As usual, Dr. Lincoln and Fermilab, brilliant update and maintaining the excitement for pure science & research. Thanks to you all. Looking forward to more.
Grew up 2 blocks from the main entrance of Fermi and always had fun going around the property during my childhood. Was good friends with Dr. Kolb's family for a time as well. Fermi is really the only thing I miss about Illinois.
My first thought was; who is going round sterilising all of these poor neutrinos and what have they ever done to us? Second thought was; what a bad joke that was but at least I got to see another fancinating video by Dr. Lincon and what fermilab are planning. I look forward to see what is learned. Possibly in a later vid? I could listed to Dr. Lincon for hours and thanks to this channel I have :)
The SBN program sounds amazing Dr. Don! Happy New Year to you & the entire Fermilab team! I am looking forward to what you have in store for us in 2024! 👍👍💥💥
Glad to hear an update. This winter break I watched a lot of older videos about such physics topics, and became obsessed with finding the most recent news.
I don't think they can be detected directly, but Fermilab can (hopefully) find out if they truly exist by examining more closely the behavior of the neutrinos that they can detect.
it's indirect. It modifies the oscillation vs. propagation behavior in a manner that is inconsistent with 3 states. It's kind of light shinning unpolarized light on a birefringent crystal...you instantly see that light has two different propagation states, but there is no room in the observation to accommodate an unseen 3rd state.
That "symmetric grid" illustration that everyone puts in pop-sci videos is crap. It's really misleading and leaves out a lot of information. There are other illustrations that are better. If the chart included chirality, then the sterile neutrino would fit into an obvious gap. (Anyway, that chart doesn't show anti-particles, or color charge... there are several different gluons, for example. Above the electroweak unification energy the W±, Z⁰, and photon don't exist, etc. etc.)
The beam in the video appears to curve around. How do you steer neutrinos? I thought that due to their low interaction properties they would have to travel from their creation and through both detectors in a straight line
Question about black holes. I've learned from you and several other physicist explainers on RUclips that an outside observer watching an object fall into a black hole sees it slow down slower and slower approaching the Event Horizon, but never actually fall past the EH. The object falls past the EH normally to itself, but watches all of time pass outside the EH. So how can a black hole grow, from an external perspective, if nothing can ever actually fall into it? And how can an object watch all time pass by as it crosses the EH, if all black holes eventually evaporate in a finite amount of time?
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy; 0° Kelvin or 0° Rankine correspond to motionless atoms. The Planck Temperature (~10^32°K) is considered the hottest temperature. Look up "Planck Units"; they are quite a trip.
Temperature is related to high fast particles move. If they don't move at all, you have zero Kelvin. Obviously, moving less than not moving at all is not possible. (Actually, it's a bit more complicated, but that's the essence of the argument.)
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514Really dumb question at "I should be asleep but I'm watching physics" o'clock. What would the temperarure be if the average particle speed was, I guess approached, the speed of light? Would that not be the highest temperature? Not awake enough to puzzle through what maximum means when it is more of a limit, or the fact the particles would be a medium affecting the speed of light.
@@markstyles1246 That depends on how close to the speed of light the average speed is. The closer, the higher the temperature. There is no "highest" temperature there, as you can get arbitrarily close to the speed of light (90%, 99%, 99,9% etc.).
Have provisions been made (from a design standpoint) to remove the first detector from the stream to see if the percentages of the different particles change in the second detector.
Great presentation and I do have a question. In your video between 6:47 - 7:05 the diagram seems to suggest the neutrino beam can be steered around a curve and through non co-linear detectors. How is this possible since they have no charge?
is the difference just that sterile neutrinos would be right handed? is it possible (or just consistent) that there would be three generations as well, we just don't expect them to be generated or seen because the weak force is restricted to left handed fermions? this is confusing stuff 🤔
Good Morning, Dr. Don 👋😁. Thank You once more for another interesting and informative video. And a 'super thanks' for the links to the other videos. ps: A belated Happy New Year to you and yours. May 2024 bring cool new discoveries in physics.
Did I understand correctly, or am I totally wrong: You measure a number of electrons and muons in each of the two detectors. Then you compare the proportion of muons / electrons to the total of detected particles (or the proportion between the two kind of particles), for each of the two detectors. Then having obtained the composition of the "particle cocktail", you can determine where you are in the oscillation, for a given distance. Or is it a bit more complicated than that?
So to be clear in the experiment diagram at 7:11, in between the three facilities the neutrinos are just passing directly through solid earth, right? I know that's regular for neutrinos but it's still pretty funny
can't measuring the same beam twice affect the results? Are not the beam of neutrinos affected in a way, that may change the outcome of the second detection?
That might been what a capacitor storage logic leading to a battery and the induction for the energy transfer? Atoms a with excitement states having battery mock for a time for quick help to holding on to a neutrino?
Cool as always ...BUT - Might be better without a "switcheroo" - totally crashed my phocus on TJE subject...had to check first what the swicheroo means and rewatch the video again
Out of curiosity, a quick Google of solar neutrino flux yielded: "The flux of solar neutrinos at the earth's surface is on the order of 10^11 per square centimeter per second." I can't help but wonder how on Earth (literally) can any experiment discriminate between that density of background neutrino flux and those produced by Fermilab? Is there a good source of info on that?
The neutrinos in the beam are all focused in a very small fraction of a second. In addition, they are much higher energy and beamed in a specific direction. Imposing those criteria basically rules out all solar neutrinos.
Can't wait for every video to ring the bell, cool subject, cool host, cool venue! The world is better off for these videos. Curiosity is the key to "physics is everything", thanks a million
They come out of a proton beam aimed at a target. After the protons hit the target, the neutrinos are produced and scatter with greater probability along the path of the protons they originated from.
Aren't Neutrinos Italian Neutrons? And sterile Neutrinos can't have off spring ? 😮 I worked at BNL /AGS / RHIC we made components for Fermilab shared data etc . Wish they had a channel like this . Excellent 👍
Any way we can get some Fermilab swag like your shirt? Profits going to the coffee fund lead to new discoveries or more outreach to inspiring scientist.
Since neutrinos are associated with their corresponding leptons, might a sterile neutrino possibly imply the existence of a 'sterile electron'? Something with the mass of an electron but no charge? And stretching things further, could such a thing be a candidate for at least part of dark matter?
The short answer is no... in the standard model, but technically, the sterile neutrino is not predicted by the standard model either, but there is a very conspicuously absent right-handed neutrino while electrons (muon, tau) come in both left and right-handed versions. The long explanation has to do with the Higgs mechanism breaking electroweak symmetry, and I'm not going to try to summarize it here.
Higher density than water makes a better target, argon is cheap(er) as it’s more plentiful in the atmosphere compared to xe or kr. It’s in the goldilocks zone.
you might want to search "liquid argon neutrino detection". U Sheffield has a nice piece on it. THere's a lot subtleties to various detection methods that are too much for a yt comment.
If sterile neutrinos exist, and if they do not react with the weak nuclear force, how could they be detected? Wouldn't they just go on forever and never interact with anything unless captured by a black hole? (Since gravity affects everything.)
Does this oscillation require some sort of interaction with matter? If so, you would expect it not to oscillate in open space. Maybe it conserves energy when it interacts as not to violate it?
that is a really good question. The answer is NO! and yes, See: Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect...which requires a beginner graduate level to really understand...it's one of the more subtle effects out there.
can a global network of high-performance neutrino detectors identify, locate and track sources such as nuclear weapons or nuclear submarines in the deep ocean?
Doesn't the sterile neutrino put stress on the validity of the standard model which is neatly symmetric and complete particlewise? A new particle would ruin its beauty and, hence, its trustworthiness, so to say.
Too late, neutrino oscillations are not in the standard model either. Electrons (muons, tauons) come in both left and right-handed chirality, but the standard model only predicts the existence of left-handed neutrinos... which makes people wonder if there could possibly be right-handed (sterile) neutrinos.
Good news in Good new year 2024. Same for all members of your team who are making huge things for negligible masses since 1970. As my quest these neutrino is propose to take care of missing energy, then how various oscillation states or flavour is right for same energy lose. You are looking for another one could be a whole generation Feel lucky
Thanks for another great video Don. I always wonder though what the ROI is on these physics experiments i.e. what real-world applications have come from them in say, the last 5 - 10 years?
the only real application for neutrino physics (excluding neutrino astronomy) is using neutrino beam under Wall Street to do line-of-sight communication at 0.99999999? the speed of light, beating fiber and EM signals on the surface by micro-to-milli seconds, allowing ultra flash trading. Billions invested, trillions paid out.
The applications are always largely the same with high energy physics. There's usually a few go-to ones: Sometimes learning the rules of our universe don't have obvious applications right now, but will down the line. An example is Einstein coming up with special and general relativity (both seemingly having no use for the layman in the 1930s), and both of those were incredibly important 50 years later when the US needed to perfectly sync 26 satellites in motion to create a Global Position System (GPS, which everybody uses near daily). Another benefit of high energy physics research is the stuff that's invented in the journey. Such as the world wide web (made to share documents at CERN), or better concrete or tunnel-bores or air-motion systems for underground colliders. Which then help mining and city foundation-laying operations worldwide. A third benefit is the actual direct benefits of the discovery, whatever it may be. Sometimes there's an immediate use (such as with electric lightbulbs or xray scans), and sometimes it's a delayed use (such as burning information into a DVD using lasers, or some future radiation proofing of shuttles for trips to Mars. The fourth, more philosophical benefit is that it yields something we can be proud of as humans. A military veteran or congressman might wonder how high energy research might aid in the military defense of the United States. A better thing to wonder is what in the United States is worth defending if not our arts and scientific achievements.
Good luck with the new program! I hope it gives great results, whatever they may be. Proper time is a kind of spin. Antiparticles have the opposite spin to normal particles, and thus go "backwards" in time. Proper time is also the source, or reservoir, of potential energy.
get a physics undergrad degree, find a graduate group working on it, and hit the PI up late junior year through senior year, and get all A's and an undergrad research position (if you can find one) with a related group prior...so learn a lot and work a lot and network a lot.
I really appreciate you taking the time out of your life to produce these for us
As usual, Dr. Lincoln and Fermilab, brilliant update and maintaining the excitement for pure science & research. Thanks to you all. Looking forward to more.
The most important thing is, we need a petition to bring back the Dr. Don 'stache.
Agree, I'm starting to get used to the no-stache face...
...and that is an awful thing to happen with my world😳
Sometimes, it's the lady's choice. ("no more scratchy head")
@@davidschneide5422 if so, she should bow to the science community and deal with it 😁
Please don't
Nope, definitely better looking as he is!
Grew up 2 blocks from the main entrance of Fermi and always had fun going around the property during my childhood. Was good friends with Dr. Kolb's family for a time as well. Fermi is really the only thing I miss about Illinois.
Grew up here in Aurora, so Fermi was a mainstay for the area, yes.
all the best in the new year to the whole FERMILAB team. To infinity and beyond!
Please keep on producing these outstanding videos. They are without a doubt, among the best science-related videos on RUclips.
My first thought was; who is going round sterilising all of these poor neutrinos and what have they ever done to us? Second thought was; what a bad joke that was but at least I got to see another fancinating video by Dr. Lincon and what fermilab are planning. I look forward to see what is learned. Possibly in a later vid? I could listed to Dr. Lincon for hours and thanks to this channel I have :)
Gracias por compartir tan importantes datos. Felicidades a todo el equipo de Fermilab🎉
Thank you, Dr. Lincoln.
Good start to 2024 Dr. Lincoln. Eagerly await further updates.
oh wow! I've been so curious about sterile neutrinos lately, this is well timed
Love your work, Mr Lincoln
Thank you Don for sharing the update!
Dr. Lincoln I love your videos and I am watching your invaluable courses on Wondrium which I love!
Top notch presentation, thanks!
The SBN program sounds amazing Dr. Don! Happy New Year to you & the entire Fermilab team! I am looking forward to what you have in store for us in 2024! 👍👍💥💥
THANK YOU...
PROF. DR. LINCOLN...!!!
4:05 Looks like the movie "Event Horizon".
.. What a show (as well as opening and closing cards)!
S tier quality video sir.
Glad to hear an update. This winter break I watched a lot of older videos about such physics topics, and became obsessed with finding the most recent news.
that‘s cool - thank you for this video
Merry Christmas and happy new year
Happy Easter!
If sterile neutrinos don't interact via the weak force, how do we detect them?
I don't think they can be detected directly, but Fermilab can (hopefully) find out if they truly exist by examining more closely the behavior of the neutrinos that they can detect.
it's indirect. It modifies the oscillation vs. propagation behavior in a manner that is inconsistent with 3 states. It's kind of light shinning unpolarized light on a birefringent crystal...you instantly see that light has two different propagation states, but there is no room in the observation to accommodate an unseen 3rd state.
It's got be so awesome to work at Fermilab.
Please tell us about the bison, and why the floors walls and doors are different colors!
Whoa! Doesn't another type of Neutrino muck up the nice symmetric grid in the Standard Model?
That "symmetric grid" illustration that everyone puts in pop-sci videos is crap. It's really misleading and leaves out a lot of information. There are other illustrations that are better.
If the chart included chirality, then the sterile neutrino would fit into an obvious gap.
(Anyway, that chart doesn't show anti-particles, or color charge... there are several different gluons, for example. Above the electroweak unification energy the W±, Z⁰, and photon don't exist, etc. etc.)
I love Dr Don. More videos!😊
I think of FermiLab as CERNino. Or the smaller non-hadron collider. But I do hope they can learn a lot more about neutrino's.
The beam in the video appears to curve around. How do you steer neutrinos? I thought that due to their low interaction properties they would have to travel from their creation and through both detectors in a straight line
No. You steer the protons you use to make the neutrinos. Neutrinos cannot be steered.
Please build a detector or 2 for C.N.B. (cosmic neutrino background) to start mapping it.
Question about black holes. I've learned from you and several other physicist explainers on RUclips that an outside observer watching an object fall into a black hole sees it slow down slower and slower approaching the Event Horizon, but never actually fall past the EH. The object falls past the EH normally to itself, but watches all of time pass outside the EH. So how can a black hole grow, from an external perspective, if nothing can ever actually fall into it? And how can an object watch all time pass by as it crosses the EH, if all black holes eventually evaporate in a finite amount of time?
Good stuff, Doc.
2:49 reminds me of a quote about Isis near the end of the "Assignment: Earth" episode of Star Trek: "That, Miss Lincoln, is simply my cat."
Best wishes to Fermilab and to you, Dr. Don. I've heard about the troubles there and I'd hate to see the best accelerator program in the US go away.
A question, maybe for a future video?
Why is zero Kelvin the lowest temperature. And then, is there a highest possible temperature?
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy; 0° Kelvin or 0° Rankine correspond to motionless atoms.
The Planck Temperature (~10^32°K) is considered the hottest temperature. Look up "Planck Units"; they are quite a trip.
Temperature is related to high fast particles move. If they don't move at all, you have zero Kelvin. Obviously, moving less than not moving at all is not possible. (Actually, it's a bit more complicated, but that's the essence of the argument.)
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514Really dumb question at "I should be asleep but I'm watching physics" o'clock. What would the temperarure be if the average particle speed was, I guess approached, the speed of light? Would that not be the highest temperature? Not awake enough to puzzle through what maximum means when it is more of a limit, or the fact the particles would be a medium affecting the speed of light.
@@markstyles1246 That depends on how close to the speed of light the average speed is. The closer, the higher the temperature. There is no "highest" temperature there, as you can get arbitrarily close to the speed of light (90%, 99%, 99,9% etc.).
Have provisions been made (from a design standpoint) to remove the first detector from the stream to see if the percentages of the different particles change in the second detector.
Great presentation and I do have a question. In your video between 6:47 - 7:05 the diagram seems to suggest the neutrino beam can be steered around a curve and through non co-linear detectors. How is this possible since they have no charge?
The protons (red lights) are what are being accelerated and directed at the beam on the far right producing the neutrinos. (green light)
Happy 2024! 🎊 🎉
is the difference just that sterile neutrinos would be right handed? is it possible (or just consistent) that there would be three generations as well, we just don't expect them to be generated or seen because the weak force is restricted to left handed fermions?
this is confusing stuff 🤔
An oldtimer likes your contributions, thanks Dr. Don, for showing Fermi Lab
Can you make a video explaining the theoretical rationale for the existence of sterile neutrinos?
This is the closest thing I could find on that very subject.
ruclips.net/video/eXTV5MdxSY0/видео.html
Good Morning, Dr. Don 👋😁. Thank You once more for another interesting and informative video. And a 'super thanks' for the links to the other videos. ps: A belated Happy New Year to you and yours. May 2024 bring cool new discoveries in physics.
can graviton have oscillation ? can it turn someting else ? i hope you kind something above Standard Model
Did I understand correctly, or am I totally wrong: You measure a number of electrons and muons in each of the two detectors. Then you compare the proportion of muons / electrons to the total of detected particles (or the proportion between the two kind of particles), for each of the two detectors. Then having obtained the composition of the "particle cocktail", you can determine where you are in the oscillation, for a given distance. Or is it a bit more complicated than that?
I love the new DUNE logo.
How do you "herd" neutrinos into a beam? They only react by the weak force, right?
Is there any likelihood that detecting the neutrinos is somehow affecting their oscillation behavior?
Huh 500 meters are enough for neutrino to oscillate and detected?
They are being artificially produced with energies much smaller than the neutrinos coming from the Sun.
What's so special about liquid argon that you would want to use in DUNE? Why liquid argon and not water or a vacuum or other?
So to be clear in the experiment diagram at 7:11, in between the three facilities the neutrinos are just passing directly through solid earth, right? I know that's regular for neutrinos but it's still pretty funny
Since both detectors are on the surface, how will you distinguish between experiment produced neutrinos and those coming from sun
Timing, direction, and energy.
Thanks a lot, trying to grasp. @@drdon5205
can't measuring the same beam twice affect the results? Are not the beam of neutrinos affected in a way, that may change the outcome of the second detection?
So how would the neutrinos serve to making energy after they are found to last?
That might been what a capacitor storage logic leading to a battery and the induction for the energy transfer?
Atoms a with excitement states having battery mock for a time for quick help to holding on to a neutrino?
Based on the Laws of Conservation, how will the neutrino someday power the accelerator question - recognition needed support!
Cool as always ...BUT - Might be better without a "switcheroo" - totally crashed my phocus on TJE subject...had to check first what the swicheroo means and rewatch the video again
2:30 ... they might be able to change their identity in a process of subatomic switch loop called neutrino oscillation. 4:56 a paper
Out of curiosity, a quick Google of solar neutrino flux yielded: "The flux of solar neutrinos at the earth's surface is on the order of 10^11 per square centimeter per second." I can't help but wonder how on Earth (literally) can any experiment discriminate between that density of background neutrino flux and those produced by Fermilab? Is there a good source of info on that?
The neutrinos in the beam are all focused in a very small fraction of a second. In addition, they are much higher energy and beamed in a specific direction. Imposing those criteria basically rules out all solar neutrinos.
2:40 consistent with, never proved.
Hi there, did you know about neutrino4 experiment conducted by Anatolii Serebov.......if I understand they detected right handed neutrino.....
Can't wait for every video to ring the bell, cool subject, cool host, cool venue! The world is better off for these videos. Curiosity is the key to "physics is everything", thanks a million
Since neutrinos are legendary for their (almost) non-existent interactions with everything, how do you form them into a beam and aim them ?
They come out of a proton beam aimed at a target. After the protons hit the target, the neutrinos are produced and scatter with greater probability along the path of the protons they originated from.
@@_John_P Thanks
the real question is,
does the black mesa research facility exist, and why you've changed it for working at fermilab dr. lincoln ?
Physics is everything! :D
"Fermilab is awesome" -Fermilab
(I'm just playing lmao😂)
Where's the link to the mentioned video about cat turning to a jaguar turning to a tiger?
It is called "How do you detect a Neutrino"
I don't think UTube allows links.
ruclips.net/video/2os1rfVXRCM/видео.html
As a particle physicist, I wish Fermilab success ❤😊 Happy New Year 🌟🌟🌟🙏🙏🙏👍👍👍
Aren't Neutrinos Italian Neutrons?
And sterile Neutrinos can't have off spring ?
😮
I worked at BNL /AGS / RHIC we made components for Fermilab shared data etc .
Wish they had a channel like this .
Excellent 👍
So the sterile neutrino is expected to be massive?
Are we sure that the Tri-Solarians aren't nessing up our results?
Wouldn't right handed neutrinos / left handed antineutrinos be sterile? At minimum they would really only interact via gravity.
Sterile neutrinos are right-handed neutrinos.
We need to quantum entangle the argon then , I can do the plumbing to do so .
Do you think there is a Sterile for each cousin element, and perspective is the reason they can't be seen... like a 2 way mirror works, in essence.
The centre of the universe appears to be my head. I see the same distance in all directions.
Any way we can get some Fermilab swag like your shirt? Profits going to the coffee fund lead to new discoveries or more outreach to inspiring scientist.
ed.fnal.gov/lsc/store.shtml
Since neutrinos are associated with their corresponding leptons, might a sterile neutrino possibly imply the existence of a 'sterile electron'? Something with the mass of an electron but no charge? And stretching things further, could such a thing be a candidate for at least part of dark matter?
The short answer is no... in the standard model, but technically, the sterile neutrino is not predicted by the standard model either, but there is a very conspicuously absent right-handed neutrino while electrons (muon, tau) come in both left and right-handed versions.
The long explanation has to do with the Higgs mechanism breaking electroweak symmetry, and I'm not going to try to summarize it here.
What makes liquid argon suitable?
Higher density than water makes a better target, argon is cheap(er) as it’s more plentiful in the atmosphere compared to xe or kr. It’s in the goldilocks zone.
Thank you.@@plexiglasscorn
you might want to search "liquid argon neutrino detection". U Sheffield has a nice piece on it. THere's a lot subtleties to various detection methods that are too much for a yt comment.
If sterile neutrinos exist, and if they do not react with the weak nuclear force, how could they be detected? Wouldn't they just go on forever and never interact with anything unless captured by a black hole? (Since gravity affects everything.)
Does this oscillation require some sort of interaction with matter? If so, you would expect it not to oscillate in open space. Maybe it conserves energy when it interacts as not to violate it?
that is a really good question. The answer is NO! and yes, See: Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect...which requires a beginner graduate level to really understand...it's one of the more subtle effects out there.
Nice answer DrDeuteron
You have some reading to do.
This is crazy, it's a battle with time.
Neutrinos are really interesting
what if electrons/positrons are simply neutrinos with a charge.. and the charge gives them the extra mass..
part 1: yes, sort of.
part 2: idk, the mass is Higgs coupling, not self-energy.
See "Weak Isospin"
There should be a third detector 2km or more away from the second.
Make it easy for you and make it 3.6, could be a higher loss than expected.
can a global network of high-performance neutrino detectors identify, locate and track sources such as nuclear weapons or nuclear submarines in the deep ocean?
The spice must flow
So cool
😱 OMG Mexico hello I have you in my mind too I have to go back and check some underground places 😅
Human beings will live for decades in the future??
Doesn't the sterile neutrino put stress on the validity of the standard model which is neatly symmetric and complete particlewise? A new particle would ruin its beauty and, hence, its trustworthiness, so to say.
Too late, neutrino oscillations are not in the standard model either.
Electrons (muons, tauons) come in both left and right-handed chirality, but the standard model only predicts the existence of left-handed neutrinos... which makes people wonder if there could possibly be right-handed (sterile) neutrinos.
Gravity, wave particle duality and entanglement are invisible forces
Good news in Good new year 2024. Same for all members of your team who are making huge things for negligible masses since 1970.
As my quest these neutrino is propose to take care of missing energy, then how various oscillation states or flavour is right for same energy lose.
You are looking for another one could be a whole generation Feel lucky
Thanks for another great video Don. I always wonder though what the ROI is on these physics experiments i.e. what real-world applications have come from them in say, the last 5 - 10 years?
the only real application for neutrino physics (excluding neutrino astronomy) is using neutrino beam under Wall Street to do line-of-sight communication at 0.99999999? the speed of light, beating fiber and EM signals on the surface by micro-to-milli seconds, allowing ultra flash trading. Billions invested, trillions paid out.
The applications are always largely the same with high energy physics. There's usually a few go-to ones:
Sometimes learning the rules of our universe don't have obvious applications right now, but will down the line. An example is Einstein coming up with special and general relativity (both seemingly having no use for the layman in the 1930s), and both of those were incredibly important 50 years later when the US needed to perfectly sync 26 satellites in motion to create a Global Position System (GPS, which everybody uses near daily).
Another benefit of high energy physics research is the stuff that's invented in the journey. Such as the world wide web (made to share documents at CERN), or better concrete or tunnel-bores or air-motion systems for underground colliders. Which then help mining and city foundation-laying operations worldwide.
A third benefit is the actual direct benefits of the discovery, whatever it may be. Sometimes there's an immediate use (such as with electric lightbulbs or xray scans), and sometimes it's a delayed use (such as burning information into a DVD using lasers, or some future radiation proofing of shuttles for trips to Mars.
The fourth, more philosophical benefit is that it yields something we can be proud of as humans. A military veteran or congressman might wonder how high energy research might aid in the military defense of the United States. A better thing to wonder is what in the United States is worth defending if not our arts and scientific achievements.
What a perfect answer
Getting down to business.
Good luck with the new program! I hope it gives great results, whatever they may be.
Proper time is a kind of spin. Antiparticles have the opposite spin to normal particles, and thus go "backwards" in time. Proper time is also the source, or reservoir, of potential energy.
It looks like they do all their experiments in the Atari building it seems.
Lim a fan of the anti scoop language
Yo I wanna be a neutrino scientist guy in Fermilab. What I gotta do man?
get a physics undergrad degree, find a graduate group working on it, and hit the PI up late junior year through senior year, and get all A's and an undergrad research position (if you can find one) with a related group prior...so learn a lot and work a lot and network a lot.
Thank you man. God bless.@@DrDeuteron
Sterile neutrinos wow I never imagined
If u have unlimited money, how big do u want your accelerator to be?
I suppose unlimited money with an unlimited resource.
Insert mama joke
My cat changes into a tiger every mealtime, then into a panther stalking more food, finally changing back into a cat again only for it to repeat.
... and then catnaps until the next "pop" of the can.
As Mr. Spock says; fascinating.