How Quinine Fights Malaria, and How That Caused* World War One
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- Опубликовано: 9 авг 2022
- Can a medicine cause a war? When chemists isolated a new compound from the bark of a South American tree, they had no idea they were changing world history, and cocktails, forever.
If we look at how the bark of the cinchona tree is used to treat malaria, we can see cutting edge chemistry showing quinine binding to an enzyme that is essential for the malaria parasite’s survival. But if we look from another angle, we can see how that coincidental affinity may have been a major contributing factor to World War One.
#malaria #medicinalchemistry #history
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Credits:
Executive Producers:
Matthew Radcliff
Producers:
Elaine Seward
Andrew Sobey
Darren Weaver
Writer/Host:
Sophia Roberts
Scientific Consultants:
Selasi Dankwa, PhD
Leila Duman, PhD
Brianne Raccor, PhD
James Webb, PhD
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Reactions is a production of the American Chemical Society.
© 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Sources and more information:
Identifying purine nucleoside phosphorylase as the target of quinine using cellular thermal shift assay
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602...
Monitoring Drug Target Engagement in Cells and Tissues Using the Cellular Thermal Shift Assay
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/s...
The cellular thermal shift assay for evaluating drug target interactions in cells
www.nature.com/articles/nprot...
Population genetic analysis of the DARC locus (Duffy) reveals adaptation from standing variation associated with malaria resistance in humans
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria associated with DARC (Duffy antigen) polymorphisms is influenced by the time of exposure to malaria
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase is critical for viability of malaria parasites
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18957...
Types of Malaria Parasites
stanfordhealthcare.org/medica...
Historical Review: Problematic Malaria Prophylaxis with Quinine
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Mortality among European settlers in pre-colonial West Africa: The “White Man’s Grave” revisited
gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/49666
Malaria’s Impact Worldwide
www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_w...
Portrait of a serial killer
www.nature.com/articles/news0...
Antimalarial Drug Discovery: From Quinine to the Dream of Eradication
pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ml40...
Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Quinine's Target
www.science.org/content/blog-...
Quinine fever
www.nature.com/articles/s4155...
Hemoglobin degradation in malaria-infected erythrocytes determined from live cell magnetophoresis
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Dramatic evolution within human genome may have been caused by malaria parasite
www.science.org/content/artic...
German Empire
www.britannica.com/place/Germ...
Berlin 1884: Remembering the conference that divided Africa
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I’m loving these ridiculous titles, history and chemistry, and then a pretty funny conclusion with a realistic answer to the first question haha! Also a very charismatic host!
This was great! Mixing history, biology, and chemistry here is a terrific way to teach all three in a way that is memorable and easy to understand.
Glad you enjoyed it!
Brilliant episode! The host is very charismatic :)
Agreed. I would even say her enthusiasm is contagious!!! And I second what someone else said about more videos like this that show how chemistry had an effect on history while still explaining the chemistry itself. It feels like it has a more robust context to me when framed in this way.
You can see the selective pressure that malaria puts on human evolution in this map, showing the frequency of the FY*O allele, which protects against P. vivax infection. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5365118/figure/pgen.1006560.g001/
Well, the Arch Duke was just a short term trigger, the actual reasons would probably be: The rise of massive, paranoid, and unstable power blocs, that had rapidly expanded for a slew of reasons, and the subsequent fallout as diplomacy collapsed and numerous treaties produced a domino effect leading in to the war... if memory serves at least. (The details of all the relationships get complicated.)
I guess Quinine was just one resource of many that the imperial powers pillaged. Just one little albeit useful chunk of the overall colonies, power vacuums, and resources, the bloated and destructive empires were greedily bickering over.
It really is complicated. The easy answer is the assignation of Ferdinand but I don't think anyone who really enjoys history could ever say it was only that. He was just a pretext to mobilize militaries. It really was a conflict that was simmering for decades over whose flag belongs where and the resources that came from that. Wealth, royal status, and industrialization were completely interwoven by then and they would have just found another scapegoat or excuse to start the war. The simmering pot that was about to boil over had so many ingredients that saying one bullet, from one man, was the only cause is just ignorance in my opinion. History is a very nuanced, interconnected web and that is why I love it!!!
Quinine is similar to the machine gun in that it was a technology that enabled imperialistic power and thus lead to WWI.
Great video; I will definitely draw from it from when I cover protozoans. I don't know the process behind deciding what content gets produced, but I really enjoyed the historical aspect of the video and hope you continue with it. Reminded me of the British series "Connections" and how much more interested my students are in the Haber-Bosch process when I bring in its history and consequences.
What brilliant science communication of an interesting topic.
Really enjoyed the history tie in this episode 😁
Bloody brilliant. You get a LIKE, lass
This was absolutely fascinating!!! Even though parts of the chemistry were over my head. Thank you thank you and more from this host!
amazing presentation didn't understand all of it but it was fascinating and thought provoking
Really amazing information. Thank you
This is wonderful. Thank you.
excellent video
Really liked how you approached and covered this. 👍🏻
Glad you liked it!
So interesting I liked it twice.
Quinine was one of the best things to ever happen to the human species. I think when Adam and Eve got kicked out of the garden God must’ve given them the cinchona tree as a consolation prize .
The most common treatment nowadays is artemisin, which is also from a tradicional medicine plant (traditional chinese medicine in this case). Discovered by lady Tu Youyou in the 70s and nobel prize in 2015.
so much science!
You're a wonderful speaker, i must say... May, from South Africa... 😉
Very cool
This host is quite lovely.
Because of Quinine , we have synthetic dyes.
Leaders **still** need to know that imperialism is a horrible way to run foreign relations.
You mention that malaria need to acquire purines from their host. How would malaria be affected by HIV medications like DDI (Didanosine) or even a pyridine like structure such as azt (azidothymidine)？ Would DNA Polymerase in the parasite be effective enough to catch it in DNA replication like it often can in human cells?
Love these videos. You should do one on decarbolization for CBD and TCH.
Wow 🤯
So if natural quinine is so effective and easy to obtain, why synthesise a chemical compound to mimic its effects? A money grab for the pharmaceutical companies perhaps?
Well no it's just to make it cheaper to produce, the Cinchona tree that produces quinine only grows under specific conditions that aren't found everywhere. Also synthetic compounds can often be more effective or have other benefits like less side effects or being easier to store and transport.
@@hedgehog3180 Quinine infused tonic water,same as they use in Malaria hotspots is still available at my supermarket for $1.40 a bottle.
Can anyone with American English as a first language explain why "qui" should be pronounced "kwai"?
just like "quite"
Q sounds like Cue, Kue, QUININE / KUI KUININE KUI KWAI CUI
so much nonsense
I don't trust any of these shots
These "Reactions" videos are so good. 🖤👨🔬🧪🧑🔬⚗️👩🔬