The Recent Megaeruption in Indonesia; Mount Batur
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- Опубликовано: 8 июл 2024
- The Mount Batur volcano in Indonesia produced one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the entire regions of southeast Asia in the last 1 million years. This eruption caused a 3,800 meter tall volcano to almost completely collapse, covering the vicinity in more than 120 meters or 390 feet thick of ash. A mere 10,000 years after this eruption occurred, a second caldera collapse was generated due to the volcano's volatile rich magma chamber. So, how long ago did these two massive eruptions occur? This video will answer this question and discuss the caldera forming eruptions.
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Graphics of eruption dates are courtesy of the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institute. volcano.si.edu/
Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google
0:00 Rinjani's Caldera Forming Eruption
0:48 2 Calderas at Mount Batur
1:24 Geologic Setting
2:49 Mount Batur Geologic History
3:23 2 Massive Eruptions
4:21 Conclusion
Thumbnail Photo Credit: Tytgat, G.C., AVO/UAF-GI
Citations:
[1] Ignimbrite Analyses of Batur Caldera, Bali, based on 14C Dating, I. SutawIdjaja
[2] Timing, magnitude and geochemistry of major Southeast Asian volcanic eruptions: identifying tephrochronologic markers, C. Maisonneuve & others
[3] Structure and Dynamics of a Silicic Magmatic System Associated with Caldera-Forming Eruptions at Batur Volcanic Field, Bali, Indonesia, O. Reubi & others
[4] Mount Batur Calderas as a Sacred Landscape in Bali, A. Arif
Several of my viewers have requested that I cover this volcano, so here it is! It is a fascinating system with many parallels to Rinjani (which collapsed during a VEI 7 eruption in 1257)
So Rinjani affected climate change like and more than Tambora .
a few correction about Mount Rinjani, the 1257 Rinjani eruption can be also called "1257 Samalas eruption" because the approx. of quarter of main volcano was destroyed in main eruption, leaving giant caldera in middle, thus the mount Rinjani itself today is small cone inside caldera (also known as Mount Barujari), local people said the name of mount Rinjani doesn't exist until 1257 eruption begin & they named mount Samalas instead #cmiiw
Thanks. I already noticed these 2 large calderas on sattellite view . And the there is also mount Agung, another massive volcano on Bali.
Are there any volcanic mountains anywhere near Wisconsin, in the United States?
Great info, spend time in Bali and the northern skyline is awesome with Agung, Batur and Bratan poking through the morning cloud and haze.
Batur caldera is very accessible and impressive, nice to know more of its history.
It's quite fascinating to find out that eruptions as large as VEI-7 are not only possible but have occurred from volcanoes that are mostly basaltic. Science truly does surprise you.
I live an hour away by car from Batur. It's truly an awesome sight.
I've been to Ijen, been to Raung in the same complex as Ijen, been to Bratan, been to Batur, been to Rinjani, been to Tambora. 😎
The question is when Agung is going to blow its top just like its neighbors. 🤔 When it does, I'll be toast.
It's 'BAH-toor', stress on the first syllable, and 'EE-jen' btw.
Mt. Abang- what a perfect name for a volcano!
Whoever you are that's doing the narration, keep at it!!! Your videos are amazing with all the graphics, pics and footage! They're to-the-point, informative, and without all the drama and excitement. It goes to show, you don't need to yell, fingerpoint, belittle, or add bells n whistles to get a point across! So keep on keepin-on!
🙏❤🤗🤗🤗
Looks in line with Tambora too, that area is fascinating, so much geology happening there
There is a professor in Oregon that has done a series of lectures on the volcanic system that created Cascade mountain range he's pretty interesting I don't know if you've seen him. A series that explains the system of volcanoes in Indonesia in that part of the Ring of fire, would be very interesting. You could even include the uplift that caused the tsunami that did so much damage in the last 20 years.
Nick Zentner, he really makes awesome talks and is very exciting to listen to
Nick Zetner is from Washington and doesn’t do that many lectures on volcanic history of Oregon. He almost always does Washington. In a lot of his lectures people will ask him about Oregon volcanos and he usually responds with, “I don’t know much about Oregons volcanic history.”
ruclips.net/user/GeologyNick The evening lecture series from about 8 years ago is fun viewing. He has done some Oregon stuff recently where I think it stands out in contrast to that in Washington, such as the Obsidian flows from Paulina and Newberry craters, which is the one hike where you do want to keep your footing. ;-) I think that pretty much everythng that can happen geologically has happened in the Pac NW.
@@mattcauthers1758 Nick On The Rocks. Produced for PBS TV stations across the Pacific Northwest, these 5 minute videos are geologic appetizers that air regularly in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
ruclips.net/video/PeHHVhzl-NU/видео.html
I wish that more people were aware of the threats that VEI 7 eruptions (and even VEI 6 and higher-end VEI 5 ones) pose to not just the areas around the eruptions but to the whole entire world. Wars and pandemics do happen more often in the course of human history, but that doesn't mean that big volcanic eruptions should be disregarded at all!
Very large eruptions can trigger wars and pandemics by causing famine and migrations.
Samalas in 1257 roughly coincides with 1) the Maori reaching New Zealand, and 2) the Aztecs moving south into Mexico. Also this is around the same time the Zulu migrated into South Africa. There was a very severe drought in the Southwest USA around 1300, there are a lot of abandoned settlements.
I assume every one of these eruptions would have caused something like a year without a summer that our ancient ancestors were affected by even on the other side of the planet. So interesting what our ancestors survived. And how people kept populating the islands over and over repeatedly building towns that would later be destroyed in eruptions for thousands of years.
They were quite resilient
Hunter-gatherers were much more resourceful and adaptable than most people these days. We're talking about the kind of people who had to sleep on leaves and were able to kill large apex predators without firearms. They may not have had our comforts and access to mass education, but our ancestors were badasses in other ways.
Many people today don’t even know how to cook food that they can buy from a grocery store.
I believe the the mid 13th Century became one of the bleakest times for Europe and Asia. Black Death, Wars, and famine. I am sure that was caused by an Eruption. It will happen again.
@@neo-didact9285 1215 was not the Stone Age it was Medieval times. We had castles and peasants. However they to were quite resilient
Could you please go into depth about subduction. Considering how slowly two plates move relative to each other and with such a limited area of ACTUAL contact, how is so much frictional heat generated?
Water. Essentially the subducting plate sort of sweats lowering the melting point of the overlying rock creating volcanoes
The area of actual contact is actually quite large (the angle of subduction is shallow), and friction doesn't stop even in the mantle (it's rather viscous). But magma formation is not a simple process of friction-heating melting rock. It involves different types of liquid (including water, carried down in the subducting rock) and even gases, with different melting points and density. There is even a rare type of volcanism fuelled by a mantle plume not hotter than the surrounding mantle and rising up only due to buoyancy from the water carried down by a subducted plate (read up on the Changbaishan/Paektu volcano).
I think pressure has something to do with it.
@@Daneelro wow! thanks!
I would like to point out that the volcano that erupted in 1257 was called Mount Samalas not Rinjani.
To my knowledge Its the same volcano but the name comes from a different vent Rinjani is its current name for the modern summit but yeah the towering peak that formed a trap and eventually blew up was Samalas so it can be described as both with the right definitions
@@Dragrath1 I have watched the documentary from Nova called Killer Volcanoes as it's about this particular eruption in 1257 and the sacred text of Lombok specifically mentions Mount Samalas as the volcano that was erupting not Mount Rinjani which partially collapsed into the newly formed caldera of Samalas volcano
ruclips.net/video/rPJwT9OTjHs/видео.html this is the link to the documentary I have mentioned
@@Aerrowtheskyknight Samalas was part of what is now the Rinjani volcanic Complex
@@tidakadaide Yes sir, thank you sir..
Indonesia is really the most impressive and numerous volcanoes in the world they have plus a culture of philosophie to know to appreciate the present time like the masters napolitano
Can you please explain how approximate maximum height of prehistoric volcanoes is calculated? Curious about the process - not doubting the quoted figures. Thanks!
Look at what is left in the present day. Estimate the area. Determine the kind of rock; some rocks are more resistant to erosion and can stand higher when made. Radioactive dating of how old the rock is for the erosion to act on. From the surroundings, estimate how long the volcano was active. With this data it is a geophysics, geochemistry calculation. Use lots of volcanoes to refine the calculations.
Many years ago we were sailing Indonesia and when we where in Sumatra we met some geologists who had some siesmic meters in the islands Around the area and warned us of a huge movement in the plates and to be careful .. any way didn’t take much notice but seen huge disturbed seas off simule and Banda arch 2 weeks later we were in Malaysia and the Boxing Day tsunami happened these guys new what was about to unfold this is why follow this channel 👍
VEI-7 eruptions have been on a steady decline there use to be 4 VEI-7 eruptions every 1,000 years and then it declined to 3 every 1,000 years and now only 2 every 1,000 I had to geology professors that talked about this.
That's what we call a "dip in a graph."
Great point I wonder about that too. I think it is cyclical over many thousands of years. Just a guess. I know there's a lot of cool research in how the grand solar cycles possibly correlates with increased very large eruptions.... I fear America or Canada is in danger of a VeI 6+ eruption , I hope not cause that would be a true disaster in the modern area if it's like Clear lake volcano in California or mnt Shasta or even st Helen's
Another way to look at this on a global view is to see volcanoes as helping a cooling period.
This video has answered many long-standing questions about these very volcano's thanks so much
Topic suggestion: the formation of various crater lakes. One in particular is Guatemala's stunning Lake Atitlán.
Guatemala's Acatenango-Fuego-Santiaguito complex or the Tacaná|Tajumulco complex.
Tagaytay in the Philippines.
He already did Lake Atitlan. I think we should suggest Lake Amatitlan instead.
Excellent! The timing of your illustrative images is much better than in many previous ones, removing any confusion about what's being shown. And the "shown" label on another was also perfect.
It's fascinating how many of Indonesia's volcanoes seem to constitute a chain of calderas that formed in the manner you've described in this video. I wonder whether the processes underneath the string of volcanoes extending from Kyushu, Japan's Mt. Aso southwest to Taiwan, are similar, since there seems to be a chain of calderas along the subduction zone there as well. And I wonder why this is different from the volcanic arc further to the northeast that forms that backbone of northern Japan.
As always, thanks for your informative videos.
I think the coolest thing about the Rinjani-Samalas 1257 eruption is the fact that it's covered in the Babad Lombok, an ancient record of the history of the Island written on palm leaves that have somehow survived nearly 800 years. It describes violence of the eruption, the collapse of Samalas and the fact that then a huge section of Rinjani itself fell into the newly created caldera. It goes on to talk about the destruction of the Ancient Kingdom of Lombok and how it's capital city of Pamatan was buried beneath the ash - where it still lays yet to be discovered, not unlike Pompeii. It's just like something out of a myth, an ancient kingdom, buried by an long forgotten cataclysm, the story preserved and hidden though centuries until someone decided to look.
Geology Hub is the only RUclipsr i have notifications turned on for!
GeologyHub great video once again. Please do the neighbouring Blatan Caldera next
Your channel is so amazing, thank you so much 😇
Please keep your videos coming. Don‘t change anything. Thank you very much!
Thank you for sharing this video with us!
Interesting content!
God bless you, and us all!
Delicious knowledge, thank you
Cambridge University info page reckons Samalas Volcano in indonesia in 1257 = mega eruption = global climatic changes and the English food shortages of 1258. So 1257 was a very bad year for major volcanic eruptions?
Thank you was wondering about this
Yes, finally. I've been waiting for this vid for months lol.
I’m a big fan of this channel, but honestly with all the small talk, some of which I not sure I completely understand, we don’t know shit about what’s going to happen next, I appreciate your work and your so good it will work…! Thanks 💚🍀
So...with Batur...
it's right now... A Volcano, in a Volcano, that's in a Volcano...!
Correct! It’s essentially what Rinjani will look like 5,000 years from now. Quite a special volcano
I think Semeru Volcano would be the next big eruption because of it 3700 meter tall and would be higher until some point like Bromo, Batur, Rinjani, and Tambora
Nice! Can you do Mt. Kelud next?
Big magma chamber and vulcano with elevation from 4000 meters high and then destroy him self,the pararrels line start from east java mount raung,island bali mount batur with her batur caldera,island lombok with rinjani or old name mount samalas before big eruption in 1237,and the last is mount tambora with big eruption in 18 century and make big caldera...
Really enjoy your channel and would love to see you do a report on Mount Bromo in Sumatra, an amazing place.
Mt Bromo in East Java, not Sumatra
So if we take the volcanic heights in Indonesia as signs of a potentially large eruption in the future, the potential volcanoes could be Mount Kerinci (3,800 meters), Mount Slamet is close to the threshold (3,432 meters), Semeru (3,676 meters), and Mount Rinjani is still pretty high (3,726 meters). But to be fair, the area Rinjani is in might have a unique geology that lead to caldera eruptions.
147 volcanoes, 76 active, Indonesia would be unpredictable without geologist and seismic data. Even then I bet it's a crap shoot
Can you make another video for one particular volcano in Indonesia called Mount Tangkuban Perahu? Anyway, love your channel.
Thanks!
I am glad that you enjoyed this video and thanks for the support!
Batur is just about where Hollywood placed "Krakatoa east of Java".
Queston, these volcanos all seemed to explode when the highs of the volcanos reached a relatively similar size. The last one you mention which had one volcano summit of 3500 meters, the lowest, also had a second volcano summit of considerable size near by. Does the size/weight of these volcanos have anything to do with the subsequent massive eruption. I can imagine a large magma chamber underground is affected differently by a large mass of volcano above it, especially a localized mass of a large mountain vs a relatively low or more diffuse overlying mass. The mass must push down on the underlying magma chamber increasing its internal pressure, all the while more magma is forcing its way into the chamber also increasing the pressure. Imagin a pimple being popped by someone squeezing it, not entirely the same thing and gross, but to the point.
Logically, the taller it is, the larger the magma chamber which caused it's height
Is the height factor you mention around 2:20 also somewhat increased by the fact that these volcanoes start at the sea floor?
That's a very high Flux of magma in that general area. And I wonder if it accomplished that by having a deeper than usual magma chamber or region similarly like mount Tambora. I think it's easier to accumulate massive amounts of magma in lower crust than mid crust.....?
Another great video thanks
Tambora so close too, in maps you can zoom in on this chain of islands and find so many craters
Have you made a video on the Wells Grey Clear-water volcanic field in Canada? I has had a number of recent eruptions including one in 1550
I would still like to hear more about the Potrillo Volcanic field that last erupted 15,000-16,000 years ago than what's on its Wikipedia page. It is called a monogenetic volcanic field, but looking at its eruptions they seem to have been moving to the Northeast.
Seems like any of the oceanic arc volcanoes have a much higher chance of this kind of large caldera forming eruption compared to continental arc volcanoes such as the Cascades. Is there any research into unique signature precursors other than simply seismic monitoring. Taking a volcano like Cleveland (or any Aleutian arc volcanoes) and not having more extensive research and monitoring seems like negligence considering the potential impact.
I wonder which Indonesian volcano would be the most likely to produce a VEI 7 eruption next? God knows, this region is prolific in its production of such events.
Seems to be the large stratovolcanoes (Ijen/Kerinci/Sangeang Api/Agung)
There are two major volcanic mountains on Lombok, the Rinjani - which still exists today and the Samalas which disappeared in the 1257 eruption.
And Mt Tambora on next island Sumbawa
@@PissMenn man that Tambora crater on maps- wow!
See headline about recent Megaeruption uploaded 2 hours ago: .... in 1257 Mount Batur erupted... Me* AWwwwwEWEEWwww Seriously though, great video, watched the whole thing. Keep them coming.
Can you make video about mount bromo?
How the volcano can get to modern shape ? I hope you undestand my english was bad
Have you ever looked into the Middlesboro crater in Kentucky?
I am wondering if we are loosing heavy elements in the crust when plates remelt? Or do they come back up with lighter compounds?
Wow, now that is a good question,
What is the estimation of Tambora???? my sources mostly says 160-210 km3
I'd like to know, please, the sorurce & history of all the Granite in the Granite belt of Southern Queensland to Northern NSW of Australia ?
Pardon my lack of knowledge, but you mentioned that this volcano erupted "tephron." I don't remember you mentioning this type of magma before. Is tephron the type of magma at all the indonesian volcanic sites? How does it compare in viscosity to basalt?
Tephra is rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption
Do Nevado de Toluca please
If Yellowstone super volcano were to erupt what kind of lava would it have?
If I recall correctly, it is Rhyolitic magma at Yellowstone- please correct me if I've made a mistake ^^
The Yellowstone area experiences both basalt and rhyolite eruptions. The rhyolitic eruptions come from the upper magma chamber underlying the caldera, while basalts erupt outside of the caldera and ascend upwards directly from the mantle hotspot.
@@matteng1997 Thank you for the clarification- It appears that I learned something today
We are staying right next to it now, it's very quiet 😉
What would form the osidi
Wow but isn't 7km wide a bit too much for a 30km³ eruption? I may be wrong but it seems unnusually large, very interesting
What caused the partial obsidian formation in Mount newly òr newberrey in Washington State
the Batur caldera is extremely pronounced you literally can drive around it. it is a ring of stepl cliffs around a deep valley and lake.
The 1257 eruption was not the Rinjani. It was the neighbour peak that erupted and its name is Samalas. And it was also not 1257 but 1259.
No its 1257, its impossible to say its 1259 bc there also year without summer or famine in UK in 1258...megaeruption tend to create famine
Barujari is the child of Samalas, right? The crater is Samalas but the highest peak is Rinjani as I understand it. Twin-peaked volcano is not that unusual.
Are there any 3500m+ volcanos that could produce eruption like this in the future?
Probably not 🤔🤔
I worry a bit about Popocatepetl, it is an andesitic volcano and 5393M tall. But it's not in Indonesia. Just a very tall stratovolcano. It has collapsed before though.
You say that higher volcanoes increase the risk of explosivity. Are there any volcanoes under the Himalayas? Or does the volcanic action form continental collision between India and Asia just only intrude part way to the surface and stop? Pre-collision, would familiar island arcs like Indonesia have formed between the continents as the sea between them subducted?
Himalayas are not volcanic, they are a result of collision of two continental plates, not subduction.
Can mention the 5 magnatude quake on Mars?
It's brand new
Is Ranau Lake in Sumatra a Supervulcano?
No cause ranau lake not producing other neighbouring volcano, other vei 6-8 eruptions, and before collapse its classified stratovolcano
while 35k years is 'recent' in geological terms, the title is still a bit clickbaity for youtube 🤣
Rinjani is on Lombok. why doesn't the narrator mention this ?
Had my wedding there in 2010 next to the lake
1257?
Can you or have you done a RUclips on where and when you believe the next large climate affecting eruption will take place?
I don't think such kind of forecasting is possible
i ♥🌋s
I’d like to see Tao rusyr caldera in Russia
Recent......10000 years ago.
Thank you fans JB fans thank you for supporting my movie and channel
Also this geologists need a watch my movie
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No head talk talk talk
Looks like a russian tank turret.
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Wish I can go to those volcano and collect 50kg of Lava rocks for my aquarium
To see my latest movies
One day i didn't make a movie
There is no summer or winter in the tropics. So this could not have happened during the SUMMER of 1257.
And when are you saying the summer was? This volcano is about 10 degrees south of the equator. So does that mean you're talking about the southern summer, like january or february?