@ Here is a first baby step in the process of undergoing an exercise in self-assessment: www.independent.co.uk/life-style/5-habits-of-stupid-people-that-smart-people-don-t-have-a7620941.html
@ The nice thing about science is you don't have to take anyone's word for it. If you take the time to learn it, you can examine it all for yourself. The only fundamental things you need to "believe" are that: 1. Logic works: e.g. "it's impossible to have something existing and not existing simultaneously" or "a thing can not have two contradictory properties such as a married bachelor" and 2. The universe is fundamentally an ordered, logical, measurable thing: i.e. rules are universal and not just random luck that they appear that way; e.g. it could be that the properties of electrons are really random and we just have "dumb luck" to always measure them the same, so until proven otherwise, we assume consistency of rules across spacetime (and if proven otherwise, we assume the changes we see are consistent, predictable, and measurable). You don't need to "believe" anything else. If you disbelieve either of these, it makes learning anything or predicting anything at all completely impossible. You couldn't even function in life, so I'm reasonably sure everyone does believe these two facts at *least* on a local scale whether they say they do or not.
That’s how learning works! I’m so glad I live in a time where this stuff is so accessible and well presented. I bet you look up this stuff outside of the videos right?
@@MrHugabum yup I follow Anton Petrov and the SciShow space etc I have no natural sciences academic qualifications but space has always fascinated me. cheers
I teach a high school astrophysics class and I rely heavily on this series to boost my understanding and help me translate difficult concepts to my students. I’m a much better - and more educated - teacher. Thank you Matt O’Dowd.
you teach things to kids that you dont yourself understand? So you just regurgitate pbs spacetime to your students; without the understanding necessary to do so...kewwl
@@tylerboothman4496 I agree; however, you shouldn't be teaching something if you rely "heavily" on anything else to boost your own understanding of it. It's like having a translator that doesn't really know the language they're translating..
@@joemackenzie7417 Should we just ban science in school then? Because the first rule of science - especially quantum physics and astrophysics is "If you think you understand it, you clearly don't."
Indeed, but it's so interesting you have to watch it. I have to admit, quite a few of the videos look like probably the ancient people looked like while trying to explain natural phenomenon such as lightning, wind, etc with their simple understandings...
Id be carefull with statements like that because there is 300 years of math and people from Newton to Dirac and many others and all of it just like your smartphone, its all standing on the shoulders of giants and in a way has a life of its own. There is an outstanding ammount/body of applicable work. And if there is a kind of field of consciousness it does seem to abide by very intricate mathematical systems. I dont know. I might be wrong. Please correct me if i am.
@@ditchweed2275 Dude! I just liked the play on words! But, seriously, - stretching is not the same as the bang. And the bang itself is still a mystery. Just saying. Not trying to belittle anyone's scientific achievements.
More theory and philosophy then something like relativity which can predict observable phenomenon. The early universe was the largest possible black hole and this inflation ripped it apart, what triggered it. Why are super massive black holes not being triggered and ripped apart, this would be a passable observation phenomenon proving the theory if it happened. Just explain at what point this inflation gets triggered does not prove anything but would be a starting point on going beyond philosophy.
@@mykofreder1682 You do realize as far as we know you would need time for this to occur, right? And as far as we know the Big Bang was the beginning of time. So what you are describing couldn't have happened without time existing beforehand, which, as mentioned above, is impossible. Correct me if I'm wrong on those ideas; I might have missed something.
I love how both Fermilab and Space time are using phase transitions of water to describe cosmology or neutrino physics concepts. It makes the material really easy to grasp.
Matt O'Dowd you are up there with the best of them......very fortunate to have you (so to speak) and more than a few of us are proud of you. Keep up the good work and thank you.
Well done. You are becoming an expert in interpreting these concepts without the math and scientific lingo. Thanks and to all the staff who support you.
Sad, because everyone does that these days. No one even shows any math or scientific lingo anymore, in presentations for the public. It would be really nice if those things -- using technology -- could be added as subtitles, notations, etc -- while still having the smooth conversational laymans video. Right now, all these physics videos are for kindergartners or preteens really. And everything else is hidden in obscure conferences or papers that haven't been youtubed.
@@Firebrand911 It would be better for a channel to link their sources than actually include them in a video. Kurzgesagt does that and it's perfect. The video ought to be more like an introduction or an overview designed to break it down for easy digestion and then allow each user to choose whether or not they want to follow it up with a deeper search. One it makes the video quicker to produce since you don't have to spend time editing in a long list of (to most people) overly complicated content that mostly ends up being ignored. Two it keeps the video light and informative without running the risk of causing a vast majority of the audience to switch off, which then defeats the point you initially set out to achieve. RUclips is an entertainment platform and not everyone finds pages of formulae and calculations entertaining. You can always look up the maths for yourself if that's what you really want to do and linked sources would make that easier.
@@AMorphicTool i agree with your idea. This would really be very helpful for those who wish to study in depth. For us laymen, this very video is kind of enough to satisfy the hunger. Though I do love a little bit of formula showing in these videos. Like he does.
I agree, and that's my favorite part: the sense of wonder that these videos can inspire. Even when all else feels mundane or overwhelming, I can find a comfortable distraction in wondering about the universe's enigmas.
The universe was once a 8 sided octagonal crystalline ‘jelly’ with 10 vectors: 2 of which were 180 degrees, or opposite, of each other in opposite 90 degree planes; These opposite poles connected through the structure with one ‘like’ North and South Pole and eight ‘like’ Cardinal poles each representing a direction in 45 degree sections. This structure collapsed (or alternatively, imploded onto itself) at a single point at its midpoint between the North and South poles by first expanding into a round-ended cylindrical rigid octagonal crystalline structure, stabilizing: then through its diameter; collided, rebounded through itself, not quite becoming fully stable, rebounding again, becoming stable as a 𝚂𝚙𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 before exploding, projecting its ‘crystalline jelly’ matter infinitely into one barrel rolled sheet. Twas’ Beautiful those many years ago..
I wonder if he could even comprehend it. At least comprehend it much better than myself. He was really smart overall, but wasn't a super strong mathematician. Archimedes of Sicily would probably be fine. He was an incredibly brilliant mathematician. Both would be highly impressed though.
Every single time I watch one of these videos my mind gets blown, I start having an existential crisis’ and become extremely philosophical questioning everything but not in a bad way. It makes my day to day ‘problems’ seem meaningless. When it all gets down to it in the end we are the universe experiencing it self and becoming self aware. That for me is the beauty of life and why we should cherish each day. Every single atom/particle all started at the same point on a journey that eventually lead to each life on this planet, each planet in a solar system, each solar system in a galaxy and each galaxy in the known universe... Truly the stuff of poetry.
Tiny creatures Living on a tiny rock flying through space Being able to see only a small portion of the universe And yet we are able to see what is there thousands of light years away, create accurate models and understand how the entire universe formed This is the true power of *T H I N C C*
@@slateoffate9812 I don't destroy. I think that most people don't. To cast blame on all of us is a way of excusing the behavior of the few who behave badly.
I do hope that that "another time" for magnetic monopoles isn't too far into the future. I'm quite fascinated by the concept, but just can't wrap my mind around envisioning them. They're just _so_ foreign. I'd love to hear your explanation and walk-through of them.
For everyone who's confused: I've been watching these videos diligently for years and they do a great job of scaffolding to get you to the point where you can actually understand this level of cosmology. Go back and rewatch each one as many times as you need, you'll get there! It helps to watch with a friend and try to explain what you understood from each video in your own words. LOVE to the SPACETIME crew! Thanks for making physics accessible to the rest of us!
You are my favourite thing to fall asleep to... I put on old videos and crash out to them. You should have a bedtime channel because you have a warm, comfortable voice mate. X
I'm still unsure how we talk about "time" in the early universe and I often feel like this gets brushed aside in these kinds of descriptions. We say that certain things happened at certain points in time, but since time is inextricably linked to space, then surely the "amount of time" that the universe experienced inflation can't be so trivially described? Doesn't the expansion of space itself influence the description of time in that space? If so, then perhaps it's relatively inconsequential under Hubble expansion, but surely under inflation the effect must be noticeable. Or am I thinking about this all wrong?
TheShampooDude Yes of course, increased gravity also leads to time dilation, you are absolutely right, BUT this is an effect relative to another frame of reference. This means that you yourself don't experience time being any differently if you close in on a black hole, because there is no absolute time (actually there is no time at all, but only spacetime). It just means that observers in different frames of references experience time differently. When these different frames of references are compared, differences arise and become visible (twin paradox etc), but if not, you will never feel "oh passing of time has slowed down" you may rationally understand this effect, but you'll not be able to experience/feel it, but only in comparison to a different frame of reference. If you move closer to a black hole, you don't feel time slowing down. Everything seems like before (as long as not stuff like spaghettification etc sets in), only if you compare it to another frame of reference it becomes obvious that time progressed slower in one frame than the other, but people in both frames of references do not experience this as slowed down or sped up passing of time. As the universe is "everything", any time dilation effect doesn't really matter at all, because there is no other frame of reference you could compare it to. Time dilation is not an absolute effect (because ther is not absolute time), it's an effect relative to other frames of reference (just like Lorenz length contraction)
@@frankschneider6156 But isn't it conjectured that inflation didn't end "evenly"? As in, different parts stopped inflating at different times? Those times are described as only "moments" apart from each other, but from the frame of reference of one part of the universe that is still inflating, another part that has now stopped is experiencing time quite differently (I'm assuming significant differences in gravitational effects as well due to differences in mass per unit of space). Just to be clear, neurochemistry is far more my thing than this level of physics, so go easy on me if I'm talking complete nonsense here... I want to learn!
Dale Bewan Yes there is this CONJECTURE, which doesn't mean it's true, it just means that somebody thinks or thought this might be the case, which might be the true or not. I'm absolutely not an expert on this, so be warned, but my understanding is, that this goes into the multiverse direction. Our observable universe is the only universe that we can and will ever be able to observe. Whatever happens or happened in other parts is completely irrelevant to us, because these parts are completely disjunct from our (observable) universe and we'll never know or be able to perform comparisons, so we'll never see any differences because we can't compare. Factually our observable universe is the only universe that will ever exist for us, although there is likely to be a lot more. BTW, I did my master thesis in neuroscience, so I know what you mean, but I feel limiting oneself to just one small part of natural sciences limits ones understanding of nature. Imho today most significant (thus not incremental) progress in science is made by connecting formerly completely unrelated parts of different natural sciences. so it imho makes sense to not completely focus, and thus not only learn in depth but also in width. Just my 2 cents.
Frank Schneider Thanks, and I am totally with you on the sciences. I consider myself an aspiring polymath in everything I do. I really just wanted to make it clear that I am honestly asking questions, not trying to argue some perspective that I hold.
Same. I have not found this information information on this topic anywhere else on the internet delivered in this way. His confidence in this presentation gives me the impression that this is bleeding edge or only recently revealed or accepted.
Hard Work1994 Maybe undergrads but in graduate and doctorate level most people start researching and contributing so I doubt it but if you have the knowledge, why don’t you get the credentials?
Hard Work1994 Someone wrote a paper on this and I agree with you because I want to study many disciplines but can’t keep coming back to college to keep studying. It’s the way our society is just formed. A lot of it is for gatekeeping and some form of eugenics. You can study under someone so you can get “necessary credentials” to practice. I wish you good luck.
I would be happy if this series continued forever. I've asked myself questions about this stuff for over a decade, unable to find answers, and now here they are, plain as day.
A couple of questions: can the local minimum in the vacuum energy state give rise to favorable decay of few types of fundamental particles over others? And if so can that somehow explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry? My second question is, if the lowest vacuum energy bubbles coalesced, wouldn't that affect the CMB homogeneity? Big fan of the show.
Dang, good question. I've heard this question worded differently before in relation to the ground state of the higgs field: in which the particles exhibit different properties due to the change in their interaction with said field. Sad to say that's all I got. :/
@@Ringleader17 Thank you. I was just wondering if a meta-stable state would behave similar to least energy vacuum state. So your Higgs field analogy works well.
@wzrubicon 1 I feel like you might be conflating theory and fact a bit (at least with how the terms are used in the scientific realm) because scientific theories are probably better described as frameworks of relations and interactions between very real individual observations (aka what I would say is more commonly understood as a "facts"). In other words, you can _only_ really have theories about such interactions considering there is no way to perceive an "objective" worldview of such causal relationships, only increasingly more consistent and explanatory models based on new observations and alternate hypothesis.
Wait, the universe was "reheated"? Is that how we got the microwave background radiation? The universe 'Microwaved' itself because it was hungry for left overs? lol
Well it didn't microwave itself, it released energy in all forms of the EM scale much like stars do. But since it was so long ago and the universe is still expanding those EM transmissions are no more than microwaves by the time we now exist in and it will continue to red-shift as time passes.
What a legend, Alan Guth, his concept of the inflaton field is definitely onto something bigger. I got a serene feeling as he explained the re-thermalisation of the early universe. It makes so much sense, the decay of virtual inflaton particles to actual particle converting the potential energy to tangible forms and possibly leading to phase transforms in the inflaton field. Yes I have already watched the sequel video, but the fact that phase transforms can occur in the potential energy of field strengths is so cool, especially when everything heats up again ;) I guess the physical constants in nature would have been absolutely scewed at that initial point of the high energy inflaton field
This is how everything ought to be taught in US schools. This whole channel is like this, allowing for some assumptions of prior knowledge that are pretty understandable given the subject matter. No "skip to the current conclusion, this is how it is and that's what I want you to put on the test along with the names of these people who actually got to feel like they learned things", just an enjoyable buildup of concepts, and historical background into significant points in reaching our current understanding of the universe. And I know, there are often problems that run even deeper than the subject matter in public primary/secondary schools that contribute to the unfortunately degraded form of education, like funding. We really should take education more seriously, and try to elect like-minded people on the subject, because uninspiring education isn't good education for a lot of people.
Roger Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan put forth an idea that solves all the holes in the current inflationary theories called conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC).No breaking current physical laws, no temporary or temporal distortions just what happens from one end of mass death (when matter turns all into photons 10^100+ years) into the current fresh universe.
As far as I understand it, CCC allows bosons to survive passing through a horizon at conformal infinity, but not fermions. This means fermions need to irreversibly convert into bosons when passing through the event horizon of a black hole. I'm not sure if there's a way to conserve information in that scenario. It certainly doesn't agree with the holographic principle, which is the generally accepted solution to the black hole information paradox.
Never mind, it all depends on if dark energy decays. If it does decay after a trillion years or so, the universe could re-collapse however there's no evidence that shows dark energy can vary over time. So far it seems to have a constant value which means the most probable scenario is the heat death in which the universe continues to expand and coast, even long after stars blink out and black holes evaporate. For that reason, I don't think our universe is a cyclical one. There's still the homogeneity problem which still eludes astrophysicists and cosmologists. We may never have an answer as to why the universe looks the same everywhere and why it's so smooth on the largest of scales.
A Daddy universe and a Mommy universe, who loved each other very much, got together and, in an intimate, loving, and tender moment, created a big bang, creating our universe.
Another perspective is that before mass, everything was light and moved accordingly. Formation of massive particles slowed expansion and led to the formation of other massive particles. This aglomeration of matter created the first super stars, resulting in the first supermassive black holes. As an analogy, virtual particles can become ever more complex interactions as long as spin and energy are conserved, with more complex interactions giving that virtual particle a longer existence before it collapses. Meaning that a virtual interaction large enough to create mass in a purely energetic universe would create spacetime where none existed, and that gravity would invite more mass leading to even longer existence.
If I'm not mistaken, when the inflaton field got stuck in its local energy minimum, some inflatons, and therefore some bubble universes, should have been produced, right?
@Ix Suomi A "theory" in science doesn't have the same definition as we use it in daily life. A theory is a well stablished hypothesis, with a mathematics background. For example the "relativity theory" is not just some explanations about the world without a prove. You should not mistake "theory" with "hypothesis".
LGX That's very likely because you are just missing some basics. Just watch an episode and when you come to a point where you don't understand something, google it until you understand it, then continue and so on. Do this for enough episodes and you'll at some time have pimped your general understanding of basic physics to such a point were all of this makes perfect sense and you understand it.
My personal theory: At the end when there’s only black holes left the last black hole explodes with immense energy. If the black hole was so immensely huge (and it ate the other black holes which is unlikely)it would explode(because of Hawking radiation), causing a new big bang. A slightly depressing side is that the black hole does not eat all the other black holes and each universe loses mass slowly and even if it does it can’t eat everything so it still might lose mass. But still we have billions of trillions of years before the end of the universe comes near anyway.
A theory they predicts LITERALLY everything you mean. This is the problem with string theory, depending on the settings you give it it will give you any answer possible. One of which might be correct for us, but finding it among the possibilities is nigh impossible. Hence the lack of predictions.
@@Mernom String theory is actually better than multiverse. It doesn't predict everything (multiverse), as of recently it can simply have 10^500 possible configurations.
@@cmdr.shepard Multiverse does not predict everything. It is a common misconception that an infinite number of things contain everything. That is false and easy to prove. There are infinite odd numbers but not a single one of them is even. There are infinite number of primes and non of them is divisible by 6. Infinite is not equal to everything. It is possible to have infinite number universes but non of them allow magic to exist.
@@Mernom While I agree, 10^500 is hardly better than infinity in any practical sense, and I'm agnostic myself on string theory... it is making headway. There have been real world predictions made based on string theory variants. I don't pretend to be able to follow the actual math(s) but ironically, the same AdS/CFT models that can be used to describe black holes without mathematical singularities has been used to model condensed matter experiments yielding predictions that were impossible without the framework of string theory.
Thanks for the video, awesome as always. I just only have issue with the background music/tone theme which I find it distracting (and a bit annoying) specially when I listen to the clip in a quiet zone.
You said that every bubble would continue expanding with a constant speed equal to the speed with witch space expanded when it was formed. But then two bubbles would never be able to collide since the outward space is still expanding exponentially.
Wait, so multiple universes come out of the same inflation field? Somehow this completely overturns my concept of the early universe which was already complete nonsense to begin with. Yep, I don't get it. I'm just sitting here slack-jawed. Thanks for trying anyway.
New variations on the inflation include multiple bubbles due to separate regions ending inflation at random times, while surrounding it keep going. Any separate region will randomly end inflation and create its own bubble universe. Remember these are just theories with no evidence. They are metaphysics at best. Unless evidence can be found for them, they are just ideas.
The big bang was caused by low paper prices and high book prices. Book makers started giving cash incentives to anyone that might sell some books. So they made up the big bang theory and published the heck out of it
So, when the inflaton field drops from its high value in the inflationary period to its low value ending inflaton, can it drop down to nearly zero instead of zero and then explain dark energy? Or do the inflaton field and dark energy have to be two different mechanisms for some reason?
I've never heard a more... explanatory... explanation of the big bang and inflation. Suddenly I feel like I kinda get it. A lot more than I did before.
If an observer is positioned between black holes, space would be warped away from the observer. This would APPEAR as an expansion. So the universe could be static but appear to be expanding into the collapse of the black hole. My postulate is that mass doesnt cause gravity (warped space) but that warped space accelerates to significant percentages of SOL resulting in time dilation and space contraction, or, the manifestation of "particles". I.e. gravity causes mass. Therefore "particles" are actually the area of a collapsing field that, relative to the observer, are moving closer to SOL than the other part of the field. This means the universe doesnt need a beginning, the big bang never happened and the "expansion" is simply an observation of the collapse.
Wouldn't it just be like having 2 Alqubierre warp fields pointing in the opposite directions? Space is created from the middle and destroyed at the black holes, causing no actual expansion of the distance between the holes.
Love this channel! Can you do an episode about Saturn's rings please? An idea for possible future episodes: It would be cool to learn about some historical theories that have been debunked or abandoned, and why. For example, Tachyon particles Aether theories Various Planet X theories, etc.
Title of this episode is completely wrong. It should of been "what caused Cosmic inflation". Nevertheless episode was great but I feel like I pressed clickbait.
Why assume that the universe wasn't uniform before inflation? If the universe was extremely hot and teeming with energy after the big bang, that hot state should have been enough to produce uniformity -- so why do we need inflation to homogenize the universe? Also, for inflation to produce a uniform universe, inflation would have to occur everywhere simultaneously. Otherwise, there would have been unevenness. How could inflation happen everywhere simultaneously? If it could happen everywhere simultaneously, then it seems like the universe must have been already uniform. How does inflation cause the expansion of space? I've never heard answers to these questions.
It's because we are on a surface of something similar to a black hole. That is why we see flat geometry. More distant objects seem to move away from us faster than close ones. Our black holes are just ripping in this surface that opens up the canal leading inside the object.
The evolving Pareto frontier that is the solution we seek to all of this, nature lets call it, has tricked us, we hunt for an optimal solution using time as a free variable, time is relative and only useful at boundary conditions, with time you never reach a global minimum or max. Everything is dialed into a local max or min, scale is a human postulate.
@@OpticalAntenna you are correct in some sense. After all, for energy, we can chose any point to be the zero. But still, we can make a meaningful measurement of observable, given the right methods and reasonable uncertainty
Surfing through PBS space time videos , watching different playlists multiple times ( I watched some videos more than 10 times at this point ) I truly feel like I'm taking an astrophysics course
Remember, there is still beauty in humanity. Don't let them take your soul. A poem, by Les Murray Everything except language knows the meaning of existence. Trees, planets, rivers, time know nothing else. They express it moment by moment as the universe. Even this fool of a body lives it in part, and would have full dignity within it but for the ignorant freedom of my talking mind.
Having an "uncertainty" implies that an inflation change didn't happen everywhere at once. I wonder if that's accounted for in the maths, and if it'd be possible to distinguish a more global / "it's all spacetime" effect from a "this part of the galaxy inflated first".
Matt O'Dowd is such a great writer AND presenter. You can tell he really cares about the science and delivers his knowledge very elegantly
True!
@ Here is a first baby step in the process of undergoing an exercise in self-assessment: www.independent.co.uk/life-style/5-habits-of-stupid-people-that-smart-people-don-t-have-a7620941.html
@ The nice thing about science is you don't have to take anyone's word for it. If you take the time to learn it, you can examine it all for yourself. The only fundamental things you need to "believe" are that:
1. Logic works: e.g. "it's impossible to have something existing and not existing simultaneously" or "a thing can not have two contradictory properties such as a married bachelor"
and
2. The universe is fundamentally an ordered, logical, measurable thing: i.e. rules are universal and not just random luck that they appear that way; e.g. it could be that the properties of electrons are really random and we just have "dumb luck" to always measure them the same, so until proven otherwise, we assume consistency of rules across spacetime (and if proven otherwise, we assume the changes we see are consistent, predictable, and measurable).
You don't need to "believe" anything else. If you disbelieve either of these, it makes learning anything or predicting anything at all completely impossible. You couldn't even function in life, so I'm reasonably sure everyone does believe these two facts at *least* on a local scale whether they say they do or not.
@ sounds like someone doesnt understand what he's saying
He should teach leonard susskind how to communicate instead of talking in riddles lol
I would be lying if I said I understood what this guy is saying, and yet I continue to watch these videos.
So in reality you understood what he is saying, and you don't continue watching these videos?
@@pierfrancescopeperoni LOL, nah I'm still here :)
That’s how learning works! I’m so glad I live in a time where this stuff is so accessible and well presented. I bet you look up this stuff outside of the videos right?
@@MrHugabum yup I follow Anton Petrov and the SciShow space etc
I have no natural sciences academic qualifications but space has always fascinated me. cheers
same
I teach a high school astrophysics class and I rely heavily on this series to boost my understanding and help me translate difficult concepts to my students. I’m a much better - and more educated - teacher. Thank you Matt O’Dowd.
Yo are you like... Hiring teachers or something? Asking for a friend
you teach things to kids that you dont yourself understand? So you just regurgitate pbs spacetime to your students; without the understanding necessary to do so...kewwl
@@joemackenzie7417 Understanding something is not a binary state.
"to help boost my understanding"
Use your reading comprehension.
@@tylerboothman4496 I agree; however, you shouldn't be teaching something if you rely "heavily" on anything else to boost your own understanding of it. It's like having a translator that doesn't really know the language they're translating..
@@joemackenzie7417 Should we just ban science in school then? Because the first rule of science - especially quantum physics and astrophysics is "If you think you understand it, you clearly don't."
I believe the reheating phase is scientific proof the universe is only half-baked.
the universe is RAW!
refried
It is a ready-meal.
Thas why it cosmic microwave.
@@Napoleonic_S is your universe fresh or frozen?
Tired: electric universe theory
Wired: microwave universe theory
Man, do I love your cosmology episodes. BEST physics channel on RUclips.
Iam the univer
I watch Exurb1a and seeker aswell
Hands down my friend, hands down.
Absolutely agree.
@@pedrocosta228 Exurb1a is my favorite channel for my daily existential crisis.
Ah, a new PBS Space Time Video!
My brain: please dont
I dont think Ive read a comment so relatable in a long time. xD
😂 ditto
Indeed, but it's so interesting you have to watch it.
I have to admit, quite a few of the videos look like probably the ancient people looked like while trying to explain natural phenomenon such as lightning, wind, etc with their simple understandings...
The awkward yeti should draw something about this situation
wrg,idts
"The universe is expanding. That should help ease the traffic."
Steven Wright
But then you realize... cars will get bigger too! Dammit, we were so close!
Danilego
My understanding is only space expands but not matter, otherwise we wouldn’t have noticed the expansion.
@@GovindaSharma2259 The original quote was from a comedian. Danilego was adding to the joke.
@Olga Istomina If you think science can't be fun, you are part of the problem.
“I put instant coffee in the microwave and I almost traveled back in time.” -Steven Wright
"The Big Bang theory is a bit of a stretch."
Classy!
@Olga Istomina
It was a joke.
Also, your statement is actually wrong.
@@kirillazarov6865 lol he deleted he comment.
@@ytilaeR_
I think it was a "she".
But nonetheless)
Id be carefull with statements like that because there is 300 years of math and people from Newton to Dirac and many others and all of it just like your smartphone, its all standing on the shoulders of giants and in a way has a life of its own. There is an outstanding ammount/body of applicable work. And if there is a kind of field of consciousness it does seem to abide by very intricate mathematical systems. I dont know. I might be wrong. Please correct me if i am.
@@ditchweed2275
Dude! I just liked the play on words!
But, seriously, - stretching is not the same as the bang. And the bang itself is still a mystery.
Just saying.
Not trying to belittle anyone's scientific achievements.
“This story seems like a bit of a STRETCH”. Nicely done.
More theory and philosophy then something like relativity which can predict observable phenomenon. The early universe was the largest possible black hole and this inflation ripped it apart, what triggered it. Why are super massive black holes not being triggered and ripped apart, this would be a passable observation phenomenon proving the theory if it happened. Just explain at what point this inflation gets triggered does not prove anything but would be a starting point on going beyond philosophy.
@@mykofreder1682 You do realize as far as we know you would need time for this to occur, right? And as far as we know the Big Bang was the beginning of time. So what you are describing couldn't have happened without time existing beforehand, which, as mentioned above, is impossible.
Correct me if I'm wrong on those ideas; I might have missed something.
@@albertjackinson
You should Google "time before the big bang".
You copied my comment
keecefly
M is M theory.
I'm normally kinda smart, but watching this I feel like Homer Simpson. "Can you repeat the part of the stuff where you said all about the things?"
...errr...the things?
All the things
Yep .. I don’t want to miss out on all that knowledge I can take home, and do... practical stuff, with the things...Doh
The things or the stuff?! I am confused.
“Facts are meaningless. You could use facts to prove anything that’s even remotely true!”
A shirt? He's going on a date right after the shoot!
A date with your mom lol
@@ferretappreciator ha
Hahaha
Yeah... this was difficult to understand at 5 am. I'll rewatch some other time.
Mr.WildernessLover 243 right? He got fucking wrecked. What a noob.
It won't be any easier!
I can’t follow this guy at all. He never gets to the point, and when he does I don’t care anymore
Spoiler: It's difficult to understand at any time of the day
I was thinking about what the universe was like before the Big Bang.
Nothing came to mind.
I think there was something. At the very least quantum foam.
Then what about before THAT?
What's north of the north pole?
@@matthewburson2908 Up!
°
I love how both Fermilab and Space time are using phase transitions of water to describe cosmology or neutrino physics concepts. It makes the material really easy to grasp.
Literally how it’s described to undergrads
10:04 That "Inflaton Field" Illustration just explains so many concepts of Cosmology & QFT! Mind-blowing stuff!
Matt O'Dowd you are up there with the best of them......very fortunate to have you (so to speak) and more than a few of us are proud of you. Keep up the good work and thank you.
Well done. You are becoming an expert in interpreting these concepts without the math and scientific lingo. Thanks and to all the staff who support you.
Sad, because everyone does that these days. No one even shows any math or scientific lingo anymore, in presentations for the public. It would be really nice if those things -- using technology -- could be added as subtitles, notations, etc -- while still having the smooth conversational laymans video. Right now, all these physics videos are for kindergartners or preteens really. And everything else is hidden in obscure conferences or papers that haven't been youtubed.
@@Firebrand911 uh duh its not ment to give you a degree in physics... The fact that people check it out is huge. Slow your roll there bud
@@Firebrand911 I mean, I agree with you to some extent, but Space Time does show you the math pretty often actually.
@@Firebrand911 It would be better for a channel to link their sources than actually include them in a video. Kurzgesagt does that and it's perfect. The video ought to be more like an introduction or an overview designed to break it down for easy digestion and then allow each user to choose whether or not they want to follow it up with a deeper search.
One it makes the video quicker to produce since you don't have to spend time editing in a long list of (to most people) overly complicated content that mostly ends up being ignored. Two it keeps the video light and informative without running the risk of causing a vast majority of the audience to switch off, which then defeats the point you initially set out to achieve. RUclips is an entertainment platform and not everyone finds pages of formulae and calculations entertaining. You can always look up the maths for yourself if that's what you really want to do and linked sources would make that easier.
@@AMorphicTool i agree with your idea. This would really be very helpful for those who wish to study in depth. For us laymen, this very video is kind of enough to satisfy the hunger. Though I do love a little bit of formula showing in these videos. Like he does.
Truly great job
Everytime I think I have a decent understanding of cosmology you guys release an episode that gives me a hundred more questions
I agree, and that's my favorite part: the sense of wonder that these videos can inspire. Even when all else feels mundane or overwhelming, I can find a comfortable distraction in wondering about the universe's enigmas.
@@annaliseoconner9266 Exactly. Curiosity is the cure to boredom. There is no cure for curiosity.
@@Woffenhorst satisfaction is the cure
The universe was once a 8 sided octagonal crystalline ‘jelly’ with 10 vectors: 2 of which were 180 degrees, or opposite, of each other in opposite 90 degree planes; These opposite poles connected through the structure with one ‘like’ North and South Pole and eight ‘like’ Cardinal poles each representing a direction in 45 degree sections. This structure collapsed (or alternatively, imploded onto itself) at a single point at its midpoint between the North and South poles by first expanding into a round-ended cylindrical rigid octagonal crystalline structure, stabilizing: then through its diameter; collided, rebounded through itself, not quite becoming fully stable, rebounding again, becoming stable as a 𝚂𝚙𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 before exploding, projecting its ‘crystalline jelly’ matter infinitely into one barrel rolled sheet.
Twas’ Beautiful those many years ago..
Clearly a metaphorical reference - but could we have a frame of comparison?
8:45 - Turn on English Captions. PLEASE! xD
Haha technically correct
Fuck to ate (fluctuate) LMAO
They changed it. Just like when kids got into their parents medicine cabinets...
@@hanc99, thanks i couldnt figure out what he was talking about, so at least there's one thing here i understand :O
Bravo. Aristotle would be proud and astonished at the progress made since his first volumes of physics were compiled.
I wonder if he could even comprehend it. At least comprehend it much better than myself. He was really smart overall, but wasn't a super strong mathematician. Archimedes of Sicily would probably be fine. He was an incredibly brilliant mathematician. Both would be highly impressed though.
Every single time I watch one of these videos my mind gets blown, I start having an existential crisis’ and become extremely philosophical questioning everything but not in a bad way. It makes my day to day ‘problems’ seem meaningless. When it all gets down to it in the end we are the universe experiencing it self and becoming self aware. That for me is the beauty of life and why we should cherish each day. Every single atom/particle all started at the same point on a journey that eventually lead to each life on this planet, each planet in a solar system, each solar system in a galaxy and each galaxy in the known universe... Truly the stuff of poetry.
I'd suggest you see your local Zen master...
Beautifully put. Your words made my day better.
Tiny creatures
Living on a tiny rock flying through space
Being able to see only a small portion of the universe
And yet we are able to see what is there thousands of light years away, create accurate models and understand how the entire universe formed
This is the true power of
*T H I N C C*
Thousands? We can see billions of lightyears away.
And yet, despite our smarts, we continue to only destroy.
@Einstein Alberto r/unexpectedoffice
@@slateoffate9812 I don't destroy. I think that most people don't. To cast blame on all of us is a way of excusing the behavior of the few who behave badly.
Not to argue, but we don't understand.
We're still guessing (hence the repeated term "hypothetical").
Hey random person scrolling down the comments..
Have a wonderful day :)
no you!
'Koff
But it's night time :c
Aww thanks
GuelphRacing no...
I do hope that that "another time" for magnetic monopoles isn't too far into the future. I'm quite fascinated by the concept, but just can't wrap my mind around envisioning them. They're just _so_ foreign. I'd love to hear your explanation and walk-through of them.
For everyone who's confused: I've been watching these videos diligently for years and they do a great job of scaffolding to get you to the point where you can actually understand this level of cosmology. Go back and rewatch each one as many times as you need, you'll get there!
It helps to watch with a friend and try to explain what you understood from each video in your own words.
LOVE to the SPACETIME crew! Thanks for making physics accessible to the rest of us!
This episode was just "But that'll have to wait for another episode" - The Episode
Yeah but to be fair its easier for him to explain it through multi videos and for us to absorb it as well
Summation Acheived.
Victory!
It felt like the beginning of a course. Here are the prerequisites. Here is a summary of where we are going. I'm looking forward to the journey.
@@gamerzone55 it's*
@@ezekielbrockmann114 Achieved*
I always hit the "like" button first before watching your videos because I know I'm going to love it. Thanks for the best technical lectures ever!
You are my favourite thing to fall asleep to... I put on old videos and crash out to them. You should have a bedtime channel because you have a warm, comfortable voice mate. X
Absolutely fantastic visualizations of quantum fields! It really helped me develop an intuitive sense for what was happening.
I'm still unsure how we talk about "time" in the early universe and I often feel like this gets brushed aside in these kinds of descriptions. We say that certain things happened at certain points in time, but since time is inextricably linked to space, then surely the "amount of time" that the universe experienced inflation can't be so trivially described? Doesn't the expansion of space itself influence the description of time in that space? If so, then perhaps it's relatively inconsequential under Hubble expansion, but surely under inflation the effect must be noticeable. Or am I thinking about this all wrong?
movement through space affects the time experienced, expansion of space itself does not.
TheShampooDude
Yes of course, increased gravity also leads to time dilation, you are absolutely right, BUT this is an effect relative to another frame of reference. This means that you yourself don't experience time being any differently if you close in on a black hole, because there is no absolute time (actually there is no time at all, but only spacetime). It just means that observers in different frames of references experience time differently. When these different frames of references are compared, differences arise and become visible (twin paradox etc), but if not, you will never feel "oh passing of time has slowed down" you may rationally understand this effect, but you'll not be able to experience/feel it, but only in comparison to a different frame of reference. If you move closer to a black hole, you don't feel time slowing down. Everything seems like before (as long as not stuff like spaghettification etc sets in), only if you compare it to another frame of reference it becomes obvious that time progressed slower in one frame than the other, but people in both frames of references do not experience this as slowed down or sped up passing of time.
As the universe is "everything", any time dilation effect doesn't really matter at all, because there is no other frame of reference you could compare it to. Time dilation is not an absolute effect (because ther is not absolute time), it's an effect relative to other frames of reference (just like Lorenz length contraction)
@@frankschneider6156 But isn't it conjectured that inflation didn't end "evenly"? As in, different parts stopped inflating at different times? Those times are described as only "moments" apart from each other, but from the frame of reference of one part of the universe that is still inflating, another part that has now stopped is experiencing time quite differently (I'm assuming significant differences in gravitational effects as well due to differences in mass per unit of space).
Just to be clear, neurochemistry is far more my thing than this level of physics, so go easy on me if I'm talking complete nonsense here... I want to learn!
Dale Bewan
Yes there is this CONJECTURE, which doesn't mean it's true, it just means that somebody thinks or thought this might be the case, which might be the true or not.
I'm absolutely not an expert on this, so be warned, but my understanding is, that this goes into the multiverse direction. Our observable universe is the only universe that we can and will ever be able to observe. Whatever happens or happened in other parts is completely irrelevant to us, because these parts are completely disjunct from our (observable) universe and we'll never know or be able to perform comparisons, so we'll never see any differences because we can't compare. Factually our observable universe is the only universe that will ever exist for us, although there is likely to be a lot more.
BTW, I did my master thesis in neuroscience, so I know what you mean, but I feel limiting oneself to just one small part of natural sciences limits ones understanding of nature. Imho today most significant (thus not incremental) progress in science is made by connecting formerly completely unrelated parts of different natural sciences. so it imho makes sense to not completely focus, and thus not only learn in depth but also in width. Just my 2 cents.
Frank Schneider Thanks, and I am totally with you on the sciences. I consider myself an aspiring polymath in everything I do. I really just wanted to make it clear that I am honestly asking questions, not trying to argue some perspective that I hold.
I would love to be able to fully understand all these hypotheses
Been studying physics for the past 6 years
this video... damn
I have BS in Physics. I feel like I've learned more about QED and Cosmology from these videos than in school.
Same. I have not found this information information on this topic anywhere else on the internet delivered in this way.
His confidence in this presentation gives me the impression that this is bleeding edge or only recently revealed or accepted.
Hard Work1994 Maybe undergrads but in graduate and doctorate level most people start researching and contributing so I doubt it but if you have the knowledge, why don’t you get the credentials?
Hard Work1994 Someone wrote a paper on this and I agree with you because I want to study many disciplines but can’t keep coming back to college to keep studying. It’s the way our society is just formed. A lot of it is for gatekeeping and some form of eugenics. You can study under someone so you can get “necessary credentials” to practice. I wish you good luck.
Shiny Shoes please link me this paper
I would be happy if this series continued forever. I've asked myself questions about this stuff for over a decade, unable to find answers, and now here they are, plain as day.
Sucks that we will never know all the answers though. But, then again, would the Cosmos be as profound if we had all the answers? I think not.
A couple of questions: can the local minimum in the vacuum energy state give rise to favorable decay of few types of fundamental particles over others? And if so can that somehow explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry? My second question is, if the lowest vacuum energy bubbles coalesced, wouldn't that affect the CMB homogeneity? Big fan of the show.
The local minimum is probably a factor but not a cause. Possibly some good evidence of coalescence in the CMB observed. Great questions z
@@burleighsurfography2241 Thank you.
Dang, good question. I've heard this question worded differently before in relation to the ground state of the higgs field: in which the particles exhibit different properties due to the change in their interaction with said field.
Sad to say that's all I got. :/
You guys never had sex before, right?
@@Ringleader17 Thank you. I was just wondering if a meta-stable state would behave similar to least energy vacuum state. So your Higgs field analogy works well.
How large was the observable universe when inflation ended ?
I think that what is now "our" observable universe was than packed into ball several milion light years in diameter.
Well who said that inflation ended ? Universe is still expanding ...
Out of all the science channels I understand nothing about, this is my favorite.
Really enjoy these topics, the early universe is such an interesting topic
wow i did not catch any of that 😑
@wzrubicon 1 I feel like you might be conflating theory and fact a bit (at least with how the terms are used in the scientific realm) because scientific theories are probably better described as frameworks of relations and interactions between very real individual observations (aka what I would say is more commonly understood as a "facts"). In other words, you can _only_ really have theories about such interactions considering there is no way to perceive an "objective" worldview of such causal relationships, only increasingly more consistent and explanatory models based on new observations and alternate hypothesis.
Wait, the universe was "reheated"? Is that how we got the microwave background radiation? The universe 'Microwaved' itself because it was hungry for left overs? lol
The Universe is a Hot Pocket confirmed.
Squirrel!
Well it didn't microwave itself, it released energy in all forms of the EM scale much like stars do. But since it was so long ago and the universe is still expanding those EM transmissions are no more than microwaves by the time we now exist in and it will continue to red-shift as time passes.
That was from a cooling where the forces became such that those particles where "let go" for the first time. A long exposure snap shot of sorts.
@@koenvandamme6901
Alabama Hot Pocket!
What a legend, Alan Guth, his concept of the inflaton field is definitely onto something bigger. I got a serene feeling as he explained the re-thermalisation of the early universe. It makes so much sense, the decay of virtual inflaton particles to actual particle converting the potential energy to tangible forms and possibly leading to phase transforms in the inflaton field. Yes I have already watched the sequel video, but the fact that phase transforms can occur in the potential energy of field strengths is so cool, especially when everything heats up again ;) I guess the physical constants in nature would have been absolutely scewed at that initial point of the high energy inflaton field
Love the enthusiasm he has for science!
Nice video. Alan H. Guth taught me that way many years ago, I feel old now...
Fascinating episode!!! Thanks to everyone at PBS-Spacetime for continuing to put together this fantastic content.
What if the universe always existed? The idea that it was created out of literally nothing is just absurd.
This is how everything ought to be taught in US schools. This whole channel is like this, allowing for some assumptions of prior knowledge that are pretty understandable given the subject matter. No "skip to the current conclusion, this is how it is and that's what I want you to put on the test along with the names of these people who actually got to feel like they learned things", just an enjoyable buildup of concepts, and historical background into significant points in reaching our current understanding of the universe.
And I know, there are often problems that run even deeper than the subject matter in public primary/secondary schools that contribute to the unfortunately degraded form of education, like funding. We really should take education more seriously, and try to elect like-minded people on the subject, because uninspiring education isn't good education for a lot of people.
Perfect timing. I always listen to your videos while falling asleep
oh dear god no, i was about to go running
Ditto! Sits down with sandwhich instead
if you had run quickly enough, you could've still returned in time to frist psot
{Delete this}
Unfortunately many people can and do (with stunning efficiency)
perhaps the great void is where the next universe will spawn
waiting to respawn... (10^1500 years)
I think the video answered the question "what caused. Inflation" and not "what caused the big bang"
Roger Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan put forth an idea that solves all the holes in the current inflationary theories called conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC).No breaking current physical laws, no temporary or temporal distortions just what happens from one end of mass death (when matter turns all into photons 10^100+ years) into the current fresh universe.
No breaking current physical laws except information conservation, which you need to use to do any quantum physics at all.
@@vampyricon7026 How does it break conservation of information?
@@cmdr.shepard It relies on Hawking radiation carrying no information of what fell in.
As far as I understand it, CCC allows bosons to survive passing through a horizon at conformal infinity, but not fermions. This means fermions need to irreversibly convert into bosons when passing through the event horizon of a black hole. I'm not sure if there's a way to conserve information in that scenario. It certainly doesn't agree with the holographic principle, which is the generally accepted solution to the black hole information paradox.
“You are a tiny part of the universe, experiencing itself.”
Is that a Carl Sagan quote?
Martiddy - Sama Alan Watts I think 🤔 💭👍🏻
eloquently put :)
diccus piccus Thank you 😉
No because your soul is you
We'll eventually discover that we're inside a snow globe on the shelf of a gift shop.
Never mind, it all depends on if dark energy decays. If it does decay after a trillion years or so, the universe could re-collapse however there's no evidence that shows dark energy can vary over time. So far it seems to have a constant value which means the most probable scenario is the heat death in which the universe continues to expand and coast, even long after stars blink out and black holes evaporate. For that reason, I don't think our universe is a cyclical one. There's still the homogeneity problem which still eludes astrophysicists and cosmologists. We may never have an answer as to why the universe looks the same everywhere and why it's so smooth on the largest of scales.
Fantastic. Easily some of my favorite media of any kind. Thanks for making it great; it's obvious that a lot of effort goes into every video.
A Daddy universe and a Mommy universe, who loved each other very much, got together and, in an intimate, loving, and tender moment, created a big bang, creating our universe.
Another perspective is that before mass, everything was light and moved accordingly. Formation of massive particles slowed expansion and led to the formation of other massive particles. This aglomeration of matter created the first super stars, resulting in the first supermassive black holes. As an analogy, virtual particles can become ever more complex interactions as long as spin and energy are conserved, with more complex interactions giving that virtual particle a longer existence before it collapses. Meaning that a virtual interaction large enough to create mass in a purely energetic universe would create spacetime where none existed, and that gravity would invite more mass leading to even longer existence.
If I'm not mistaken, when the inflaton field got stuck in its local energy minimum, some inflatons, and therefore some bubble universes, should have been produced, right?
This channel is so damn interesting but nearly every video goes over my head.
Ix Suomi these do NOT look like college kids
@Ix Suomi A "theory" in science doesn't have the same definition as we use it in daily life. A theory is a well stablished hypothesis, with a mathematics background. For example the "relativity theory" is not just some explanations about the world without a prove. You should not mistake "theory" with "hypothesis".
Its science fiction. Enjoy the ride.
Play it at half speed. Give your brain a bigger chance to keep up.
LGX
That's very likely because you are just missing some basics. Just watch an episode and when you come to a point where you don't understand something, google it until you understand it, then continue and so on. Do this for enough episodes and you'll at some time have pimped your general understanding of basic physics to such a point were all of this makes perfect sense and you understand it.
the best thing u like about this chanel is they choose precision over simplicity
True true
What are magnetic monopoles? Would help to have fuller description of magnetic monopoles
My personal theory: At the end when there’s only black holes left the last black hole explodes with immense energy. If the black hole was so immensely huge (and it ate the other black holes which is unlikely)it would explode(because of Hawking radiation), causing a new big bang. A slightly depressing side is that the black hole does not eat all the other black holes and each universe loses mass slowly and even if it does it can’t eat everything so it still might lose mass. But still we have billions of trillions of years before the end of the universe comes near anyway.
Hope you guys eventually cover the eternal inflation theory. Love this stuff.
Haha, I guess I should watch till the end before commenting.
Booga300 lmao, I do the same sometimes. Then I just end up deleting my comment 😂
Anything with the word "eternal" in it is worth covering.
"regular expansion in this story seems like a bit of a stretch"
😏👉
I'm applying this knowledge to my sociologocal theories... At 3 am
Thanks Matt. Another great episode! This channel has changed my life.
when matt said " that's a homework for you " i instantly think about mathologer
"A theory that predicts everything predicts nothing." - Paul Steinhardt, on multiverse, a former inflation developer
A theory they predicts LITERALLY everything you mean. This is the problem with string theory, depending on the settings you give it it will give you any answer possible. One of which might be correct for us, but finding it among the possibilities is nigh impossible.
Hence the lack of predictions.
@@Mernom String theory is actually better than multiverse. It doesn't predict everything (multiverse), as of recently it can simply have 10^500 possible configurations.
@@cmdr.shepard still too much, with no way to confirm.
@@cmdr.shepard Multiverse does not predict everything. It is a common misconception that an infinite number of things contain everything. That is false and easy to prove. There are infinite odd numbers but not a single one of them is even. There are infinite number of primes and non of them is divisible by 6. Infinite is not equal to everything. It is possible to have infinite number universes but non of them allow magic to exist.
@@Mernom While I agree, 10^500 is hardly better than infinity in any practical sense, and I'm agnostic myself on string theory... it is making headway.
There have been real world predictions made based on string theory variants. I don't pretend to be able to follow the actual math(s) but ironically, the same AdS/CFT models that can be used to describe black holes without mathematical singularities has been used to model condensed matter experiments yielding predictions that were impossible without the framework of string theory.
You tricked me. I thought this was a Big Bang episode turned into a vacuum decay episode.
Thanks for the video, awesome as always. I just only have issue with the background music/tone theme which I find it distracting (and a bit annoying) specially when I listen to the clip in a quiet zone.
Don't always agree with the scientists assumptions, but your explanations are excellent
Shut the fuck up.
Background ambient music is a bit intrusive, but I'm supremely happy to see this episode made!
I'm stoned and that animation at 1:35 rocked my world
You said that every bubble would continue expanding with a constant speed equal to the speed with witch space expanded when it was formed. But then two bubbles would never be able to collide since the outward space is still expanding exponentially.
Incredible episode. I feel I grasp this idea far far better than I ever have before. Many thanks for the continued excellent standard of content.
I watched this while high and I feel like I understood everything he said this time.
I know that feel.
We'll all be impressed if you can still feel the same while low.
Maybe drugs make you think you understand things that you dont....?...
Now that I understand cosmic inflation, I am ready to propose a new theory of everything.
Amazing. Can't wait for the future episodes.
Wait, so multiple universes come out of the same inflation field?
Somehow this completely overturns my concept of the early universe which was already complete nonsense to begin with.
Yep, I don't get it. I'm just sitting here slack-jawed. Thanks for trying anyway.
New variations on the inflation include multiple bubbles due to separate regions ending inflation at random times, while surrounding it keep going. Any separate region will randomly end inflation and create its own bubble universe. Remember these are just theories with no evidence. They are metaphysics at best. Unless evidence can be found for them, they are just ideas.
That's it!
You heard it here first, folks!
The geometry of the universe is FLAT!
Actually, I heard it first in a quantum fields introduction video.
@@kylelochlann5053 No.
My Universe is how I like my Women. Curved!
@@StumpyDaPaladin My universe is how I don't like my women - cold and incomprehensible
If the Universe is flat, how come earth isn't ? ^^
The big bang was caused by low paper prices and high book prices. Book makers started giving cash incentives to anyone that might sell some books. So they made up the big bang theory and published the heck out of it
So, when the inflaton field drops from its high value in the inflationary period to its low value ending inflaton, can it drop down to nearly zero instead of zero and then explain dark energy? Or do the inflaton field and dark energy have to be two different mechanisms for some reason?
It's like i'm waiting for the next episode, to discover reality...
Really makes ya put faith in solipsism, huh?
easy u want to discover reality??? give away all ur posessions expensive and non expensive then you will discover reality u dumb fuck
@@Pllayer064 no u dumb piece of shit
I've never heard a more... explanatory... explanation of the big bang and inflation. Suddenly I feel like I kinda get it. A lot more than I did before.
This was excellent and very, very deep
Which of the 100's of theories of inflation do you believe is correct?
If an observer is positioned between black holes, space would be warped away from the observer.
This would APPEAR as an expansion.
So the universe could be static but appear to be expanding into the collapse of the black hole.
My postulate is that mass doesnt cause gravity (warped space) but that warped space accelerates to significant percentages of SOL resulting in time dilation and space contraction, or, the manifestation of "particles". I.e. gravity causes mass.
Therefore "particles" are actually the area of a collapsing field that, relative to the observer, are moving closer to SOL than the other part of the field.
This means the universe doesnt need a beginning, the big bang never happened and the "expansion" is simply an observation of the collapse.
Wouldn't it just be like having 2 Alqubierre warp fields pointing in the opposite directions? Space is created from the middle and destroyed at the black holes, causing no actual expansion of the distance between the holes.
@@Woffenhorst I'm not sure what an Alqubierre warp field is, but essentially you seem to understand the concept I'm trying to explain.
Gravity does not cause mass. The Highs field does. Mass causes gravity.
Explain the CMB.
And you don't make sense.
The more you learn, the more insurmountable the infinite pile of stuff that you don't ever have time or chance to learn, becomes.
Love this channel!
Can you do an episode about Saturn's rings please?
An idea for possible future episodes: It would be cool to learn about some historical theories that have been debunked or abandoned, and why. For example,
Tachyon particles
Aether theories
Various Planet X theories, etc.
Actually I think the universe is shrinking from the center. From our perspective it looks like it is expanding.
Title of this episode is completely wrong.
It should of been "what caused Cosmic inflation".
Nevertheless episode was great but I feel like I pressed clickbait.
The first sentence have your comment is correct.
same thoughts but they had to.....so more clicks from people that haven't heard of inflation in the big bang
in layman's knowledge/terms cosmic inflation and the big bang are interchangeable so nothing wrong with the title.
Is it just me, is that background music insanely distracting?
Personally didn't notice there was music until your comment, but I am not using headphones
Try fiddling with your sound options. Maybe it is prioritizing bass and automatically adjusting the rest to fit
Its just you
Not just you, horribly distracting
To me, it sounded inconsistent, so when I could hear it, it was even more distracting.
Why assume that the universe wasn't uniform before inflation? If the universe was extremely hot and teeming with energy after the big bang, that hot state should have been enough to produce uniformity -- so why do we need inflation to homogenize the universe? Also, for inflation to produce a uniform universe, inflation would have to occur everywhere simultaneously. Otherwise, there would have been unevenness. How could inflation happen everywhere simultaneously? If it could happen everywhere simultaneously, then it seems like the universe must have been already uniform. How does inflation cause the expansion of space? I've never heard answers to these questions.
It's because we are on a surface of something similar to a black hole. That is why we see flat geometry. More distant objects seem to move away from us faster than close ones. Our black holes are just ripping in this surface that opens up the canal leading inside the object.
Stewie, when he overloaded his time travel return pad.
hahah EPIC!!!
Dan, his face laughing
Is it possible then, that dark energy is actually inflaton field that hasn't reach global minima?
Maybe it just jumped from one local minimum to another.
The evolving Pareto frontier that is the solution we seek to all of this, nature lets call it, has tricked us, we hunt for an optimal solution using time as a free variable, time is relative and only useful at boundary conditions, with time you never reach a global minimum or max. Everything is dialed into a local max or min, scale is a human postulate.
@@OpticalAntenna you are correct in some sense. After all, for energy, we can chose any point to be the zero. But still, we can make a meaningful measurement of observable, given the right methods and reasonable uncertainty
@@tabularasa0606 it could be. That's why I ask
@@hafizajiaziz8773 That is "The Big Rip" end of the universe scenario. Dark energy will change into a phantom force that will rip the universe apart.
Surfing through PBS space time videos , watching different playlists multiple times ( I watched some videos more than 10 times at this point ) I truly feel like I'm taking an astrophysics course
For me, one of Guth's biggest contributions was his lay book ( _The Inflationary Universe_ ) explaining inflation and how he developed it.
Remember, there is still beauty in humanity. Don't let them take your soul.
A poem, by Les Murray
Everything except language
knows the meaning of existence.
Trees, planets, rivers, time
know nothing else. They express it moment
by moment as the universe.
Even this fool of a body
lives it in part, and would
have full dignity within it
but for the ignorant freedom
of my talking mind.
thank you. that poem will be my Moto
This is an awesome episode! It helped me understand the nature of the Higgs field as well. Great job!
Love the mind blowing info. Thank you!
Having an "uncertainty" implies that an inflation change didn't happen everywhere at once. I wonder if that's accounted for in the maths, and if it'd be possible to distinguish a more global / "it's all spacetime" effect from a "this part of the galaxy inflated first".