When I first started watching this channel I wasn't sure about the presenter - but by about 3-4 videos in I really warmed to him - now I love him and can't wait till another video comes out. And I like his smile at the end!
@@RoonyKingXL "Beam" is also a euphemism (or do I mean synonym?) for "smile", especially a big smile. So, how do you make a neutrino smile? Pay it a compliment.
Very helpful and very clear. Thanks so much for this. Of course, the question that follows is obvious: if neutrinos are so bad at interacting with gravity, electromagnetism, etc., how does the 'target' become aware of their arrival? I once had a friend whose knock at the door was so quiet that he spent rather a lot of time on my front porch waiting to come in. The answers to this question are well known among professionals, but I wonder if your viewers wouldn't like to hear them.
Every dislike was probably a neutrino interacting with someone's touch screen or mouse and accidentally clicking dislike. Hey, maybe that's why there's 0 of them!
Dr. Lincoln: "Pions come in three varieties: positively charged, negatively charged, and neutral." Me: "Ah! So then the neu-" Dr. Lincoln: "The neutral pions aren't part of the neutrino story-" Me: "Yes, I was just about to say the neutral ones are obviously not related to neutrinos. Obviously! Heh, can you imagine if someone thought they were? Dumb. They'd be so dumb..."
How will you direct something neutral? CERN still needs some practice before they can produce stable lasting mini black holes and be able to ship them across the pond :)
@@alektad my assumption at that point was that maybe the neutral ones were headed in the right direction and would release neutrinos. Because yeah, when something is electrically neutral (especially a "particle" which I think can't have a dipole or paramagnetism like bigger things can), it's pretty hard to influence their direction. You've got air currents, gravity, or just hitting it with something. Air currents are too frictiony for those speeds (how would you even move the air that fast?), gravity is too weak to just will things to do things even in a very large lab, and a slapper would be basically impossible to accelerate correctly. Plus, air currents and "slapping" with physical matter are both relying on electromagnetic influence, which again I'm a little hazy on with things that are smaller than... stuff. Basically, I started this video without the title's question in my mind to begin with, put that question in my mind, then learned that pions were a thing, then learned that there are three basic types. I came into this wholly unprepared. Plus I was watching at 1.5x. That's my go-to for educational stuff. 2x for fluffy stuff, 1x for music, 1.5x for education... unless it's not in English and I have to read subtitles.
@@gutspraygore yes, almost as if it was intentional ;). Dr. Lincoln is legendary, if I wasn't in biotech industry I'd be most likely doing high energy particle physics. Money was the deciding factor.
Those electromagnets and control systems must be really top notch to focus a beam over so many kilometers. Dr. Don, will you give us a video tour of the experiment?
Simple and superb explanation ...Hope fermilab team understood the neutrinos ...What kind of usage the team going to present to the world from neutrinos....
Probably none. Neutrino experiments are done purely to understand them better because they give information about the LOW energy universe. Unless we find a material that is at least 1,000,000 times denser than lead, we cannot interact with or control neutrinos on a practical scale. Unless we find an implementation of a fundamental force that interacts much more with neutrinos. And with this method of producing neutrinos, the energy efficiency is piss poor, only about0.0001% of all the energy expended went into the neutrinos, the rest into the Protons/pion/muons which are stopped by the earth. It's a brute force way of doing things.
Thanks for the explanation, I was one of the folks wondering how you are able to focus a Neutrino beam. I assumed a target was involved but had no idea of the specifics. The Fermilab web site is shy on details.
Was actually very interesting. I did wonder after your last video how you make a "beam" of neutral particles, and just assumed that you actually made a lot of neutrinos which radiated away in a spherical shape, and enough of them got to the detector. Turns out I was a bit off!
Love the channel! Thanks for all the inspiration and insights! Got a question on this video. Since neutrinos are so difficult to detect, how can you determine the fraction of the neutrinos generated in the pion decay that travel in the same direction as the original pions? Sounded like a theoretical assertion, but for such a low-mass particle, there could be quite a wide distribution of trajectories...?
Pions have a mass of 139 MeV. Muons have a mass of 108 MeV. Neutrinos are essentially massless. When pi -> mu + nu, there is only 31 MeV left over. That energy goes to moving the muon and neutrino. The smaller that number, the more collinear the muons and neutrinos are compared to the pion direction. In the limit of zero, they are exactly collinear. For the real case, it depends somewhat on the direction in which they are emitted. But, no matter, the change in direction is small.
That was really easy to understand. I didn’t know that pions change into muons and neutrinos but knowing that it’s was easy to acknowledge you just have to shoot the two into a wall to filter out only neutrinos. What are the effects of being shot at by a neutrino beam though?
@@RumoredAtmos A strong enough beam would be a concern. But this is by no means strong enough. There is an idea called the "muon collider" (google it), which is under consideration. In that case, the muons are collected and put in an accelerator. Muons also decay, this time into two neutrinos and an electron. In the case of a muon collider, there is some credible radiation danger from neutrinos...simply because it is so intense. But not in the instance described in the video. In a detector composed of iron and the size of a house, one neutrino per 100,000,000,000 interact. The beam has about 100 times that, so there is 100 interactions every second or so. But that's for an object that big. For a human, who is both smaller in transverse size and in overall mass, the interaction rate is one every week or month or so. So no problem.
Doesnt matter what race you are. If you like science then you're badass. Maybe you'll study physics and in a few years I'll be saying I was chatting here with a famous scientist :)
This is actually an extremely important video. And the generation of intense neutrino beams is also extremely important, as will become more apparent in years to come.
Robert Schlesinger Generation is not at all important: there are trillions passing through us every second, coming directly from the Sun. If we never generated a single neutrino, we would have more than enough from the Sun. It's the detectors that count.
@@acmefixer1 The detection of neutrinos is difficult and of significant importance. The generation of intense neutrino beams may possibly be extremely important in years to come for reasons that I can not disclose, but directed intense neutrino beams may have a very practical application for superpowers.
Excellent video. Now the other side. If neutrinos do not interact with anything, then how do you detect them (obviously not using 5 light years of lead :-)? I have heard of the underground detectors (in Japan etc.), but I suspect you can tell us "arm-chair want-to-be physicists" in terms that we can understand.
Make a neutrino beam: 1. Preheat your particle accelerator to 350-million degrees 2. Add several awesome physicists like Dr. Lincoln 3. Press button and stand back at safe distance
In essence: Make a LOT of neutrinos, and put a LOT of matter in their way. A tiny fraction of the neutrinos will interact with the matter and cause a nuclear reaction whose products can be observed.
Question: You bend the direction with magnets. Have you played around with the intensity of the magnetic field to see if it changes the speed of the neutrinos? Also, what if you had the opposite end of the magnet (so to speak) at the other end, not only possibly attracting them but accelerating them? How about, at the receiving end, a magnetic funnel reducing in size until the apperture microscopic? If you did that with "the opposite end of the magnet", would you accelerate the neutrinos? What I would like to see on the outside of that microscopic aperture is a reverse of the magnet back to the one that bent them, after passing through the opposite of that, so as to not only squeeze them down (like water jets on a hydro electric motor impeller at a dam) but the moment the neutrino gets past that it gets a figurative kick in the backside. Is it now faster then before? Is there any measurable pushback from such a device?
@@drdon5205 Are the neutrino events detected though disturbances in an inducted E/M field in the liquid argon? I'm clearly way in over my head trying to understand how DUNE works.
@@MisakaMikotoDesu Indirectly. Neutrinos hit argon nuclei, which then fly apart and the debris interacts electromagnetically with the electrons of other argon atoms. Those interactions give off light and ionize other atoms.
I tried making neutrinos once. I accelerated croutons (wrist-rocket slingshot) to dozens of meters per second and collided them with a fixed iron target (frying pan) but all I got were clouds of that exceedingly rare particle, the "garlico" (garlic-flavored dust). :| At first I thought that perhaps I needed a heavier source, such as Texas Toast, but gave up on the idea due to the limitations of the particle accelerator.
Fun Fact: In Gerry Anderson's "Fireball XL5" series, the titular spaceship used a "neutroni radio" which used nutrinos instead of electromagnetic waves as the carrier for radio messages. Even more fun fact: I remember a more recent Sci-fi fantasy story (a First Contact tale) which featured a Faster-Than-Light communication system which used Tachyons (theoretical particles which can only travel faster than light). The tachyon generators are described as not accelerating particles past the speed of light, which would be impossible, but somehow creating tachyons which are already travelling at FTL speeds when they come into existence. Here's a quick question: Have tachyons been confirmed to exist, yet? Or, contrarywise, has science proven that tachyons cannot exist?
Tachyons are purely theoretical particles for now and as far as I know they've also fallen out of favour with theoreticians. This is because as you say you could use them to communicate over long distances faster than light, which would screw up causality leading to situations where you hear the message before it's sent to you and weird stuff like that.
Sure. But if the neutrinos pass straight through Earth, they're going to pass through your detector as well. So good luck building a particle accelerator, sending a beam of trillion neutrinos through Earth, building a huge tank of water or another suitable medium on the other side, and catching *one* of them. "A trillion neutrinos walk into a bar. One of them says 'ouch'."
Step One.... tickle if until it smiles. Step Two ..... tell it bad math jokes until it positively BEAMS ..... because physics jokes are always light years better!!!
When the source of light is moving with a constant velocity and the observer also moving with the constant velocity, then what change occur in time dilation?
How often is a song written about an enigmatic subatomic particle? Little Neutrino: ruclips.net/video/qQrXYAOzjbk/видео.html Original version by Klaatu (David "Dee" Long wrote it; has the lyrics too): ruclips.net/video/yk0Is8-gGSQ/видео.html
That feeling when you're so quick to view a new video that it's not yet been done transcoding by youtube to above 360p. Still, 1080p or not, neutrinos!
The funny part is even if you upload to their recommended format, they still transcode it again. They should at least offer the codec with their presets.
@Dr Don.... You mentioned that on the way to the target the beam decays into muon and neutrino, at least I understood it this way. Don't worry I won't split the hair here on words like others here in comments.... My question is about the part which I didn't quite get...why does the decay happen and the neutrino then flies off into the same direction? Or is it that they do decay into all sort of directions but we just try to detect those that fly still into the planned target and the rest just scatters off?
Pions have a mass of 139 MeV. Muons have a mass of 108 MeV. Neutrinos are essentially massless. When pi -> mu + nu, there is only 31 MeV left over. That energy goes to moving the muon and neutrino. The smaller that number, the more collinear the muons and neutrinos are compared to the pion direction. In the limit of zero, they are exactly collinear. For the real case, it depends somewhat on the direction in which they are emitted. But, no matter, the change in direction is small.
And that's how you make something to destroy a General Products hull. Did I remember that right? Anyway, that's cool. [No, I did not remember that right. There's a window for neutrinos to escape which is what makes the hulls vulnerable.]
@@gregpchandyman7825 Really? I thought it had to be neutrinos. Unlesss------no, I'm wrong! There's a WINDOW for neutrinos which creates the weakness that the laser exploits! I was so wrong! Thank you!
Dr. Dr. Lincoln: Can Photons scatter from temporary electrons or positrons visiting from the Quantum Foam? Does gravity have any effect on particles visiting from the Quantum Foam? Are they more (or less) of them in strong gravity fields? 2 questions which you might consider, and teach us about.
I've been reading lately that a sufficiently dense beam of neutrinos can disable a nuclear weapon. It got me wondering whether this could be designed in such a way as to create a wall of neutrinos made of intersecting beams to act as a defensive shield. The wall would only need to be activated at the coordinates that the missile would cross the barrier. As a smart missile doesn't have the capacity to detect neutrinos, it could not take evasive measures.
Im not just a fan of frontier science, im a fan of this Presentor and channel, go get em doc!
When I first started watching this channel I wasn't sure about the presenter - but by about 3-4 videos in I really warmed to him - now I love him and can't wait till another video comes out. And I like his smile at the end!
I love it when something that sounds almost impossible ends up being super simple.
Lol. "Super simple." Just take your off-the-shelf high energy proton collider and ..
It was pretty frickin simple ngl
@@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179 simple to understand, not to do. I can't even get my hands on a box of spare protons to start with. 😂
Oh yeah dematerializing a proton. So simple, a caveman can do it.
How do you make a neutrino beam? Easy. Tell it it's pretty!
@Huey Iroquois Sorry bout that.
Dr. Merry Punster (pair-o-docs, ungh! ) Lincoln let you step in that one ...
I was gonna say "Buy it a nice gift".
@@RoonyKingXL "Beam" is also a euphemism (or do I mean synonym?) for "smile", especially a big smile. So, how do you make a neutrino smile? Pay it a compliment.
@Huey Iroquois : To get your joke in faster you'd have to be Italian.
Very helpful and very clear. Thanks so much for this. Of course, the question that follows is obvious: if neutrinos are so bad at interacting with gravity, electromagnetism, etc., how does the 'target' become aware of their arrival? I once had a friend whose knock at the door was so quiet that he spent rather a lot of time on my front porch waiting to come in. The answers to this question are well known among professionals, but I wonder if your viewers wouldn't like to hear them.
Every dislike was probably a neutrino interacting with someone's touch screen or mouse and accidentally clicking dislike. Hey, maybe that's why there's 0 of them!
Dr. Lincoln: "Pions come in three varieties: positively charged, negatively charged, and neutral."
Me: "Ah! So then the neu-"
Dr. Lincoln: "The neutral pions aren't part of the neutrino story-"
Me: "Yes, I was just about to say the neutral ones are obviously not related to neutrinos. Obviously! Heh, can you imagine if someone thought they were? Dumb. They'd be so dumb..."
My EXACT train thought
How will you direct something neutral? CERN still needs some practice before they can produce stable lasting mini black holes and be able to ship them across the pond :)
@@alektad my assumption at that point was that maybe the neutral ones were headed in the right direction and would release neutrinos. Because yeah, when something is electrically neutral (especially a "particle" which I think can't have a dipole or paramagnetism like bigger things can), it's pretty hard to influence their direction. You've got air currents, gravity, or just hitting it with something. Air currents are too frictiony for those speeds (how would you even move the air that fast?), gravity is too weak to just will things to do things even in a very large lab, and a slapper would be basically impossible to accelerate correctly. Plus, air currents and "slapping" with physical matter are both relying on electromagnetic influence, which again I'm a little hazy on with things that are smaller than... stuff.
Basically, I started this video without the title's question in my mind to begin with, put that question in my mind, then learned that pions were a thing, then learned that there are three basic types. I came into this wholly unprepared. Plus I was watching at 1.5x. That's my go-to for educational stuff. 2x for fluffy stuff, 1x for music, 1.5x for education... unless it's not in English and I have to read subtitles.
Aleksandar Tadic yes, but what really makes directing a charged pion also direct a particle of nearly zero mass compared to a muon?
myutubechannel and their decay products most frequently are?!?
Nice follow-up, thanks, even nicer Isaac Newton shirt in an Iron Maiden font :)
Iron Maiden?... Excellent!
@@gutspraygore yes, almost as if it was intentional ;). Dr. Lincoln is legendary, if I wasn't in biotech industry I'd be most likely doing high energy particle physics. Money was the deciding factor.
Who knows, maybe it's Nicko McBRAIN in disguise practising his second passion :P
My late H.S. physics teacher from the 1960's would be flabbergasted to learn that I subscribed to this channel, and actually like it !
These days we say gobsmacked
You tell the neutrino how nice it looks and just how flattering that color looks on it.
Those electromagnets and control systems must be really top notch to focus a beam over so many kilometers. Dr. Don, will you give us a video tour of the experiment?
Would it need complex control system? It's static since Neutrinos would pass through without bother the whole way.
TheNasaDude
He is not a tour guide, he's a professional. 😏😏😏
Excellent video - Please keep making more. They are wonderful.
Simple and superb explanation ...Hope fermilab team understood the neutrinos ...What kind of usage the team going to present to the world from neutrinos....
Probably none. Neutrino experiments are done purely to understand them better because they give information about the LOW energy universe. Unless we find a material that is at least 1,000,000 times denser than lead, we cannot interact with or control neutrinos on a practical scale. Unless we find an implementation of a fundamental force that interacts much more with neutrinos. And with this method of producing neutrinos, the energy efficiency is piss poor, only about0.0001% of all the energy expended went into the neutrinos, the rest into the Protons/pion/muons which are stopped by the earth. It's a brute force way of doing things.
Very useful mr don
Very cool! Had no idea...now I do. Thanks
Very clear explanation.Learning new things every day. Just keep it coming.
Great presentation and detail! Thanks
Thanks for the explanation, I was one of the folks wondering how you are able to focus a Neutrino beam. I assumed a target was involved but had no idea of the specifics. The Fermilab web site is shy on details.
Thanks Dr. Lincoln. This was very helpful.
Finally a video about how it's done! Thank you!!
Keep the videos coming Dr. Don! I am using these to teach my grandchildren physics. It is really helping to interest them in science.
Very good channel!
Information is quick accurate and to the point
Learn something new today. Thanks Dr.
This whole channel is so badass
You tell it how smashing it looks today.
Dr. Don Lincoln, you’re great!
Wow! If it's that easy, I bet I could make one in my garage! Excellent as always, Don.
thank you sir for making this yt channel.
Amazing video and great explanation.
You make it sound so easy!
Well done explaining the process. U made it very understandable
I always wondered how this was done. Thanks!
BRILLIANT!!
Isaac Newton t-shirt in Iron Maiden font? I love it!
all his shirts r 3p1c
Very interesting, thanks for the explanation.
I love this guy
Thank you for free information 😇🙏
That was awesome
Was actually very interesting. I did wonder after your last video how you make a "beam" of neutral particles, and just assumed that you actually made a lot of neutrinos which radiated away in a spherical shape, and enough of them got to the detector. Turns out I was a bit off!
Well, _"surprisingly simple"_ is a bit of an understatement.
Ahhh very clever. :) Thanks for answering my question.
Fascinating video, indeed!
Cool T-Shirt! 👍
Love the channel! Thanks for all the inspiration and insights! Got a question on this video. Since neutrinos are so difficult to detect, how can you determine the fraction of the neutrinos generated in the pion decay that travel in the same direction as the original pions? Sounded like a theoretical assertion, but for such a low-mass particle, there could be quite a wide distribution of trajectories...?
Pions have a mass of 139 MeV. Muons have a mass of 108 MeV. Neutrinos are essentially massless. When pi -> mu + nu, there is only 31 MeV left over. That energy goes to moving the muon and neutrino. The smaller that number, the more collinear the muons and neutrinos are compared to the pion direction. In the limit of zero, they are exactly collinear. For the real case, it depends somewhat on the direction in which they are emitted. But, no matter, the change in direction is small.
That's cool.
Sounds like a good party trick!
TY!
That was really easy to understand. I didn’t know that pions change into muons and neutrinos but knowing that it’s was easy to acknowledge you just have to shoot the two into a wall to filter out only neutrinos. What are the effects of being shot at by a neutrino beam though?
To first approximation, nothing. Neutrinos interact insanely rarely.
@@drdon5205 this is a strong beam though so there has to be an effect?
@@RumoredAtmos A strong enough beam would be a concern. But this is by no means strong enough.
There is an idea called the "muon collider" (google it), which is under consideration. In that case, the muons are collected and put in an accelerator. Muons also decay, this time into two neutrinos and an electron. In the case of a muon collider, there is some credible radiation danger from neutrinos...simply because it is so intense.
But not in the instance described in the video. In a detector composed of iron and the size of a house, one neutrino per 100,000,000,000 interact. The beam has about 100 times that, so there is 100 interactions every second or so. But that's for an object that big. For a human, who is both smaller in transverse size and in overall mass, the interaction rate is one every week or month or so. So no problem.
I like your explanation. But I am not student. I just like science.
*PURE AFRICAN LIVE IN GREECE.*
Doesnt matter what race you are. If you like science then you're badass. Maybe you'll study physics and in a few years I'll be saying I was chatting here with a famous scientist :)
1:52 This proton looks pretty Swiss to me.
But it isn't neutral.
What's the spread? Is it a narrow laser-like beam, or more spread out? And by how much? You can express the figure in steradians if you like.
Miles across at the distant target
This is actually an extremely important video. And the generation of intense neutrino beams is also extremely important, as will become more apparent in years to come.
Robert Schlesinger
Generation is not at all important: there are trillions passing through us every second, coming directly from the Sun. If we never generated a single neutrino, we would have more than enough from the Sun. It's the detectors that count.
@@acmefixer1 The detection of neutrinos is difficult and of significant importance. The generation of intense neutrino beams may possibly be extremely important in years to come for reasons that I can not disclose, but directed intense neutrino beams may have a very practical application for superpowers.
@@robertschlesinger1342aliens
Dr. Don, I wish you a rich neutrino future. Thumbs up for DUNE.
*_"TWO PARTICLES ENTER! ONE PARTICLE LEAVES!"_*
*MAD MAX: BEYOND NEUTRINOS*
😊😊😊😊
Thanks bro
Totally awesome!
OMFG that's phoquing amazing!
Cool stuff.
Excellent video. Now the other side. If neutrinos do not interact with anything, then how do you detect them (obviously not using 5 light years of lead :-)? I have heard of the underground detectors (in Japan etc.), but I suspect you can tell us "arm-chair want-to-be physicists" in terms that we can understand.
The 5 light year thing relates to the probability of one neutrino hitting something but that probability changes when there are lots of them.
1.1K likes and 0 dislikes! Awesome!
"Oh, I don't know. How *do* you make a neutrino beam?"
"Tell it that it's pretty."
(There, now nobody else has to think it.)
Make a neutrino beam:
1. Preheat your particle accelerator to 350-million degrees
2. Add several awesome physicists like Dr. Lincoln
3. Press button and stand back at safe distance
1. Light up a star and call it a day. You don't even need to aim the beam since you'll get neutrino beams all around the star
Ah, easy peesy, lemon squeezy.... Let got make neutrinos now.
Fascinating
Well, If Neutrinos don't interact with matter, How do you detect them? Btw. Nice video
In essence: Make a LOT of neutrinos, and put a LOT of matter in their way. A tiny fraction of the neutrinos will interact with the matter and cause a nuclear reaction whose products can be observed.
Dr.Lincoln can you please make a video on explaining definition of time???
Concise and “compact” … just like a neutrino beam should be. Thanks for an interesting video. 👏🏽👍🏼👍🏽
How did you learn to Aim Beam Seams?
Question: You bend the direction with magnets. Have you played around with the intensity of the magnetic field to see if it changes the speed of the neutrinos? Also, what if you had the opposite end of the magnet (so to speak) at the other end, not only possibly attracting them but accelerating them? How about, at the receiving end, a magnetic funnel reducing in size until the apperture microscopic? If you did that with "the opposite end of the magnet", would you accelerate the neutrinos? What I would like to see on the outside of that microscopic aperture is a reverse of the magnet back to the one that bent them, after passing through the opposite of that, so as to not only squeeze them down (like water jets on a hydro electric motor impeller at a dam) but the moment the neutrino gets past that it gets a figurative kick in the backside. Is it now faster then before? Is there any measurable pushback from such a device?
What about for detection? Is the idea is to focus as many neutrinos into a small area as possible, and then hope for interactions?
Yep.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_detector#Detection_techniques
@@drdon5205 Are the neutrino events detected though disturbances in an inducted E/M field in the liquid argon? I'm clearly way in over my head trying to understand how DUNE works.
@@MisakaMikotoDesu Indirectly. Neutrinos hit argon nuclei, which then fly apart and the debris interacts electromagnetically with the electrons of other argon atoms. Those interactions give off light and ionize other atoms.
@@drdon5205 Oh wow! Thanks much
I tried making neutrinos once. I accelerated croutons (wrist-rocket slingshot) to dozens of meters per second and collided them with a fixed iron target (frying pan) but all I got were clouds of that exceedingly rare particle, the "garlico" (garlic-flavored dust). :| At first I thought that perhaps I needed a heavier source, such as Texas Toast, but gave up on the idea due to the limitations of the particle accelerator.
you should present this at the federal level to get some of that delicious grant money! I support crouton research!
Here cometh the million dollar fryin pan.
"Those of you who are fans of frontier science..."
First off, I'm a fan of THAT SHIRT!
amorphia-apparel.com/grok/isaacnewton-a-scientist-mathematician-iron-maiden-mashup-shirt/#!/
How does this video have no dislikes
Fun Fact: In Gerry Anderson's "Fireball XL5" series, the titular spaceship used a "neutroni radio" which used nutrinos instead of electromagnetic waves as the carrier for radio messages.
Even more fun fact: I remember a more recent Sci-fi fantasy story (a First Contact tale) which featured a Faster-Than-Light communication system which used Tachyons (theoretical particles which can only travel faster than light). The tachyon generators are described as not accelerating particles past the speed of light, which would be impossible, but somehow creating tachyons which are already travelling at FTL speeds when they come into existence.
Here's a quick question: Have tachyons been confirmed to exist, yet? Or, contrarywise, has science proven that tachyons cannot exist?
Tachyons are purely theoretical particles for now and as far as I know they've also fallen out of favour with theoreticians. This is because as you say you could use them to communicate over long distances faster than light, which would screw up causality leading to situations where you hear the message before it's sent to you and weird stuff like that.
You sure do love neutrinos
Is Target sponsoring your videos now?
4:25 ?
:-)
Dr Don please make a vedio describing the FASER detector
How do you make a neutrino beam?
Tell it that it's about to become a father.
😊😊😊😊
Can you use this for communication trough earth?
Sure. But if the neutrinos pass straight through Earth, they're going to pass through your detector as well. So good luck building a particle accelerator, sending a beam of trillion neutrinos through Earth, building a huge tank of water or another suitable medium on the other side, and catching *one* of them.
"A trillion neutrinos walk into a bar. One of them says 'ouch'."
Cost per bit is just too high for now. Cheaper to fly satellites to orbit 😂
Step One.... tickle if until it smiles. Step Two ..... tell it bad math jokes until it positively BEAMS ..... because physics jokes are always light years better!!!
When the source of light is moving with a constant velocity and the observer also moving with the constant velocity, then what change occur in time dilation?
The same constant velocity?
How often is a song written about an enigmatic subatomic particle?
Little Neutrino: ruclips.net/video/qQrXYAOzjbk/видео.html
Original version by Klaatu (David "Dee" Long wrote it; has the lyrics too): ruclips.net/video/yk0Is8-gGSQ/видео.html
What's the divergence rate on that neutrino beam?
What are the practical applications for neutrinos?
Please show Dr. Lincoln some respect and turn off the music while he is speaking.
That feeling when you're so quick to view a new video that it's not yet been done transcoding by youtube to above 360p.
Still, 1080p or not, neutrinos!
Don's cool at any resolution :-)
The funny part is even if you upload to their recommended format, they still transcode it again. They should at least offer the codec with their presets.
Wow! Just wow!
Question: neutrino almost don't interact with anything but in the cases when they do, how strong is that interaction, can it break a molecule?
yeah could they get sued if they sent neutrinos through people?
Not sure about a molecule (probably very rarely) but they can definitely break argon atoms. That's indirectly how they detect them at the target end.
Beam me up Scotty!!
MBraithwaite Yorkshire Viking
Does anyone know, whats up with the Fenyman diagramm on the right of the blackboard about the electron-positron annihilation ?
@Dr Don....
You mentioned that on the way to the target the beam decays into muon and neutrino, at least I understood it this way.
Don't worry I won't split the hair here on words like others here in comments....
My question is about the part which I didn't quite get...why does the decay happen and the neutrino then flies off into the same direction?
Or is it that they do decay into all sort of directions but we just try to detect those that fly still into the planned target and the rest just scatters off?
Pions have a mass of 139 MeV. Muons have a mass of 108 MeV. Neutrinos are essentially massless. When pi -> mu + nu, there is only 31 MeV left over. That energy goes to moving the muon and neutrino. The smaller that number, the more collinear the muons and neutrinos are compared to the pion direction. In the limit of zero, they are exactly collinear. For the real case, it depends somewhat on the direction in which they are emitted. But, no matter, the change in direction is small.
If neutrinos so rarely interact with anything, how do we detect them?
Produce enough of them, and statistically you will catch a small number interacting with your detector.
Physics is indeed everything. Or you could say, "Everything happens for a reason. That reason? Physics."
How do you know your beam is hitting the target? Does the beam stay focused like a laser?
Does the beam diverge on it's way to the target? If so what fraction is lost? Isn't very high aiming accuracy required? How is this achieved?
The beam is miles across at the distant target. But that's pretty good, considering it's 400 or 800 miles away.
Oh, the conspiracy loonies are gonna LOVE this!! From Chicago, the DUNE facility lines up perfectly with... YELLOWSTONE. "Hello, Supervolcano!"
Anybody know what the opening music is?
And that's how you make something to destroy a General Products hull.
Did I remember that right? Anyway, that's cool.
[No, I did not remember that right. There's a window for neutrinos to escape which is what makes the hulls vulnerable.]
No it isnt. A simple high energy laser aimed at the hull integrity energy system. Sheesh, doesnt anyone remember their SF anymore? ;-}
@@gregpchandyman7825
Really? I thought it had to be neutrinos.
Unlesss------no, I'm wrong! There's a WINDOW for neutrinos which creates the weakness that the laser exploits! I was so wrong! Thank you!
Dr. Dr. Lincoln:
Can Photons scatter from temporary electrons or positrons visiting from the Quantum Foam?
Does gravity have any effect on particles visiting from the Quantum Foam? Are they more (or less) of them in strong gravity fields?
2 questions which you might consider, and teach us about.
Sort of.
And yes. Hawking radiation originates from quantum foam.
How many neutrinos can you shoot per second? And how much can you increase them? It really matters a lot to me
I've been reading lately that a sufficiently dense beam of neutrinos can disable a nuclear weapon. It got me wondering whether this could be designed in such a way as to create a wall of neutrinos made of intersecting beams to act as a defensive shield. The wall would only need to be activated at the coordinates that the missile would cross the barrier. As a smart missile doesn't have the capacity to detect neutrinos, it could not take evasive measures.
Just put a Pop Tart in the toaster and tape down the button.