Italian and mastering pronunciation really helped me get used to how Latin was meant to sound. I totally agree with you that the original Classical Latin accent sounds more powerful than the Romance languages because of the retracted S and the thicker vowels that result.
I just discovered Your Channel, and i find it wonderful, I am a classical languages lover. I learn ed them in the ecclesiastical form but I always like to learn more. Thank you
Great! Check out the many videos here; you’ll like them
14:48 You can also hear that deep, masculine tone to his voice; characteristic (or maybe ”stereotypical” would be a better word) of Slavic gopniks, which gave me the idea that he might be Russian, or something like that. Now that I listened to him, again; I can also hear slight palatalization of some of the vowels; also, very Slavic.
One of my pet peeves with movie makers is that so many historical inaccuracies and anachronisms find their way into films these days. While watching the movie, I immediately realized that they were using Liturgical Latin, which didn't exist at the time. Incidentally, the only Aramaic word that they used which I recognized was the word for king, "meleke," which is similar in Arabic and Hebrew.
Thanks for commenting on this Luke! I’ve always wanted this Latin to be evaluated by an expert.
The unintelligible line Jesus says I believe is “Si fuisset?” (“If this had happened?” or “Would this have happened?”)
He said "Sī esset, putās ministrī meī īstōs sīc trādere mē sīvissent."
The video I've been waiting 17 years for!
I am amazed, that an American guy hears AND can PRONOUNCE the nuances =) Please don't feel offended. It's a simple fact that English speakers have a special difficulty, to learn a language without the habitual heavy accent. When I was in German Highschool and lerned Latin... I wished I would have stumbled over this chanel.... As for now... i forgot much of latin... but i still love it and am amazed, that people like you are around =)))))
Grande Luke! Ho visto anche che hai commentato sul canale di Roberto Trizio!!!!! Grandissimi entrambi!!!!
I like these videos so much, you're always so positive in your criticism as well as your praise haha.
It's a pity that the rest of your audience might not be interested in a review of "Somnus" from FFXV. My friends told me the Latin is janky, but they don't know Latin as well as you to explain why.
Anyways great video, as ever, and I can't wait till you drop the Luna one! 🌙
Well done! I waited for this video for quite a lot of time.
So, to speak Latin, one should follow that rhythmic Italian flow for every word?
Ecclesiastical or Church latin is what keeps Latin language alive to this day.😇
Not really. Have you seen this guy's other channel? All the people who speak Latin today? The vast majority of them use the Classical pronunciation.
Or Classical Studies students.
Of course is the Church that has kept the interest towards Latin to these days. Nobody serious enough can say that the interest of nowadays languague freaks was put of the blue without the influence of academic Catholics teaching Latin courses throughout the world, I mean universities are a creation of Catholic church, and that though knowledge in Latin, the US universities brought that same tradition to US universities for a long time. So, of course the big influencer here is the Catholic Church
@@abelpalmer552 just imagine if the Catholic Church ceased to exist. By the fall of the Roman Empire the education system crashed, most people were illiterate and the areas that spoke Latin dialects were dominated by German and Arabic speaking kingdoms by centuries. It was the Church that kept Latin in use as a liturgical language, as a language for Church law, for defining doctrine. Then it was a Catholic monk, Alcuin of York, that brought Medieval Latin for the usage in the administration of the Holy Roman Empire.
Also, most of what we have left of Cicero's works and many other classical Latin literature are actually medieval copies made by monks. Then the Church created universities that taught in Latin, and that gave the impulse for Latin being used primarily all throughout the Renaissance up until the 19th century in science. Now, in the secular world, Latin became a niche thing for Classicists.
Meanwhile, in the Catholic world, the last Pope created a Pontifical Academy for Latin, Latin Masses are still a thing in many dioceses (and even when they are not, Latin phrases and words still appear in vernacular Masses and Catholic literature), many people pray daily in Latin alone and together, many are listening and singing to gregorian chant, documents of the Church are being written in Latin, priests and lay religious are studying and reading it daily. You may not know this side of Latin because you are out of the religion, but that does not mean it does not exist.
@@luizfelipe5399 Hi Luiz, Thanks for your comment. I'd like to respond to a few things: 1. I'm extremely religious, and it's quite impolite to assume people's religious backgrounds. 2. No one doubts the historical contributions of the Catholic Church to Latin's survival. The original commenter conflated the survival of Latin TODAY with Ecclesiastical Latin, however, which isn't entirely true. The pope today has limited the usage of the Latin mass. The Vatican barely can speak Latin at all, for more info see Polymathy's video on this (3 out of 13 priests were willing to engage in his experiment). Yes, documents are written in Latin, but can you honestly say that's what's keeping the language alive? They are a small part in a larger continuum of Latinists, many of whom have no affiliation to the Catholic Church. I might name GrecoLatinoVivo, Vivarium Novum, the Weebly chats, and many, many other Latin immersion communities around the world. Channels like Latinitium and Polymathy, along with the natural-methodists are encouraging the speaking of Latin. The Catholic Church nowadays is no longer the major factor in the survival of Latin - let it cease to exist now, and Latin would certainly continue to thrive.
I could listen to you correct the Latin pronunciation used in movies/tv/etc. all day! This was great!
I love you Slavic accent! Makes me chuckle every time.
I agree. It's hilarious! 😂😂😂😂😂
super interesting and entertaining, as always :)
11:50 Jim Caviesel said "sívissent", the 3rd person plural pluperfect subjunctive form of sínó, sínere.
Indeed
I mean, sure, it is not historical for the time period, but things are never perfect with productions like this: especially when it comes to using a language that has no native speakers today, with most people who know Latin being familiar with its Ecclesiastical form as opposed to Classical Latin (indeed, the language consultant was a Professor from the Society of Jesuits, Father William Fulco). Ecclesiastical Latin also being less stylized and rigid makes it more easy for actors to speak than Classical Latin. To someone like you who specializes in Latin in its various forms it would seem weird to have these people from the time period of Jesus speaking in Ecclesiastical Latin, but it is what it is (very few productions have used more archaic forms of Latin - and it is commendable that some have tried, don't get me wrong - but I think it is understandable why many productions opt to go for Ecclesiastical Latin). Really liking your videos and eagerly waiting to see more.
Recent new subscriber here, this channel is fascinating, I'm eating up the content!
Thanks! Welcome
In Italian ecclesiastical pronunciation, mihi is traditionally pronounced (and occasionally spelled) michi, that is /miki/
The German pronunciation uses the local corresponding phoneme for "ch," (either /x/ or /ç/). Spanish manuscripts on the other hand, in particular mozarabic texts, spell the word as "mici."
So, when are you going to do a rant video on how the letter m works in latin
Soon! Especially if there is popular demand
@@polyMATHY_Luke please I like your rant videos haha
11:57 No, he's not saying "Ergo rex est" but rather "Ergo rex es tu", although the "tu" is whispered. Watch for the lip rounding at the end.
Thanks for the vids! I was recently researching the Roman playwright Terence, and discovered that he came from Romanized Africa, a section of the empire set in Africa, that apparently consisted of a sizable population of, well, Romanized Africans...apparently with their own unique dialect of Latin! Do we know anything tangible about this? I would love to see a video on what we know about this version of Latin!
This may be helpful: m.ruclips.net/video/Y01C1BKu8Tk/видео.html
We know st. Augustine had an African accent.
I've read an interview with William Fulco where he said that the reason he used ecclesiastic pronunciation is that he thinks classical pronunciation never existed and is only a German theory!!!
Haha that’s funny
Very interesting video. Great work, Luke. As a native Spanish speaker (which is a Latin language) I find it very amusing to listen to Latin.
I find the idea that Pontius Pilate would try to communicate with Jesus in Aramaic to be a little implausible. When the Romans conquered Greece I clearly remember instances where their consuls insisted on speaking Latin and using a translator even though the consul actually spoke really good Greek. I think Pilate either would be pulling something like this and using a translator or just speaking with Jesus in Greek, which is a language the Jews had plenty of contact with (and of course the New Testament would be written in).
It depends; those two events were centuries apart. Think of how the US conducted itself in Vietnam vs WWII vs Afghanistan. Very very different
Nice analysis that you've made on The Passion of the Christ on how they'd used Latin on this film. I hope you could also make an analysis on this live action film, Thermae Romae as well soon and just like POTC, that movie also used Latin and the main actor who is a Japanese actor spoke it but you could hear his Japanese accent while speaking Latin. 😁
Also how is the Aramaic?
A Syrian Aramaic speaker stated that it was broken and did not flow.
it is okay. He used מלך = (a) King instead of מלכא = the King. Also the pronounciation is a bit off. he said [k] instead of [x] in מלך , but then [x] instead of [h] in יהודיא
11:50 Do you suppose he is using a form of "sufficio", in other words to yield or to give over, hand over or furnish?
Always wanted to know how accurate the languages in that film were. Thanks a lot for the insight!
The character of Pontius Pilate is played by the Bulgarian actor Hristo Jivkov (not SHOPOV!). How was his Latin?
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristo_Shopov Wikipedia disagrees with you, as does IMDB m.imdb.com/title/tt0335345/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_ttfc_3
The actor you named played John.
@@polyMATHY_Luke You're absolutely right about Pontius Pilate played by Hristo Shopov, as you correctly mentioned. I'm sorry for my mistake, I somehow mixed up the two actors!
Since Mel Gibson is a Traditionalist Catholic, he used the Ecclesiastical pronunciation, as if the movie was "liturgical".
I owe a 17th century builder an apology. There's a cottage with the inscription "Anno Domni 1679" which I always thought was a mistake
Why would it be a mistake?
@@polyMATHY_Luke No I on the Domini?
The soldier that comes in at the end of the conversation between Pilate and Claudia is Abenader. One of the cavalry guys mentioned his name in an earlier scene in the movie.
What is the difference between the classical and ecclesiastical pronunciation prior to the ecclesiastical adoption of Italian phonology in the 20th century?
There was no official ecclesiastical pronunciation prior to the 20th century. Each country had its own traditional pronunciation going back to the Carolingian reform. The direct predecessor of the ecclesiastical pronunciation was the traditional Italian pronunciation, so it's not so much that Italian phonology was adopted in the 20th century, but rather the traditional Italian pronunciation of Latin since the 9th century was adopted in the 20th century as the universal pronunciation of the Catholic church.
Grātiās
@@Glossologia Thank you for clarifying. I’ve recently started attending the TLM and desire to learn the language but I think I will do so using the classical pronunciation.
That Slavic accent tho 😂 Funnier than it should've
Sono contento 😄
I agree. It's hilarious to hear Latin spoken with a Slavic or Russian accent.
@@Brandon55638 One of my favorite things to do is swear in Romanian using Slavic words (we have a Slavic superstrate in Romanian), and then say "pardon my Latin".
“Artificial is not bad” Thank you so much lute turning me on to Alcuin of York. From my upcoming book on Medieval Choir School: “The ecclesiastical Latin is a perfection in pronunciation according to the nature phonetics and the correct use of the vocal organ. It is a cultivation as apposed something “phony,” “novel” or “negative!” Its intent was to beautify, clarify and make intelligible various accents, distortions and dialectal impurities over the vast Carolingian Empire. You could say it homogenized the pronunciation according to beauty in speech and an economy of motion. This Liturgical Latin is the basis for correct singing and along with the punctuation marks of Carolingian Miniscule Script we have the origin of the music notation.
I'm amazed that I guessed the origin of the actor playing Pilate as soon as you asked yourself, long before the very revealing Claudia scene. My frequent conversations (in English) with Serbians, Russians and Ukrainians certainly helped.
(Great video, by the way, as usual)
I'm portuguese. Portuguese from Portugal also has that exact velar "L"
Why don't you do a video about the Latin in 'Sebastiane' (1976). It's a full movie in Latin!
I noticed that even tho Pontius Pilate says ceasar that way, but in The same movie one of the jewish priest says ceasar the correct way for that time period ky-zer instead of chez-er
When I heard Pontius Pilatus, I immediately thought that it sounded like an Eastern European accent to me. In Italy we have several immigrants from Eastern Europe, so I'm fairly accustomed to hear that accent.
Where do you think Europe's ending to the east, please!?.. :-?
Great job! This was one of my favourite choices made in the film; the other being Christ's exchange with Our Blessed Mother using the language of Revelations 21:5.
I think if the Synoptics had been used as the basis for the encounter with Pilate, then Greek would have been used. In those scenes, which aren't precluded in St. John's narrative, the high priests are present and effectively part of the conversation. But the segment in John that is understandably favoured in many film representations is more of a one-on-one. It seems obvious to me that Christ would speak Latin to Pilate, for the reason of courtesy as you mention, among others. As for whether He could have spoken Latin, it seems a silly question to me. He could have spoken Modern English, or Sumerian, or Japanese.
Here's a random recommendation "The Faraway Paladin". This is a currently airing Japanese anime which is using Latin for it's spells and unlike Harry Potter it would appear to be using real Latin words. Now what makes this a special recommendation is that it is Japanese VA's speaking Latin. I would imagine they are mispronouncing words due to the vast difference from their mother tongue as Japanese as a Language is vastly different to English or Latin (From what I remember there is no L or R sound in Japanese). What also makes it a cool pick is that the Latin has to be translated into both English and Japanese so that both English and Japanese speakers can understand what the spell is.
Why do I imagine that, instead of "talk no jutsu" it will have "ars pugnandi: verbositas". 😅
Magic Magister Negima also used Latin alongside Ancient Greek. I have, however, read only the manga.
I prefer the classical pronunciation. No reason, sheer bigotry. I like it because it's the best; it's the best because I like it!
The actor playing Pontius Pilate, Hristo Shopov, is from Bulgaria.
Watch the whole video before commenting
New fan here. I learned Spanish in Spain when I lived there for five years back in the early 2000s. I had asked many Spaniards (including my then boyfriend as well as my roommates) if they noticed a difference between “iglesia” and “iglaysia” with the “lay” pronounced like “lay down.” The two “e” sounds were clear to me, but apparently not to them. I had a cat named Canelo (rip.). Canelo or Canaylo, again, the same. When I returned with Canelo to SoCal (where I’m from) again, the same thing, only this time with native Mexican Spanish speakers. Is this a thing, where the two “e’s” are there, but the native listener doesn’t notice the difference?
Hi Piper. Right, so sound in "lay" is the diphthong transcribed /ei̯/ in IPA ruclips.net/video/tpR5GdKXpGc/видео.htmlsi=D6VMSh2gnZmgpjix
This diphthong doesn't occur very often in Spanish, and the way we pronounce it in American English, it's a fairly narrow diphthong (meaning not a lot of distance traveled to articulate the two endpoints), so many Spanish speakers wouldn't notice it as distinct from /e/.
@@polyMATHY_Luke That is so odd yet fascinating to me. To my friends , I’d say the letters isolated “eh”, “eay” and they’d shrug their shoulders. Wild!
@@polyMATHY_Luke I’ll have to watch your diphthong video in the near future.
Historically speaking, Pilate would have spoken Latin when in Rome, but in the eastern Mediterranean, he would've spoken Greek. Most Roman nobles were bilingual, speaking both Latin and Greek.
I'm always here for the Sidney Allen shade.
I just got accepted to university to study linguistics and legitimately part of the reason I wanted to study it is because I would like to, if the opportunity arises, do some serious reconstructive research into the vowel system of classical Latin, and perhaps spread the good word of the Calabrese system. Besides Allen and Calabrese I have found woefully little scholarly work on this topic.
Wonderful! You’ll have me and Raphael Turrigiano as colleagues
Best movie of all Time , i´m waiting to see the sequel next year 2024 in february you must be prepare